1
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Arnold PY. Review: HLA loss and detection in the setting of relapse from HLA-mismatched hematopoietic cell transplant. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:712-720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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2
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Garrido MA, Perea F, Vilchez JR, Rodríguez T, Anderson P, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F, Aptsiauri N. Copy Neutral LOH Affecting the Entire Chromosome 6 Is a Frequent Mechanism of HLA Class I Alterations in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205046. [PMID: 34680201 PMCID: PMC8534100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Total or partial loss of HLA class I antigens reduce the recognition of specific tumor peptides by cytotoxic T lymphocytes favoring cancer immune escape during natural tumor evolution. These alterations can be caused by genomic defects, such as loss of heterozygosity at chromosomes 6 and 15 (LOH-6 and LOH-15), where HLA class I genes are located. There is growing evidence indicating that LOH in HLA contributes to the immune selection of HLA loss variants and influences the resistance to immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the incidence and the mechanism of this chromosomal aberration involving HLA genes has not been systematically assessed in different types of tumors and often remains underestimated. Here, we used SNP arrays to investigate the incidence and patterns of LOH-6 and LOH-15 in a number of human cancer cell lines and tissues of different histological types. We observed that LOH in HLA is a common event in cancer samples with a prevalence of a copy neutral type of LOH (CN-LOH) that affects entire chromosome 6 or 15 and involves chromosomal duplications. LOH-6 was observed more often and was associated with homozygous HLA genotype and partial HLA loss of expression. We also discuss the immunologic and clinical implications of LOH in HLA on tumor clonal expansion and association with the cancer recurrence after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia Garrido
- Servicio de Radiología, UGC de Radiología, Hospital Virgen de la Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco Perea
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (F.P.); (J.R.V.); (T.R.); (P.A.); (F.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Vilchez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (F.P.); (J.R.V.); (T.R.); (P.A.); (F.G.)
| | - Teresa Rodríguez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (F.P.); (J.R.V.); (T.R.); (P.A.); (F.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Per Anderson
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (F.P.); (J.R.V.); (T.R.); (P.A.); (F.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (F.P.); (J.R.V.); (T.R.); (P.A.); (F.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (F.P.); (J.R.V.); (T.R.); (P.A.); (F.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.R.-C.); (N.A.)
| | - Natalia Aptsiauri
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.R.-C.); (N.A.)
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3
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Abstract
In this chapter I describe Tumour Immune Escape mechanisms associated with MHC/HLA class I loss in human and experimental tumours. Different altered HLA class-I phenotypes can be observed that are produced by different molecular mechanisms. Experimental and histological evidences are summarized indicating that at the early stages of tumour development there is an enormous variety of tumour clones with different MHC class I expression patterns. This phase is followed by a strong T cell mediated immune-selection of MHC/HLA class-I negative tumour cells in the primary tumour lesion. This transition period results in a formation of a tumour composed only of HLA-class I negative cells. An updated description of this process observed in a large variety of human tumors is included. In the second section I focus on MHC/HLA class I alterations observed in mouse and human metastases, and describe the generation of different tumor cell clones with altered MHC class I phenotypes, which could be similar or different from the original tumor clone. The biological and immunological relevance of these observations is discussed. Finally, the interesting phenomenon of metastatic dormancy is analyzed in association with a particular MHC class I negative tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Departamento de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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4
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Montes P, Kerick M, Bernal M, Hernández F, Jiménez P, Garrido P, Márquez A, Jurado M, Martin J, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. Genomic loss of HLA alleles may affect the clinical outcome in low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36929-36944. [PMID: 30651926 PMCID: PMC6319343 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Revised International Prognostic Score and some somatic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are independently associated with transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Immunity has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of MDS, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We performed a SNP array on chromosome 6 in CD34+ purified blasts from 19 patients diagnosed with advanced MDS and 8 patients with other myeloid malignancies to evaluate the presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in HLA and its impact on disease progression. Three patients had acquired copy-neutral LOH (CN-LOH) on 6p arms, which may disrupt antigen presentation and act as a mechanism for immune system evasion. Interestingly, these patients had previously been classified at low risk of AML progression, and the poor outcome cannot be explained by the acquisition of adverse mutations. LOH HLA was not detected in the remaining 24 patients, who all had adverse risk factors. In summary, the clinical outcome of patients with advanced MDS might be influenced by HLA allelic loss, wich allows subclonal expansions to evade cytotoxic-T and NK cell attack. CN-LOH HLA may therefore be a factor favoring MDS progression to AML independently of the somatic tumor mutation load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Montes
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Martin Kerick
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Bernal
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca Hernández
- UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Garrido
- UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Márquez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Jurado
- UGC de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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5
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McCoach CE, Bivona TG. The evolving understanding of immunoediting and the clinical impact of immune escape. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:1248-1252. [PMID: 29708132 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.03.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E McCoach
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Linjama T, Impola U, Niittyvuopio R, Kuittinen O, Kaare A, Rimpiläinen J, Volin L, Peräsaari J, Jaatinen T, Lauronen J, Saarinen T, Juvonen E, Partanen J, Koskela S. Conflicting HLA assignment by three different typing methods due to the apparent loss of heterozygosity in the MHC region. HLA 2016; 87:350-5. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Linjama
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - U. Impola
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - R. Niittyvuopio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stem Cell Transplantation Unit; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - O. Kuittinen
- Department of Oncology; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - A. Kaare
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Tarto University Hospital; Tarto Estonia
| | - J. Rimpiläinen
- Department of Internal Medicine; Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - L. Volin
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stem Cell Transplantation Unit; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Peräsaari
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - T. Jaatinen
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Lauronen
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - T. Saarinen
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - E. Juvonen
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Partanen
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - S. Koskela
- Department of Research and Development; Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
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7
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Distribution of several activating and inhibitory receptors on CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cells in regional lymph nodes of melanoma patients. J Surg Res 2013; 183:860-8. [PMID: 23522458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells, as the main effector subpopulation of the innate immune system, play an important role in the control of the rise and spread of malignant tumors. Regional lymph nodes (LN) represent the first immunologic barrier to tumor metastasis. Since there are scarce data on NK cells from regional LN of cancer patients, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of several activating and inhibitory receptors on the entire NK cell population as well as their CD3(-)CD56(dim) and CD3(-)CD56(bright) functional NK subsets from regional LN of melanoma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mononuclear cells were isolated from 50 regional LN of melanoma patients. The expression of several receptors on NK cells and their functional subsets was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We show increased percentages of CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cells in involved LN compared with uninvolved LN, mostly in favor of the CD56(dim) NK cell subset. NK cells in involved LN express similar levels of activating receptor NKG2D, while the level of another activating receptor, CD16, is increased compared with uninvolved LN. Regarding the expression of inhibitory NK cell receptors, we show increased CD158b, but similar low CD158a, inhibitory killer Ig-like cell receptor expression in involved LN compared with uninvolved LN. Furthermore, NK cells in involved compared with uninvolved LN displayed increased CD69 early activation antigen expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that with tumor infiltration into regional LN of melanoma patients, NK cells, mostly of the CD56(dim) subset, are recruited into draining LN. The invading NK cells show counterbalance of the increased expression of CD16 activating receptor and increased CD158b inhibitory killer Ig-like cell receptor.
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8
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Kato T, Terakura S, Murata M, Sugimoto K, Murase M, Iriyama C, Tomita A, Abe A, Suzuki M, Nishida T, Naoe T. Escape of leukemia blasts from HLA-specific CTL pressure in a recipient of HLA one locus-mismatched bone marrow transplantation. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:75-82. [PMID: 22542629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A case of leukemia escape from an HLA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in a recipient of bone marrow transplantation is presented. Only the expression of HLA-B51, which was a mismatched HLA locus in the graft-versus-host direction, was down-regulated in post-transplant leukemia blasts compared with that in pre-transplant blasts. All CTL clones, that were isolated from the recipient's blood when acute graft-versus-host disease developed, recognized the mismatched B(∗)51:01 molecule in a peptide-dependent manner. The pre-transplant leukemia blasts were lysed by CTL clones, whereas the post-transplant leukemia blasts were not lysed by any CTL clones. The IFN-γ ELISPOT assay revealed that B(∗)51:01-reactive T lymphocytes accounted for the majority of the total alloreactive T lymphocytes in the blood just before leukemia relapse. These data suggest that immune escape of leukemia blasts from CTL pressure toward a certain HLA molecule can lead to clinical relapse after bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kato
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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9
