The role of IL-17 in CNS diseases

Exploring the Effects of Ixekizumab on Pain in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis Based on Objective Measures of Inflammation: Post Hoc Analysis from a Large Randomized Clinical Trial

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the improvement in spinal pain with ixekizumab, placebo, and adalimumab based on objective measures of inflammation response in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

METHODS

The COAST-V 52-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase III trial examined the efficacy of ixekizumab in patients with active AS; adalimumab was used as an active reference arm. Treatment effects on reduction in pain were assessed by objective measures of controlled and persisting inflammation (defined by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], C-reactive protein [CRP], or MRI + CRP status). Pathway analysis was used to analyze treatment effect that was not attributable to reduction in inflammation biomarkers.

RESULTS

In patients with AS, when inflammation was controlled as assessed by MRI, patients treated with ixekizumab experienced a reduction in spinal pain at night (SP-N, numeric rating scale, ixekizumab mean = - 3.9, p < 0.001, adalimumab mean = - 2.6, p < 0.05) compared to placebo (mean =  - 1.6) at week 16. When inflammation was controlled as assessed by MRI + CRP, ixekizumab and adalimumab had numerically greater reductions at week 16 in SP-N versus placebo. All ixekizumab groups had further improvements at week 52. When inflammation was persisting as assessed by MRI + CRP, ixekizumab-treated patients had significant reduction in SP-N (mean = - 3.7, p < 0.001) versus placebo (mean = - 1.7), improvement with adalimumab did not reach significance (mean = - 2.6, p = 0.06). In the pathway analysis at week 16, ixekizumab had a greater effect on pain outcomes compared to adalimumab.

CONCLUSION

This post hoc analysis is supportive of the hypothesis that ixekizumab reduces pain in AS by additional mechanisms other than the reduction of measurable inflammation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02696785.

Gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy

The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication network linking the gut and the brain, overseeing digestive functions, emotional responses, body immunity, brain development, and overall health. Substantial research highlights a connection between disruptions of the gut-brain axis and various psychiatric and neurological conditions, including depression and Alzheimer's disease. Given the impact of the gut-brain axis on behavior, cognition, and brain diseases, some studies have started to pay attention to the role of the axis in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), where cognitive impairment is the primary manifestation. SAE emerges as the primary and earliest form of organ dysfunction following sepsis, potentially leading to acute cognitive impairment and long-term cognitive decline in patients. Notably, the neuronal damage in SAE does not stem directly from the central nervous system (CNS) infection but rather from an infection occurring outside the brain. The gut-brain axis is posited as a pivotal factor in this process. This review will delve into the gut-brain axis, exploring four crucial pathways through which inflammatory signals are transmitted and elevate the incidence of SAE. These pathways encompass the vagus nerve pathway, the neuroendocrine pathway involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and serotonin (5-HT) regulation, the neuroimmune pathway, and the microbial regulation. These pathways can operate independently or collaboratively on the CNS to modulate brain activity. Understanding how the gut affects and regulates the CNS could offer the potential to identify novel targets for preventing and treating this condition, ultimately enhancing the prognosis for individuals with SAE.

IL-17A Aggravated Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via Activating Src Signaling in Epilepsy Mice

Inflammation is an important pathogenic driving force in the genesis and development of epilepsy. The latest researches demonstrated that IL-17A mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction through disruption of tight junction protein expression. To investigate whether IL-17A is involved in BBB disruption after acute seizure attack, the pilocarpine model was established with C57BL/6 J (wild type, WT) and IL-17R-deficient mice in vivo and with primary cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. The mortality rate and brain water content were evaluated at 24 h after status epilepticus, and IL-17A concentration, endothelial tight junction, adherens junction proteins, and albumin leakage were assessed at 0 h, 4 h, 12 h, and 24 h after status epilepticus (SE). IL-17R-deficient mice showed lessen severity of epilepsy than WT mice, accompanied by less albumin leakage, reduced brain water content, decreased IL-17A, and upregulated expression of target proteins (ZO-1, Occludin and VE-cadherin). IL-17R knockout abrogated abnormal upregulation of Src kinase and phosphorylated Src kinase in the setting of SE, and Src kinase inhibitor PP1 abrogated IL-17A-induced SE related endothelial injury in vitro. In conclusion, IL-17A inhibition might be a promising therapeutic option to attenuate endothelial cell injury and further BBB disruption by reducing Src kinase activation.

Integrated network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation to investigate the mechanism of Flavan-3-ols and aromatic resins in depression

The present investigation delved into the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the management of depression through Flavan-3-ols and Aromatic Resins, employing in silico and in vivo methodologies. Network pharmacology was utilized to identify targets associated with the antidepressant activity of Flavan-3-ols and Aromatic Resins. Protein-protein interaction and KEGG analyses were conducted to enrich and explore key pathways. Molecular docking and simulation studies were executed to assess the targets. The antidepressant effects were studied using the Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test on both unstressed mice and those subjected to the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm. The Compound-Target network analysis revealed a substantial impact of the components on numerous targets, with 332 nodes and 491 edges. Protein-protein interaction analysis indicated significant interactions with targets implicated in depression. KEGG analysis highlighted major pathways, including neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, dopaminergic synapse, and long-term depression. Docking studies on EGCG demonstrated binding energies of -7.2 kcal/mol for serotonin 1 A (5-HT1A), -7.9 kcal/mol for D2, and - 9.6 kcal/mol for MOA-A. Molecular dynamics simulation indicated minute fluctuation, hence suggesting stable complexes formed between small molecules and proteins. The combination of Flavan-3-ols and Aromatic Resins significantly increased mobility time (p < 0.05) in the Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test, while significantly decreasing immobility time and time freezing (p < 0.05) in both unstressed and CUMS mice. This study demonstrated the antidepressant characteristics of Flavan-3-ols and Aromatic Resins, underscoring the need for further research to develop a novel antidepressant medication.

Propionic acid ameliorates cognitive function through immunomodulatory effects on Th17 cells in perioperative neurocognitive disorders

Background

Elderly patients undergoing surgery are prone to cognitive decline known as perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND). Several studies have shown that the microglial activation and the decrease of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in gut induced by surgery may be related to the pathogenesis of PND. The purpose of this study was to determine whether microglia and short-chain fatty acids were involved in cognitive dysfunction in aged rats.

Methods

Male wild-type Wistar rats aged 11-12 months were randomly divided into control group (Ctrl: Veh group), propionic acid group (Ctrl: PA group), exploratory laparotomy group (LP: Veh group) and propionic acid + exploratory laparotomy group (LP: PA group) according to whether exploratory laparotomy (LP) or PA pretreatment for 21 days was performed. The motor ability of the rats was evaluated by open field test on postoperative day 3 (POD3), and then the cognitive function was evaluated by Y-maze test and fear conditioning test. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, RORγt and IL-17A mRNA in hippocampus was detected by RT-qPCR, the expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA in hippocampus was detected by Western blot, and the activation of microglia was detected by immunofluorescence.

