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El-Khoury R, Rak M, Bénit P, Jacobs HT, Rustin P. Cyanide resistant respiration and the alternative oxidase pathway: A journey from plants to mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148567. [PMID: 35500614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a large number of organisms covering all phyla, the mitochondrial respiratory chain harbors, in addition to the conventional elements, auxiliary proteins that confer adaptive metabolic plasticity. The alternative oxidase (AOX) represents one of the most studied auxiliary proteins, initially identified in plants. In contrast to the standard respiratory chain, the AOX mediates a thermogenic cyanide-resistant respiration; a phenomenon that has been of great interest for over 2 centuries in that energy is not conserved when electrons flow through it. Here we summarize centuries of studies starting from the early observations of thermogenicity in plants and the identification of cyanide resistant respiration, to the fascinating discovery of the AOX and its current applications in animals under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad El-Khoury
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Cairo Street, Hamra, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malgorzata Rak
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Paule Bénit
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pierre Rustin
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France.
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2
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Mellon M, Storti M, Vera-Vives AM, Kramer DM, Alboresi A, Morosinotto T. Inactivation of mitochondrial complex I stimulates chloroplast ATPase in Physcomitrium patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:931-946. [PMID: 34608952 PMCID: PMC8491079 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light is the ultimate source of energy for photosynthetic organisms, but respiration is fundamental for supporting metabolism during the night or in heterotrophic tissues. In this work, we isolated Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens) plants with altered respiration by inactivating Complex I (CI) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain by independently targeting on two essential subunits. Inactivation of CI caused a strong growth impairment even in fully autotrophic conditions in tissues where all cells are photosynthetically active, demonstrating that respiration is essential for photosynthesis. CI mutants showed alterations in the stoichiometry of respiratory complexes while the composition of photosynthetic apparatus was substantially unaffected. CI mutants showed altered photosynthesis with high activity of both Photosystems I and II, likely the result of high chloroplast ATPase activity that led to smaller ΔpH formation across thylakoid membranes, decreasing photosynthetic control on cytochrome b6f in CI mutants. These results demonstrate that alteration of respiratory activity directly impacts photosynthesis in P. patens and that metabolic interaction between organelles is essential in their ability to use light energy for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mellon
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Storti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | - David M. Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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3
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Molecular characterization and gene expression modulation of the alternative oxidase in a scuticociliate parasite by hypoxia and mitochondrial respiration inhibitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11880. [PMID: 32681023 PMCID: PMC7367826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Philasterides dicentrarchi is a marine benthic microaerophilic scuticociliate and an opportunistic endoparasite that can infect and cause high mortalities in cultured turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). In addition to a cytochrome pathway (CP), the ciliate can use a cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway, which indicates the existence of an alternative oxidase (AOX) in the mitochondrion. Although AOX activity has been described in P. dicentrarchi, based on functional assay results, genetic evidence of the presence of AOX in the ciliate has not previously been reported. In this study, we conducted genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the ciliate and identified the AOX gene and its corresponding mRNA. The AOX gene (size 1,106 bp) contains four exons and three introns that generate an open reading frame of 915 bp and a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 35.6 kDa. The amino acid (aa) sequence of the AOX includes an import signal peptide targeting the mitochondria and the protein is associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that the peptide is a homodimeric glycoprotein, although monomeric forms may also appear under native conditions, with EXXH motifs associated with the diiron active centers. The aa sequences of the AOX of different P. dicentrarchi isolates are highly conserved and phylogenetically closely related to AOXs of other ciliate species, especially scuticociliates. AOX expression increased significantly during infection in the host and after the addition of CP inhibitors. This confirms the important physiological roles of AOX in respiration under conditions of low levels of O2 and in protecting against oxidative stress generated during infection in the host.
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Kaye Y, Huang W, Clowez S, Saroussi S, Idoine A, Sanz-Luque E, Grossman AR. The mitochondrial alternative oxidase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii enables survival in high light. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1380-1395. [PMID: 30510139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms often experience extreme light conditions that can cause hyper-reduction of the chloroplast electron transport chain, resulting in oxidative damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial respiration and chloroplast photosynthesis are coupled when cells are absorbing high levels of excitation energy. This coupling helps protect the cells from hyper-reduction of photosynthetic electron carriers and diminishes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To examine this cooperative protection, here we characterized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants lacking the mitochondrial alternative terminal respiratory oxidases, CrAOX1 and CrAOX2. Using fluorescent fusion proteins, we experimentally demonstrated that both enzymes localize to mitochondria. We also observed that the mutant strains were more sensitive than WT cells to high light under mixotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions, with the aox1 strain being more sensitive than aox2 Additionally, the lack of CrAOX1 increased ROS accumulation, especially in very high light, and damaged the photosynthetic machinery, ultimately resulting in cell death. These findings indicate that the Chlamydomonas AOX proteins can participate in acclimation of C. reinhardtii cells to excess absorbed light energy. They suggest that when photosynthetic electron carriers are highly reduced, a chloroplast-mitochondria coupling allows safe dissipation of photosynthetically derived electrons via the reduction of O2 through AOX (especially AOX1)-dependent mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Kaye
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305.
