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Elsheikh MA, Rizk SA, Elnaggar YSR, Abdallah OY. Nanoemulsomes for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of the Anticancer Phytochemical Andrographolide: Characterization and Pharmacokinetics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:246. [PMID: 34617166 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide (AG) is an antitumor phytochemical that acts against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, AG shows low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism and P-glycoprotein efflux. Novel biocompatible lipoprotein-simulating nanosystems, emulsomes (EMLs), have gained significant attention due to their composition of natural components, in addition to being lymphotropic. Loading AG on EMLs is believed to mitigate the disadvantage of AG and enhance its lymphatic transport. This study developed a chylomicron-simulating system (EMLs) as a novel tool to overcome the AG oral delivery obstacles. Optimized EML-AG had a promising vesicular size of 281.62 ± 1.73 nm, a zeta potential of - 22.73 ± 0.06 mV, and a high entrapment efficiency of 96.55% ± 0.25%, which favors lymphatic targeting. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of EML-AG showed significant enhancement (> sixfold increase) in the rate and extent of AG absorption compared with free AG. However, intraperitoneal injection of a cycloheximide inhibitor caused a significant decrease in AG absorption (~ 52%), confirming the lymphatic targeting potential of EMLs. Therefore, EMLs can be a promising novel nanoplatform for circumventing AG oral delivery obstacles and provide targeted delivery to the lymphatic system at a lower dose with fewer side effects.
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2
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Rizk SA, Elsheikh MA, Elnaggar YS, Abdallah OY. Novel bioemulsomes for baicalin oral lymphatic targeting: development, optimization and pharmacokinetics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1983-1998. [PMID: 34420422 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to elaborate on 'bioemulsomes,' novel biocompatible lipoprotein analogs for effective lymphatic transport of baicalin (BCL). Methods: BCL bioemulsomes were developed and optimized and in vitro physicochemical characterization performed. The bioavailability of BCL bioemulsomes compared with free BCL was investigated using in vivo pharmacokinetics studies. Finally, BCL lymphatic transport was assessed via cycloheximide blockade assay. Results: Optimized BCL-loaded nanoemulsomes showed promising in vitro characteristics that favor lymphatic targeting. In vivo pharmacokinetics showed a significant improvement in bioavailability over free BCL. A significant decrease in BCL emulsome absorption (33%) was exhibited after chemical blockage of the lymphatic pathway, confirming the lymphatic transport potential. Conclusion: Bioemulsomes could be a promising tool for bypassing BCL oral delivery hurdles as well as lymphatic transport, paving the way for potential treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Rizk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt
| | - Manal A Elsheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22111, Egypt
| | - Yosra S Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
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Sreekanth V, Medatwal N, Pal S, Kumar S, Sengupta S, Bajaj A. Molecular Self-Assembly of Bile Acid-Phospholipids Controls the Delivery of Doxorubicin and Mice Survivability. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2649-2659. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vedagopuram Sreekanth
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
- Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nihal Medatwal
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
- Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Pal
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
- KIIT University, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
- Manipal University, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sagar Sengupta
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
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Bulbake U, Doppalapudi S, Kommineni N, Khan W. Liposomal Formulations in Clinical Use: An Updated Review. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:E12. [PMID: 28346375 PMCID: PMC5489929 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1119] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are the first nano drug delivery systems that have been successfully translated into real-time clinical applications. These closed bilayer phospholipid vesicles have witnessed many technical advances in recent years since their first development in 1965. Delivery of therapeutics by liposomes alters their biodistribution profile, which further enhances the therapeutic index of various drugs. Extensive research is being carried out using these nano drug delivery systems in diverse areas including the delivery of anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory drugs and therapeutic genes. The significant contribution of liposomes as drug delivery systems in the healthcare sector is known by many clinical products, e.g., Doxil®, Ambisome®, DepoDur™, etc. This review provides a detailed update on liposomal technologies e.g., DepoFoam™ Technology, Stealth technology, etc., the formulation aspects of clinically used products and ongoing clinical trials on liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Bulbake
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Sindhu Doppalapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India.
