1
|
West MA, Roman A, Sayan E, Primrose JN, Wedge SR, Underwood TJ, Mirnezami AH. A minimum core outcome dataset for the reporting of preclinical chemotherapeutic drug studies: Lessons learned from multiple discordant methodologies in the setting of colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 112:80-102. [PMID: 28325268 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo studies in animal models are critical tools necessary to study the fundamental complexity of carcinogenesis. A constant strive to improve animal models in cancer exists, especially those investigating the use of chemotherapeutic effectiveness. In the present systematic review, colorectal cancer (CRC) is used as an example to highlight and critically evaluate the range of reporting strategies used when investigating chemotherapeutic agents in the preclinical setting. A systematic review examining the methodology and reporting of preclinical chemotherapeutic drug studies using CRC murine models was conducted. A total of 45 studies were included in this systematic review. The literature was found to be highly heterogeneous with various cell lines, animal strains, animal ages and chemotherapeutic compounds/regimens tested, proving difficult to compare outcomes between similar studies or indeed gain any significant insight into which chemotherapeutic regimen caused adverse events. From this analysis we propose a minimum core outcome dataset that could be regarded as a standardised way of reporting results from in vivo experimentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A West
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - A Roman
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| | - E Sayan
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| | - J N Primrose
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| | - S R Wedge
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T J Underwood
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| | - A H Mirnezami
- University Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Synthesis and structure elucidation of new series of organotin(IV) esters with bio-screening activity and catalytic study. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
3
|
Khan MI, Baloch MK, Ashfaq M. Spectral analysis andin vitrocytotoxicity profiles of novel organotin(IV) esters of 2-maleimidopropanoic acid. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 22:343-50. [PMID: 17674816 DOI: 10.1080/14756360601073062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Six novel triorganotin(IV) 2-maleimidopropanoato complexes: R3SnOCOCH3(CH)(COCH)2, (R: Me(l), Et(2), n-Pr(3), n-Bu(4), Ph(5), Bz(6) have been synthesized. Their solid-state configuration has been determined by FT IR and lI9mSn Mössbauer spectroscopy. The tin(IV) atom is five-coordinated in all the complexes with 2-maleimidopropanoic acid behaving as a monoanionic bidentate ligand coordinating the tin(IV) atom through a chelating or bridging carboxylate group. The solution-state configuration has been elucidated by means of 1H-, 13C- and 119Sn-NMR spectroscopy which assigned a tetrahedron. Elemental analysis and FAB MS data also supported a 1:1 metal to ligand stoichiometry. The title complexes have been screened in vitro for anti-tumour, anti-fungal, anti-leishmanial and urease inhibition activities and displayed promising results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, Pakistan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
van Laarhoven HWM, Gambarota G, Lok J, Lammens M, Kamm YLM, Wagener T, Punt CJA, van der Kogel AJ, Heerschap A. Carbogen breathing differentially enhances blood plasma volume and 5-fluorouracil uptake in two murine colon tumor models with a distinct vascular structure. Neoplasia 2006; 8:477-87. [PMID: 16820094 PMCID: PMC1601468 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For the systemic treatment of colorectal cancer, 5-fluorouracil (FU)-based chemotherapy is the standard. However, only a subset of patients responds to chemotherapy. Breathing of carbogen (95% O2 and 5% CO2) may increase the uptake of FU through changes in tumor physiology. This study aims to monitor in animal models in vivo the effects of carbogen breathing on tumor blood plasma volume, pH, and energy status, and on FU uptake and metabolism in two colon tumor models C38 and C26a, which differ in their vascular structure and hypoxic status. Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to assess tumor pH and energy status, and fluorine-19 MRS was used to follow FU uptake and metabolism. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging methods using ultrasmall particles of iron oxide were performed to assess blood plasma volume. The results showed that carbogen breathing significantly decreased extracellular pH and increased tumor blood plasma volume and FU uptake in tumors. These effects were most significant in the C38 tumor line, which has the largest relative vascular area. In the C26a tumor line, carbogen breathing increased tumor growth delay by FU. In this study, carbogen breathing also enhanced systemic toxicity by FU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khan MI, Baloch MK, Ashfaq M, Obaidullah. Synthesis, characterization andin vitro cytotoxic effects of new organotin(IV)-2-maleimidopropanoates. Appl Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
6
|
Sharma S, Karakousis CP, Takita H, Shin K, Brooks SP. Cytokines and chemokines are expressed at different levels in small and large murine colon-26 tumors following intratumoral injections of CpG ODN. Neoplasia 2005; 6:523-8. [PMID: 15548360 PMCID: PMC1531655 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct tumor injections of (CpG ODN) into murine colon tumor 26 (CT-26) tumors can induce a potent antitumor response. Tumor size at the beginning of treatment determines the final therapeutic outcome, with smaller tumors responding favorably to CpG ODN therapy whereas large tumors do not. CpG ODN injections in small tumors resulted in tumor necrosis and extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, with average survival that is significantly higher (48.1 +/- 34 days) when compared to control ODN-treated mice (16.1 +/- 3.5 days). Cytokines and chemokines are expressed at different levels in small and large CT-26 tumors following intratumoral injections of CpG ODN. We observed that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin (IL) 6 are the major cytokines that were overexpressed in CpG ODN-treated small tumors but not in large tumors. Similarly, several chemokines (CXCL1, CCL2, and CCL3) were also significantly higher in CpG ODN-treated small tumors compared to control ODN-treated tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Buffalo and Kaleida Health, Buffalo General Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