| | - Weichao Huang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Sophie Clowez
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Shai Saroussi
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Adam Idoine
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
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5
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Zalutskaya Z, Filina V, Ostroukhova M, Ermilova E. Regulation of alternative oxidase 1 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during sulfur starvation. Eur J Protistol 2018; 63:26-33. [PMID: 29407609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain in plants, some protists and many fungi consists of the ATP-coupling cyanide-sensitive cytochrome pathway and the cyanide-resistant alternative respiratory pathway. The alternative pathway is mediated by alternative oxidase (AOX). Although AOX has been proposed to play essential roles in nutrient stress tolerance of plants and protists, the effects of sulfur (S) deprivation, on AOX are largely unknown. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reacts to S limitation conditions with the induced expression of many genes. In this work, we demonstrated that exposure of C. reinhardtii to S deprivation results in the up-regulation of AOX1 expression and an increased AOX1 protein. Furthermore, S-deprived C. reinhardtii cells display the enhanced AOX1 capacity. Moreover, nitrate assimilation regulatory protein (NIT2) is involved in the control of the AOX1 gene expression in the absence of S. Together, the results clearly indicate that AOX1 relates to S limitation stress responses and is regulated in a NIT2-dependent manner, probably together with yet-unknown regulatory factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanneta Zalutskaya
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Valentina Filina
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Mariya Ostroukhova
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Elena Ermilova
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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Zalutskaya Z, Ostroukhova M, Filina V, Ermilova E. Nitric oxide upregulates expression of alternative oxidase 1 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 219:123-127. [PMID: 29096084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain in plants, many fungi and some protists consists of the ATP-coupling cyanide-sensitive cytochrome pathway and the cyanide-resistant alternative respiratory pathway. The alternative pathway is mediated by alternative oxidase (AOX). In unicellular algae, AOXs are monomeric fungi-type proteins. Studies performed in the model plant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed that a range of stress factors lead to induction of its AOX1. However, signaling molecules that trigger upregulation of AOX1 have not yet been identified. Here, we were able to discriminate between two alternative oxidases of the alga. In this work, we demonstrated that exposure of C. reinhardtii to nitric oxide (NO) resulted in the up-regulation of AOX1 expression and an increased AOX1 protein. Furthermore, NO-treated C. reinhardtii cells displayed the enhanced AOX1 capacity. We also clearly demonstrated that AOX1 can function in C. reinhardtii when the cytochrome oxidase became inhibited by NO. Although the pathway(s) that leads to increased AOX1 levels and activity upon NO treatment is yet unknown, it is now clear that NO serves as the signal to trigger this regulatory process in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanneta Zalutskaya
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034 Russia
| | - Mariya Ostroukhova
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034 Russia
| | - Valentina Filina
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034 Russia
| | - Elena Ermilova
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034 Russia.
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7
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Liu M, Guo X. A novel and stress adaptive alternative oxidase derived from alternative splicing of duplicated exon in oyster Crassostrea virginica. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10785. [PMID: 28883650 PMCID: PMC5589949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a mitochondrial inner-membrane oxidase that accepts electrons directly from ubiquinol and reduces oxygen to water without involving cytochrome-linked electron transport chain. It is highly conserved in many non-vertebrate taxa and may protect cells against hypoxia and oxidative stress. We identified two AOX mRNAs in eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, CvAOXA and CvAOXB, which differ by 170 bp but encode AOXs of the same size. Sequence analyses indicate that CvAOX has 10 exons with a tandem duplication of exon 10, and 3' alternative splicing using either the first or second exon 10 produces the two variants CvAOXB or CvAOXA, respectively. The second exon 10 in CvAOXA is more conserved across taxa, while the first exon 10 in CvAOXB contains novel mutations surrounding key functional sites. Both variants are expressed in all organs with the expression of CvAOXA higher than that of CvAOXB under normal condition. Under stress by air exposure, CvAOXB showed significantly higher expression than CvAOXA and became the dominant variant. This is the first case of alternative splicing of duplicated exon in a mollusc that produces a novel variant adaptive to stress, highlighting genome's versatility in generating diversity and phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ, 08349, USA
| | - Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ, 08349, USA.