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Betker JL, Anchordoquy TJ. Nonadditive Effects of Repetitive Administration of Lipoplexes in Immunocompetent Mice. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:872-881. [PMID: 27887890 PMCID: PMC5657239 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive administration is routinely used to maintain therapeutic drug levels, but previous studies have documented an accelerated blood clearance of some lipid-based delivery systems under these conditions. To assess the effect of repetitive administration, non-PEGylated lipoplexes (+/-0.5) were administered 4 times via tail vein injection at 3-day intervals to immunocompetent BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumors. This study measured the effect of repeat administration of nontargeted lipoplexes on clearance, cytokine/chemokine response, plasmid distribution, reporter gene expression, and liver toxicity. We do not observe a refractory period or a statistically significant difference in blood clearance between the first administration and subsequent injections of this lipoplex formulation, consistent with the absence of a cytokine/chemokine response. However, we do see a significant effect on both plasmid accumulation and expression, an enhancement of 26-fold and 10-fold in tumor plasmid levels and expression, respectively, after 4 injections as compared to that after a single injection. In addition, in vivo imaging suggests that expression in other organs had diminished rapidly 72 h after each administration, in contrast to relatively constant expression in the tumor. Taken together, the findings indicate that gene delivery to tumors can be dramatically enhanced by employing repetitive administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Betker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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6
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Jeong HS, Hwang H, Oh PS, Kim EM, Lee TK, Kim M, Kim HS, Lim ST, Sohn MH, Jeong HJ. Effect of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound on Drug Release from Doxorubicin-Loaded PEGylated Liposomes and Therapeutic Effect in Colorectal Cancer Murine Models. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:947-955. [PMID: 26795498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study described here was to evaluate the use of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in drug release and its application in cancer therapy. HIFU was set to minimize hyperthermia, particularly non-specific hyperthermia, of exposed areas. An in vitro temperature-sensitive hydrogel phantom model determined the parameters of HIFU under mild condition settings (spatial average temporal average intensity [ISATA] = 83.35 W/cm(2)). PEGylated liposomal indocyanine green (LCLP-ICG) and PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (LCLP-Dox) were prepared with the same mole ratio to allow direct comparison of drug release in vitro and in vivo. We induced drug release with HIFU treatment using LCLP-ICG coupled with optical imaging in vitro and in vivo. The size distribution changes in LCLP-ICG in vitro and fluorescence intensity changes in ICG after intra-tumoral injection of LCLP-ICG into CT26 solid tumors in vivo followed by HIFU confirmed the feasibility of the system. We validated the therapeutic effect of HIFU treatment of the CT26 mouse tumor model. The tumor growth rate was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) only in the group administered LCLP-Dox followed by cycles of HIFU treatment, and the chemotherapy of the CT26 solid tumors was found to be highly efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Seok Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosook Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Sun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Kyoung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Tae Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Sohn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Cyclotron Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Al-Ahmady Z, Kostarelos K. Chemical Components for the Design of Temperature-Responsive Vesicles as Cancer Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3883-918. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Al-Ahmady
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, University College London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, University College London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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8
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Riganti C, Gazzano E, Gulino GR, Volante M, Ghigo D, Kopecka J. Two repeated low doses of doxorubicin are more effective than a single high dose against tumors overexpressing P-glycoprotein. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:219-26. [PMID: 25681670 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Standard chemotherapeutic protocols, based on maximum tolerated doses, do not prevent nor overcome chemoresistance caused by the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp). We compared the effects of two consecutive low doses versus a single high dose of doxorubicin in drug-sensitive Pgp-negative and drug-resistant Pgp-positive human and murine cancer cells. Two consecutive low doses were significantly more cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo against drug-resistant tumors, while a single high dose failed to do so. The greater efficacy of two consecutive low doses of doxorubicin could be linked to increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species. These levels were produced by high electron flux from complex I to complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, unrelated to the synthesis of ATP. This process induced mitochondrial oxidative damage, loss of mitochondrial potential and activation of the cytochrome c/caspase 9/caspase 3 pro-apoptotic axis in drug-resistant cells. Our work shows that the "apparent" ineffectiveness of doxorubicin against drug-resistant tumors overexpressing Pgp can be overcome by changing the timing of its administration and its doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossana Gulino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Dario Ghigo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy
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9
