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Saleh EM, Mohamed FS, Mehanna RA, Essawy MM, Soliman IS. Biocompatibility profile of aged pigmented and non-pigmented silicone elastomer for combined maxillofacial defects. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 38790147 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the biocompatibility of platinum silicone elastomer A-2000 used in combined maxillofacial defects prosthesis, after being deteriorated by an accelerated aging process resembling both the extra and intraoral environment. This assessment was done indirectly on human-derived dermal and gingival tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred eight samples of room-temperature vulcanized A-2000 platinum silicone were equally divided into extrinsically pigmented and non-pigmented groups to replicate combined maxillofacial defects. Accelerated aging was applied to pigmented samples to mimic extra- and intra-oral conditions, while non-aged counterparts served as controls. After isolating human cell lineages, dermal and gingival fibroblasts were indirectly exposed to silicone sample media. Cytotoxicity to cultured fibroblasts was assessed via MTT assay. Statistical significance was determined by repeated measures of one-way ANOVA (p < 0.01), evaluating cytotoxicity on dermal and gingival fibroblasts. RESULTS MTT assay showed increased cytotoxicity in pigmented silicon samples subjected to extraoral aging compared to non-aged counterparts (p < 0.01). Non-pigmented silicon, modeling intraoral conditions, exhibited cytotoxicity after 48 h (p < 0.05). Both aged and non-aged silicon extracts equally sensitized gingival fibroblasts at 72 h (p < 0.001). Negative correlations between pigmented and non-pigmented silicon were observed in dermal cell growth (p > 0.05, except at 24 h, r = 0.2), with accelerated aging showing minimal impact on the pigmentation effect (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The retrieved diminished cellular metabolic activity of platinum silicone elastomer was in an acceptable clinical range, pointing out the importance of periodic assessments of the maxillofacial prosthesis for replacement depending on aging and cytotoxic harmful cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Saleh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Faten S Mohamed
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Essawy
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ingy S Soliman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Audira G, Huang JC, Chen KHC, Kurnia KA, Vasquez RD, Roldan MJM, Lai YH, Hsiao CD, Yen CY. A comprehensive painkillers screening by assessing zebrafish behaviors after caudal fin amputation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115641. [PMID: 37806085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the usage of zebrafish for pain studies has increased in the past years, especially due to its robust pain-stimulated behaviors. Fin amputation has been demonstrated to induce a noxious response in zebrafish. However, based on the prior study, although lidocaine, the most used painkiller in zebrafish, has been shown to ameliorate amputated zebrafish behaviors, it still causes some prolonged effects. Therefore, alternative painkillers are always needed to improve the treatment quality of fin-amputated zebrafish. Here, the effects of several analgesics in recovering zebrafish behaviors post-fin amputation were evaluated. From the results, five painkillers were found to have potentially beneficial effects on amputated fish behaviors. Overall, these results aligned with their binding energy level to target proteins of COX-1 and COX-2. Later, based on their sub-chronic effects on zebrafish survivability, indomethacin, and diclofenac were further studied. This combination showed a prominent effect in recovering zebrafish behaviors when administered orally or through waterborne exposure, even with lower concentrations. Next, based on the ELISA in zebrafish brain tissue, although some changes were found in the treated group, no statistical differences were observed in most of the tested biomarkers. However, since heatmap clustering showed a similar pattern between biochemical and behavior endpoints, the minor changes in each biomarker may be sufficient in changing the fish behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Audira
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Kelvin H-C Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Adi Kurnia
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Ross D Vasquez
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Marri Jmelou M Roldan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yo Yen
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.1, E-Da Road, Yan-Chau District, 824, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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3
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García-García AL, Matos AR, Feijão E, Cruz de Carvalho R, Boto A, Marques da Silva J, Jiménez-Arias D. The use of chitosan oligosaccharide to improve artemisinin yield in well-watered and drought-stressed plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1200898. [PMID: 37332721 PMCID: PMC10272596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1200898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Artemisinin is a secondary metabolite well-known for its use in the treatment of malaria. It also displays other antimicrobial activities which further increase its interest. At present, Artemisia annua is the sole commercial source of the substance, and its production is limited, leading to a global deficit in supply. Furthermore, the cultivation of A. annua is being threatened by climate change. Specifically, drought stress is a major concern for plant development and productivity, but, on the other hand, moderate stress levels can elicit the production of secondary metabolites, with a putative synergistic interaction with elicitors such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Therefore, the development of strategies to increase yield has prompted much interest. With this aim, the effects on artemisinin production under drought stress and treatment with COS, as well as physiological changes in A. annua plants are presented in this study. Methods Plants were separated into two groups, well-watered (WW) and drought-stressed (DS) plants, and in each group, four concentrations of COS were applied (0, 50,100 and 200 mg•L-1). Afterwards, water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation for 9 days. Results Therefore, when A. annua was well watered, COS did not improve plant growth, and the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes hindered the production of artemisinin. On the other hand, during drought stress, COS treatment did not alleviate the decline in growth at any concentration tested. However, higher doses improved the water status since leaf water potential (YL) improved by 50.64% and relative water content (RWC) by 33.84% compared to DS plants without COS treatment. Moreover, the combination of COS and drought stress caused damage to the plant's antioxidant enzyme defence, particularly APX and GR, and reduced the amount of phenols and flavonoids. This resulted in increased ROS production and enhanced artemisinin content by 34.40% in DS plants treated with 200 mg•L-1 COS, compared to control plants. Conclusion These findings underscore the critical role of ROS in artemisinin biosynthesis and suggest that COS treatment may boost artemisinin yield in crop production, even under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. García-García
- Grupo Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química de Productos Naturales y Sintéticos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado de Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Feijão
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and ARNET – Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cruz de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and ARNET – Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alicia Boto
- Grupo Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química de Productos Naturales y Sintéticos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jorge Marques da Silva
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Jiménez-Arias
- ISOPlexis—Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Madeira University, Funchal, Portugal
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Zehra A, Wani KI, Choudhary S, Naeem M, Khan MMA, Aftab T. Involvement of abscisic acid in silicon-mediated enhancement of copper stress tolerance in Artemisia annua. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 195:37-46. [PMID: 36599274 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) toxicity is a well-known hazard which causes deleterious impact on the growth and development of plants. The impact of abscisic acid (ABA) in presence of silicon (Si) on plant development and quality traits has largely gone unexplored. The effects of ABA and Si on the growth, yield, and quality characteristics of Artemisia annua L. plants growing under copper (Cu) stress (20 and 40 mg kg-1) were investigated in a pot experiment. During this investigation, Cu stress caused severe damage to the plants but exogenous administration of Si and ABA ameliorated the harmful effects of Cu toxicity, and the plants displayed higher biomass and improved physio-biochemical attributes. Copper accumulated in the roots and shoots and its toxicity caused oxidative stress as demonstrated by the increased 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content. It also resulted in the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, however, the exogenous Si and ABA supplementation decreased the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, alleviating the oxidative damage produced by HM stress. Copper toxicity had a considerable negative impact on glandular trichome density, ultrastructure as well as artemisinin production. However, combined Si and ABA enhanced the size and density of glandular trichomes, resulting in higher artemisinin production. Taken together, our results demonstrated that exogenous ABA and Si supplementation protect A. annua plants against Cu toxicity by improving photosynthetic characteristics, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, protecting leaf structure and integrity, avoiding excess Cu deposition in shoot and root tissues, and helping in enhanced artemisinin biosynthesis. Our results indicate that the combined application of Si and ABA improved the overall growth of plants and may thus be used as an effective approach for the improvement of growth and yield of A. annua in Cu-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Kaiser Iqbal Wani
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Sadaf Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M Naeem
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M Masroor A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Tariq Aftab
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
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Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Artemisinin, an Anti-Malarial Drug from Artemisia annua L. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27093040. [PMID: 35566390 PMCID: PMC9103073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin is an anti-malarial sesquiterpene lactone derived from Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae family). One of the most widely used modes of treatment for malaria is an artemisinin-based combination therapy. Artemisinin and its associated compounds have a variety of pharmacological qualities that have helped achieve economic prominence in recent years. So far, research on the biosynthesis of this bioactive metabolite has revealed that it is produced in glandular trichomes and that the genes responsible for its production must be overexpressed in order to meet demand. Using biotechnological applications such as tissue culture, genetic engineering, and bioreactor-based approaches would aid in the upregulation of artemisinin yield, which is needed for the future. The current review focuses on the tissue culture aspects of propagation of A. annua and production of artemisinin from A. annua L. cell and organ cultures. The review also focuses on elicitation strategies in cell and organ cultures, as well as artemisinin biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of biosynthetic genes in Artemisia and plant model systems.