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Boei JJWA, Vermeulen S, Skubakova MM, Meijers M, Loenen WAM, Wolterbeek R, Mullenders LHF, Vrieling H, Giphart-Gassler M. No threshold for the induction of chromosomal damage at clinically relevant low doses of X rays. Radiat Res 2012; 177:602-13. [PMID: 22468706 DOI: 10.1667/rr2718.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The recent steep increase in population dose from radiation-based medical diagnostics, such as computed tomography (CT) scans, requires insight into human health risks, especially in terms of cancer development. Since the induction of genetic damage is considered a prominent cause underlying the carcinogenic potential of ionizing radiation, we quantified the induction of micronuclei and loss of heterozygosity events in human cells after exposure to clinically relevant low doses of X rays. A linear dose-response relationship for induction of micronuclei was observed in human fibroblasts with significantly increased frequencies at doses as low as 20 mGy. Strikingly, cells exposed during S-phase displayed the highest induction, whereas non S-phase cells showed no significant induction below 100 mGy. Similarly, the induction of loss of heterozygosity in human lymphoblastoid cells quantified at HLA loci, was linear with dose and reached significance at 50 mGy. Together the findings favor a linear-no-threshold model for genetic damage induced by acute exposure to ionizing radiation. We speculate that the higher radiosensitivity of S-phase cells might relate to the excessive cancer risk observed in highly proliferative tissues in radiation exposed organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J W A Boei
- aDepartment of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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10
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Iovino F, Meraviglia S, Spina M, Orlando V, Saladino V, Dieli F, Stassi G, Todaro M. Immunotherapy targeting colon cancer stem cells. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:97-106. [PMID: 21174560 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 10 years, cancer stem cells have interested the scientific community because this small tumorigenic population is also associated with tumor progression in human patients and specific targeting of cancer stem cells could be a strategy to eradicate cancers currently resistant to conventional therapy. Clinical studies have recently demonstrated that adding immune therapy to chemotherapy has survival benefits in comparison with chemotherapy alone that can sensitize tumors to immune cell-mediated killing (e.g., increasing sensitivity of tumor cells to subsequent cytotoxicity by T cells via upregulation of death receptors DR5 and Fas). However, loss of MHC molecules is often observed in cancer cells, rendering tumor cells resistant to CD8 T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. For this reason, we review the role of other T-cell subsets, such as γδ T and NK cells that are able to efficiently recognize and kill tumor cells and that could be used in passive or active immunotherapy in cancer stem cell eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Iovino
- Department of Surgical & Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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11
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Garrido F, Algarra I, García-Lora AM. The escape of cancer from T lymphocytes: immunoselection of MHC class I loss variants harboring structural-irreversible "hard" lesions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1601-6. [PMID: 20625726 PMCID: PMC11029827 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes has stimulated the development of a variety of cancer treatment protocols aimed at enhancing antitumor-specific T cell responses and tumor rejection. However, immunotherapy-mediated regression of established tumors and clearly positive clinical response to such treatment has not been achieved yet despite the induction of T cells directed against tumor antigens. The failure of the modern immunotherapy protocols can be explained by different tumor escape mechanisms that have been defined in various types of malignancy. The loss or downregulation of MHC class I antigens in tumor cells is one of the best analyzed mechanisms. In this review, we show experimental evidence obtained in our laboratory on human tumors and in a mouse cancer model suggesting that the molecular mechanism responsible for the MHC class I alteration in tumor cells might have a crucial impact on tumor recovery of normal H-2/HLA expression during the natural history of tumor development or after immunotherapy. When the preexisting molecular lesion underlying tumor MHC class I alteration is reversible (regulatory or soft), class I expression can be recovered leading to regression of tumor lesion. In contrast, if the HLA class I alteration is irreversible in nature (structural or hard), the lesion will progress killing the host. This is a new vision of the role of MHC class I alteration in tumors that can explain the failure of immunotherapy in a variety of different clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Algarra
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Angel M. García-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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12
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Degenhardt Y, Huang J, Greshock J, Horiates G, Nathanson K, Yang X, Herlyn M, Weber B. Distinct MHC gene expression patterns during progression of melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:144-54. [PMID: 19862823 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in melanoma has been reported previously. However, the MHC molecule expression patterns in different growth phases of melanoma and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that in vertical growth phase (VGP) melanomas, MHC genes are subject to increased rates of DNA copy number gains, accompanied by increased expression, in comparison to normal melanocytes. In contrast, MHC expression in metastatic melanomas drastically decreased compared to VGP melanomas, despite still prevalent DNA copy number gains. Subsequent investigations found that the master transactivator of MHC genes, CIITA, was also significantly downregulated in metastatic melanomas when compared to VGP melanomas. This could be one of the mechanisms accounting for the discrepancy between DNA copy number and expression level in metastatic melanomas, a potentially separate mechanism of gene regulation. These results infer a dynamic role of MHC function in melanoma progression. We propose potential mechanisms for the overexpression of MHC molecules in earlier stages of melanoma as well as for its downregulation in metastatic melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Degenhardt
- Cancer Metabolism DPU, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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13