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Intact Doxil is taken up intracellularly and released doxorubicin sequesters in the lysosome: Evaluated by in vitro / in vivo live cell imaging. J Control Release 2013; 172:330-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Topophore C: a liposomal nanoparticle formulation of topotecan for treatment of ovarian cancer. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:46-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Gill B, Singh J, Sharma V, Hari Kumar SL. Emulsomes: An emerging vesicular drug delivery system. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2012. [DOI: 10.4103/0973-8398.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Pang X, Zhao L, Feng C, Lin Z. Novel Amphiphilic Multiarm, Starlike Coil–Rod Diblock Copolymers via a Combination of Click Chemistry with Living Polymerization. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201564t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchang Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Chaowei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Cosco D, Bulotta A, Ventura M, Celia C, Calimeri T, Perri G, Paolino D, Costa N, Neri P, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P, Fresta M. In vivo activity of gemcitabine-loaded PEGylated small unilamellar liposomes against pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 64:1009-20. [PMID: 19263052 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-0957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) is presently the standard option for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer (PC). We investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor potential of GEM-loaded PEGylated liposomes (L-GEM) as a novel agent for the treatment of PC. In vitro analysis of antitumor activity against human PC cell lines, BXPC-3 and PSN-1, showed a significant time- and dose-dependent reduction of cell viability following exposure to L-GEM as compared to free GEM [at 72 h, IC(50): 0.009 vs. 0.027 microM (P = 0.003) for BXPC-3 and 0.003 vs. 0.009 microM (P < 0.001) for PSN1, respectively]. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated an effective liposome/cell interaction and internalization process following 3-h cell exposure to L-GEM. The in vivo antitumor activity of L-GEM was investigated in a cohort of SCID mice bearing BxPC-3 or PSN-1 xenografts. Animals were i.p. treated with L-GEM (5 mg/kg), or a threefold increased dose of free GEM (15 mg/kg), or empty liposomes or vehicle, twice a week for 35 days. A significant higher inhibition of tumor growth in mice treated with L-GEM versus free GEM (P = 0.006 and P = 0.004 for BXPC-3 and PSN-1, respectively) or control groups (P = 0.0001), translated in a survival advantage of L-GEM treated animals versus other groups. Pharmacokinetic studies showed enhancement of systemic bioavailability of L-GEM (t (1/2) = 8 h) versus to GEM (t (1/2) = 1.5 h). Our findings demonstrate that L-GEM is an effective agent against PC and exerts higher antitumor activity as compared to free GEM with no appreciable increase in toxicity. These results provide the pre-clinical rational for L-GEM clinical development for the treatment of PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Cosco
- Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Campus Salvatore Venuta, Catanzaro, Italy
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14
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Bally MB, Ansell SM, Tardi PG, Harasym TO. Liposome Targeting Following Intravenous Administration: Defining Expectations and a Need for Improved Methodology. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109709035507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Le UM, Shaker DS, Sloat BR, Cui Z. A Thermo-Sensitive Polymeric Gel Containing a Gadolinium (Gd) Compound Encapsulated into Liposomes Significantly Extended the Retention of the Gd in Tumors. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:413-8. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040701662495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Khan A, Shukla Y, Kalra N, Alam M, Ahmad MG, Hakim SR, Owais M. Potential of diallyl sulfide bearing pH-sensitive liposomes in chemoprevention against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17622315 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00111.khan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl sulfide (DAS), an active component of garlic, possesses strong anti-neoplastic properties against various forms of cancer. In the present study, we have evaluated chemo-preventive effects of liposomized DAS (conventional egg PC and pH-sensitive liposomes) against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. Various liposome-based novel formulations of DAS (250 microg/mouse) were applied topically, after one hour of exposure to DMBA (52 microg/mouse/dose), to the animals. The animals were treated thrice weekly for the total period of 12 weeks. The efficacy of the various liposomal formulations of DAS was evaluated on the basis of parameters such as incidence of tumorogenesis and total numbers and sizes of induced tumor nodules. The liposomized DAS formulations also were assessed for their effect on the expression of p53wt, p53mut, and p21/Waf1. The results of the present study showed that liposomized DAS could effectively delay the onset of tumorogenesis and reduce the cumulative numbers and sizes of tumor papillomas in treated mice. Treatment of DMBA-exposed animals with the liposomal formulation of DAS ensued in upregulation of p53wt and p21/Waf1, while levels of p53mut expression reduced down. The promising chemo-preventive nature of liposomal DAS may form the basis for establishing effective means of controlling various forms of cancer, including skin papilloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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17
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Khan A, Shukla Y, Kalra N, Alam M, Ahmad MG, Hakim SR, Owais M. Potential of diallyl sulfide bearing pH-sensitive liposomes in chemoprevention against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. MOLECULAR MEDICINE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2007; 13:443-51. [PMID: 17622315 PMCID: PMC1952677 DOI: 10.2119/2006–00111.khan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diallyl sulfide (DAS), an active component of garlic, possesses strong anti-neoplastic properties against various forms of cancer. In the present study, we have evaluated chemo-preventive effects of liposomized DAS (conventional egg PC and pH-sensitive liposomes) against DMBA-induced skin papilloma. Various liposome-based novel formulations of DAS (250 microg/mouse) were applied topically, after one hour of exposure to DMBA (52 microg/mouse/dose), to the animals. The animals were treated thrice weekly for the total period of 12 weeks. The efficacy of the various liposomal formulations of DAS was evaluated on the basis of parameters such as incidence of tumorogenesis and total numbers and sizes of induced tumor nodules. The liposomized DAS formulations also were assessed for their effect on the expression of p53wt, p53mut, and p21/Waf1. The results of the present study showed that liposomized DAS could effectively delay the onset of tumorogenesis and reduce the cumulative numbers and sizes of tumor papillomas in treated mice. Treatment of DMBA-exposed animals with the liposomal formulation of DAS ensued in upregulation of p53wt and p21/Waf1, while levels of p53mut expression reduced down. The promising chemo-preventive nature of liposomal DAS may form the basis for establishing effective means of controlling various forms of cancer, including skin papilloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, India