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8
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Ostroukhova M, Zalutskaya Z, Ermilova E. New insights into AOX2 transcriptional regulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur J Protistol 2017; 58:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Zalutskaya Z, Lapina T, Ermilova E. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alternative oxidase 1 is regulated by heat stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:229-34. [PMID: 26492131 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The alternative oxidase (AOX) is a non-energy conserving terminal oxidase that has emerged as an important mitochondrial component of the cell stress responses. Although the most studied abiotic condition in relation to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is high temperature, changes in AOX capacity of the alga were studied only under oxidative stress and cold. To examine whether elevated temperatures affected AOX1 expression, we applied quantitative real-time PCR and pharmaceutical approaches. In this work, we demonstrated a sharp increase in AOX1 transcript and protein abundance under heat stress. Furthermore, C. reinhardtii cells displayed a large increase in alternative respiration in response to high temperature. Feeding with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine strongly retarded the AOX1 transcription. Finally, the addition of the calcium chelator EGTA prevented heat-induced AOX1 expression. Together, our results imply that heat-inducible Ca(2+) influx and protein kinase(s) may mediate AOX1 expression at elevated temperatures. Characterization of heat-induced AOX1 regulation in the green alga C. reinhardtii provides a framework for a more complete understanding of the function of this conserved protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanneta Zalutskaya
- Lab Adaptation in Microorganisms, Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Lapina
- Lab Adaptation in Microorganisms, Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Ermilova
- Lab Adaptation in Microorganisms, Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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10
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Unraveling the evolution and regulation of the alternative oxidase gene family in plants. Dev Genes Evol 2015; 225:331-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-015-0515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Rogov AG, Sukhanova EI, Uralskaya LA, Aliverdieva DA, Zvyagilskaya RA. Alternative oxidase: distribution, induction, properties, structure, regulation, and functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1615-34. [PMID: 25749168 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory chain in the majority of organisms with aerobic type metabolism features the concomitant existence of the phosphorylating cytochrome pathway and the cyanide- and antimycin A-insensitive oxidative route comprising a so-called alternative oxidase (AOX) as a terminal oxidase. In this review, the history of AOX discovery is described. Considerable evidence is presented that AOX occurs widely in organisms at various levels of organization and is not confined to the plant kingdom. This enzyme has not been found only in Archaea, mammals, some yeasts and protists. Bioinformatics research revealed the sequences characteristic of AOX in representatives of various taxonomic groups. Based on multiple alignments of these sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to infer their possible evolution. The ways of AOX activation, as well as regulatory interactions between AOX and the main respiratory chain are described. Data are summarized concerning the properties of AOX and the AOX-encoding genes whose expression is either constitutive or induced by various factors. Information is presented on the structure of AOX, its active center, and the ubiquinone-binding site. The principal functions of AOX are analyzed, including the cases of cell survival, optimization of respiratory metabolism, protection against excess of reactive oxygen species, and adaptation to variable nutrition sources and to biotic and abiotic stress factors. It is emphasized that different AOX functions complement each other in many instances and are not mutually exclusive. Examples are given to demonstrate that AOX is an important tool to overcome the adverse aftereffects of restricted activity of the main respiratory chain in cells and whole animals. This is the first comprehensive review on alternative oxidases of various organisms ranging from yeasts and protists to vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Rogov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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12
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Salinas T, Larosa V, Cardol P, Maréchal-Drouard L, Remacle C. Respiratory-deficient mutants of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas: a review. Biochimie 2013; 100:207-18. [PMID: 24139906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is straightforward. Nuclear genes can be interrupted by insertional mutagenesis or targeted by RNA interference whereas random or site-directed mutagenesis allows the introduction of mutations in the mitochondrial genome. This, combined with a screen that easily allows discriminating respiratory-deficient mutants, makes Chlamydomonas a model system of choice to study mitochondria biology in photosynthetic organisms. Since the first description of Chlamydomonas respiratory-deficient mutants in 1977 by random mutagenesis, many other mutants affected in mitochondrial components have been characterized. These respiratory-deficient mutants increased our knowledge on function and assembly of the respiratory enzyme complexes. More recently some of these mutants allowed the study of mitochondrial gene expression processes poorly understood in Chlamydomonas. In this review, we update the data concerning the respiratory components with a special focus on the assembly factors identified on other organisms. In addition, we make an inventory of different mitochondrial respiratory mutants that are inactivated either on mitochondrial or nuclear genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Salinas
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR CNRS 2357, Associated with Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Larosa
- Génétique des Microorganismes, Département de Sciences de la Vie, Institut de Botanique, B22, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Génétique des Microorganismes, Département de Sciences de la Vie, Institut de Botanique, B22, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Maréchal-Drouard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR CNRS 2357, Associated with Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Claire Remacle