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Bioactive Compounds in Aegopodium podagraria Leaf Extracts and Their Effects against Fluoride-Modulated Oxidative Stress in the THP-1 Cell Line. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121334. [PMID: 34959734 PMCID: PMC8704125 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aegopodium podagraria L. (goutweed), a member of the Apiaceae family, is a common perennial plant found all around the world that has been used in folk medicine since antiquity. Goutweed leaves contain polyacetylenes, essential oils, mono- and sesquiterpenes, vitamins, macro- and microelements, and phenolic compounds. In spite of its many health-promoting properties, including antioxidant effects, the plant has not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of different goutweed leaf extracts and their effects on the THP-1 cell line, and also to describe the chemical characteristics of goutweed. Falcarinol and falcarindiol and essential oil were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Spectrophotometry was used to measure the total content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity–by DPPH and FRAP methods. Oxidative stress in THP-1 cells was induced via sodium fluoride. Then, goutweed leaf extracts were added to evaluate their influence on antioxidant potential (ABTS) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Confocal microscopy was used to visualise the production of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and for in vitro imaging of apoptosis. The ethanol extracts have a high total content of polyphenols, polyacetylenes, and essential oil, as well as high antioxidant potential. The main volatiles represented diverse chemical groups, which are both oxygenated derivatives of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes. We also demonstrated positive effects of the high antioxidant potential and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes on cell cultures under severe fluoride-induced oxidative stress. Extraction at 80 ℃ and the use of ethanol as a solvent increased the antioxidant capacity of the extract. The leaves of Aegopodium podagraria may serve as a valuable source of antioxidants in the daily diet and assist in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-mediated conditions, e.g., inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and even obesity.
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Wani KI, Choudhary S, Zehra A, Naeem M, Weathers P, Aftab T. Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches. PLANTA 2021; 254:29. [PMID: 34263417 PMCID: PMC8279915 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review analyses the most recent scientific research conducted for the purpose of enhancing artemisinin production. It may help to devise better artemisinin enhancement strategies, so that its production becomes cost effective and becomes available to masses. Malaria is a major threat to world population, particularly in South-East Asia and Africa, due to dearth of effective anti-malarial compounds, emergence of quinine resistant malarial strains, and lack of advanced healthcare facilities. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from Artemisia annua L., is the most potent drug against malaria and used in the formulation of artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). Artemisinin is also effective against various types of cancers, many other microbes including viruses, parasites and bacteria. However, this specialty metabolite and its derivatives generally occur in low amounts in the source plant leading to its production scarcity. Considering the importance of this drug, researchers have been working worldwide to develop novel strategies to augment its production both in vivo and in vitro. Due to complex chemical structure, its chemical synthesis is quite expensive, so researchers need to devise synthetic protocols that are economically viable and also work on increasing the in-planta production of artemisinin by using various strategies like use of phytohormones, stress signals, bioinoculants, breeding and transgenic approaches. The focus of this review is to discuss these artemisinin enhancement strategies, understand mechanisms modulating its biosynthesis, and evaluate if roots play any role in artemisinin production. Furthermore, we also have a critical analysis of various assays used for artemisinin measurement. This may help to develop better artemisinin enhancement strategies which lead to decreased price of ACTs and increased profit to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Iqbal Wani
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Sadaf Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M Naeem
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Pamela Weathers
- Department of Biology/Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Tariq Aftab
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
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Wu Z, Li L, Liu H, Yan X, Ma Y, Li Y, Chen T, Wang C, Xie L, Hao X, Kayani SL, Tang K. AaMYB15, an R2R3-MYB TF in Artemisia annua, acts as a negative regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 308:110920. [PMID: 34034870 PMCID: PMC8174473 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is a secondary metabolite extracted from Artemisia annua. As an effective antimalarial component certified by WHO, artemisinin has extensive economical values. Numerous studies about transcription factors positively regulating artemisinin biosynthesis have been published while negative regulators are rarely reported. In the present study, we identified AaMYB15 as the first R2R3-MYB that negatively regulates artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua. Experimental evidences showed that AaMYB15 is a transcription factor within nucleus and predominantly expressed in glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) in A. annua where artemisinin is synthesized and accumulated. The expression of AaMYB15 was induced by dark and JA treatment. Overexpression of AaMYB15 led to a significant decline in the expression levels of key enzyme genes ADS, CYP, DBR2, and ALDH1 and a significant decrease in the artemisinin contents of transgenic A. annua. AaMYB15 directly bound to the promoter of AaORA, a reported positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis in JA signaling pathway, to repress its transcriptional activity, thus downregulating the expression levels of downstream key enzyme genes and negatively regulating the artemisinin biosynthesis. Our study provides candidate gene for improvement of A. annua germplasm and new insights into the artemisinin biosynthesis regulation network mediated by light and JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangkuanyu Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yongpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lihui Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Sadaf-Llyas Kayani
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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9
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Zehra A, Choudhary S, Wani KI, Naeem M, Khan MMA, Aftab T. Exogenous abscisic acid mediates ROS homeostasis and maintains glandular trichome to enhance artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua under copper toxicity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:125-134. [PMID: 32932206 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the major abiotic stresses that cause environmental pollution is heavy metal stress. In the present investigation, copper (Cu) toxicity caused morphological and cellular damages to the Artemisia annua L. plants but supplementation of abscisic acid (ABA) ameliorated the damaging effect of Cu. Copper toxicity significantly reduced the shoot and root lengths; fresh and dry weights of shoot. However, exogenous application of ABA to Cu-treated plants significantly attenuated the damaging effects on plants caused by Cu toxicity. Copper stress also reduced the physiological and biochemical parameters, but ABA application ameliorated the negative effects of Cu in the affected plant. Accumulation of Cu in plant tissues significantly increased the membrane damage and oxidative enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Further, the impact of high concentration of Cu on density, area and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes and artemisinin content was studied. Moreover, the foliar application of ABA improved the area, density of glandular trichomes and secured the plant cells from Cu toxicity. Therefore, this investigation indicated that the exogenous application of ABA protects A. annua plant by increasing antioxidant enzymes activity, which helps in maintaining cell integrity of leaves and results in increased artemisinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Sadaf Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Kaiser Iqbal Wani