| | - Neetu Kalra
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, India
| | - Maroof Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | | - Mohammad Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Mohammad Owais, Inter-Disciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India. Phone: 91-0571-2720388; Fax: 91-0571-2721776; E-mail:
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18
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Laginha KM, Verwoert S, Charrois GJR, Allen TM. Determination of doxorubicin levels in whole tumor and tumor nuclei in murine breast cancer tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:6944-9. [PMID: 16203786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pharmacokinetic studies on liposomal drugs have previously measured total drug levels in tumors, which include non-bioavailable drug. However, drugs must be released from liposomes to have activity. We have developed a method for measuring levels of bioavailable (released) doxorubicin in vivo in tumors that will allow therapeutic activity to be correlated with bioavailable drug levels. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mice orthotopically implanted with mammary carcinoma (4T1) were injected i.v. 10 days after implantation with free doxorubicin or formulations of liposomal doxorubicin with different drug release rates. Tumors were excised at various times after injection, and total tumor doxorubicin levels were determined by acidified isopropanol extraction of whole tumor homogenates. Bioavailable doxorubicin levels were determined by extraction of doxorubicin from isolated tumor nuclei. RESULTS Free doxorubicin had high levels of bioavailability in tumor tissue; 95% of the total doxorubicin in tumors was bound to nuclear DNA by 24 hours after injection. Administration of Doxil, a slow release liposomal formulation of doxorubicin, gave an area under the time-versus-concentration curve (AUC) for total doxorubicin 7 days after injection that was 87-fold higher than that obtained for free doxorubicin, and 49% of the liposomal doxorubicin was bioavailable. For liposomes with a more rapid doxorubicin release rate, by 7 days after injection, the AUC(0-7 days) for total doxorubicin was only 14-fold higher than that for free doxorubicin and only 27% of liposomal doxorubicin was bioavailable. CONCLUSIONS This technique allows correlations to be made between drug bioavailability and therapeutic activity and will help in the rational design of drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M Laginha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Fang JY, Lee WR, Shen SC, Huang YL. Effect of liposome encapsulation of tea catechins on their accumulation in basal cell carcinomas. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:101-9. [PMID: 16423506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main active polyphenol in green tea, is associated with antioxidant and anticancer activities. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using liposomes for intratumor distribution of EGCG and its derivative, (+)-catechin. METHOD Liposomes containing egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, or anionic surfactant in the presence of 15% ethanol were prepared. The physicochemical characteristics including vesicle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment, and drug release of liposomal formulations were determined. The liposomes containing EGCG were injected into basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), melanomas, and colon tumors to examine the tumor uptake of the drug. Liposomes were also incubated with a given number of BCC cells, and the cell viability was estimated. RESULT Almost no drug molecules were observed when free EGCG was administered to BCCs. EGCG encapsulated in liposomes with deoxycholic acid (DA) and ethanol increased drug deposition by 20-fold as compared to the free form. The larger vesicle size of this formulation was suggested to be the predominant factor governing this enhancement. The liposomes without ethanol showed low or negligible enhancement on EGCG uptake in BCCs. Liposomes protected EGCG from degradation, resulting in the induction of greater BCC death compared to that by free EGCG at lower concentrations. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the intratumor injection of liposomes containing EGCG with moderate modification is an effective approach for increasing EGCG deposition in BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, and Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical Unversity Hospital, Taiwan.
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20
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Mignet N, Chermont QLMD, Randrianarivelo T, Seguin J, Richard C, Bessodes M, Scherman D. Liposome biodistribution by time resolved fluorimetry of lipophilic europium complexes. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2005; 35:155-61. [PMID: 16160824 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-005-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of conventional fluorophores suffers from some limitations in biological fluids due to low signal/background ratio. Today, this sensitivity issue might be reasonably improved thanks to lanthanide chelates, by selective detection of long decay fluorescence. Use of pulsed light source time-resolved fluorimetry takes into account the fluorescence decay time of the lanthanide chelates to gain sensitivity in biological media. Lipid-DTPA: Eu compounds have been prepared and incorporated into liposomes to evaluate europium based detection of liposomes in biological media. Fluorescence emission was not modified by this incorporation. Europium labelled liposomes were used for biodistribution studies and showed their use in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mignet
- CNRS-UMR8151; INSERM U640, Laboratoire Pharmacol. Chim. Genet., Université René Descartes Paris, 4, avenue de l' Observatoire, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.