van Laarhoven HWM, Bussink J, Lok J, Punt CJA, Heerschap A, van Der Kogel AJ. Effects of nicotinamide and carbogen in different murine colon carcinomas: Immunohistochemical analysis of vascular architecture and microenvironmental parameters. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60:310-21. [PMID: 15337570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate oxygenation, perfusion, and cell proliferation in two murine colon carcinoma lines with known differences in chemotherapy sensitivity and analyze the effect of nicotinamide and carbogen on these tumor characteristics. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mice with s.c. transplanted C38 and C26a murine colon tumors were treated with nicotinamide and carbogen and compared with control tumors. Two markers of hypoxia, CCI-103F and pimonidazole, were injected before and after treatment with nicotinamide/carbogen, respectively, allowing each tumor to serve as its own control. Hoechst33342 was used as a perfusion marker and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) as a proliferation marker. Frozen tumors were cut for multistep immunostaining and computer-controlled microscope scanning for hypoxic fractions (HF), perfused fractions (PF), vascular density, and BrdUrd-labeling index (LI). RESULTS Microscopic observation of C38 and C26a tumors showed extensive differences in vascular architecture, distribution patterns of hypoxia, and BrdUrd-labeling. Quantitative analysis of C38 and C26a tumors showed a decrease in HF in response to all treatment modalities. For C38 tumors, the average decrease in HF in response to carbogen containing treatments was larger than to nicotinamide alone. In C26a tumors, no difference in average decrease in HF was observed between the treatments. The PF of C38 and C26a did not change in response to treatment. The LI of C38 and C26a decreased upon all treatments, which was statistically significant in the combination treatment of C38. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism that can simultaneously explain all the observed changes in response to treatment may be the conversion of metabolism from less respiration toward more glycolysis due to increased glucose levels (Crabtree effect), although other mechanisms of actions cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology 550, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Welsh S, Williams R, Kirkpatrick L, Paine-Murrieta G, Powis G. Antitumor activity and pharmacodynamic properties of PX-478, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.233.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcription factor is an important regulator of tumor response to hypoxia that include increased angiogenesis, glycolytic metabolism, and resistance to apoptosis. HIF-1 activity is regulated by the availability of the HIF-1α subunit, the levels of which increase under hypoxic conditions. PX-478 (S-2-amino-3-[4′-N,N,-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl propionic acid N-oxide dihydrochloride) is an inhibitor of constitutive and hypoxia-induced HIF-1α levels and thus HIF-1 activity. We report that PX-478 given to mice suppresses HIF-1α levels in HT-29 human colon cancer xenografts and inhibits the expression of HIF-1 target genes including vascular endothelial growth factor and the glucose transporter-1. PX-478 shows antitumor activity against established (0.15–0.40 cm3) human tumor xenografts with cures of SHP-77 small cell lung cancer and log cell kills up to 3.0 for other tumors including HT-29 colon, PC-3 prostate, DU-145 prostate, MCF-7 breast, Caki-1 renal, and Panc-1 pancreatic cancers. Large (0.83 cm3) PC-3 prostate tumors showed 64% regression, which was greater than for smaller tumors. The antitumor response to PX-478 was positively correlated with tumor HIF-1α levels (P < 0.02) and was accompanied by massive apoptosis. The results show that PX-478 is an inhibitor of HIF-1α and HIF-1 transcription factor activity in human tumor xenografts and has marked antitumor activity against even large tumor xenografts, which correlates positively with HIF-1α levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Welsh
- 1Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and
| | - Ryan Williams
- 1Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and
| | | | | | - Garth Powis
- 1Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kamm YJL, Peters GJ, Hull WE, Punt CJA, Heerschap A. Correlation between 5-fluorouracil metabolism and treatment response in two variants of C26 murine colon carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:754-62. [PMID: 12915890 PMCID: PMC2376920 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an i.p. dose of 150 mg x kg(-1) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), drug uptake and metabolism over a 2-h period were studied by in vivo (19)F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for the murine colon carcinoma lines C26-B (5-FU-insensitive; n=11) and C26-10 (5-FU-sensitive; n=15) implanted s.c. in Balb/C mice. Time courses for tumour growth, intracellular levels of FdUMP, thymidylate synthase (TS) activity, and 5-FU in RNA were also determined, and the effects of a 9.5-min period of carbogen breathing, starting 1 min before drug administration, on MRS-detected 5-FU metabolism and tumour growth curves were examined. Both tumour variants generated MRS-detectable 5-FU nucleotides and showed similar initial growth inhibition after treatment. However, the growth rate of C26-B tumours returned to normal, while the sensitive C26-10 tumours, which produced larger fluoronucleotide pools, still showed moderate growth inhibition. Carbogen breathing did not significantly influence 5-FU uptake or fluoronucleotide production but did significantly enhance growth inhibition in C26-10 tumours. While both tumour variants exhibited incorporation of 5-FU into RNA and inhibition of TS via FdUMP, clearance of 5-FU from RNA and recovery of TS activity were greater for the insensitive C26-B line, indicating that these processes, in addition to 5-FU uptake and metabolism, may be important determinants of drug sensitivity and treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J L Kamm