- Génétique des Microorganismes, Département de Sciences de la Vie, Institut de Botanique, B22, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Neimanis K, Staples JF, Hüner NP, McDonald AE. Identification, expression, and taxonomic distribution of alternative oxidases in non-angiosperm plants. Gene 2013; 526:275-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Zhang BY, He LW, Jia ZJ, Wang GC, Peng G. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE GENE IN PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS (RHODOPHYTA) AND CYANIDE-RESISTANT RESPIRATION ANALYSIS(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:657-663. [PMID: 27011081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA of the alternative oxidase (AOX) gene from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (PyAOX) [currently assigned as Pyropia yezoensis (Ueda) M. S. Hwang et H. G. Choi (http://www.algaebase.org)] an ancient member of the Rhodphyta, was cloned by electronic cloning, rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and reverse transcription PCR. The nucleotide sequence of PyAOX consists of 1,650 bp, including a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 170 bp, a 3' UTR of 148 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,332 bp that can be translated into a 443-amino-acid residue with a molecular mass of 47.33 kDa and a putative isoelectric point (pI) of 9.71. The putative amino acids had 50%-61% identity with AOX genes in Eukaryota and higher plants and had AOX-like characteristics. The expression of PyAOX mRNA in different stages of the life cycle, conchospores, filamentous thalli (conchocelis stage), and leafy thalli, was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The highest level of expression, which was observed in filamentous thalli, was three times higher than that observed in leafy thalli. The next highest level, which was observed in the conchospores, was twice as high as that observed in leafy thalli. We showed that an alternative respiration pathway existed in P. yezoensis with a noninvasive microsensing system. The contribution of the alternative pathway to total respiration in filamentous thalli was greater than that in leafy thalli. This result was consistent with the level of AOX gene expression observed in different stages of the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCollege of Marine Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, ChinaKey Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin W He
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCollege of Marine Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, ChinaKey Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhao J Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCollege of Marine Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, ChinaKey Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guang C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCollege of Marine Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, ChinaKey Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaCollege of Marine Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, ChinaKey Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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15
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Mathy G, Cardol P, Dinant M, Blomme A, Gérin S, Cloes M, Ghysels B, DePauw E, Leprince P, Remacle C, Sluse-Goffart C, Franck F, Matagne RF, Sluse FE. Proteomic and Functional Characterization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Lacking the Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase 1. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2825-38. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Mathy
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Monique Dinant
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Blomme
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Gérin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie Cloes
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghysels
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Edwin DePauw
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Leprince
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Claire Remacle
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Claudine Sluse-Goffart
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Franck
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - René F. Matagne
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Francis E. Sluse
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Cellular Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, and GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liege, Belgium
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16
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Gérin S, Mathy G, Blomme A, Franck F, Sluse FE. Plasticity of the mitoproteome to nitrogen sources (nitrate and ammonium) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: the logic of Aox1 gene localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:994-1003. [PMID: 20211595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate and ammonium constitute primary inorganic nitrogen sources that can be incorporated into carbon skeletons in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In Chlamydomonas, previous studies and the present one showed that the mitochondrial AOX is up-regulated in nitrate-grown cells in comparison with ammonium-grown cells. In this work, we have performed a comparative proteomic analysis of the soluble mitochondrial proteome of Chlamydomonas cells growth either on nitrate or ammonium. Our results highlight important proteomics modifications mostly related to primary metabolism in cells grown on nitrate. We could note an up-regulation of some TCA cycle enzymes and a down-regulation of cytochrome c1 together with an up-regulation of l-arginine and purine catabolism enzymes and of ROS scavenging systems. Hence, in nitrate-grown cells, AOX may play a dual role: (1) lowering the ubiquinone pool reduction level and (2) permitting the export of mitochondrial reducing power under the form of malate for nitrate and nitrite reduction. This role of AOX in the mitochondrial plasticity makes logical the localization of Aox1 in a nitrate assimilation gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gérin
- Laboratory of bioenergetics and cellular physiology, B6, Allée de la Chimie 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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17
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McDonald AE. Alternative oxidase: an inter-kingdom perspective on the function and regulation of this broadly distributed 'cyanide-resistant' terminal oxidase. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:535-552. [PMID: 32688810 DOI: 10.1071/fp08025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a terminal quinol oxidase located in the respiratory electron transport chain that catalyses the oxidation of quinol and the reduction of oxygen to water. However, unlike the cytochrome c oxidase respiratory pathway, the AOX pathway moves fewer protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate a proton motive force that can be used to synthesise ATP. The energy passed to AOX is dissipated as heat. This appears to be very wasteful from an energetic perspective and it is likely that AOX fulfils some physiological function(s) that makes up for its apparent energetic shortcomings. An examination of the known taxonomic distribution of AOX and the specific organisms in which AOX has been studied has been used to explore themes pertaining to AOX function and regulation. A comparative approach was used to examine AOX function as it relates to the biochemical function of the enzyme as a quinol oxidase and associated topics, such as enzyme structure, catalysis and transcriptional expression and post-translational regulation. Hypotheses that have been put forward about the physiological function(s) of AOX were explored in light of some recent discoveries made with regard to species that contain AOX. Fruitful areas of research for the AOX community in the future have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E McDonald
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, Biological and Geological Sciences Building, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada. Email
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18
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Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism to study photosynthesis, cellular division, flagellar biogenesis, and, more recently, mitochondrial function. It has distinct advantages in comparison to higher plants because it is unicellular, haploid, and amenable to tetrad analysis, and its three genomes are subject to specific transformation. It also has the possibility to grow either photoautotrophically or heterotrophically on acetate, making the assembly of the photosynthetic machinery not essential for cell viability. Methods developed allow the isolation of C. reinhardtii mitochondria free of thylakoid contaminants. We review the general procedures used for the biochemical characterization of mitochondria from this green alga.