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21
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Veldman RJ, Koning GA, van Hell A, Zerp S, Vink SR, Storm G, Verheij M, van Blitterswijk WJ. Coformulated N-Octanoyl-glucosylceramide Improves Cellular Delivery and Cytotoxicity of Liposomal Doxorubicin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:704-10. [PMID: 16040815 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.087486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer agent doxorubicin is in certain cases administered as a long-circulating liposomal formulation. Due to angiogenesis-related structural abnormalities in the endothelial lining of many neoplasms, these complexes tend to extravasate and accumulate in the tumor stroma. However, delivery of doxorubicin is still not optimal since liposomes are not taken up directly by tumor cells. Instead, doxorubicin is gradually released into the interstitial space, and the subsequent uptake by surrounding cells is a limiting step in the delivery process. We recently demonstrated that plasma membrane-inserted short-chain sphingomyelin facilitates the cellular uptake of free doxorubicin. Here, we report that N-octanoyl-glucosylceramide acts equally potent but is itself less toxic. When coformulated with liposomal doxorubicin, this short-chain glycosphingolipid administered to cultured A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells led to superior (up to 4-fold) cellular doxorubicin accumulation and cytotoxicity, compared with control doxorubicin liposomes. These results were fully reproducible when N-octanoyl-glucosylceramide was postinserted into Caelyx, a commercial liposomal doxorubicin preparation. The doxorubicin-potentiating effect of N-octanoyl-glucosylceramide-enriched liposomes proved relatively insensitive to high serum concentrations, indicating that in vivo application is a feasible option. N-Octanoyl-glucosylceramide enrichment might thus represent a major improvement of conventional liposomal doxorubicin formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jan Veldman
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam
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22
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Marcucci F, Lefoulon F. Active targeting with particulate drug carriers in tumor therapy: fundamentals and recent progress. Drug Discov Today 2004; 9:219-28. [PMID: 14980540 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug therapy for the treatment of tumors is often limited by a narrow therapeutic index. One approach that overcomes this limitation is the active targeting of tumors with particulate drug carriers. The derivatization of particulate drug carriers with a ligand leads to the selective targeting of the particulate to selected cells, thereby focusing drug delivery. In addition, particulate drug carriers have a high loading capacity, do not need covalent conjugation of the drug and the formulation protects the entrapped drug from enzymatic inactivation. Despite these favorable properties, their therapeutic efficacy in animal models has been reported only in recent years. The use of internalizing ligands and the targeting of intravascular tumor cells and endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels have been instrumental in demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of particulate drug carriers in animal models. As a result, several actively targeted particulate carriers have now entered, or are about to enter, clinical investigation. Recent findings, for example, the identification of cell-penetrating peptides with restricted cell selectivity, suggest that further improvements in this approach are likely in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Reparto di Epidemiologia Clinica, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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23
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Charrois GJR, Allen TM. Drug release rate influences the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, therapeutic activity, and toxicity of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin formulations in murine breast cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1663:167-77. [PMID: 15157619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK), biodistribution (BD), and therapeutic activity of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin formulations with different drug release rates were studied in an orthotopic 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model. The focus of these experiments was to study the effects of different release rates on the accumulation of liposomal lipid and doxorubicin (DXR) into the tumor and cutaneous tissues of mice (skin and paws). These tissues were chosen because the clinical formulation of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx)/Doxi) causes mucocutaneous reactions such as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE). Liposomes with different doxorubicin (DXR) leakage rates were prepared by altering liposome fluidity through changing the fatty acyl chain length and/or degree of saturation of the phosphatidylcholine component of the liposome. Liposomes with fast, intermediate, and slow rates of drug release were studied. The plasma PK of the liposomal lipid was similar for all formulations, while the plasma PK of the DXR component was dependent on the liposome formulation. Liposomal lipid accumulated to similar levels in tumor and cutaneous tissues for all three formulations tested, while the liposomes with the slowest rates of DXR release produced the highest DXR concentrations in both cutaneous tissues and in tumor. Liposomes with the fastest drug release rates resulted in low DXR concentrations in cutaneous tissues and tumor. The formulation with intermediate release rates produced unexpected toxicity that was not related to the lipid content of the formulation. The liposomes with the slowest rate of drug leakage had the best therapeutic activity of the formulations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J R Charrois
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Nikova AT, Gordon VD, Cristobal G, Talingting MR, Bell DC, Evans C, Joanicot M, Zasadzinski JA, Weitz DA. Swollen Vesicles and Multiple Emulsions from Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035638k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ani T. Nikova
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Vernita D. Gordon
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Galder Cristobal
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Maria Ruela Talingting
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - David C. Bell
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Cara Evans
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Mathieu Joanicot
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Joseph A. Zasadzinski
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - David A. Weitz
- Department of Physics and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Complex Fluids Laboratory, Rhodia Inc., Cranbury Research and Technology Center, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512; Center for Imaging and Mesoscale Structures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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25