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Garrido C, Algarra I, Maleno I, Stefanski J, Collado A, Garrido F, Garcia-Lora AM. Alterations of HLA class I expression in human melanoma xenografts in immunodeficient mice occur frequently and are associated with higher tumorigenicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:13-26. [PMID: 19430787 PMCID: PMC11031073 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are widely used to study the biological behavior of human tumors in vivo. Murine immunodeficient models are used to test novel human anti-tumor therapies, and humanized mice are employed to study immunotherapeutic protocols. We find that human melanoma cell lines lose HLA class I surface expression after growth in immunodeficient mice and that this phenomenon occurs frequently and is reproducible. This HLA loss is due to a coordinated down-regulation of APM and HLA heavy chain expression at the transcriptional level. It is produced by epigenetic modifications and can be reversed by treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors or IFN-gamma. These HLA alterations only appear during in vivo growth and not during successive in vitro passages. Interestingly, these new tumor variants with HLA class I loss show higher tumorigenicity per se and may represent a more advanced state of the original tumor. Lack of MHC class I expression on tumor cells represents a frequent escape mechanism from the immune response. Our results indicate that tumor variants with alterations in MHC can also appear in vivo after the immunoescape phase in the absence of anti-tumor immune response. Our findings suggest that any studied parameter, i.e., HLA expression, of malignant cells in xenograft models, has to be evaluated before and after growth in immunodeficient mice, in order to design more appropriate immunotherapy and chemotherapy treatments against tumor cells growing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular III e Inmunologia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Algarra
- Departamento Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Jaén, 23014 Jaén, Spain
| | - Isabel Maleno
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Julia Stefanski
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonia Collado
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular III e Inmunologia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel M. Garcia-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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14
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Fassati A, Mitchison NA. Testing the theory of immune selection in cancers that break the rules of transplantation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 59:643-51. [PMID: 20033157 PMCID: PMC2831185 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modification of cancer cells likely to reduce their immunogenicity, including loss or down-regulation of MHC molecules, is now well documented and has become the main support for the concept of immune surveillance. The evidence that these modifications, in fact, result from selection by the immune system is less clear, since the possibility that they may result from reorganized metabolism associated with proliferation or from cell de-differentiation remains. Here, we (a) survey old and new transplantation experiments that test the possibility of selection and (b) survey how transmissible tumours of dogs and Tasmanian devils provide naturally evolved tests of immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariberto Fassati
- MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, UK.
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15
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Casado JG, Pawelec G, Morgado S, Sanchez-Correa B, Delgado E, Gayoso I, Duran E, Solana R, Tarazona R. Expression of adhesion molecules and ligands for activating and costimulatory receptors involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a large panel of human melanoma cell lines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1517-26. [PMID: 19259667 PMCID: PMC11030684 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the interactions between MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic effector cells and solid tumour cells is essential for introducing more effective NK cell-based immunotherapy protocols into clinical practise. Here, to begin to obtain an overview of the possible universe of molecules that could be involved in the interactions between immune effector cells and melanoma, we analyse the surface expression of adhesion and costimulatory molecules and of ligands for NK-activating receptors on a large panel of cell lines from the "European Searchable Tumour Cell Line and Data Bank" (ESTDAB, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/estdab/ ) and discuss their potential role in the immune response against this tumour. We show that most melanoma cell lines express not only adhesion molecules that are likely to favour their interaction with cells of the immune system, but also their interaction with endothelial cells potentially increasing their invasiveness and metastatic capacity. A high percentage of melanoma cell lines also express ligands for the NK-activating receptor NKG2D; whereas, the majority express MICA/B molecules, ULBP expression, however, was rarely found. In addition to these molecules, we also found that CD155 (poliovirus receptor, PVR) is expressed by the majority of melanoma cell lines, whereas CD112 (Nectin-2) expression was rare. These molecules are DNAM-1 ligands, a costimulatory molecule involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production that also mediates costimulatory signals for triggering naïve T cell differentiation. The phenotypical characterisation of adhesion molecules and ligands for receptors involved in cell cytotoxicity on a large series of melanoma cell lines will contribute to the identification of markers useful for the development of new immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G. Casado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Morgado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Elena Delgado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gayoso
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avenida de Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Esther Duran
- Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Avenida de Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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16