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Rosellini D, Capomaccio S, Ferradini N, Savo Sardaro ML, Nicolia A, Veronesi F. Non-antibiotic, efficient selection for alfalfa genetic engineering. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1035-44. [PMID: 17333020 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A selectable marker gene (SMG), usually conferring resistance to an antibiotic or herbicide, is generally introduced into the plant cells with the gene(s) for the trait of interest to allow only the cells that have integrated and express the foreign sequences to regenerate into a plant. The availability of several SMGs for each plant species is useful for both basic and applied research to combine several genes of interest in the same plant. A selection system based on gabaculine (3-amino-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid) as the selective substance and the bacterial hemL gene [encoding a mutant for of the enzyme glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSA-AT)] as the SMG was previously used for genetic transformation of tobacco. The hemL gene is a good candidate for a safe SMG, because GSA-AT is present in all plants and is likely involved in one metabolic step only, so that unintended effects of its overexpression in plants are not probable. In this work, we have compared this new selection system with the conventional, kanamycin-based system for alfalfa Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The hemL and NptII genes were placed together into a T-DNA under the control of identical promoters and terminators. We show that the gabaculine-based system is more efficient than the conventional, kanamycin-based system. The inheritance of hemL was Mendelian, and no obvious phenotypic effect of its expression was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rosellini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
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20
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Matsuo M, Obokata J. Remote control of photosynthetic genes by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 47:873-82. [PMID: 16911586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we study whether mitochondrial respiration has an impact on the biogenesis of photosynthetic apparatus in the unicellular alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. When respiration was activated by acetate in the dark, mRNAs of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic genes were induced. This induction did not occur in the cells treated with respiration inhibitors or in respiration mutants. An uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation did not inhibit this mRNA induction; rather, it enhanced it in response to the increase in respiratory electron transport (RET). Plant and algal mitochondria have two RET pathways: the cytochrome pathway and the alternative pathway. Inhibitors of the former pathway inhibited mRNA induction, but inhibitors of the latter enhanced it. Taken together, these indicate that photosynthetic gene mRNAs are induced in response to activation of the cytochrome pathway. This RET-responsive induction is analogous to the photosynthetic electron transport (PET)-responsive induction of photosynthetic gene mRNAs (Matsuo and Obokata, Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 1189). PET-responsive induction occurred in photo-autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, while RET-responsive induction occurred in mixotrophic and dark heterotrophic conditions. These results indicate that the regulatory system of photosynthetic genes changes between chloroplastic PET-dependent type and mitochondrial RET-dependent type in response to shifts in the dominant energy source between photosynthesis and respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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21
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Umbach AL, Ng VS, Siedow JN. Regulation of plant alternative oxidase activity: A tale of two cysteines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:135-42. [PMID: 16457775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two Cys residues, Cys(I) and Cys(II), are present in most plant alternative oxidases (AOXs). Cys(I) inactivates AOX by forming a disulfide bond with the corresponding Cys(I) residue on the adjacent subunit of the AOX homodimer. When reduced, Cys(I) associates with alpha-keto acids, such as pyruvate, to activate AOX, an effect mimicked by charged amino acid substitutions at the Cys(I) site. Cys(II) may also be a site of AOX activity regulation, through interaction with the small alpha-keto acid, glyoxylate. Comparison of Arabidopsis AOX1a (AtAOX1a) mutants with single or double substitutions at Cys(I) and Cys(II) confirmed that glyoxylate interacted with either Cys, while the effect of pyruvate (or succinate for AtAOX1a substituted with Ala at Cys(I)) was limited to Cys(I). A variety of Cys(II) substitutions constitutively activated AtAOX1a, indicating that neither the catalytic site nor, unlike at Cys(I), charge repulsion is involved. Independent effects at each Cys were suggested by lack of Cys(II) substitution interference with pyruvate stimulation at Cys(I), and close to additive activation at the two sites. However, results obtained using diamide treatment to covalently link the AtAOX1a subunits by the disulfide bond indicated that Cys(I) must be in the reduced state for activation at Cys(II) to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Umbach
- DCMB Group/Biology Department, Box 91000, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-1000, USA.
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22
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Cardol P, González-Halphen D, Reyes-Prieto A, Baurain D, Matagne RF, Remacle C. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii deduced from the Genome Sequencing Project. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:447-59. [PMID: 15710684 PMCID: PMC1065347 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.054148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cardol
- Genetics of Microorganisms , Institute of Plant Biology B22, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
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23
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van Lis R, González-Halphen D, Atteia A. Divergence of the mitochondrial electron transport chains from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its colorless close relative Polytomella sp. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1708:23-34. [PMID: 15949981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence exists that the colorless algae of the genus Polytomella arose from a green Chlamydomonas-like ancestor by losing its functional photosynthetic apparatus. Due to the close relationship between the colorless and the green chlorophyte, Polytomella sp. appeared as a useful indicative framework for structural studies of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mitochondria. However, comparative studies reported here unexpectedly revealed significant differences between the mitochondrial respiratory systems of the two algae. Two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE of isolated mitochondria indicated that cytochrome-containing respiratory complexes III and IV in the two chlorophytes contrast in size, subunit composition and relative abundance. Complex IV in Polytomella is smaller than its counterpart in C. reinhardtii and occurs in two forms that differ presumably in the presence of subunit COXIII. The cytochrome c and the iron-sulfur Rieske protein of both chlorophytes revealed structural differences on the amino acid sequence level. Under comparable culture conditions, the colorless alga exhibits lower levels of cytochrome c and complex IV but a higher respiratory activity than the green alga. Cytochrome c levels were also found to be differently regulated by the growth conditions in both algae. The divergence between the respiratory systems in the two related chlorophytes can be viewed as a consequence of the loss of photosynthetic activity and/or of the adaptation to the environment via the acquisition of a more flexible, heterotrophic metabolism. Our understanding of mitochondrial function and evolution is expected to be greatly enhanced via further parallel studies of photosynthetic/non-photosynthetic algae, for which this study forms an incentive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Lis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., 04510, Mexico