Results

The PND rat model was successfully established by laparotomy. Compared with Ctrl: Veh group, the body weight of LP: Veh group decreased, the percentage of spontaneous alternations in Y maze decreased (P < 0.001), and the percentage of freezing time in contextual fear test decreased (P < 0.001). Surgery triggers neuroinflammation, manifested as the elevated levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P < 0.001), the increased expression of the transcription factor RORγt (P = 0.0181, POD1; P = 0.0073, POD5)and major inflammatory cytokines IL-17A (P = 0.0215, POD1; P = 0.0071, POD5), and the increased average fluorescence intensity of Iba1 (P < 0.001, POD1; P < 0.001, POD5). After PA preconditioning, the recovery of rats in LP: PA group was faster than that in LP: Veh group as the body weight lost on POD1 (P = 0.0148) was close to the baseline level on POD5 (P = 0.1846), and they performed better in behavioral tests. The levels of IL-1β (P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P = 0.0035) inflammatory factors in hippocampus decreased on POD1 and the average fluorescence intensity of Iba1 decreased (P = 0.0024, POD1; P < 0.001, POD5), representing the neuroinflammation was significantly improved. Besides, the levels of RORγt mRNA (P = 0.0231, POD1; P = 0.0251, POD5) and IL-17A mRNA (P = 0.0208, POD1; P = 0.0071, POD5) in hippocampus as well as the expression of IL-17A (P = 0.0057, POD1; P < 0.001, POD5) and IL-17RA (P = 0.0388) decreased.

Conclusion

PA pretreatment results in reduced postoperative neuroinflammation and improved cognitive function, potentially attributed to the regulatory effects of PA on Th17-mediated immune responses.

Increased levels and activation of the IL-17 receptor in microglia contribute to enhanced neuroinflammation in cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats

BACKGROUND

Patients with liver cirrhosis may show minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) with mild cognitive impairment and motor incoordination. Rats with chronic hyperammonemia reproduce these alterations. Motor incoordination in hyperammonemic rats is due to increased GABAergic neurotransmission in cerebellum, induced by neuroinflammation, which enhances TNFα-TNFR1-S1PR2-CCL2-BDNF-TrkB pathway activation. The initial events by which hyperammonemia triggers activation of this pathway remain unclear. MHE in cirrhotic patients is triggered by a shift in inflammation with increased IL-17. The aims of this work were: (1) assess if hyperammonemia increases IL-17 content and membrane expression of its receptor in cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats; (2) identify the cell types in which IL-17 receptor is expressed and IL-17 increases in hyperammonemia; (3) assess if blocking IL-17 signaling with anti-IL-17 ex-vivo reverses activation of glia and of the TNFα-TNFR1-S1PR2-CCL2-BDNF-TrkB pathway.

RESULTS

IL-17 levels and membrane expression of the IL-17 receptor are increased in cerebellum of rats with hyperammonemia and MHE, leading to increased activation of IL-17 receptor in microglia, which triggers activation of STAT3 and NF-kB, increasing IL-17 and TNFα levels, respectively. TNFα released from microglia activates TNFR1 in Purkinje neurons, leading to activation of NF-kB and increased IL-17 and TNFα also in these cells. Enhanced TNFR1 activation also enhances activation of the TNFR1-S1PR2-CCL2-BDNF-TrkB pathway which mediates microglia and astrocytes activation.

CONCLUSIONS

All these steps are triggered by enhanced activation of IL-17 receptor in microglia and are prevented by ex-vivo treatment with anti-IL-17. IL-17 and IL-17 receptor in microglia would be therapeutic targets to treat neurological impairment in patients with MHE.

Th17 Cells and IL-17A in Ischemic Stroke

The neurological injury and repair mechanisms after ischemic stroke are complex. The inflammatory response is present throughout stroke onset and functional recovery, in which CD4 + T helper(Th) cells play a non-negligible role. Th17 cells, differentiated from CD4 + Th cells, are regulated by various extracellular signals, transcription factors, RNA, and post-translational modifications. Th17 cells specifically produce interleukin-17A(IL-17A), which has been reported to have pro-inflammatory effects in many studies. Recently, experimental researches showed that Th17 cells and IL-17A play an important role in promoting stroke pathogenesis (atherosclerosis), inducing secondary damage after stroke, and regulating post-stroke repair. This makes Th17 and IL-17A a possible target for the treatment of stroke. In this paper, we review the mechanism of action of Th17 cells and IL-17A in ischemic stroke and the progress of research on targeted therapy.

Network pharmacology analysis and animal experiment validation of neuroinflammation inhibition by total ginsenoside in treating CSM

BACKGROUND

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a degenerative pathology that affects both upper and lower extremity mobility and sensory function, causing significant pressure on patients and society. Prior research has suggested that ginsenosides may have neuroprotective properties in central nervous system diseases. However, the efficacy and mechanism of ginsenosides for CSM have yet to be investigated.

PURPOSE

This study aims to analyze the composition of ginsenosides using UPLC-MS, identify the underlying mechanism of ginsenosides in treating CSM using network pharmacology, and subsequently confirm the efficacy and mechanism of ginsenosides in rats with chronic spinal cord compression.

METHODS

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was utilized to obtain mass spectrum data of ginsenoside samples. The chemical constituents of the samples were analyzed by consulting literature reports and relevant databases. Ginsenoside and CSM targets were obtained from the TCMSP, OMIM, and GeneCards databases. GO and KEGG analyses were conducted, and a visualization network of ginsenosides-compounds-key targets-pathways-CSM was constructed, along with molecular docking of key bioactive compounds and targets, to identify the signaling pathways and proteins associated with the therapeutic effects of ginsenosides on CSM. Chronic spinal cord compression rats were intraperitoneally injected with ginsenosides (50 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and methylprednisolone for 28 days, and motor function was assessed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of ginsenosides for CSM. The expression of proteins associated with TNF, IL-17, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, and NLRP3 signaling pathways was assessed by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting.

RESULTS

Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, 37 compounds were identified from ginsenoside samples. Furthermore, ginsenosides-compounds-key targets-pathways-CSM visualization network indicated that ginsenosides may modulate the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and Apoptosis by targeting AKT1, TNF, MAPK1, CASP3, IL6, and IL1B, exerting a therapeutic effect on CSM. By attenuating neuroinflammation through the TNF, IL-17, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways, ginsenosides restored the motor function of rats with CSM, and ginsenosides 150 mg/kg showed better effect. This was achieved by reducing the phosphorylation of NF-κB and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of network pharmacology indicate that ginsenosides can inhibit neuroinflammation resulting from spinal cord compression through multiple pathways and targets. This finding was validated through in vivo tests, which demonstrated that ginsenosides can reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes via multiple signaling pathways, additionally, it should be noted that 150 mg/kg was a relatively superior dose. This study is the first to verify the intrinsic molecular mechanism of ginsenosides in treating CSM by combining pharmacokinetics, network pharmacology, and animal experiments. The findings can provide evidence for subsequent clinical research and drug development.

Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu decoction regulates differentiation of CD4+ T cell and prevents against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis progression in mice

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelination disorder caused by an overactive immune response. Its pathological characteristics include CNS inflammation, white matter demyelination, glial cell proliferation, and so on. Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu Decoction (HGWD), which is recorded in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, is used clinically for the therapy of MS, but its mechanism is still elusive.

PURPOSE

This study was aimed to investigate the impact of HGWD on the classical animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and explore the underlying action mechanism.