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Méndez R, Rodríguez T, Del Campo A, Monge E, Maleno I, Aptsiauri N, Jiménez P, Pedrinaci S, Pawelec G, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. Characterization of HLA class I altered phenotypes in a panel of human melanoma cell lines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:719-29. [PMID: 17934731 PMCID: PMC11030649 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered HLA class I cell surface expression is one of the major mechanisms by which tumor cells escape from T lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry-defined phenotypes of lost HLA class I expression have been described in human solid tumors, nut less information is available on melanoma cell lines. OBJECTIVES To describe the frequency and distribution of different types of HLA class I antigen alterations in 91 melanoma cell lines from the European Searchable Tumour Cell and Databank (ESTDAB). METHODS The HLA class I expression was assessed by flow cytometry and HLA genotyping. RESULTS We found various types of HLA class I cell surface alterations in about 67% of the melanoma cell lines. These alterations range from total to selective HLA class I loss due to loss of heterozygosity (LOH), haplotype loss, beta2-microglobulin gene mutation, and/or total or selective down-regulation of HLA class I molecules. The most frequently observed phenotype is down-regulation of HLA-B locus that was reversible after treatment with IFN -gamma. CONCLUSIONS In general, HLA class I alterations in the majority of the cells analyzed were of regulatory nature and could be restored by IFN-gamma. Analysis of the frequency of distinct HLA class I altered phenotypes in these melanoma cell lines revealed specific differences compared to other types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Méndez
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014, Granada, Spain
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17
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Paschen A, Arens N, Sucker A, Greulich-Bode KM, Fonsatti E, Gloghini A, Striegel S, Schwinn N, Carbone A, Hildenbrand R, Cerwenka A, Maio M, Schadendorf D. The coincidence of chromosome 15 aberrations and beta2-microglobulin gene mutations is causative for the total loss of human leukocyte antigen class I expression in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3297-305. [PMID: 16740750 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Total loss of surface presentation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, protecting tumor cells from the recognition by cytotoxic host CD8+ T cells, is known to be caused by mutations in the beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) gene. We asked whether abnormalities of chromosome 15, harboring the beta2m gene on 15q21, in addition to beta2m gene mutations, are causative for the HLA class I-negative phenotype of melanoma cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To answer this, we established primary cell lines from the beta2m-negative metastatic melanoma tissues of four different patients and analyzed them for beta2m gene mutations and chromosome 15 aberrations, the latter by loss of heterozygosity analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and multicolor FISH. RESULTS Mutations at the beta2m gene level were detected in all cell lines. The loss of heterozygosity analysis of microsatellite markers located on chromosome 15 in three of the four cell lines pointed to an extensive loss of chromosome 15 material. Subsequent molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed the coexistence of apparently normal and rearranged versions of chromosome 15 in three cell lines whereas the fourth cell line solely showed rearranged versions. Two of the four cell lines exhibited a special type of intrachromosomal rearrangement characterized by FISH signals specific for the subtelomeric region of 15q at both ends of the chromosome and one centromeric signal in between. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the complete loss of HLA class I expression in melanoma cells is due to the coincidence of the following mutational events: (a) chromosome 15 instability associated with an extensive loss of genetic material and (b) beta2m gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Paschen
- Skin Cancer Unit of the German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, University Clinics of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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18
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Croci DO, Zacarías Fluck MF, Rico MJ, Matar P, Rabinovich GA, Scharovsky OG. Dynamic cross-talk between tumor and immune cells in orchestrating the immunosuppressive network at the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1687-700. [PMID: 17571260 PMCID: PMC11030157 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that a dynamic cross-talk between tumors and the immune system can regulate tumor growth and metastasis. Increased understanding of the biochemical nature of tumor antigens and the molecular mechanisms responsible for innate and adaptive immune cell activation has revolutionized the fields of tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Both the protective effects of the immune system against tumor cells (immunosurveillance) and the evasion of tumor cells from immune attack (tumor-immune escape) have led to the concept of cancer immunoediting, a proposal which infers that a bidirectional interaction between tumor and inflammatory/regulatory cells is ultimately responsible for orchestrating the immunosuppressive network at the tumor site. In this context, a major challenge is the potentiation or redirection of tumor antigen-specific immune responses. The success in reaching this goal is highly dependent on an improved understanding of the interactions and mechanisms operating during the different phases of the cancer immunoediting process. In this review, we discuss the multiple defense and counterattack strategies that tumors have devised in order to evade immune attack and to thwart the effectiveness of several immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O. Croci
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine IBYME-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano F. Zacarías Fluck
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María J. Rico
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Pablo Matar
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine IBYME-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, FCEyN, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O. Graciela Scharovsky
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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19