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M Naeem
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M Masroor A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Tariq Aftab
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
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10
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Kam MYY, Yap WSP. An oxidatively stressful situation: a case of Artemisia annua L. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2020; 36:1-31. [PMID: 32308142 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2020.1749818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is an antimalarial compound that possesses a variety of novel biological activities. Due to the low abundance of ART in natural sources, agricultural supply has been erratic, and prices are highly volatile. While heterologous biosynthesis and semi-synthesis are advantageous in certain aspects, these approaches remained disadvantageous in terms of productivity and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, further improvement in ART production calls for approaches that should supplement the agricultural production gap, while reducing production costs and stabilising supply. The present review offers a discussion on the elicitation of plants and/or in vitro cultures as an economically feasible yield enhancement strategy to address the global problem of access to affordable ART. Deemed critical for the manipulation of biosynthetic potential, the mechanism of ART biosynthesis is reviewed. It includes a discussion on the current biotechnological solutions to ART production, focusing on semi-synthesis and elicitation. A brief commentary on the possible aspects that influence elicitation efficiency and how oxidative stress modulates ART synthesis is also presented. Based on the critical analysis of current literature, a hypothesis is put forward to explain the possible involvement of enzymes in assisting the final non-enzymatic transformation step leading to ART formation. This review highlights the critical factors limiting the success of elicitor-induced modulation of ART metabolism, that will help inform strategies for future improvement of ART production. Additionally, new avenues for future research based on the proposed hypothesis will lead to exciting perspectives in this research area and continue to enhance our understanding of this intricate metabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Yit Yee Kam
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia , Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Winnie Soo Ping Yap
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia , Semenyih, Malaysia
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Zhou JY, Sun K, Chen F, Yuan J, Li X, Dai CC. Endophytic Pseudomonas induces metabolic flux changes that enhance medicinal sesquiterpenoid accumulation in Atractylodes lancea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:473-481. [PMID: 30081324 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas fluorescens ALEB7B significantly enhances photosynthate accumulations in Atractylodes lancea. These carbohydrates are preferentially used by the host plant to synthesize secondary metabolites, rather than to increase plant biomass accumulation. Mechanisms underlying the allocation of endophyte-increased carbohydrate in different plant metabolic processes are largely unknown. We have studied how P. fluorescens ALEB7B enhances photosynthate accumulation and how bacterial elicitors regulate metabolic flux and increase medicinal sesquiterpenoid formation in A. lancea using the sterile tissue culture plantlets. P. fluorescens ALEB7B enhances plant photosynthate accumulation by synthesizing and secreting indole-3-acetic acid, which has been demonstrated using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The increased endogenous indole-3-acetic acid promotes plant root development and then assimilation. Increased carbohydrates provide the material basis for the formations of terpenoid hydrocarbon scaffolds, which has been proved using gas chromatography analysis. Further, protein and polysaccharide elicitors secreted by P. fluorescens ALEB7B have been separated and purified from the bacterial fermentation broth, which have been applied to A. lancea plantlets. Both elicitors can stimulate the conversions of terpenoid hydrocarbon scaffolds to oxygenous sesquiterpenoids, the active medicinal ingredients in A. lancea, by triggering the oxidative burst in planta. Moreover, this study separates an ABC transporter substrate-binding protein from protein elicitors secreted by P. fluorescens ALEB7B with an ÄKTA Prime Plus Purifier System and firstly shows that this protein is essential to induce oxygenous sesquiterpenoid accumulation in A. lancea. This study provides new perspectives for mechanisms of medicinal oxygenous terpenoid synthesis, which has important reference values to the cultivation of medicinal plants that have terpenoids as their active ingredients, such as Artemisia annua and Taxus chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu High Quality Rice R & D Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Kayani WK, Kiani BH, Dilshad E, Mirza B. Biotechnological approaches for artemisinin production in Artemisia. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:54. [PMID: 29589124 PMCID: PMC5871647 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Artemisinin and its analogues are naturally occurring most effective antimalarial secondary metabolites. These compounds also possess activity against various types of cancer cells, schistosomiasis, and some viral diseases. Artemisinin and its derivatives (A&D) are found in very low amounts in the only natural source i.e. Artemisia plant. To meet the global needs, plant sources have been exploited for the enhanced production of these natural products because their chemical synthesis is not profitable. The generally adopted approaches include non-transgenic (tissue and cell cultures) and transgenic together with the cell, tissue, and whole transgenic plant cultures. The genes targeted for the overproduction of A&D include the biosynthetic pathway genes, trichome development genes and rol genes, etc. Artemisinin is naturally produced in trichomes of leaves. At the same time, transgenic hairy roots are considered a good source to harvest artemisinin. However, the absence of trichomes in hairy roots suggests that artemisinin biosynthesis is not limited to trichomes. Moreover, the expression of the gene involved in trichome development and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis (TFAR1) in transgenic and non-transgenic roots provokes researchers to look for new insight of artemisinin biosynthesis. Here we discuss and review precisely the various biotechnological approaches for the enhanced biosynthesis of A&D. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Khan Kayani
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Växtskyddsvägen 1, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Bushra Hafeez Kiani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Erum Dilshad