RESULTS

HGWD ameliorated the pathogenesis of EAE mice, and improved their neurobehavior and pathological tissue damage. Network pharmacology predictions revealed the action mechanism of HGWD in EAE mice might be related to its effect on the immune system of mice. HGWD effectively suppressed the inflammatory infiltration in CNS, while also preventing the elevation of CD4+T cells of mice with EAE. HGWD could increase the ratio of Treg cells, up-regulate the secretion of IL-10 and Foxp3 mRNA expression, inhibit the ratio of Th1 and Th17 cells, down-regulate the IFN-γ and IL-17 protein expression, as well as the RORγT and T-bet gene expression in EAE mice. In addition, HGWD-containing serum modulated Th1/Th17/Treg cell differentiation in vitro. Moreover, HGWD inhibited the p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-STAT1, p-STAT3 and p-STAT4 proteins and elevated the p-STAT5 protein in lymphoid tissues of EAE mice.

CONCLUSION

HGWD improved the progress of EAE by regulating the proportion of CD4+T cell subtype differentiation, which might be exerted through JAK/STAT signaling pathway, providing a pharmacological basis for the clinical treatment of MS.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals roles of unique retinal microglia types in early diabetic retinopathy

BACKGROUND

The pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a blinding disease, are intricate. DR was thought to be a microvascular disease previously. However, growing studies have indicated that the retinal microglia-induced inflammation precedes microangiopathy. The binary concept of microglial M1/M2 polarization paradigms during inflammatory activation has been debated. In this study, we confirmed microglia had the most significant changes in early DR using single-cell RNA sequencing.

METHODS

A total of five retinal specimens were collected from donor SD rats. Changes in various cells of the retina at the early stage of DR were analyzed using single-cell sequencing technology.

RESULTS

We defined three new microglial subtypes at cellular level, including two M1 types (Egr2+ M1 and Egr2- M1) and one M2 type. We also revealed the anatomical location between these subtypes, the dynamic changes of polarization phenotypes, and the possible activation sequence and mutual activation regulatory mechanism of different cells. Furthermore, we constructed an inflammatory network involving microglia, blood-derived macrophages and other retinal nonneuronal cells. The targeted study of new disease-specific microglial subtypes can shorten the time for drug screening and clinical application, which provided insight for the early control and reversal of DR.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that microglia show the most obvious differential expression changes in early DR and reveal the changes in microglia in a high-glucose microenvironment at the single-cell level. Our comprehensive analysis will help achieve early reversal and control the occurrence and progression of DR.

The Role of Selected Interleukins in the Development and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis-A Systematic Review

Multiple sclerosis is a disabling inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration. Given that multiple sclerosis remains an incurable disease, the management of MS predominantly focuses on reducing relapses and decelerating the progression of both physical and cognitive decline. The continuous autoimmune process modulated by cytokines seems to be a vital contributing factor to the development and relapse of multiple sclerosis. This review sought to summarize the role of selected interleukins in the pathogenesis and advancement of MS. Patients with MS in the active disease phase seem to exhibit an increased serum level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22 and IL-33 compared to healthy controls and patients in remission, while IL-10 appears to have a beneficial impact in preventing the progression of the disease. Despite being usually associated with proinflammatory activity, several studies have additionally recognized a neuroprotective role of IL-13, IL-22 and IL-33. Moreover, selected gene polymorphisms of IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 and IL-22 were identified as a possible risk factor related to MS development. Treatment strategies of multiple sclerosis that either target or utilize these cytokines seem rather promising, but more comprehensive research is necessary to gain a clearer understanding of how these cytokines precisely affect MS development and progression.

Interleukin 17A Contributes to Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption of Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus in Rats With Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND

Elevated inflammatory cytokines in the periphery have been identified as active contributors to neuroinflammation and sympathetic overactivity in heart failure (HF). Yet, the exact mechanisms by which these cytokines breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exert their effects on the brain remain elusive. Interleukin 17A has been linked to BBB disruption in various neurologic disorders, and its levels were significantly augmented in circulation and the brain in HF. The present study aimed to determine whether the BBB integrity was compromised within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and if so, whether interleukin 17A contributes to BBB disruption in myocardial infarction-induced HF.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary artery ligation to induce HF or sham surgery. Some HF rats received bilateral PVN microinjections of an interleukin 17 receptor A small interfering RNA or a scrambled small interfering RNA adeno-associated virus. Four weeks after coronary artery ligation, the permeability of the BBB was evaluated by intracarotid injection of fluorescent dyes (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 10 kDa+rhodamine-dextran 70 kDa). Compared with sham-operated rats, HF rats exhibited an elevated extravasation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 10 kDa within the PVN but not in the brain cortex. The plasma interleukin 17A levels were positively correlated with fluorescein isothiocyanate 10 kDa extravasation in the PVN. The expression of caveolin-1, a transcytosis marker, was augmented, whereas the expression of tight junction proteins was diminished in HF rats. Interleukin 17 receptor A was identified within the endothelium of PVN microvessels. Treatment with interleukin 17 receptor A small interfering RNA led to a significant attenuation of fluorescein isothiocyanate 10 kDa extravasation in the PVN and reversed expression of caveolin-1 and tight junction-associated proteins in the PVN.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, these data indicate that BBB permeability within the PVN is enhanced in HF and is likely attributable to increased interleukin 17A/interleukin 17 receptor A signaling in the BBB endothelium, by promoting caveolar transcytosis and degradation of tight junction complexes.

Vitamin D Supplementation: Effect on Cytokine Profile in Multiple Sclerosis

Vitamin D is known for its role in modulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis and is implicated both in bone mineralization and immune system regulation. The immune-modulatory role of vitamin D and its impact on multiple sclerosis (MS) courses are still debated. The aim of this review was to check the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cytokine profile regulation in people with MS. A significant increase in serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-10 and Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 after vitamin D supplementation was demonstrated in most studies, with some of them reporting a reduction in disability scores after vitamin D supplementation and an inverse correlation between IL-10 levels and disability. The effect of vitamin D on the serum levels of IL-17 and IL-6 was controversial; different results across studies could be explained by a variability in the treatment duration, route, and frequency of administration, as well as the dosage of vitamin D supplementation, responses to vitamin D treatment and the serum levels reached with supplementation, including the methods used for cytokine analysis and the different cell types investigated, the MS phenotype, the disease phase (active vs. non-active) and duration, and concomitant treatment with disease-modifying therapies. Nevertheless, the significant increase in the serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1, demonstrated in most studies, suggests an anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D supplementation.

GW0742 reduces mast cells degranulation and attenuates neurological impairments via PPARβ/δ/CD300a/SHP1 pathway after GMH in neonatal rats

BACKGROUND

Activation of mast cells plays an important role in brain inflammation. CD300a, an inhibitory receptor located on mast cell surfaces, has been reported to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exert protective effects in inflammation-related diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, activation upregulates the transcription of CD300a. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of PPARβ/δ in the attenuation of germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH)-induced mast cell activation via CD300a/SHP1 pathway.

METHODS

GMH model was induced by intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase into the right hemispheric ganglionic eminence in P7 Sprague Dawley rats. GW0742, a PPARβ/δ agonist, was administered intranasally at 1 h post-ictus. CD300a small interfering RNA (siRNA) and PPARβ/δ siRNA were injected intracerebroventricularly 5 days and 2 days before GMH induction. Behavioral tests, Western blot, immunofluorescence, Toluidine Blue staining, and Nissl staining were applied to assess post-GMH evaluation.