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24
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Suzuki T, Nihei CI, Yabu Y, Hashimoto T, Suzuki M, Yoshida A, Nagai K, Hosokawa T, Minagawa N, Suzuki S, Kita K, Ohta N. Molecular cloning and characterization of Trypanosoma vivax alternative oxidase (AOX) gene, a target of the trypanocide ascofuranone. Parasitol Int 2004; 53:235-45. [PMID: 15468531 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax causes nagana disease in cattle. Since T. vivax is transmitted not only by tsetse flies but also by other biting flies (non-cyclic transmission), the parasite has been distributed to and has had a significant economic impact on wide geographical areas, including Africa and South America. Our previous study on Trypanosoma brucei brucei showed that the trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO, TbAOX) is a promising target of chemotherapy. For this reason, we also have cloned the T vivax AOX (TvAOX) gene and characterized the recombinant enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence (328 a.a.) of TvAOX shares 76% identity with TbAOX and contains the diiron-coordination motifs (-E-, -EXXH-) that are conserved among AOXs. The Km of recombinant TvAOX (rTvAOX) expressed in Escherichia coli for ubiquinol (87.0 +/- 0.54 microM) was significantly lower than the value for recombinant TbAOX (rTbAOX) (714 +/- 4.5 microM). Ascofuranone, the most potent inhibitor of TbAOX, was a competitive inhibitor of rTvAOX with a Ki value (0.40 +/- 0.00 nM) significantly lower than that for rTbAOX (1.29 +/- 0.00 nM). The non-cyclic transmission ability of T. vivax and the in vivo chemotherapeutic efficacy of ascofuranone against T. vivax and T. b. brucei infection are discussed in terms of these Km and Ki values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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25
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Atteia A, van Lis R, van Hellemond JJ, Tielens AGM, Martin W, Henze K. Identification of prokaryotic homologues indicates an endosymbiotic origin for the alternative oxidases of mitochondria (AOX) and chloroplasts (PTOX). Gene 2004; 330:143-8. [PMID: 15087133 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The alternative oxidase is a ubiquinol oxidase that has been found to date in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of plants, some fungi and protists. Because of its sparse distribution among eukaryotic lineages and because of its diversity in regulatory mechanisms, the origin of AOX has been a mystery, particularly since no prokaryotic homologues have previously been identified. Here we report the identification of a gene encoding a clear homologue of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase in an alpha-proteobacterium, and the identification of three cyanobacterial genes that encode clear homologues of the plastid-specific alternative oxidase of plants and algae. These findings suggest that the eukaryotic nuclear genes for the alternative oxidases of mitochondria and chloroplasts were acquired via endosymbiotic gene transfer from the eubacterial ancestors of these two organelles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Atteia
- Institute of Botany III, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Suzuki T, Hashimoto T, Yabu Y, Kido Y, Sakamoto K, Nihei CI, Hato M, Suzuki SI, Amano Y, Nagai K, Hosokawa T, Minagawa N, Ohta N, Kita K. Direct evidence for cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidase (alternative oxidase) in apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum: phylogenetic and therapeutic implications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:1044-52. [PMID: 14706648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a parasitic protozoan that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis, for which no satisfactory chemotherapy is currently available. Although the presence of mitochondria in this parasite has been suggested, its respiratory system is poorly understood due to difficulties in performing biochemical analyses. In order to better understand the respiratory chain of C. parvum, we surveyed its genomic DNA database in GenBank and identified a partial sequence encoding cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase (AOX). Based on this sequence, we cloned C. parvum AOX (CpAOX) cDNA from the phylum apicomplexa for the first time. The deduced amino acid sequence (335 a.a.) of CpAOX contains diiron coordination motifs (-E-, -EXXH-) that are conserved among AOXs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that CpAOX is a mitochondrial-type AOX, possibly derived from mitochondrial endosymbiont gene transfer. The recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli showed quinol oxidase activity. This activity was insensitive to cyanide and highly sensitive to ascofuranone, a specific inhibitor of trypanosome AOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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27
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Finnegan PM, Soole KL, Umbach AL. Alternative Mitochondrial Electron Transport Proteins in Higher Plants. PLANT MITOCHONDRIA: FROM GENOME TO FUNCTION 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2400-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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van Lis R, Atteia A, Mendoza-Hernández G, González-Halphen D. Identification of novel mitochondrial protein components of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A proteomic approach. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:318-30. [PMID: 12746537 PMCID: PMC166977 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.018325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2002] [Revised: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 01/30/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pure mitochondria of the photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were analyzed using blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). The major oxidative phosphorylation complexes were resolved: F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase. The oligomeric states of these complexes were determined. The F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase runs exclusively as a dimer, in contrast to the C. reinhardtii chloroplast enzyme, which is present as a monomer and subcomplexes. The sequence of a 60-kD protein, associated with the mitochondrial ATP synthase and with no known counterpart in any other organism, is reported. This protein may be related to the strong dimeric character of the algal F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase. The oxidative phosphorylation complexes resolved by BN-PAGE were separated into their subunits by second dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. A number of polypeptides were identified mainly on the basis of their N-terminal sequence. Core I and II subunits of complex III were characterized, and their proteolytic activities were predicted. Also, the heterodimeric nature of COXIIA and COXIIB subunits in cytochrome c oxidase was demonstrated. Other mitochondrial proteins like the chaperone HSP60, the alternative oxidase, the aconitase, and the ADP/ATP carrier were identified. BN-PAGE was also used to approach the analysis of the major chloroplast protein complexes of C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Lis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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29