- Department of Biosciences, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Szopa A, Kokotkiewicz A, Król A, Luczkiewicz M, Ekiert H. Improved production of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in the elicited microshoot cultures of Schisandra chinensis (Chinese magnolia vine). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:945-959. [PMID: 29181570 PMCID: PMC5756551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans are a specific group of secondary metabolites that occur solely in Schisandra chinensis. The aim of the presented work was to boost the accumulation of lignans in the agitated microshoot cultures of S. chinensis, using different elicitation schemes. The experiments included testing of various concentrations and supplementation times of cadmium chloride (CdCl2), chitosan (Ch), yeast extract (YeE), methyl jasmonate (MeJa), and permeabilizing agent—dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). After 30 days, the microshoots were harvested and evaluated for growth parameters and lignan content by LC-DAD method. The analyses showed enhanced production of lignans in the elicited S. chinensis microshoots, whereas the respective media samples contained only trace amounts of the examined compounds (< 5 mg/l). Elicitation with CdCl2 caused up to 2-fold increase in the total lignan content (max. ca. 730 mg/100 g DW after the addition of 1000 μM CdCl2 on the tenth day). Experiments with chitosan resulted in up to 1.35-fold increase in lignan concentration (max. ca. 500 mg/100 g DW) after the supplementation with 50 mg/l on the first day and 200 mg/l on the tenth day. High improvement of lignan production was also recorded after YeE elicitation. After the elicitation with 5000 mg/l of YeE on the first day of the growth period, and with 1000 and 3000 mg/l on the 20th day, the lignan production increased to the same degree—about 1.8-fold. The supplementation with 1000 mg/l YeE on the 20th day of the growth cycle was chosen as the optimal elicitation scheme, for the microshoot cultures maintained in Plantform temporary immersion system—the total content of the estimated lignans was equal to 831.6 mg/100 g DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szopa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Adam Kokotkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Król
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria Luczkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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Ding Q, Alborzi S, Bastarrachea LJ, Tikekar RV. Novel sanitization approach based on synergistic action of UV-A light and benzoic acid: Inactivation mechanism and a potential application in washing fresh produce. Food Microbiol 2017; 72:39-54. [PMID: 29407404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial activity of the simultaneous UV-A light and benzoic acid (BA) treatment against stationary phase Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated. While 15 mM BA or UV-A light exposure for 30 min alone caused < 1 logarithmic reduction in the bacterial population, > 5 logarithmic reductions were induced by the simultaneous application of UV-A and 15 mM BA in 30 min, demonstrating a synergistic antimicrobial effect. Due to its ability to increase cell membrane permeability, addition of EDTA (1 mM) was able to decrease the required concentration of BA in the simultaneous treatment from 15 to 8 mM. Microbial inactivation was a result of simultaneous membrane damage, intracellular acidification, and intracellular oxidative stress. The simultaneous treatment was effective in the presence of organic load of up to 500 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and was able to lower cross-contamination risk during simulated washing of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) without adversely affecting its color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ding
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Solmaz Alborzi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Luis J Bastarrachea
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Rohan V Tikekar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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15
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Ali M, Abbasi BH, Ahmad N, Khan H, Ali GS. Strategies to enhance biologically active-secondary metabolites in cell cultures of Artemisia - current trends. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 37:833-851. [PMID: 28049347 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1261082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Artemisia has been utilized worldwide due to its immense potential for protection against various diseases, especially malaria. Artemisia absinthium, previously renowned for its utilization in the popular beverage absinthe, is gaining resurgence due to its extensive pharmacological activities. Like A. annua, this species exhibits strong biological activities like antimalarial, anticancer and antioxidant. Although artemisinin was found to be the major metabolite for its antimalarial effects, several flavonoids and terpenoids are considered to possess biological activities when used alone and also to synergistically boost the bioavailability of artemisinin. However, due to the limited quantities of these metabolites in wild plants, in vitro cultures were established and strategies have been adopted to enhance medicinally important secondary metabolites in these cultures. This review elaborates on the traditional medicinal uses of Artemisia species and explains current trends to establish cell cultures of A. annua and A. absinthium for enhanced production of medicinally important secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali
- a Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology , Department of Biotechnology, University of Swat , Pakistan.,b Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- b Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- a Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology , Department of Biotechnology, University of Swat , Pakistan
| | - Haji Khan
- a Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology , Department of Biotechnology, University of Swat , Pakistan
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- c Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology , University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences , Apopka , FL , USA
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16
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Pal S, Yadav AK, Singh AK, Rastogi S, Gupta MM, Verma RK, Nagegowda DA, Pal A, Shasany AK. Nitrogen treatment enhances sterols and withaferin A through transcriptional activation of jasmonate pathway, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthesis genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:389-399. [PMID: 26971099 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Withania somnifera is researched extensively to increase the quantity of withanolides and specifically withaferin A, which finds implications in many pharmacological activities. Due to insufficient knowledge on biosynthesis and unacceptability of transgenic approach, it is preferred to follow alternative physiological methods to increase the yield of withanolides. Prior use of elicitors like salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, fungal extracts, and even mechanical wounding have shown to increase the withanolide biosynthesis with limited success; however, the commercial viability and logistics of application are debatable. In this investigation, we tested the simple nitrogeneous fertilizers pertaining to the enhancement of withaferin A biosynthesis. Application of ammonium sulfate improved the sterol contents required for the withanolide biosynthesis and correlated to higher expression of pathway genes like FPPS, SMT1, SMT2, SMO1, SMO2, and ODM. Increased expression of a gene homologous to allene oxide cyclase, crucial in jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, suggested the involvement of jasmonate signaling. High levels of WRKY gene transcripts indicated transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes. Increase in transcript level could be correlated with a corresponding increase in the protein levels for WsSMT1 and WsWRKY1. The withaferin A increase was also demonstrated in the potted plants growing in the glasshouse and in the open field. These results implicated simple physiological management of nitrogen fertilizer signal to improve the yield of secondary metabolite through probable involvement of jasmonate signal and WRKY transcription factor for the first time, in W. somnifera besides improving the foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Yadav RK, Sangwan RS, Srivastava AK, Sangwan NS. Prolonged exposure to salt stress affects specialized metabolites-artemisinin and essential oil accumulation in Artemisia annua L.: metabolic acclimation in preferential favour of enhanced terpenoid accumulation accompanying vegetative to reproductive phase transition. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:505-522. [PMID: 27263081 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua accumulates substantial quantities of unique and highly useful antimalarial sesquiternoid artemisinin and related phytomolecules as well as its characteristic essential oil in its glandular trichomes. The phytomolecules are mainly produced in its leaves and inflorescences. Artemisia annua plants were grown under NaCl salinity (50, 100 and 200 mM) stress conditions imposed throughout the entire life cycle of the plant. Results revealed that specialized metabolites like artemisinin, arteannuin-B, artemisinic acid + dihydroartemisinic acid and essential oil accumulation were positively modulated by NaCl salinity stress. Interestingly, total content of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids of essential oil was induced by NaCl salinity treatment, contrary to previous observations. Production of camphor, the major essential oil constituent was induced under the influence of treatment. The metabolic acclimation and manifestations specific to terpenoid pathway are analysed vis-a-vis vegetative to reproductive periods and control of the modulation. WRKY and CYP71AV1 play a key role in mediating the responses through metabolism in glandular trichomes. The distinctness of the salinity induced responses is discussed in light of differential mechanism of adaptation to abiotic stresses and their impact on terpenoid-specific metabolic adjustments in A. annua. Results provide potential indications of possible adaptation of A. annua under saline conditions for agrarian techno-economic benefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar Yadav
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR- Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR- Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Avadesh K Srivastava
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR- Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR- Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
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18
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Wang S, Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. Root regulation of artemisinin production in Artemisia annua: trichome and metabolite evidence. PLANTA 2016; 244:999-1010. [PMID: 27339275 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Roots of plants with high artemisinin-producing leaves increased leaf production of artemisinin in low-producing plants and vice versa indicating roots are involved in controlling artemisinin biosynthesis in shoots. The anti-malarial sesquiterpene, artemisinin, is produced and stored in glandular trichomes (GLTs) of Artemisia annua. Evidence suggested roots, which produce no significant artemisinin nor precursor compounds, regulate production of artemisinin biosynthesis in the leaves. Using grafting, we studied the relationship between rootstock and scion by measuring GLTs and five artemisinic metabolites (artemisinin, deoxyartemisinin, dihydroartemisinic acid, artemisinic acid, arteannuin B) in scions of ungrafted, self-grafted, and cross-grafted plants among three cultivars: S and 15 both having GLTs with artemisinin at 1.49 and 0.57 %, respectively, and G producing neither GLTs nor detectable artemisinin. All artemisinin-producing self-grafts, e.g., S/S (scion/rootstock) and 15/15, produced more artemisinin than ungrafted plants, likely from grafting stress. S/S grafts also produced more GLTs. The 15/S grafts produced more artemisinin than S/15, suggesting rootstocks from high producing S plants stimulated artemisinin production in 15 scions. S/15 grafts yielded less artemisinin than S/S, but more than either 15/15 or ungrafted n15 and nS; S/15 grafts also had a lower density of GLTs than S/S, suggesting rootstock inhibition of the scion. The S rootstock induced trace artemisinin production in G scions, but did not induce GLT formation in G/S grafts. Different grafts exhibited different trichome morphologies and effects on artemisinic pathway flux. This study provides new information regarding the role of roots in GLT development and artemisinin production in this important medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibo Wang
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Melissa J Towler
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pamela J Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Kiani BH, Suberu J, Mirza B. Cellular engineering of Artemisia annua and Artemisia dubia with the rol ABC genes for enhanced production of potent anti-malarial drug artemisinin. Malar J 2016; 15:252. [PMID: 27142388 PMCID: PMC4855502 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is causing more than half of a million deaths and 214 million clinical cases annually. Despite tremendous efforts for the control of malaria, the global morbidity and mortality have not been significantly changed in the last 50 years. Artemisinin, extracted from the medicinal plant Artemisia sp. is an effective anti-malarial drug. In 2015, elucidation of the effectiveness of artemisinin as a potent anti-malarial drug was acknowledged with a Nobel prize. Owing to the tight market and low yield of artemisinin, an economical way to increase its production is to increase its content in Artemisia sp. through different biotechnological approaches including genetic transformation. METHODS Artemisia annua and Artemisia dubia were transformed with rol ABC genes through Agrobacterium tumefacienes and Agrobacterium rhizogenes methods. The artemisinin content was analysed and compared between transformed and untransformed plants with the help of LC-MS/MS. Expression of key genes [Cytochrome P450 (CYP71AV1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), amorpha-4, 11 diene synthase (ADS)] in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin and gene for trichome development and sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic (TFAR1) were measured using Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Trichome density was analysed using confocal microscope. RESULTS Artemisinin content was significantly increased in transformed material of both Artemisia species when compared to un-transformed plants. The artemisinin content within leaves of transformed lines was increased by a factor of nine, indicating that the plant is capable of synthesizing much higher amounts than has been achieved so far through traditional breeding. Expression of all artemisinin biosynthesis genes was significantly increased, although variation between the genes was observed. CYP71AV1 and ALDH1 expression levels were higher than that of ADS. Levels of the TFAR1 expression were also increased in all transgenic lines. Trichome density was also significantly increased in the leaves of transformed plants, but no trichomes were found in control roots or transformed roots. The detection of significantly raised levels of expression of the genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis in transformed roots correlated with the production of significant amounts of artemisinin in these tissues. This suggests that synthesis is occurring in tissues other than the trichomes, which contradicts previous theories. CONCLUSION Transformation of Artemisia sp. with rol ABC genes can lead to the increased production of artemisinin, which will help to meet the increasing demand of artemisinin because of its diverse pharmacological and anti-malarial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Hafeez Kiani
- />Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - John Suberu
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bushra Mirza
- />Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Multivariate data analysis and metabolic profiling of artemisinin and related compounds in high yielding varieties of Artemisia annua field-grown in Madagascar. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 117:522-31. [PMID: 26476297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) protocol for rapid analysis of co-metabolites of A. annua in raw extracts was developed and extensively characterized. The new method was used to analyse metabolic profiles of 13 varieties of A. annua from an in-field growth programme in Madagascar. Several multivariate data analysis techniques consistently show the association of artemisinin with dihydroartemisinic acid. These data support the hypothesis of dihydroartemisinic acid being the late stage precursor to artemisinin in its biosynthetic pathway.