RESULTS

Results demonstrated that endogenous protein levels of PPARβ/δ and CD300a were decreased, whereas chymase, tryptase, IL-17A and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) were elevated after GMH. GMH induced significant short- and long-term neurobehavioral deficits in rat pups. GW0742 decreased mast cell degranulation, improved neurological outcomes, and attenuated ventriculomegaly after GMH. Additionally, GW0742 increased expression of PPARβ/δ, CD300a and phosphorylation of SHP1, decreased phosphorylation of Syk, chymase, tryptase, IL-17A and TGF-β1 levels. PPARβ/δ siRNA and CD300a siRNA abolished the beneficial effects of GW0742.

CONCLUSIONS

GW0742 inhibited mast cell-induced inflammation and improved neurobehavior after GMH, which is mediated by PPARβ/δ/CD300a/SHP1 pathway. GW0742 may serve as a potential treatment to reduce brain injury for GMH patients.

The brain cytokine orchestra in multiple sclerosis: from neuroinflammation to synaptopathology

The central nervous system (CNS) is finely protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Immune soluble factors such as cytokines (CKs) are normally produced in the CNS, contributing to physiological immunosurveillance and homeostatic synaptic scaling. CKs are peptide, pleiotropic molecules involved in a broad range of cellular functions, with a pivotal role in resolving the inflammation and promoting tissue healing. However, pro-inflammatory CKs can exert a detrimental effect in pathological conditions, spreading the damage. In the inflamed CNS, CKs recruit immune cells, stimulate the local production of other inflammatory mediators, and promote synaptic dysfunction. Our understanding of neuroinflammation in humans owes much to the study of multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common autoimmune and demyelinating disease, in which autoreactive T cells migrate from the periphery to the CNS after the encounter with a still unknown antigen. CNS-infiltrating T cells produce pro-inflammatory CKs that aggravate local demyelination and neurodegeneration. This review aims to recapitulate the state of the art about CKs role in the healthy and inflamed CNS, with focus on recent advances bridging the study of adaptive immune system and neurophysiology.

Evaluation of serum interleukin-17 A and interleukin-22 levels in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study

BACKGROUND

Many neurodevelopmental abnormalities are connected to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which can result in inflammation and elevated cytokine levels due to immune system dysregulation. Interleukin (IL)-17 A and IL-22 have been linked to the regulation of host defense against pathogens at the barrier surface, the regeneration of injured tissue, and the integration of the neurological, endocrine, and immune systems. Several studies have investigated the possible connection between IL-17 A and ASD as well as the severity of behavioral symptoms, but few of them included IL-22.

OBJECTIVES

To measure serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17 A and IL-22 in children with ASD and to investigate their association with disease severity.

METHODS

This pilot study was performed on 24 children with ASD and 24 matched controls. Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) assessed ASD severity, and serum levels of IL-17 A and IL-22 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

In ASD patients, serum levels of IL-17 A and IL-22 showed a significant increase compared to controls (p-values < 0.001). We compared serum levels of IL-17 A and IL-22 according to the severity categories by CARS and could not find any significant differences (p-values > 0.05). Only IL-22 had a significant positive correlation with ASD severity by CARS scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Raised serum levels of IL-17 A and IL-22 are associated with ASD; only IL-22, not IL-17 A, is correlated with ASD severity. This finding proposes IL-22 as a possible future effective target for ASD treatment. To fully comprehend the significance of these cytokines in ASD and their possible effects on ASD diagnosis and treatment, more research on a wider scale is required.

Ethanol extract of Verbena officinalis alleviates MCAO-induced ischaemic stroke by inhibiting IL17A pathway-regulated neuroinflammation

BACKGROUND

The prevention and treatment of ischaemic stroke is a worldwide challenge, and effective clinical treatment strategies are lacking. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Verbena officinalis in managing cerebrovascular disorders. However, the neuroprotective bioactive components and mechanisms remain unclear.

PURPOSE

To investigate the pharmacological combinatorial components and mechanism underlying the anti-ischemic stroke effect of the ethanol extract of Verbena officinalis (VO Ex).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The components of VO Ex were identified by HPLC. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced brain injury model was used to assess the therapeutic effect of VO Ex. The activity of the chemical components of VO Ex was evaluated using a primary astrocyte injury model induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). RNA sequencing was used to reveal the potential targets of VO Ex against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI), and the results were verified by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The key components and target binding ability were predicted by molecular docking. Finally, the mechanism of combinatorial components was verified by experiments.

RESULTS

The HPLC results indicated that the main ingredients of VO Ex were hastatoside, verbenalin, acteoside, luteolin, apigenin and hispidulin. In vivo experiments showed that VO Ex improved MCAO-induced acute cerebral ischemic injury. Transcriptomic data and biological experiments suggested that VO Ex exerted therapeutic effects through IL17A signalling pathways. The in vitro experiments indicated that verbenalin, acteoside, luteolin, apigenin and hispidulin exhibited neuroprotective activities. The novel formula of VALAH, derived from the aforementioned active ingredients, exhibited superior efficacy compared to each individual component. Molecular docking and mechanistic studies have confirmed that VALAH functions in the treatment of ischaemic stroke by suppressing the activation of the IL17A signalling pathway.

CONCLUSION

This work is the first to reveal that VO Ex effectively inhibits the IL17A signaling pathway and mitigates neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke. Moreover, we identified the novel formula VALAH as the bioactive combinatorial components for VO Ex. Further research suggests that the activity of VALAH is associated with IL17A-mediated regulation of neuroinflammation. This finding provides new insights into the efficacious components and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine.

TREM-2 Drives Development of Multiple Sclerosis by Promoting Pathogenic Th17 Polarization

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease, mediated by pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) cells. However, the therapeutic effect is accompanied by the fluctuation of the proportion and function of Th17 cells, which prompted us to find the key regulator of Th17 differentiation in MS. Here, we demonstrated that the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), a modulator of pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells, was highly expressed on pathogenic CD4-positive T lymphocyte (CD4+ T) cells in both patients with MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models. Conditional knockout of Trem-2 in CD4+ T cells significantly alleviated the disease activity and reduced Th17 cell infiltration, activation, differentiation, and inflammatory cytokine production and secretion in EAE mice. Furthermore, with Trem-2 knockout in vivo experiments and in vitro inhibitor assays, the TREM-2/zeta-chain associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal axis was essential for Th17 activation and differentiation in EAE progression. In conclusion, TREM-2 is a key regulator of pathogenic Th17 in EAE mice, and this sheds new light on the potential of this therapeutic target for MS.