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Sapra P, Moase EH, Ma J, Allen TM. Improved Therapeutic Responses in a Xenograft Model of Human B Lymphoma (Namalwa) for Liposomal VincristineversusLiposomal Doxorubicin Targeted via Anti-CD19 IgG2a or Fab′ Fragments. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1100-11. [PMID: 14871990 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monoclonal antibody-mediated targeting of liposomal anticancer drugs to surface antigens expressed on malignant B cells can be an effective strategy for treating B-cell malignancies. In a murine model of human B-cell lymphoma, we have made in vitro and in vivo comparisons of long-circulating sterically stabilized (Stealth) immunoliposome (SIL) formulations of two anticancer drugs, vincristine (VCR) and doxorubicin (DXR), with different mechanisms of action and drug release rates. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SIL formulations of VCR or DXR were conjugated to the monoclonal antibody anti-CD19 (SIL[alphaCD19]) or its Fab' fragments (SIL[Fab']). Specific binding of SILs to Namalwa cells was studied using radiolabeled liposomes, and cytotoxicities of DXR- or VCR-loaded SILs were quantitated by a tetrazolium assay. Pharmacokinetic and drug leakage experiments were performed in mice using dual-labeled liposomes, and the therapeutic responses of SILs were evaluated in a Namalwa (human B lymphoma) cell xenograft model. RESULTS SIL[alphaCD19] or SIL[Fab'] had higher association with and cytotoxicity against Namalwa cells than nontargeted liposomes. SIL[Fab'] had longer circulation times than SIL[alphaCD19], and VCR had faster release rates from the liposomes than DXR. SIL formulations of either VCR or DXR had significantly better therapeutic outcomes than nontargeted liposomes or free drugs. SILs loaded with VCR were superior to those loaded with DXR. SIL[Fab'] had better therapeutic outcomes than SIL[alphaCD19] for the drug DXR but were equally efficacious for the drug VCR. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of a B lymphoma model with single injections of anti-CD19-targeted liposomal formulations of VCR resulted in high levels of response and long-term survivors. Responses to anti-CD19-targeted liposomal DXR were more modest, although the longer circulation times of SIL[Fab'] versus SIL[alphaCD19] led to superior therapeutics for DXR-loaded immunoliposomes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacokinetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Liposomes/chemistry
- Liposomes/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Tetrazolium Salts/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Vincristine/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sapra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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27
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Giles FJ, Tallman MS, Garcia-Manero G, Cortes JE, Thomas DA, Wierda WG, Verstovsek S, Hamilton M, Barrett E, Albitar M, Kantarjian HM. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a low-clearance, unilamellar liposomal formulation of lurtotecan, a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor, in patients with advanced leukemia. Cancer 2004; 100:1449-58. [PMID: 15042679 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OSI-211 is a low-clearance, unilamellar liposomal formulation of a water-soluble camptothecin analogue, lurtotecan. OSI-211 has significant activity in severe combined immunodeficient mouse models of human leukemia. METHODS This study was conducted to define the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and pharmacokinetics of OSI-211 in patients with refractory myeloid leukemias. Patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), or chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic phase (CML-BP) were eligible. OSI-211 was given as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes daily for 3 days. The starting dose was 1.5 mg/m2 per day (4.5 mg/m2 per course). The dose was escalated by 50% until Grade 2 toxicity was observed and then by 30-35% until the DLT was defined. Serial plasma and urine samples were collected, and drug levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. RESULTS Twenty patients (18 patients [90%] with AML, and 1 patient each [5%] with MDS and CML-BP) were treated. Mucositis and diarrhea were considered to be the DLTs. The maximum tolerated dose was 3.7 mg/m2 per day. Fourteen of 18 evaluable patients (78%) with AML or MDS achieved transient bone marrow aplasia. The mean systemic clearance of lurtotecan in plasma was 0.946 +/- 1.53 L/hour/m2. Urinary recovery of lurtotecan was 6.66% +/- 5.26% (range, 1.05-18.4%). CONCLUSIONS Liposomal encapsulation of lurtotecan altered its metabolism significantly. There was no evident correlation between exposure, as measured by plasma pharmacokinetics of lurtotecan, and clinical response or toxicities. OSI-211 merits further study in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Giles
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4095, USA.
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28
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Harrington KJ, Syrigos KN, Vile RG. Liposomally targeted cytotoxic drugs for the treatment of cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:1573-600. [PMID: 12542887 DOI: 10.1211/0022357002243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid spherules composed of lipid bilayer membranes entrapping a central aqueous core were first described more than 30 years ago (Bangham et al 1965). The term liposome was coined in 1968 (Sessa & Weissmann 1968) and the first suggestions that these vesicles might have potential as vehicles for targeted drug delivery for a range of diseases, including cancer, appeared shortly afterwards (Gregoriades et al 1974; Gregoriades 1976a, b). However, the process of turning this expectation into a clinical reality has suffered a number of setbacks and has taken more than a quarter of a century. In the process, new types of liposomes with favourable in-vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution patterns have been generated (Lasic & Papahadjopoulos 1995). Many of these preparations have been subjected to extensive examination and an increasing number of agents have entered clinical trials. In this review, we will trace the development of those liposomes that are currently undergoing (or are about to undergo) clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Harrington
- Cancer Research UK Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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29
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Sedlacek HH. Pharmacological aspects of targeting cancer gene therapy to endothelial cells. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 37:169-215. [PMID: 11248576 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancer gene therapy to endothelial cells seems to be a rational approach, because (a) a clear correlation exists between proliferation of tumor vessels and tumor growth and malignancy, (b) differences of cell membrane structures between tumor endothelial cells and normal endothelial cells exist which could be used for targeting of vectors and (c) tumor endothelial cells are accessible to vector vehicles in spite of the peculiarities of the transvascular and interstitial blood flow in tumors. Based on the knowledge on the pharmacokinetics of macromolecules it can be concluded that vectors targeting tumor endothelial cells should own a long blood residence time after intravascular application. This precondition seems to be fulfilled best by vectors exhibiting a slight anionic charge. A long blood residence time would allow the formation of a high amount of complexes between tumor endothelial cells and vector particles. Such high amount of complexes should enable a high transfection rate of tumor endothelial cells. In view of their pharmacokinetic behavior nonviral vectors seem to be more suitable for in vivo targeting tumor endothelial cells than viral vectors. Specific binding of nonviral vectors to tumor endothelial cells should be enhanced by multifunctional ligands and the transduction efficiency should be improved by cationic carriers. Effector genes should encode proteins potent enough to induce reactions which eliminate the tumor tissue. To be effective to that degree such proteins should induce self-amplifying antitumor reactions. Examples for proteins which have the potential to induce such self-amplifying tumor reactions are proteins endowed with antiangiogenic and antiproliferative activity, enzymes which convert prodrugs into drugs and possibly also proteins which induce embolization of tumor vessels. The pharmacological data for such examples are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Sedlacek
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, Central Biotechnology, PO Box 1140, 35001, Marburg, Germany.