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Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. Variations in key artemisinic and other metabolites throughout plant development in Artemisia annua L. for potential therapeutic use. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2015; 67:185-191. [PMID: 25729214 PMCID: PMC4341905 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dried leaves of Artemisia annua show promise as an inexpensive and sustainable antimalarial therapeutic, especially for use in developing countries. Along with the potent terpene, artemisinin, many other small molecules produced by the plant seem to aid in the therapeutic response. However, little is known about the ontogenic and phenological production of artemisinin in the plant, and its plethora of other important secondary metabolites. From a consistently high artemisinin-producing A. annua clone (SAM) we extracted and analyzed by GC/MS 22 different metabolites including terpenes, flavonoids, a coumarin, and two phenolic acids as they varied during leaf development and growth of the plant from the vegetative stage through the reproductive, full flower stage. As leaves developed, the maximum amount of most metabolites was in the shoot apical meristem. Artemisinin, on the other hand, maximized once leaves matured. Leaf and apical tissues (e.g. buds, flowers) varied in their metabolite content with growth stage with maximum artemisinin and other important secondary metabolites determined to be at floral bud emergence. These results indicated that plants at the floral bud stage have the highest level of artemisinin and other therapeutic compounds for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J. Weathers
- Corresponding author: BB Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, , Phone: 508-831-5196, FAX: 508-831-5936
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Weathers PJ, Towler MJ. Changes in key constituents of clonally propagated Artemisia annua L. during preparation of compressed leaf tablets for possible therapeutic use. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2014; 62:173-178. [PMID: 25228784 PMCID: PMC4163138 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L., long used as a tea infusion in traditional Chinese medicine, produces artemisinin. Although artemisinin is currently used as artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) against malaria, oral consumption of dried leaves from the plant showed efficacy and will be less costly than ACT. Many compounds in the plant have some antimalarial activity. Unknown, however, is how these plant components change as leaves are processed into tablets for oral consumption. Here we compared extracts from fresh and dried leaf biomass with compressed leaf tablets of A. annua. Using GC-MS, nineteen endogenous compounds, including artemisinin and several of its pathway metabolites, nine flavonoids, three monoterpenes, a coumarin, and two phenolic acids, were identified and quantified from solvent extracts to determine how levels of these compounds changed during processing. Results showed that compared to dried leaves, artemisinin, arteannuin B, artemisinic acid, chlorogenic acid, scopoletin, chrysoplenetin, and quercetin increased or remained stable with powdering and compression into tablets. Dihydroartemisinic acid, monoterpenes, and chrysoplenol-D decreased with tablet formation. Five target compounds were not detectable in any of the extracts of this cultivar. In contrast to the individually measured aglycone flavonoids, using the AlCl3 method, total flavonoids increased nearly fivefold during the tablet formation. To our knowledge this is the first study documenting changes that occurred in processing dried leaves of A. annua into tablets. These results will improve our understanding of the potential use of not only this medicinal herb, but also others to afford better quality control of intact plant material for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Weathers
- Corresponding author: BB Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, , Phone: 508-831-5196, FAX: 508-831-5936
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Tang K, Shen Q, Yan T, Fu X. Transgenic approach to increase artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:605-15. [PMID: 24413765 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, the endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone, is an effective antimalarial drug isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. Due to its effectiveness against multi-drug-resistant cerebral malaria, it becomes the essential components of the artemisinin-based combination therapies which are recommended by the World Health Organization as the preferred choice for malaria tropica treatments. To date, plant A. annua is still the main commercial source of artemisinin. Although semi-synthesis of artemisinin via artemisinic acid in yeast is feasible at present, another promising approach to reduce the price of artemisinin is using plant metabolic engineering to obtain a higher content of artemisinin in transgenic plants. In the past years, an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system of A. annua has been established by which a number of genes related to artemisinin biosynthesis have been successfully transferred into A. annua plants. In this review, the progress on increasing artemisinin content in A. annua by transgenic approach and its future prospect are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China,
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Yadav RK, Sangwan RS, Sabir F, Srivastava AK, Sangwan NS. Effect of prolonged water stress on specialized secondary metabolites, peltate glandular trichomes, and pathway gene expression in Artemisia annua L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 74:70-83. [PMID: 24269871 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. accumulates substantial quantities of unique sesquiternoid artemisinin and related phytomolecules and characteristic essential oil in glandular trichomes, present on its leaves and inflorescence. Water stress is a major concern in controlling plant growth and productivity. In this study, our aim was to find out the modulation of artemisinin and essential oil constituents in plants grown under prolonged water stress conditions. A. annua CIM-Arogya plants grown in pots were subjected to mild (60% ± 5) and moderate (40% ± 5) water stress treatment and continued during entire developmental period. Results revealed that artemisinin, arteannuin-B, artemisinic acid, dihydroartemisinic acid and essential oil content were positively controlled by the growth and development however negatively modulated by water deficit stress. Interestingly, some of minor monoterpenes, all sesquiterpenes and other low molecular weight volatiles of essential oil components were induced by water deficit treatment. Camphor which is the major essential oil constituents did not alter much while 1, 8 cineole was modulated during development of plant as well as under water stress conditions. Water deficit stress induces a decrease in glandular trichome density and size as well. The dynamics of various secondary metabolites is discussed in the light of growth responses, trichomes and pathway gene expression in plants grown under two levels of prolonged water stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K Yadav
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, UP 226015, India
| | - Rajender S Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, UP 226015, India
| | - Farzana Sabir
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, UP 226015, India
| | - Awadesh K Srivastava
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, UP 226015, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, UP 226015, India.
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Paul S, Shakya K. Arsenic, chromium and NaCl induced artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L.: a valuable antimalarial plant. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 98:59-65. [PMID: 24367814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effect of As(III), Cr(VI) and NaCl on plant growth, antioxidant enzymes, SOD, TBRAS, protein, cDNA amplification of key genes of artemisinin pathway and artemisinin biosynthesis have been investigated to explore the actual changes in total herb and artemisinin yield in a crop cycle of Artemisia annua. Enhanced TBARS and SOD activity (4 U mg⁻¹), decreased catalase activity and total cholorophyll content were observed under metal(loid) and NaCl stress. Accumulation of As (III; µg mg⁻¹ DW) was higher in roots (10.75±0.00) than shoot (0.43±0.00) at 10 µg ml⁻¹. While Cr(VI; µg ml⁻¹ DW) accumulated more in shoots (37±9.6, 41.1±7.2 and 52.71±19.6). cDNA template of these treated plants along with control were amplified with HMGR, ADS and CYP71AV1 genes (artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes); showed very low expression with Cr(VI) while As(III) (5 and 7.5 µg ml⁻¹) showed higher expression than control. The results obtained from this study suggest that A. annua can grow well with favoring artemisinin biosynthesis with treatment of As(III) 5, 7.5 µg ml⁻¹ and NaCl, while 10 µg ml⁻¹ As(III) and all doses of Cr(VI) affect artemisinin synthesis. Finally some evidence also suggests that As(III), Cr(VI) and NaCl induces stress affects on total herb yield of plant.
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A rapid method for the determination of artemisinin and its biosynthetic precursors in Artemisia annua L. crude extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 84:269-77. [PMID: 23867088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (TQD) method for the determination of artemisinin, 9-epi-artemisinin, artemisitene, dihydroartemisinic acid, artemisinic acid and arteannuin B in Artemisia annua extracts is described. Detection and quantification of 9-epi-artemisinin in crude extracts are reported for the first time. In this method all six metabolites are resolved and eluted within 6 min with minimal sample preparation. A recovery of between 96.25% and 103.59% was obtained for all metabolites analysed and the standard curves were linear (r(2)>0.99) over the concentration range of 0.15-10 μg mL(-1) for artemisinin, 9-epi-artemisinin, artemisitene and arteannuin B, and the range of 3.75-120 μg mL(-1) for dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid. All validation indices were satisfactory, showing the method to be robust, quick, sensitive and adequate for a range of applications including high throughput (HTP) analysis.