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Paco L, Garcia-Lora AM, Casares C, Cabrera C, Algarra I, Collado A, Maleno I, Garrido F, Lopez-Nevot MA. Total loss of HLA class I expression on a melanoma cell line after growth in nude mice in absence of autologous antitumor immune response. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2023-2030. [PMID: 17621628 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of HLA class I expression on tumor cells is a frequent event as an immune escape mechanism. Seven different altered HLA phenotypes have been defined in tumors. Various molecular mechanisms have been described as responsible for HLA class I loss. HLA class I expression alterations occur successively and unpredictably during tumor progression in vivo and immunoselection has been implicated in this process. We present an experimental xenograft model in which melanoma cell line Ando-2 injected into athymic nude mice lost total surface HLA class I expression and exhibited HLA class II cell surface expression. A strong down-regulation of HLA class I expression and de novo HLA class II expression were also found when Ando-2 melanoma cells were injected into SCID-Beige mice. These phenomena were reproducible and were only observed in local growth in nude or SCID-Beige mice and not in vitro after multiple passages. HLA class I surface expression was recovered after IFN-gamma treatment, indicating regulatory defects. The mechanism implicated in loss of HLA class I molecule expression were a down-regulation of different components of antigen processing machinery and HLA class I heavy chains. These data suggest that HLA class I alterations can also occur in absence of autologous adaptive immune response. This is a good experimental in vivo model to study the relationship between tumor progression and HLA class I alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paco
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Miguel Garcia-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Casares
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Cabrera
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Algarra
- Departamento Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonia Collado
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Maleno
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Lopez-Nevot
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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20
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Aptsiauri N, Cabrera T, Garcia-Lora A, Lopez-Nevot MA, Ruiz-Cabello F, Garrido F. MHC Class I Antigens and Immune Surveillance in Transformed Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 256:139-89. [PMID: 17241907 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)56005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I antigens play a crucial role in the interaction of tumor cells with the host immune system, in particular, in the presentation of peptides as tumor-associated antigens to cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) and in the regulation of cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. In this review we discuss the role of MHC class I antigens in the recognition and elimination of transformed cells and in the generation of tumor immune escape routes when MHC class I losses occur in tumors. The different altered MHC class I phenotypes and their distribution in different human tumors are the main topic of this review. In addition, molecular defects that underlie MHC alterations in transformed cells are also described in detail. Future research directions in this field are also discussed, including the laboratory analysis of tumor MHC class I-negative variants and the possible restoration of MHC class I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Aptsiauri
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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21
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Solana R, Casado JG, Delgado E, DelaRosa O, Marín J, Durán E, Pawelec G, Tarazona R. Lymphocyte activation in response to melanoma: interaction of NK-associated receptors and their ligands. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:101-9. [PMID: 16485126 PMCID: PMC11030256 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Accepted: 01/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of immune responses against melanoma have contributed to a better understanding of how these tumours can be recognised by cytotoxic cells and the mechanisms they have developed to escape from innate and adaptive immunity. Lysis of melanoma cells by natural killer (NK) cells and cytolytic T cells is the result of a fine balance between signals transmitted by activating and inhibitory receptors. In addition to the T cell receptor, these were initially described as NK cell-associated receptors (NKRs) and were later also found on subsets of T lymphocytes, particularly effector-memory and terminally differentiated CD8 T cells. An increase of NKR(+)CD8(+) T cells has been found in melanoma patients, correlating with the expansion of differentiated effector CD8(+)CD28(null) CD27(null) T cells. NKRs can regulate the lysis of target cells expressing appropriate ligands. Activating receptors recognise ligands on tumours whereas inhibitory receptors are specific for MHC class I antigens and sense missing self. Altered expression of MHC class I antigens is frequently found on melanoma cells, preventing recognition by specific cytolytic T cells but favouring NK cell recognition. Changes in the expression of NKR-ligands in melanoma contribute in explaining the differences in the capacity of cytotoxic immune cells to control melanoma growth and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Solana
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier G. Casado
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Delgado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Olga DelaRosa
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Marín
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esther Durán
- Histology and Pathological Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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22