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Harada M, Imai J, Okuno S, Suzuki T. Macrophage-mediated activation of camptothecin analogue T-2513-carboxymethyl dextran conjugate (T-0128): possible cellular mechanism for antitumor activity. J Control Release 2000; 69:389-97. [PMID: 11102679 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) analogue T-2513-carboxymethyl (CM) dextran conjugate (T-0128) suppressed human tumor xenografts that were refractory to CPTs. This improvement was explained by its altered pharmacokinetics, but the cellular mechanism of action is still not clear. For this reason, in the present study we examined the determinants of T-0128 action at the cellular level. In vitro tests showed that T-0128 was inactive, indicating that the requirement for its activity lies in the release of linked T-2513, accompanied by the cellular uptake of the conjugate. The accumulation varied between cell lines: tumor cells, including Walker-256 carcinoma and B16 melanoma, showed only a marginal uptake and an undetectable drug release in the medium. In contrast, macrophage-like cells, such as J774.1, internalized T-0128 very efficiently, and liberated T-2513. With regard to the mode of accumulation, fluid-phase pinocytosis seems to be a key factor based on the followings: a similar cell-specificity existed in the uptake of FITC dextran, a marker of fluid-phase pinocytosis. Also, the macrophage uptake of T-0128 increased almost linearly with its medium concentration and was insensitive to dextran sulfate, a ligand for macrophage scavenger receptor. Comparative efficacy studies of T-0128 in the presence and absence of macrophages demonstrated that macrophages increased the efficacy of T-0128. The enhancement could be explained in terms of increases in the amount of released T-2513. Overall, these results lead us to the conclusion that T-0128 acts like a Trojan horse with the help of macrophages: T-0128 is taken up by macrophages in tumor tissues, and the liberated T-2513 kills tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harada
- Discovery Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., Kashima 3-16-89, Yodogawa-ku, 532-8505, Osaka, Japan.
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Monck MA, Mori A, Lee D, Tam P, Wheeler JJ, Cullis PR, Scherrer P. Stabilized plasmid-lipid particles: pharmacokinetics and plasmid delivery to distal tumors following intravenous injection. J Drug Target 2000; 7:439-52. [PMID: 10758914 DOI: 10.3109/10611860009102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A previous study has shown that plasmid DNA can be encapsulated in lipid particles (SPLP, "stabilized plasmid lipid particles") of approximately 70 nm diameter composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DOPE), the cationic lipid N,N-dioleoyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) and poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated to ceramide (PEG-Cer) using a detergent dialysis process (Wheeler et al. (1999) Gene Therapy 6, 271-281). In this work we evaluated the potential of these SPLPs as systemic gene therapy vectors, determining their pharmacokinetics and the biodistribution of the plasmid and lipid components. It is shown that the blood clearance and the biodistribution of the SPLPs can be modulated by varying the acyl chain length of the ceramide group used as lipid anchor for the PEG polymer. Circulation lifetimes observed for SPLPs with PEG-CerC14 and PEG-CerC20 were t(1/2) = approximately 1 and approximately 10 h, respectively. The SPLPs are stable while circulating in the blood and the encapsulated DNA is fully protected from degradation by serum nucleases. The accelerated clearance of SPLPs with PEG-CerC14 is accompanied by increased accumulation in liver and spleen as compared to PEG-CerC20 SPLPs. Delivery of intact plasmid to liver and spleen was detected. Significant accumulation (approximately 10% of injected dose) of the long circulating SPLPs with PEG-CerC20 in a distal tumor (Lewis lung tumor in the mouse flank) was observed following i.v. application and delivery of intact plasmid to tumor tissue at approximately 6% injected dose/g tissue is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Monck
- Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Harrington KJ, Lewanski CR, Stewart JS. Liposomes as vehicles for targeted therapy of cancer. Part 1: preclinical development. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2000; 12:2-15. [PMID: 10749014 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2000.9104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Harrington
- ICRF Oncology Unit, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of antitumor agents encapsulated into liposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 40:39-61. [PMID: 10837779 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of antitumor agents has been developed for doxorubicin (DOX) in order to predict the optimum conditions for a drug carrier to maximize the antitumor effect. A PK model was constructed for free and liposomal doxorubicin using a hybrid model wherein the disposition in the whole body is described by compartment models, which were linked to the tumor compartment via the blood flow rate. The PD model for doxorubicin was described by a cell-kill kinetic model, which represents the number of tumor cells quantitatively, as a function of the free concentration of doxorubicin in the tumor compartment. The influence of each parameter on the antitumor effects was examined by sensitivity analysis based on the PK/PD model, which clearly showed the importance of optimizing the release rate of DOX from liposomes. The validity of the model has been tested using animal experiments. Preliminary simulations were also performed for humans after scaling up the PK/PD model from rodents to humans. The optimum conditions in the rate of drug release from liposomes were different for rodents vis-a-vis humans, which indicates the limitations involved in extrapolating optimum conditions for experimental animals to those for humans.