- Department of Medical Oncology 550, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ueda M, Kitaura K, Kusada O, Mochizuki Y, Yamada N, Terai Y, Kumagai K, Ueki K, Ueki M. Regulation of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase activities by growth factors and subsequent effects on 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in tumor cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91:1185-91. [PMID: 11092985 PMCID: PMC5926278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase (PyNPase) are the first and rate-limiting enzymes that regulate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism, and tumoral DPD activity appears to be a promising predictor of 5-FU sensitivity. However, the regulatory mechanisms determining these enzyme activities have not been fully understood. We investigated the biological effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha on cell growth and tumoral DPD and PyNPase activities, and the subsequent effects on 5-FU sensitivity in uterine cervical carcinoma SKG-IIIb cells. The treatment of tumor cells with EGF or TGF-alpha resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in tumor cell growth and PyNPase activity, whereas tumoral DPD activity was inhibited. Their stimulatory effects on tumor cell growth correlated well with PyNPase activity, but were inversely related to DPD activity (P < 0.01). 5-FU sensitivity of tumor cells increased in the presence of EGF or TGF-alpha. These growth factors were shown to stimulate the first, rate-limiting enzyme activity in 5-FU anabolism and to inhibit that in 5-FU catabolism, leading to enhancement of the antiproliferative action of 5-FU at achievable therapeutic levels. The tumor environmental factors, EGF and TGF-alpha, may act as intrinsic regulators of DPD and PyNPase activities that affect the 5-FU sensitivity of individual tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ueda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ogino M, Hisatomi H, Murata M, Hanazono M. Indomethacin suppresses the growth of colon 26, Meth-A and FM3A tumors in mice by reducing the prostaglandin E2 content and telomerase activity in tumor tissues. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:758-64. [PMID: 10470289 PMCID: PMC5926137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effect of indomethacin on Colon 26, Meth-A and FM3A tumors was investigated in mice. The prostaglandin E2 content in tumor tissues was assayed to find out if indomethacin acts on tumors, and the telomerase activity in tumors and somatic tissues (testis, liver, spleen and colon) was also monitored during indomethacin treatment. Growth of Colon 26, Meth-A and FM3A tumors was significantly (P < 0.001-0.05) suppressed by indomethacin compared to the untreated controls. The prostaglandin E2 content in the three tumors was markedly (P < 0.001) reduced by indomethacin. Telomerase activity in Colon 26 and FM3A tumors was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of untreated tumors (80% and 45% decrease versus the controls, respectively), and the activity in Meth-A tumor was slightly decreased (10% decrease versus the control) by indomethacin. Telomerase activity in the somatic tissues was not significantly affected by indomethacin. In summary, this study shows the effectiveness of indomethacin as an antitumor agent against three types of tumors, and suggests that indomethacin affects telomerase activity in tumors in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ogino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Ichihara Hospital, Chiba.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Takechi T, Okabe H, Fujioka A, Murakami Y, Fukushima M. Relationship between protein levels and gene expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in human tumor cells during growth in culture and in nude mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:1144-53. [PMID: 9914783 PMCID: PMC5921712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein levels and gene expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the rate-limiting enzyme for degradation of 5-fluorouracil, were studied in two human tumor cell lines (fibrosarcoma HT-1080 and pancreatic carcinoma MIAPaCa-2) in various growth phases of the cultured cells and of tumor xenografts implanted into nude mice. DPD catalytic activity and DPD protein content in cytosolic preparations were determined by means of radioenzymatic assay and western blot analysis, respectively. Relative DPD mRNA expression was determined by using a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in which glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA was used as an internal standard. DPD activity and protein content in cultures of both cell lines increased in proportion to cell density (DPD activities ranged from undetectable to 84 pmol/min/mg protein in the HT-1080 cells and from undetectable to 335 pmol/min/mg protein in the MIAPaCa-2 cells). DPD mRNA levels, on the other hand, tended to decrease slightly during cell growth. DPD activity and protein content in HT-1080 tumor xenografts increased during growth in proportion to tumor weight (DPD activities ranged from 7 to 131 pmol/min/mg protein), but DPD mRNA levels did not correlate with tumor weight. DPD activity and protein content in MIAPaCa-2 tumor xenografts did not change much, and seemed to have already plateaued, since the tumors were small (weighing about 30 mg). These findings suggest that DPD protein expression during tumor growth is controlled at the post-transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Takechi
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Hanno Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
van der Wilt CL, Smid K, Veerman G, Peters GJ. The role of thymidine kinase activity in murine colon tumours treated with 5-fluorouracil. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 431:653-6. [PMID: 9598146 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5381-6_126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L van der Wilt
- Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|