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the PAR2 and IL-17A Genes Are Significantly Associated with Chronic Pain

Patients with chronic pain are affected psychologically and socially. There are also individual differences in treatment efficacy. Insufficient research has been conducted on genetic polymorphisms that are related to individual differences in the susceptibility to chronic pain. Autoimmune disorders can lead to inflammation and chronic pain; therefore, we focused on the autoimmune-related protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2/F2RL1) and interleukin 17A (IL-17A/IL17A) genes. PAR2 and IL-17A are associated with autoimmune diseases that lead to chronic pain, and PAR2 regulates T-helper (Th) cell activation and differentiation. We hypothesized that the PAR2 and IL-17A genes are associated with chronic pain. The present study used a case-control design to statistically examine associations between genetic polymorphisms and the vulnerability to chronic pain. The rs2243057 polymorphism of the PAR2 gene and rs3819025 polymorphism of the IL-17A gene were previously reported to be associated with pain- or autoimmune-related phenotypes. Thus, these polymorphisms were investigated in the present study. We found that both rs2243057 and rs3819025 were significantly associated with a susceptibility to chronic pain. The present findings revealed autoimmune-related genetic factors that are involved in individual differences in chronic pain, further aiding understanding of the pathomechanism that underlies chronic pain and possibly contributing to future personalized medicine.

Th17 Cells, Glucocorticoid Resistance, and Depression

Depression is a severe mental disorder that disrupts mood and social behavior and is one of the most common neuropsychological symptoms of other somatic diseases. During the study of the disease, a number of theories were put forward (monoamine, inflammatory, vascular theories, etc.), but none of those theories fully explain the pathogenesis of the disease. Steroid resistance is a characteristic feature of depression and can affect not only brain cells but also immune cells. T-helper cells 17 type (Th17) are known for their resistance to the inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids. Unlike the inhibitory effect on other subpopulations of T-helper cells, glucocorticoids can enhance the differentiation of Th17 lymphocytes, their migration to the inflammation, and the production of IL-17A, IL-21, and IL-23 in GC-resistant disease. According to the latest data, in depression, especially the treatment-resistant type, the number of Th17 cells in the blood and the production of IL-17A is increased, which correlates with the severity of the disease. However, there is still a significant gap in knowledge regarding the exact mechanisms by which Th17 cells can influence neuroinflammation in depression. In this review, we discuss the mutual effect of glucocorticoid resistance and Th17 lymphocytes on the pathogenesis of depression.

Association Between Maternal Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia and the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Offspring: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Objective

Our study aimed to determine whether mothers with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder affected the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in their offspring.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide cohort study by using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database and the Maternal and Child Health Database from 2004 to 2018. A total of 2,556,640 mother-child pairs were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of T1D between children born to mothers with mood disorders and schizophrenia and those without.

Results

No significant difference in risk of T1D was observed between the offspring of mothers with major psychiatric disorders and those without (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.86 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.58-1.24). In subgroup analysis, we found an aHR of 1.81 with a 95% CI of 0.83-3.82 in the maternal bipolar disorder on the risk of T1D in offspring and an aHR of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.59-1.25) in maternal major depressive disorder. In the schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder group, aHR cannot be obtained due to lesser than three events in the analysis.

Conclusion

The risk of T1D in offspring of mothers with mood disorders and schizophrenia was not significant. However, children born to mothers with bipolar disorder may have a tendency to develop T1D. The relationship between maternal psychiatric disorders and the risk of T1D in offspring warrants further investigation in studies with longer follow-up periods.

Changes in the Expression of TGF-Beta Regulatory Pathway Genes Induced by Vitamin D in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Vitamin D is an environmental factor related to multiple sclerosis that plays a significant role in immune regulation. TGF-β is a superfamily of cytokines with an important dual effect on the immune system. TGF-β inhibits the Th1 response while facilitating the preservation of regulatory T cells (FOXP3+) in an immunoregulatory capacity. However, when IL-6 is present, it stimulates the Th17 response. Our aim was to analyze the regulatory effect of vitamin D on the in vivo TGF-β signaling pathway in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). A total of 21 patients with vitamin D levels < 30 ng/mL were recruited and supplemented with oral vitamin D. All patients were receiving disease-modifying therapy, with the majority being on natalizumab. Expression of SMAD7, ERK1, ZMIZ1, BMP2, BMPRII, BMP4, and BMP5 was measured in CD4+ lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood at baseline and one and six months after supplementation. SMAD7 was overexpressed at six months with respect to baseline and month one. ERK1 was overexpressed at six months with respect to month one of treatment. No significant differences in expression were observed for the remaining genes. No direct correlation was found with serum vitamin D levels. BMPRII expression changed differentially in non-natalizumab- versus natalizumab-treated patients. Changes were observed in the expression of ERK1, BMP2, and BMP5 based on disease activity measured using the Rio-Score, BMP2 in patients who had relapses, and BMP5 in those whose EDSS worsened. Our results suggest indirect regulation of vitamin D in TGF-β pathway genes in patients with RRMS.

Drug repurposing based on the similarity gene expression signatures to explore for potential indications of quercetin: a case study of multiple sclerosis

Quercetin (QR) is a natural flavonol compound widely distributed in the plant kingdom with extensive pharmacological effects. To find the potential clinical indications of QR, 156 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulated by QR were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and new potential pharmacological effects and clinical indications of QR were repurposed by integrating compounds with similar gene perturbation signatures and associated-disease signatures to QR based on the Connectivity Map and Coexpedia platforms. The results suggested QR has mainly potential therapeutic effects on multiple sclerosis (MS), osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and acute leukemia. Then, MS was selected for subsequent animal experiments as a representative potential indication, and it found that QR significantly delays the onset time of classical MS model animal mice and ameliorates the inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the central nervous system. Combined with network pharmacology technology, the therapeutic mechanism of QR on MS was further demonstrated to be related to the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-2) related to TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study expanded the clinical indications of QR and preliminarily confirmed the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of QR on MS.

Treg cell: Critical role of regulatory T-cells in depression

Depression is a highly prevalent disorder of the central nervous system. The neuropsychiatric symptoms of clinical depression are persistent and include fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, altered sleep patterns, hyperalgesia, melancholia, anxiety, and impaired social behaviours. Mounting evidences suggest that neuroinflammation triggers dysregulated cellular immunity and increases susceptibility to psychiatric diseases. Neuroimmune responses have transformed the clinical approach to depression because of their roles in its pathophysiology and their therapeutic potential. In particular, activated regulatory T (Treg) cells play an increasingly evident role in the inflammatory immune response. In this review, we summarized the available data and discussed in depth the fundamental roles of Tregs in the pathogenesis of depression, as well as the clinical therapeutic potential of Tregs. We aimed to provide recent information regarding the potential of Tregs as immune-modulating biologics for the treatment and prevention of long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms of depression.

The role of IL-17 in lung cancer growth

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is an inflammatory cytokine with multiple roles in immune protection, immunopathology, and inflammation-related tumors. Lung cancer is inflammation-related cancer, and a large number of studies have shown that IL-17 contributes to the metastasis and progression of lung cancer. However, some studies have shown that IL17 inhibits the occurrence of lung cancer. At present, there is still some controversy about the role of IL17 in the occurrence and development of lung cancer. This review introduces the basic characteristics of IL-17 and focuses on its role in lung cancer, in order to provide a certain theoretical basis for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer.

Inflammatory cytokines and prenatal depression: Is there a mediating role of maternal gut microbiota?

OBJECTIVE

The mechanism of levels of inflammatory cytokines that affects brain function and mood through gut microbiota has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the potential mediating role of gut microbiota between maternal inflammatory cytokines levels and prenatal depression.