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Li JB, Lin S, Jia H, Wu H, Roe BA, Kulp D, Stormo GD, Dutcher SK. Analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome structure using large-scale sequencing of regions on linkage groups I and III. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50:145-55. [PMID: 12836870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga that has been used as a model organism for the study of flagella and basal bodies as well as photosynthesis. This report analyzes finished genomic DNA sequence for 0.5% of the nuclear genome. We have used three gene prediction programs as well as EST and protein homology data to estimate the total number of genes in Chlamydomonas to be between 12,000 and 16,400. Chlamydomonas appears to have many more genes than any other unicellular organism sequenced to date. Twenty-seven percent of the predicted genes have significant identity to both ESTs and to known proteins in other organisms, 32% of the predicted genes have significant identity to ESTs alone, and 14% have significant similarity to known proteins in other organisms. For gene prediction in Chlamydomonas, GreenGenie appeared to have the highest sensitivity and specificity at the exon level, scoring 71% and 82%. respectively. Two new alternative splicing events were predicted by aligning Chlamydomonas ESTs to the genomic sequence. Finally recombination differs between the two sequenced contigs. The 350-Kb of the Linkage group III contig is devoid of recombination, while the Linkage group I contig is 30 map units long over 33-kb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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30
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Baurain D, Dinant M, Coosemans N, Matagne RF. Regulation of the alternative oxidase Aox1 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Role of the nitrogen source on the expression of a reporter gene under the control of the Aox1 promoter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:1418-30. [PMID: 12644691 PMCID: PMC166901 DOI: 10.1104/pp.013409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Revised: 11/03/2002] [Accepted: 12/10/2002] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, various developmental and environmental conditions enhance expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX), whereas its induction in fungi is mainly dependent on cytochrome pathway restriction and triggering by reactive oxygen species. The AOX of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is encoded by two different genes, the Aox1 gene being much more transcribed than Aox2. To analyze the transcriptional regulation of Aox1, we have fused its 1.4-kb promoter region to the promoterless arylsulfatase (Ars) reporter gene and measured ARS enzyme activities in transformants carrying the chimeric construct. We show that the Aox1 promoter is generally unresponsive to a number of known AOX inducers, including stress agents, respiratory inhibitors, and metabolites, possibly because the AOX activity is constitutively high in the alga. In contrast, the Aox1 expression is strongly dependent on the nitrogen source, being down-regulated by ammonium and stimulated by nitrate. Inactivation of nitrate reductase leads to a further increase of expression. The stimulation by nitrate also occurs at the AOX protein and respiratory levels. A deletion analysis of the Aox1 promoter region demonstrates that a short upstream segment (-253 to +59 with respect to the transcription start site) is sufficient to ensure gene expression and regulation, but that distal elements are required for full gene expression. The observed pattern of AOX regulation points to the possible interaction between chloroplast and mitochondria in relation to a potential increase of photogenerated ATP when nitrate is used as a nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baurain
- Genetics of Microorganisms, Department of Life Sciences, B22, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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31
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Herbik A, Bölling C, Buckhout TJ. The involvement of a multicopper oxidase in iron uptake by the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:2039-48. [PMID: 12481087 PMCID: PMC166715 DOI: 10.1104/pp.013060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2002] [Accepted: 08/21/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, high-affinity uptake of iron (Fe) requires an Fe(3+)-chelate reductase and an Fe transporter. Neither of these proteins nor their corresponding genes have been isolated. We previously identified, by analysis of differentially expressed plasma membrane proteins, an approximately 150-kD protein whose synthesis was induced under conditions of Fe-deficient growth. Based on homology of internal peptide sequences to the multicopper oxidase hephaestin, this protein was proposed to be a ferroxidase. A nucleotide sequence to the full-length cDNA clone for this ferroxidase-like protein has been obtained. Analysis of the primary amino acid sequence revealed a putative transmembrane domain near the amino terminus of the protein and signature sequences for two multicopper oxidase I motifs and one multicopper oxidase II motif. The ferroxidase-like gene was transcribed under conditions of Fe deficiency. Consistent with the role of a copper (Cu)-containing protein in Fe homeostasis, growth of cells in Cu-depleted media eliminated high-affinity Fe uptake, and Cu-deficient cells that were grown in optimal Fe showed greatly reduced Fe accumulation compared with control, Cu-sufficient cells. Reapplication of Cu resulted in the recovery of Fe transport activity. Together, these results were consistent with the participation of a ferroxidase in high-affinity Fe uptake in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Herbik
- Applied Botany, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Berthold DA, Voevodskaya N, Stenmark P, Gräslund A, Nordlund P. EPR studies of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase. Evidence for a diiron carboxylate center. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:43608-14. [PMID: 12215444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206724200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative oxidase (AOX) is a ubiquinol oxidase found in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of plants as well as some fungi and protists. It has been predicted to contain a coupled diiron center on the basis of a conserved sequence motif consisting of the proposed iron ligands, four glutamate and two histidine residues. However, this prediction has not been experimentally verified. Here we report the high level expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana alternative oxidase AOX1a as a maltose-binding protein fusion in Escherichia coli. Reduction and reoxidation of a sample of isolated E. coli membranes containing the alternative oxidase generated an EPR signal characteristic of a mixed-valent Fe(II)/Fe(III) binuclear iron center. The high anisotropy of the signal, the low value of the g-average tensor, and a small exchange coupling (-J) suggest that the iron center is hydroxo-bridged. A reduced membrane preparation yielded a parallel mode EPR signal with a g-value of about 15. In AOX containing a mutation of a putative glutamate ligand of the diiron center (E222A or E273A) the EPR signals are absent. These data provide evidence for an antiferromagnetic-coupled binuclear iron center, and together with the conserved sequence motif, identify the alternative oxidase as belonging to the growing family of diiron carboxylate proteins. The alternative oxidase is the first integral membrane protein in this family, and adds a new catalytic activity (ubiquinol oxidation) to this group of enzymatically diverse proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Berthold
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16, Sweden.