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Dunn DS, Inoko H, Kulski JK. The association between non-melanoma skin cancer and a young dimorphic Alu element within the major histocompatibility complex class I genomic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:127-34. [PMID: 16866882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) susceptibility locus within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region was previously identified telomeric of the HLA-C gene using high-density microsatellite markers. Here, we have extended the previous microsatellite study by using the same DNA samples obtained from 154 NMSC patients and 213 normal controls from the town of Busselton in Western Australia and examined the relationship between five polymorphic Alu insertions (POALINs) within the MHC class I region and their association with NMSC. The genotype distribution of the AluyTF insertion that is located within the NMSC susceptibility region telomeric of the HLA-C gene was significantly increased according to the Fisher's exact test in the NMSC patients, and it was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control group. There was no difference between the cancer patients and controls for the genotypes of the AluyMICB locus within intron 1 of the MICB gene and the other three POALINs (AluyHJ, AluyHG and AluyHF) that are located within the genomic region of the HLA-A, -G and -F gene cluster. The test for significant linkage disequilibrium for 10 pairs of POALIN loci and estimations of two locus POALIN haplotype frequencies also revealed AluyTF differences between the cases and controls. In conclusion, the MHC class I POALIN, AluyTF, that is located within the NMSC susceptibility locus and near the HLA-C gene was strongly associated with NMSC. This finding, using five different polymorphic Alu insertion markers, supports the previous microsatellite association study that one or more genes located in close proximity to the AluyTF insertion has a potential role in NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Dunn
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological Computing, School for Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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23
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Mao X, Hamoudi RA, Talbot IC, Baudis M. Allele-specific loss of heterozygosity in multiple colorectal adenomas: toward an integrated molecular cytogenetic map II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 167:1-14. [PMID: 16682279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant public health challenge despite our increased understanding of the genetic defects underlying the pathogenesis of this common disease. It has been thought that multiple mechanisms lead to the malignant phenotype, with familial predisposition syndromes accounting for only a small proportion of all CRC cases. To identify additional loci likely involved in CRC and to test the hypothesis of allele-specific loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the localization of CRC susceptibility genes, we initially conducted a genome-wide allelotyping analysis of 48 adenomas from a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) and 63 adenomas from 7 patients with sporadic CRC using 79 fluorescently tagged oligonucleotide primers amplifying microsatellite loci covering the human genome. Frequent allelic losses were identified at D17S802 (41%), D7S518 (40%), D18S53 (38%), D10S249 (32%), D2S391 (29%), D16S419 (27%), D15S1005 and D15S120 (24%), D9S274 and D11S1318 (23%), D14S65 (20%), D14S274 and D17S953 (19%), D19S424 (18%), D5S346 and D1S397 (15%), and D6S468 (13%) in multiple FAP adenomas. Common LOH was also detected at D4S1584 (42%), D11S968 (31%), D17S953 (28%), D5S394, D9S286 and D10S249 (24%), D8S511 (23%), D13S158 (21%), D7S669 (20%), D18S58 (19%), D2S162 and D16S432 (16%), D2S206 (15%), D7S496 and D17S946 (14%), D6S292 (13%), D4S1586 and D8S283 (11%), and D1S2766 (10%) in multiple CRC adenomas. In addition, allele-specific LOH at D5S346, D15S1005, and D15S120 was observed in multiple FAP adenomas (P < 0.01) and at D2S206 and D16S423 in multiple CRC (P < 0.05). To compare our data to previous reports, we determined the band-specific frequency of chromosomal imbalances in CRC karyotypes reported in the Mitelman database, and from the CGH results of cases accessible through the PROGENETIX website. Furthermore, published genome-wide allelotyping analysis of CRC and other allele-specific LOH studies were compiled and collated with our LOH data. The combined results not only provide a comprehensive view of genetic losses in CRC, indicating the comparability of these different techniques, but they also reveal different novel loci in multiple adenomas from FAP and sporadic CRC patients, suggesting that they represent a distinct subtype of CRC in terms of allelic losses. Allele-specific LOH is an alternative approach for cancer gene mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mao
- Skin Tumour Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas' Hospital, 4th Floor, South Wing, Block 7, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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24
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Pawelec G, Marsh SG. ESTDAB: a collection of immunologically characterised melanoma cell lines and searchable databank. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:623-7. [PMID: 16421722 PMCID: PMC11030935 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunologists working in humans often require panels of tumour cell lines expressing different combinations of HLA alleles and other characteristics. Sources of cell lines are usually large cell banks carrying little immunologically relevant information on the available cells and limited numbers of different lines from the same type of tumour. Access to cells with desired combinations of characteristics is, therefore, difficult. Here, we describe an interactive database of a large collection of melanoma cell lines which have been extensively characterised for HLA genotype and surface expression, oncogene and tumour antigen expression, cytokine secretion, surface molecule expression, adhesion to extracellular matrix components, cytokine gene polymorphisms and other factors of interest to immunologists. This enables investigators to search for cells with particular constellations of HLA alleles, tumour antigens, etc., and then request these from the cell bank. This European Searchable Tumour Cell Line and Data Bank (ESTDAB) was established as a Research Infrastructure of the European Commission. For access to the databank and further details, please go to http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/estdab/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Pawelec
- University of Tübingen Center for Medical Research, ZMF, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072 Tubingen, Germany.