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Chadwick M, Trewin H, Gawthrop F, Wagstaff C. Sesquiterpenoids lactones: benefits to plants and people. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12780-805. [PMID: 23783276 PMCID: PMC3709812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids, and specifically sesquiterpene lactones from Asteraceae, may play a highly significant role in human health, both as part of a balanced diet and as pharmaceutical agents, due to their potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer. This review highlights the role of sesquiterpene lactones endogenously in the plants that produce them, and explores mechanisms by which they interact in animal and human consumers of these plants. Several mechanisms are proposed for the reduction of inflammation and tumorigenesis at potentially achievable levels in humans. Plants can be classified by their specific array of produced sesquiterpene lactones, showing high levels of translational control. Studies of folk medicines implicate sesquiterpene lactones as the active ingredient in many treatments for other ailments such as diarrhea, burns, influenza, and neurodegradation. In addition to the anti-inflammatory response, sesquiterpene lactones have been found to sensitize tumor cells to conventional drug treatments. This review explores the varied ecological roles of sesquiterpenes in the plant producer, depending upon the plant and the compound. These include allelopathy with other plants, insects, and microbes, thereby causing behavioural or developmental modification to these secondary organisms to the benefit of the sesquiterpenoid producer. Some sesquiterpenoid lactones are antimicrobial, disrupting the cell wall of fungi and invasive bacteria, whereas others protect the plant from environmental stresses that would otherwise cause oxidative damage. Many of the compounds are effective due to their bitter flavor, which has obvious implications for human consumers. The implications of sesquiterpenoid lactone qualities for future crop production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chadwick
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, RG6 6AP, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Harriet Trewin
- Tozer Seeds, Pyports, Downside Bridge Road, Cobham, Surrey, KT11 3EH, UK; E-Mails: (H.T.); (F.G.)
| | - Frances Gawthrop
- Tozer Seeds, Pyports, Downside Bridge Road, Cobham, Surrey, KT11 3EH, UK; E-Mails: (H.T.); (F.G.)
| | - Carol Wagstaff
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, RG6 6AP, UK; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-118-378-5362; Fax: +44-118-931-0080
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Nguyen KT, Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. The effect of roots and media constituents on trichomes and artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:207-18. [PMID: 23085820 PMCID: PMC3551342 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : Rooting of Artemisia annua increases trichome size on leaves and helps drive the final steps of the biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene antimalarial drug, artemisinin. Artemisia annua produces the antimalarial drug, artemisinin (AN), which is synthesized and stored in glandular trichomes (GLTs). In vitro-grown A. annua shoots produce more AN when they form roots. This may be a function not of the roots, but rather media components such as the phytohormones, α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), or salts and sucrose used to maintain either rooted or unrooted shoot cultures. We investigated how three main media components altered artemisinic metabolite production, pathway gene transcripts, and GLT formation in both mature and developing leaves in rooted and unrooted cultures. Although transcript levels of AN biosynthetic genes were not altered, AN levels were significantly different, and there were major differences in both artemisinic metabolite levels and trichomes in mature versus developing leaves. For example, NAA induced higher AN production in rooted shoots, but only in mature leaves. In developing leaves, BAP increased GLT density on the leaf surface. When both phytohormones were present, GLTs were larger on young developing leaves, but smaller on mature leaves. Furthermore, although other media components increased GLT density, their size decreased on young leaves, but there was no effect on mature leaves. Roots also appeared to drive conversion of artemisinic precursors towards end products. These results suggest that, while the presence of roots affects AN and trichome production, phytohormones and other media constituents used for in vitro culture of A. annua also exert an influence.
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Kong J, Yang Y, Wang W, Cheng K, Zhu P. Artemisinic acid: A promising molecule potentially suitable for the semi-synthesis of artemisinin. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40525g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Yin H, Kjaer A, Fretté XC, Du Y, Christensen LP, Jensen M, Grevsen K. Chitosan oligosaccharide and salicylic acid up-regulate gene expression differently in relation to the biosynthesis of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aftab T, Khan MMA, Naeem M, Idrees M, Teixeira da Silva JA, Ram M. Exogenous nitric oxide donor protects Artemisia annua from oxidative stress generated by boron and aluminium toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 80:60-8. [PMID: 22421454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signal molecule modulating the response of plants to environmental stress. Here we report the effects of boron (B) and aluminium (Al) contamination in soil, carried out with or without application of exogenous SNP (NO donor), on various plant processes in Artemisia annua, including changes in artemisinin content. The addition of B or Al to soil medium significantly reduced the yield and growth of plants and lowered the values of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO(2) concentration and total chlorophyll content. The follow-up treatment of NO donor favoured growth and improved the photosynthetic efficiency in stressed as well as non-stressed plants. Artemisinin content was enhanced by 24.6% and 43.8% at 1mmole of soil-applied B or Al. When SNP was applied at 2mmole concentration together with either 1mmole of B and/or Al, it further stimulated artemisinin biosynthesis compared to the control. Application of B+Al+SNP proved to be the best treatment combination for the artemisinin content in Artemisia annua leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Aftab
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
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Kjær A, Grevsen K, Jensen M. Effect of external stress on density and size of glandular trichomes in full-grown Artemisia annua, the source of anti-malarial artemisinin. AOB PLANTS 2012; 2012:pls018. [PMID: 22833781 PMCID: PMC3404549 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glandular trichomes (GT) of Artemisia annua produce valuable compounds for pharmaceutical and industrial uses, most notably the anti-malarial artemisinin. Our aim was to find out whether the density, number and size of GT can be manipulated to advantage by environmental stress. A range of external stress treatments, including stress response regulators, was therefore given to fully grown plants under field and greenhouse conditions. METHODOLOGY In a field experiment (Ex1), seed-grown plants were subjected to chemical or physical stress and plants analysed after 5 weeks. In a greenhouse experiment (Ex2), three groups of clonally derived plants were stressed at weekly intervals for 5 weeks. Stress treatments included sandblasting, leaf cutting and spraying with jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), H(2)O(2) (HP) and NaCl (SC)at different concentrations. Leaves from an upper and a lower position on the plants were analysed by fluorescence microscopy to determine the density and size of GT. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Densities of GT on upper leaves of full-grown A. annua plants generally showed no response to external stress and only plants from one clone of Ex2 supported the hypothesis that increased density of GT was inducible in upper leaves by stress (significant for SC, HP and COS). The density of GT on lower leaves was not affected by stress in any experiment. Glandular trichomes were significantly smaller on the lower leaves in response to stress in Ex2, and a similar non-significant trend was observed in Ex1. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a dynamic system in which stress treatments of large A. annua plants had a minor promoting effect on the initiation of GT in developing leaves, and a maturing effect of GT later in the lifetime of the individual GT. The hypothesis that applying stress can induce larger GT or more numerous GT was rejected.