DESIGN

There were 29 women in the prenatal depression group and 27 women in the control group enrolled in this study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score of 10 was considered the cut-off value for prenatal depression. We collected demographic information, stool and blood samples. The gut microbiota was profiled using V3-V4 gene sequence of 16S rRNA, and the concentration of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. The mediation model was analyzed by using the model 4 in the process procedure for SPSS.

RESULTS

There were significance differences in the concentration of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β)(Z = -2.383, P = 0.017) and IL-17A (Z = -2.439, P = 0.015) between the prenatal depression group and control group. There was no significant difference in α- diversity and β-diversity between the two groups. Intestinibacter (OR: 0.012; 95% CI, 0.001-0.195) and Escherichia_Shigella (OR: 0.103; 95% CI, 0.014-0.763) were protective factors for prenatal depression, while Tyzzerella (OR: 17.941; 95% CI, 1.764-182.445) and Unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae (OR: 22.607; 95% CI, 1.242-411.389) were risk factors. And Intestinibacter play a mediation effect between IL-17A and prenatal depression.

CONCLUSION

Maternal gut microbiota is a significant mediator of the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and prenatal depression. Further research is still needed in exploring the mediating mechanisms of gut microbiota between inflammatory cytokines and depression.

Screening and validation of the iris manifestation among patients with hemiplegia - an observational study

OBJECTIVES

Understanding and validating the science behind traditional diagnostic methods is a niche area to be explored. Iris diagnosis is one such valuable diagnostic tool used in Naturopathy. In the current study, we have assessed and documented the iris changes observed among patients with hemiplegia with respect to the iridology chart.

METHODS

We recruited 35 patients with hemiplegia which includes both genders. Iris image was captured by Angel Kiss New 5.0MP Iridology Camera with Pro Iris Analysis Software. Lesion characters, such as open lesion, closed lesion, spot, furrow, radii solaris, intestinal crypts etc., in the iris were noted along with its various characteristics in an excel sheet in numerical order for analysis.

RESULTS

Majority of the included patients were male (n=30) and the mean age of the patients was 46 years. The most common iris lesions noted were radii solaris and intestinal crypt in the cerebrum and cerebellum regions. Other notable lesions include open lesion, closed lesion, brown spot, hole and nerve ring. ROC analysis for selected iris lesions showed that intestinal crypt (AUC=0.82, p=0.01) and radii solaris (AUC=0.62, p=0.04) to be potential markers for hemiplegia.

CONCLUSIONS

Two common lesions observed in patients with hemiplegia are radii solaris and intestinal crypt, corresponding to the cerebrum and cerebellum regions of the iris. Future studies with larger sample size would help warrant our current findings, and also the possible application of iris diagnosis as an early diagnostic marker for hemiplegia.

Inflammatory Cytokines Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Directly Induce Alterations of Neuronal Cytoarchitecture in Human Neurons

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) coined by inflammation and neurodegeneration. The actual cause of the neurodegenerative component of the disease is however unclear. We investigated here the direct and differential effects of inflammatory mediators on human neurons. We used embryonic stem cell-derived (H9) human neuronal stem cells (hNSC) to generate neuronal cultures. Neurons were subsequently treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon gamma (IFNγ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) separately or in combination. Immunofluorescence staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to assess cytokine receptor expression, cell integrity and transcriptomic changes upon treatment. H9-hNSC-derived neurons expressed cytokine receptors for IFNγ, TNFα, IL-10 and IL-17A. Neuronal exposure to these cytokines resulted in differential effects on neurite integrity parameters with a clear decrease for TNFα- and GM-CSF-treated neurons. The combinatorial treatment with IL-17A/IFNγ or IL-17A/TNFα induced a more pronounced effect on neurite integrity. Furthermore, combinatorial treatments with two cytokines induced several key signalling pathways, i.e. NFκB-, hedgehog and oxidative stress signalling, stronger than any of the cytokines alone. This work supports the idea of immune-neuronal crosstalk and the need to focus on the potential role of inflammatory cytokines on neuronal cytoarchitecture and function.

From the immune system to mood disorders especially induced by Toxoplasma gondii: CD4+ T cell as a bridge

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a ubiquitous and obligatory intracellular protozoa, not only alters peripheral immune status, but crosses the blood-brain barrier to trigger brain parenchymal injury and central neuroinflammation to establish latent cerebral infection in humans and other vertebrates. Recent findings underscore the strong correlation between alterations in the peripheral and central immune environment and mood disorders. Th17 and Th1 cells are important pro-inflammatory cells that can drive the pathology of mood disorders by promoting neuroinflammation. As opposed to Th17 and Th1, regulatory T cells have inhibitory inflammatory and neuroprotective functions that can ameliorate mood disorders. T. gondii induces neuroinflammation, which can be mediated by CD4+ T cells (such as Tregs, Th17, Th1, and Th2). Though the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorder have been currently studied, emerging evidence points to unique role of CD4+ T cells in mood disorder, especially those caused by T. gondii infection. In this review, we explore some recent studies that extend our understanding of the relationship between mood disorders and T. gondii.

Risk for incident suicidality among psoriasis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Previous meta-analyses have produced conflicting conclusions about suicidality risk among psoriasis patients. We aimed to update the evidence on the risk for the whole continuum of incident suicidality in psoriasis patients. We performed an update systematic review and meta-analysis and searched CENTRAL, PubMed, and Embase from January 1, 2017 to August 14, 2021 for relevant new cohort studies and incorporated new studies into our previous systematic review. Random-effects model meta-analysis was used to obtain pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analysis was conducted according to age and disease severity. A total of 12 studies were included in this meta-analysis. We detected no significant differences in the risk for incident completed suicide (HR 1.33, 95% CI 0.91-1.95), suicide attempt (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.96-1.56), suicidal behavior (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.98-1.19), and suicide ideation (HR 1.74, 95% CI 0.99-3.06) between psoriasis patients and non-psoriatic controls. In the subgroup analysis based on age, an increased risk for incident suicide ideation was observed in pediatric subgroup (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.12-2.03). The updated evidence suggests no increased risk for whole continuum of incident suicidality spectrum in psoriasis patients but an increased risk for incident suicide ideation among pediatric psoriasis patients. Involving mental health professionals may be crucial in psoriasis management especially in young patients.

Exploring the bi-directional relationship and shared genes between depression and stroke via NHANES and bioinformatic analysis

Background: Stroke and depression are the two most common causes of disability worldwide. Growing evidence suggests a bi-directional relationship between stroke and depression, whereas the molecular mechanisms underlying stroke and depression are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to identify hub genes and biological pathways related to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS) and major depressive disorder (MDD) and to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells in both disorders. Methods: Participants from the United States National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018 were included to evaluate the association between stroke and MDD. Two differentially expressed genes (DEGs) sets extracted from GSE98793 and GSE16561 datasets were intersected to generate common DEGs, which were further screened out in cytoHubba to identify hub genes. GO, KEGG, Metascape, GeneMANIA, NetworkAnalyst, and DGIdb were used for functional enrichment, pathway analysis, regulatory network analysis, and candidate drugs analysis. ssGSEA algorithm was used to analyze the immune infiltration. Results: Among the 29706 participants from NHANES 2005-2018, stroke was significantly associated with MDD (OR = 2.79,95% CI:2.26-3.43, p < 0.0001). A total of 41 common upregulated genes and eight common downregulated genes were finally identified between IS and MDD. Enrichment analysis revealed that the shared genes were mainly involved in immune response and immune-related pathways. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) was constructed, from which ten (CD163, AEG1, IRAK3, S100A12, HP, PGLYRP1, CEACAM8, MPO, LCN2, and DEFA4) were screened. In addition, gene-miRNAs, transcription factor-gene interactions, and protein-drug interactions coregulatory networks with hub genes were also identified. Finally, we observed that the innate immunity was activated while acquired immunity was suppressed in both disorders. Conclusion: We successfully identified the ten hub shared genes linking the IS and MDD and constructed the regulatory networks for them that could serve as novel targeted therapy for the comorbidities.