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25
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Casado JG, Soto R, DelaRosa O, Peralbo E, Muñoz-Villanueva MDC, Rioja L, Peña J, Solana R, Tarazona R. CD8 T cells expressing NK associated receptors are increased in melanoma patients and display an effector phenotype. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1162-71. [PMID: 15889254 PMCID: PMC11032876 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells can express NK-associated receptors (NKRs) that may regulate their cytolytic function. We have characterized the expression of several NKRs on peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients and compared them to age-matched healthy donors. The analysis performed includes HLA class I specific receptors (KIRs, LILRB1 and CD94/NKG2) and other NK receptors like CD57, CD56 and CD16. Melanoma patients showed a higher variability in the expression of NKRs on circulating CD8+ T cells than age-matched healthy donors. NKR expression on CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients showed a significant increase of KIR2DL2/L3/S2 (mAb gl183), CD244, CD57, CD56 and CD16. We have also found an increase of CD8+ CD28- CD27- T cells in melanoma patients. This subset represents terminally differentiated effector cells expressing CD244 and high levels of perforin. The expression of NKRs was also mainly restricted to this T cell subset. Altogether, circulating CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients display a distinct phenotype characterized by downregulation of costimulatory molecules and higher expression of NKRs. We suggest that the increased expression of NKRs on T cells may contribute to the final outcome of the immune response against melanoma both stimulating or inhibiting activation and differentiation to effector cells. Blocking inhibitory receptor function and enhancing activating receptors may represent new strategies with therapeutic potential against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G. Casado
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Soto
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Olga DelaRosa
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esther Peralbo
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Luis Rioja
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Peña
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Physiology, Immunology Unit, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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26
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Wang Y, O'Brate A, Zhou W, Giannakakou P. Resistance to microtubule-stabilizing drugs involves two events: beta-tubulin mutation in one allele followed by loss of the second allele. Cell Cycle 2005; 4:1847-53. [PMID: 16294009 PMCID: PMC1861826 DOI: 10.4161/cc.4.12.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to Taxol (paclitaxel) or the epothilones (Epo) occurs via the acquisition of point mutations in beta-tubulin residues important for drug-tubulin binding. We have isolated four drug-resistant clones selected with Taxol or Epo A, which harbor distinct beta-tubulin mutations. During the development of a stable drug-resistant phenotype, early clones expressing both wild-type (wt) and mutant beta-tubulin sequences exhibited a 10-fold drug resistance, while more advanced clones expressing only the mutant beta-tubulin sequence exhibited 30 to 50-fold drug resistance. The drug-sensitive parental 1A9 ovarian carcinoma cell line and the drug resistant clones (1A9-A8, 1A9-PTX10 and 1A9-PTX22) were evaluated for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for beta-tubulin (6p25) by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses. Functional assays such as drug-induced tubulin polymerization, cell cycle analysis by FACS, DNA sequencing for beta-tubulin and mitotic index by immunofluorescence were performed to correlate the beta-tubulin LOH status with drug response in the early- and late-step drug-resistant clones. Late-step drug resistant clones revealed LOH in one allele for wt beta-tubulin in addition to a beta-tubulin mutation in the other allele leading to increased levels of drug resistance, while the early-step clones that contained both a wt and a mutant beta-tubulin allele were considerably less drug resistant. The LOH and functional assays revealed cell response that was proportional to the tubulin gene and heterozygosity status. Acquired tubulin mutations in conjunction with LOH for the wt tubulin resulted in a highly resistant phenotype, revealing a new mechanism for taxane resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Zhou
- Winship Cancer Institute; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, Georgia USA
| | - Paraskevi Giannakakou
- *Correspondence to: Paraskevi Giannakakou; Department of Hematology/Oncology; Cornell University; 525 East 68th Street C606; New York, New York 10021 USA; Tel.: 212.746.3783; Fax: 212.746.4843;
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