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Aftab T, Khan MMA, Idrees M, Naeem M, Hashmi N. Methyl jasmonate counteracts boron toxicity by preventing oxidative stress and regulating antioxidant enzyme activities and artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:601-12. [PMID: 20957501 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Boron is an essential plant micronutrient, but it is phytotoxic if present in excessive amounts in soil for certain plants such as Artemisia annua L. that contains artemisinin (an important antimalarial drug) in its areal parts. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide bridge. It is quite expensive compound because the only commercial source available is A. annua and the compound present in the plant is in very low concentration. Since A. annua is a major source of the antimalarial drug and B stress is a deadly threat to its cultivation, the present research was conducted to determine whether the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could combat the ill effects of excessive B present in the soil. According to the results obtained, the B toxicity induced oxidative stress and reduced the stem height as well as fresh and dry masses of the plant remarkably. The excessive amounts of soil B also lowered the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO(2) concentration and total chlorophyll content in the leaves. In contrast, the foliar application of MeJA enhanced the growth and photosynthetic efficiency both in the stressed and non-stressed plants. The excessive B levels also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Endogenous H(2)O(2) and O(2)(-) levels were also high in the stressed plants. However, the MeJA application to the stressed plants reduced the amount of lipid peroxidation and stimulated the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, enhancing the content and yield of artemisinin as well. Thus, it was concluded that MeJA might be utilized in mitigating the B toxicity and improving the content and yield of artemisinin in A. annua plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Aftab
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Nguyen KT, Arsenault PR, Weathers PJ. Trichomes + roots + ROS = artemisinin: regulating artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 2011; 47:329-338. [PMID: 21666770 PMCID: PMC3110715 DOI: 10.1007/s11627-011-9343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is a highly effective sesquiterpene lactone therapeutic produced in the plant, Artemisia annua. Despite its efficacy against malaria and many other infectious diseases and neoplasms, the drug is in short supply mainly because the plant produces low levels of the compound. This review updates the current understanding of artemisinin biosynthesis with a special focus on the emerging knowledge of how biosynthesis of the compound is regulated in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanhvan T Nguyen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology at Gateway, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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Müller IB, Hyde JE. Antimalarial drugs: modes of action and mechanisms of parasite resistance. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1857-73. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria represents one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide, and preventing and curing this parasitic disease still depends predominantly on the administration of a small number of drugs whose efficacy is continually threatened and eroded by the emergence of drug-resistant parasite populations. This has an enormous impact on the mortality and morbidity resulting from malaria infection, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where the lethal human parasite species Plasmodium falciparum accounts for approximately 90% of deaths recorded globally. Successful treatment of uncomplicated malaria is now highly dependent on artemisinin-based combination therapies. However, the first cases of artemisinin-resistant field isolates have been reported recently and potential replacement antimalarials are only in the developmental stages. Here, we summarize recent progress in tackling the problem of parasite resistance and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms that confer resistance to current antimalarial agents as far as they are known, understanding of which should assist in the rational development of new drugs and the more effective deployment of older ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid B Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John E Hyde
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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Arsenault PR, Vail D, Wobbe KK, Erickson K, Weathers PJ. Reproductive development modulates gene expression and metabolite levels with possible feedback inhibition of artemisinin in Artemisia annua. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:958-68. [PMID: 20724645 PMCID: PMC2949044 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.162552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the transition to budding and flowering in Artemisia annua and the production of the antimalarial sesquiterpene, artemisinin (AN), the dynamics of artemisinic metabolite changes, AN-related transcriptional changes, and plant and trichome developmental changes were measured. Maximum production of AN occurs during full flower stage within floral tissues, but that changes in the leafy bracts and nonbolt leaves as the plant shifts from budding to full flower. Expression levels of early pathway genes known to be involved in isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate biosynthesis leading to AN were not immediately positively correlated with either AN or its precursors. However, we found that the later AN pathway genes, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) and the cytochrome P450, CYP71AV1 (CYP), were more highly correlated with AN's immediate precursor, dihydroartemisinic acid, within all leaf tissues tested. In addition, leaf trichome formation throughout the developmental phases of the plant also appears to be more complex than originally thought. Trichome changes correlated closely with the levels of AN but not its precursors. Differences were observed in trichome densities that are dependent both on developmental stage (vegetative, budding, and flowering) and on position (upper and lower leaf tissue). AN levels declined significantly as plants matured, as did ADS and CYP transcripts. Spraying leaves with AN or artemisinic acid inhibited CYP transcription; artemisinic acid also inhibited ADS transcription. These data allow us to present a novel model for the differential control of AN biosynthesis as it relates to developmental stage and trichome maturation and collapse.
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Arsenault PR, Vail DR, Wobbe KK, Weathers PJ. Effect of sugars on artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L.: transcription and metabolite measurements. Molecules 2010; 15:2302-18. [PMID: 20428043 PMCID: PMC3939791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15042302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the valuable sesquiterpene anti-malarial, artemisinin, is known to respond to exogenous sugar concentrations. Here young Artemisia annua L. seedlings (strain YU) were used to measure the transcripts of six key genes in artemisinin biosynthesis in response to growth on sucrose, glucose, or fructose. The measured genes are: from the cytosolic arm of terpene biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), farnesyl disphosphate (FPS); from the plastid arm of terpene biosynthesis, 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxyxylulouse 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR); from the dedicated artemisinin pathway amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), and the P450, CYP71AV1 (CYP). Changes in intracellular concentrations of artemisinin (AN) and its precursors, dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA), artemisinic acid (AA), and arteannuin B (AB) were also measured in response to these three sugars. FPS, DXS, DXR, ADS and CYP transcript levels increased after growth in glucose, but not fructose. However, the kinetics of these transcripts over 14 days was very different. AN levels were significantly increased in glucose-fed seedlings, while levels in fructose-fed seedlings were inhibited; in both conditions this response was only observed for 2 days after which AN was undetectable until day 14. In contrast to AN, on day 1 AB levels doubled in seedlings grown in fructose compared to those grown in glucose. Results showed that transcript level was often negatively correlated with the observed metabolite concentrations. When seedlings were gown in increasing levels of AN, some evidence of a feedback mechanism emerged, but mainly in the inhibition of AA production. Together these results show the complex interplay of exogenous sugars on the biosynthesis of artemisinin in young A. annua seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Arsenault
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, WPI, 100 Institute Rd. Worcester MA 01609, USA
| | - Daniel R. Vail
- Arkansas Bioscience Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro AR, 72401 USA; E-Mail: (D.R.V.)
| | - Kristin K. Wobbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA, 01609, USA; E-Mail: (K.K.W.)
| | - Pamela J. Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, WPI, 100 Institute Rd. Worcester MA 01609, USA
- Arkansas Bioscience Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro AR, 72401 USA; E-Mail: (D.R.V.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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