Mechanisms of Demyelination and Remyelination Strategies for Multiple Sclerosis

All currently licensed medications for multiple sclerosis (MS) target the immune system. Albeit promising preclinical results demonstrated disease amelioration and remyelination enhancement via modulating oligodendrocyte lineage cells, most drug candidates showed only modest or no effects in human clinical trials. This might be due to the fact that remyelination is a sophistically orchestrated process that calls for the interplay between oligodendrocyte lineage cells, neurons, central nervous system (CNS) resident innate immune cells, and peripheral immune infiltrates and that this process may somewhat differ in humans and rodent models used in research. To ensure successful remyelination, the recruitment and activation/repression of each cell type should be regulated in a highly organized spatio–temporal manner. As a result, drug candidates targeting one single pathway or a single cell population have difficulty restoring the optimal microenvironment at lesion sites for remyelination. Therefore, when exploring new drug candidates for MS, it is instrumental to consider not only the effects on all CNS cell populations but also the optimal time of administration during disease progression. In this review, we describe the dysregulated mechanisms in each relevant cell type and the disruption of their coordination as causes of remyelination failure, providing an overview of the complex cell interplay in CNS lesion sites.

Th17/IL-17 Axis in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy Tropical Spastic Paraparesis and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Insights into the Immunity During HAMTSP

Human T lymphotropic virus-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HTLV/TSP), also known as HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and multiple sclerosis (MS) are chronic debilitating diseases of the central nervous system; although the etiology of which is different, similarities have been observed between these two demyelinating diseases, especially in clinical manifestation and immunopathogenesis. Exorbitant response of the immune system to the virus and neurons in CNS is the causative agent of HAM/TSP and MS, respectively. Helper T lymphocyte-17 cells (Th17s), a component of the immune system, which have a proven role in immunity and autoimmunity, mediate protection against bacterial/fungal infections. The role of these cells has been reviewed in several CNS diseases. A pivotal role for Th17s is presented in demyelination, even more axial than Th1s, during MS. The effect of Th17s is not well determined in HTLV-1-associated infections; however, the evidence that we have supplied in this review illustrates the attendance, also the role of Th17 cells during HAM/TSP. Furthermore, for better conception concerning the trace of these cells in HAM/TSP, a comparative characterization with MS, the resembling disease, has been applied here.

The role of T cells in acute ischemic stroke

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with high rates of disability and mortality, exerting a substantial impact on overall survival and health-related quality of life. Treatment of AIS remains challenging given that the underlying pathologic mechanisms remain unclear. However, recent research has demonstrated that the immune system plays a key role in the development of AIS. Numerous studies have reported infiltration of T cells into ischemic brain tissue. While some types of T cells can promote the development of inflammatory responses and aggravate ischemic damage in patients with AIS, other T cells appear to exert neuroprotective effects via immunosuppression and other mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the recent findings regarding the infiltration of T cells into ischemic brain tissue, and the mechanisms governing how T cells can facilitate tissue injury or neuroprotection in AIS. Factors influencing the function of T cells, such as intestinal microflora and sex differences, are also discussed. We also explore the recent research on the effect of non-coding RNA on T cells after stroke, as well as the potential for specifically targeting T cells in the treatment of stroke patients.

Activation of Mast Cells by Neuropeptides: The Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines

Mast cells (MCs) are tissue cells that are derived from bone marrow stem cells that contribute to allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and mental disorders. MCs located near the meninges communicate with microglia through the production of mediators such as histamine and tryptase, but also through the secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF, which can create pathological effects in the brain. Preformed chemical mediators of inflammation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are rapidly released from the granules of MCs, the only immune cells capable of storing the cytokine TNF, although it can also be produced later through mRNA. The role of MCs in nervous system diseases has been extensively studied and reported in the scientific literature; it is of great clinical interest. However, many of the published articles concern studies on animals (mainly rats or mice) and not on humans. MCs are known to interact with neuropeptides that mediate endothelial cell activation, resulting in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders. In the brain, MCs interact with neurons causing neuronal excitation with the production of neuropeptides and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. This article explores the current understanding of MC activation by neuropeptide substance P (SP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and neurotensin, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a therapeutic effect of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-37 and IL-38.

Secukinumab attenuates neuroinflammation and neurobehavior defect via PKCβ/ERK/NF-κB pathway in a rat model of GMH

AIMS

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a disastrous clinical event for newborns. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development of neurological deficits after GMH. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of secukinumab after GMH and its underlying mechanisms involving PKCβ/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

METHODS

A total of 154 Sprague-Dawley P7 rat pups were used. GMH was induced by intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. Secukinumab was administered intranasally post-GMH. PKCβ activator PMA and p-ERK activator Ceramide C6 were administered intracerebroventricularly at 24 h prior to GMH induction, respectively. Neurobehavioral tests, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the efficacy of Secukinumab in both short-term and long-term studies.

RESULTS

Endogenous IL-17A, IL-17RA, PKCβ and p-ERK were increased after GMH. Secukinumab treatment improved short- and long-term neurological outcomes, reduced the synthesis of MPO and Iba-1 in the perihematoma area, and inhibited the synthesis of proinflammatory factors, such as NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, PMA and ceramide C6 abolished the beneficial effects of Secukinumab.

CONCLUSION

Secukinumab treatment suppressed neuroinflammation and attenuated neurological deficits after GMH, which was mediated through the downregulation of the PKCβ/ERK/NF-κB pathway. Secukinumab treatment may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for GMH patients.

Interleukin-17 Promotes the Infiltration of CD8+ T Cells into the Brain in a Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines play critical roles in inflammation and pathogen resistance. Inflammation in the central nervous system, denoted as neuroinflammation, promotes the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies showed that IL-17A neutralizing antibody treatment alleviated Amyloid β (Aβ) burden in rodent models of AD, while overexpression of IL-17A in mouse lateral ventricles rescued part of the AD pathology. However, the involvement of IL-17 in AD and its mechanism of action remain largely unknown.

METHODS

To investigate the role of IL-17 in AD, we crossed mice lacking the common receptor of IL-17 signaling (IL-17RA knockout mice) to the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. We then analyzed the composition of immune cells and cytokines/chemokines during different phases of AD pathology, and interrogated the underlying mechanism by which IL-17 may regulate immune cell infiltration into AD brains.