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McDonald AE, Sieger SM, Vanlerberghe GC. Methods and approaches to study plant mitochondrial alternative oxidase. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 116:135-143. [PMID: 12354188 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The alternative oxidase is a non-proton motive 'alternative' to electron transport through the cytochrome pathway. Despite its wasteful nature in terms of energy conservation, the pathway is likely present throughout the plant kingdom and appears to be expressed in most plant tissues. A small alternative oxidase gene family exists, the members of which are differentially expressed in response to environmental, developmental and other cell signals. The alternative oxidase enzyme possesses tight biochemical regulatory properties that determine its ability to compete with the cytochrome pathway for electrons. Studies show that alternative oxidase can be a prominent component of total respiration in important crop species. All these characteristics suggest this pathway plays an important role in metabolism and/or other aspects of cell physiology. This brief review is an introduction to experimental methods and approaches applicable to different areas of alternative oxidase research. We hope it provides a framework for further investigation of this fascinating component of primary plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. McDonald
- Division of Life Sciences and Department of Botany, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Reyes-Prieto A, El-Hafidi M, Moreno-Sánchez R, González-Halphen D. Characterization of oxidative phosphorylation in the colorless chlorophyte Polytomella sp. Its mitochondrial respiratory chain lacks a plant-like alternative oxidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1554:170-9. [PMID: 12160990 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an alternative oxidase (AOX) in Polytomella sp., a colorless relative of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, was explored. Oxygen uptake in Polytomella sp. mitochondria was inhibited by KCN (94%) or antimycin (96%), and the remaining cyanide-resistant respiration was not blocked by the AOX inhibitors salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) or n-propylgallate. No stimulation of an AOX activity was found upon addition of either pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or AMP, or by treatment with DTT. An antibody raised against C. reinhardtii AOX did not recognized any polypeptide band of Polytomella sp. mitochondria in Western blots. Also, PCR experiments and Southern blot analysis failed to identify an Aox gene in this colorless alga. Finally, KCN exposure of cell cultures failed to stimulate an AOX activity. Nevertheless, KCN exposure of Polytomella sp. cells induced diminished mitochondrial respiration (20%) and apparent changes in cytochrome c oxidase affinity towards cyanide. KCN-adapted cells exhibited a significant increase of a-type cytochromes, suggesting accumulation of inactive forms of cytochrome c oxidase. Another effect of KCN exposure was the reduction of the protein/fatty acid ratio of mitochondrial membranes, which may affect the observed respiratory activity. We conclude that Polytomella lacks a plant-like AOX, and that its corresponding gene was probably lost during the divergence of this colorless genus from its close photosynthetic relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Reyes-Prieto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiologi;a Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-243, 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
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Considine MJ, Holtzapffel RC, Day DA, Whelan J, Millar AH. Molecular distinction between alternative oxidase from monocots and dicots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:949-53. [PMID: 12114550 PMCID: PMC1540239 DOI: 10.1104/pp.004150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael James Considine
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Lamarre C, LeMay JD, Deslauriers N, Bourbonnais Y. Candida albicans expresses an unusual cytoplasmic manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD3 gene product) upon the entry and during the stationary phase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:43784-91. [PMID: 11562375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that in addition to a cytoplasmic copper-zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a mitochondrial manganese-containing SOD, Candida albicans expresses a third SOD gene (SOD3). The deduced amino acid sequence contains all of the motifs found in previously characterized manganese-containing SODs, except the presence of a mitochondrial transit peptide. Recombinant Sod3p expressed and purified from Escherichia coli is a homotetramer with a subunit mass of 25.4 kDa. Mass absorption spectrometry detected the presence of both iron and manganese in purified Sod3p but, as determined by metal replacement experiments, the enzyme displays activity only when bound to manganese. Overexpression of SOD3 was shown to rescue the hypersensitivity to redox cycling agents of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant lacking the cytoplasmic copper-zinc-containing SOD. Northern blot analyses showed that the transcription of SOD3 is induced neither by the transition from the yeast to the mycelial form of C. albicans nor by drug-induced oxidative stress. In continuous cultures, the expression of SOD3 was strongly stimulated upon the entry and during the stationary phase, concomitantly with the repression of SOD1. We conclude that Sod3p is an atypical cytosolic manganese-containing superoxide dismutase that is involved in the protection of C. albicans against reactive oxygen species during the stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lamarre
- Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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