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Tsuchihashi M, Harashima H, Kiwada H. Development of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)-simulation system for doxorubicin in long circulating liposomes in mice using peritoneal P388. J Control Release 1999; 61:9-19. [PMID: 10469899 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a simulation system that optimizes the pharmacokinetic parameters of drug carriers for anticancer agents in order to maximize their anticancer effects. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulated into liposomes has been developed for mice and each parameter required for simulations was obtained in the peritoneally inoculated P388 leukemia model in mice. PK parameters, which describe the dispositions of free and liposomally encapsulated DOX, were obtained by kinetic analysis of experimental data in this study, as well as from literature. PD parameters, which describe the growth and death rate of cancer cells in vivo, were also determined. The PK/PD model developed in this study is capable of simulating the time course of the number of cancer cells quantitatively and evaluating the significance of each parameter on the carrier system for DOX. Simulations based on the PK/PD model predict the optimum rate of drug release from long circulating liposomes as 0.06 h(-1) for maximum anticancer effect. Thus, this simulation system provides useful information relative to the optimization of drug carriers for DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsuchihashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima City, Tokushima, Japan
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Discher BM, Won YY, Ege DS, Lee JC, Bates FS, Discher DE, Hammer DA. Polymersomes: tough vesicles made from diblock copolymers. Science 1999; 284:1143-6. [PMID: 10325219 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5417.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1782] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vesicles were made from amphiphilic diblock copolymers and characterized by micromanipulation. The average molecular weight of the specific polymer studied, polyethyleneoxide-polyethylethylene (EO40-EE37), is several times greater than that of typical phospholipids in natural membranes. Both the membrane bending and area expansion moduli of electroformed polymersomes (polymer-based liposomes) fell within the range of lipid membrane measurements, but the giant polymersomes proved to be almost an order of magnitude tougher and sustained far greater areal strain before rupture. The polymersome membrane was also at least 10 times less permeable to water than common phospholipid bilayers. The results suggest a new class of synthetic thin-shelled capsules based on block copolymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Discher
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Klimuk SK, Semple SC, Scherrer P, Hope MJ. Contact hypersensitivity: a simple model for the characterization of disease-site targeting by liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1417:191-201. [PMID: 10082795 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A murine model of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is characterized with respect to liposome accumulation at a site of inflammation. Mice were sensitized by painting the abdominal region with a solution of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and inflammation was induced 5 days later by challenging the ear with a dilute solution of DNFB. The inflammatory response was readily monitored by measuring ear thickness (edema) and radiolabeled leukocyte infiltration. Maximum ear swelling and cellular infiltration occurred 24 h after the epicutaneous challenge with the ear returning to normal size after approximately 72 h. We demonstrate that large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) accumulate at the site of inflammation to a level more than 20-fold higher than that measured in the untreated ear. Vesicle delivery to the ear correlated with increased vascular leakage resulting from endothelium remodeling in response to DNFB challenge, and was not a consequence of increased local tissue blood volume. Extravasation occurred only during the first 24 h after ear challenge; after this time the permeability of the endothelium to vesicles returned to normal. We further showed that LUV with a diameter of 120 nm exhibit maximum levels of accumulation, that a polyethylene glycol surface coating does not increase delivery, and that the process can be inhibited by the application of topical corticosteroids at the time of induction. These data and the inflammation model are discussed with respect to developing lipid-based drug delivery vehicles designed to accumulate at inflammatory disease sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Klimuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
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Abstract
This review examines methods of protein conjugation onto liposomes and the effects of surface bound protein on the liposomes' biological behavior. It is evident that the presence of a conjugated protein significantly alters the attributes of targeted liposomes. Specifically, protein conjugation can result in dramatic increases in liposome size, enhanced immunogenicity, and increased plasma elimination. Techniques are discussed for preventing some of the physical (size) and biological (immunogenic) alterations involving the use of PEG-lipids and drug loaded liposomes. In addition, the advantages of conjugating antibodies via carbohydrate moieties, to minimize changes in antibody binding and tertiary structure as well as effectively decreasing plasma elimination, are also discussed. It is, however, apparent that the accessibility of targeted liposomes to extravascular sites is a key step that will require further study and it is, therefore, anticipated that with the development of novel ligands and novel ligand-liposome interactions, the therapeutic utility of targeting strategies will likely be realized.
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38
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 1998. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049809006856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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