RESULTS

Ablation of IL-17RA in APP/PS1 mice decreased infiltration of CD8+ T cells and myeloid cells to mouse brain. IL-17 was able to promote the production of myeloid- and T cell-attracting chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL9/10 in primary glial cells. We also observed that IL-17 is upregulated in the late stage of AD development, and ectopic expression of IL-17 via adenoviral infection to the cortex trended towards worsened cognition in APP/PS1 mice, suggesting a pathogenic role of excessive IL-17 in AD.

CONCLUSION

Our data show that IL-17 signaling promotes neuroinflammation in AD by accelerating the infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes and Gr1+ CD11b+ myeloid cells.

Gut-brain axis: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke through immune functions

After an ischemic stroke (IS) occurs, immune cells begin traveling to the brain and immune system from the gut and gastrointestinal tract, where most of them typically reside. Because the majority of the body's macrophages and more than 70% of the total immune cell pool are typically found within the gut and gastrointestinal tract, inflammation and immune responses in the brain and immune organs require the mobilization of a large number of immune cells. The bidirectional communication pathway between the brain and gut is often referred to as the gut-brain axis. IS usually leads to intestinal motility disorders, dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota, and a leaky gut, which are often associated with poor prognosis in patients with IS. In recent years, several studies have suggested that intestinal inflammation and immune responses play key roles in the development of IS, and thus may become potential therapeutic targets that can drive new therapeutic strategies. However, research on gut inflammation and immune responses after stroke remains in its infancy. A better understanding of gut inflammation and immune responses after stroke may be important for developing effective therapies. This review discusses the immune-related mechanisms of the gut-brain axis after IS and compiles potential therapeutic targets to provide new ideas and strategies for the future effective treatment of IS.

Maternal immune activation induces autism-like behavior and reduces brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the hippocampus and offspring cortex of C57BL/6 mice

Prenatal factors such as viral or bacterial infections occurring mainly during the first trimesters of pregnancy can increase the incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. In an animal model, it is already known that maternal immune activation (MIA) induces autistic-like behavior. However, it is unclear whether this behavior presents itself in young animals. In this preclinical experimental study, we investigated in the offspring of C57BL/6 female mice submitted to MIA with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), typically altered behaviors in ASD, such as social interaction and stereotyped self-grooming movement, as well as the levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and interleukin 17A (IL-17A) in the hippocampus and cortex, at 28 and 60 days. Adult animals aged 60 days, offspring of females submitted to MIA, showed a decrease in the time of social interaction and an increase in the number of self-cleaning movements. In the hippocampus of the offspring of females submitted to MIA, a decrease in BDNF levels was found at 28 days and 60 days of life, and a decrease in IL-17A levels only at 60 days. The levels of BDNF and IL-17A did not change in the cortex of the offspring of mice submitted to MIA at the evaluated times. Young animals aged 28 days still showed typical behavior, without social deficits and stereotyped movements that characterize ASD, which suggests that at this age it is still not possible to observe the repercussions of MIA in this model. In the neurochemical issues of the hippocampal region, impairment of BDNF levels has already been demonstrated, which may be an important factor for the observation of ASD-like behaviors in adult mice at 60 days.

Secukinumab alleviates cognitive impairment by attenuating oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis via the IL-17RA/AKT/ERK1/2 pathway in a rat model of sepsis

BACKGROUND

Septic-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a critical manifestation of sepsis that leads to long-term cognitive impairment. Interleukin (IL)-17A has been shown to mediate neuronal apoptosis in central nervous system diseases, while oxidative stress has been found to have a detrimental effect in SAE. However, the relationship between IL-17A and oxidative stress in SAE remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of secukinumab on alleviating cognitive impairment in a rat model of sepsis, as well as examine its underlying molecular mechanism of action.

METHODS

A total of 282 male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham treatment followed by volume resuscitation immediately after surgery. Secukinumab was administered intranasally 1 h post-CLP. Rats were given the p-ERK activator ceramide C6 intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v) 24 h before CLP surgery. Recombinant rIL-17A was administered i.c.v. at 0 h in naive rats, followed by intraperitoneal injection of the AKT inhibitor GDC0068 1 h post-rIL-17A injection. Clinical scores, body weight, and survival rate were assessed. In addition, immunofluorescence staining, neurobehavioral tests, Nissl staining, and western blotting were performed. Cognitive function was assessed 15-20 days post-CLP using the Morris water maze test.

RESULTS

IL-17A and IL-17RA protein expression levels in the rat hippocampus increased and peaked 24 h post-CLP. Furthermore, IL-17RA was found to be expressed in neurons. The survival rate after CLP was 50%. Following CLP, an increased clinical score and significant decrease in body weight were observed. However, treatment with secukinumab led to a decrease in the clinical score of rats 24 h post-CLP. CLP resulted in spatial and memory impairment and anxiety-like behaviors in rats, while secukinumab treatment significantly alleviated cognitive impairment compared to the CLP group (p < 0.05). In addition, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis were found to be increased in the CLP group, while secukinumab significantly reduced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus following CLP. Furthermore, secukinumab treatment led to a significant decrease in the protein expression levels of p-AKT, p-ERK1/2, Romo1, and Bax, together with increased Bcl-2 protein expression. Finally, treatment with ceramide C6 and GDC0068 abolished the neuroprotective effects of secukinumab post-CLP.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that secukinumab attenuated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis and partially ameliorated cognitive impairment via the IL-17RA/AKT/ERK1/2 pathway in a rat model of sepsis. Thus, secukinumab may be a potential therapeutic strategy for septic patients.

Curcumin's mechanism of action against ischemic stroke: A network pharmacology and molecular dynamics study

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the major global causes of death and disability. Because blood clots block the neural arteries provoking ischemia and hypoxia in the brain tissue, IS results in irreversible neurological damage. Available IS treatments are currently limited. Curcumin has gained attention for many beneficial effects after IS, including neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory; however, its precise mechanism of action should be further explored. With network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD), this study aimed to comprehensively and systematically investigate the potential targets and molecular mechanisms of curcumin on IS. We screened 1096 IS-related genes, 234 potential targets of curcumin, and 97 intersection targets. KEGG and GO enrichment analyses were performed on these intersecting targets. The findings showed that the treatment of IS using curcumin is via influencing 177 potential signaling pathways (AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, necroptosis, etc.) and numerous biological processes (the regulation of neuronal death, inflammatory response, etc.), and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway had the largest degree of enrichment, indicating that it may be the core pathway. We also constructed a protein-protein interaction network and a component-target-pathway network using network pharmacology. From these, five key targets were screened: NFKB1, TP53, AKT1, STAT3, and TNF. To predict the binding conformation and intermolecular affinities of the key targets and compounds, molecular docking was used, whose results indicated that curcumin exhibited strong binding activity to the key targets. Moreover, 100 ns MD simulations further confirmed the docking findings and showed that the curcumin-protein complex could be in a stable state. In conclusion, curcumin affects multiple targets and pathways to inhibit various important pathogenic mechanisms of IS, including oxidative stress, neuronal death, and inflammatory responses. This study offers fresh perspectives on the transformation of curcumin to clinical settings and the development of IS therapeutic agents.

Mechanism of action of Daqinjiao decoction in treating cerebral small vessel disease explored using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a clinically commonly-seen slow-progressing cerebral vascular disease. As a classic Chinese formula for the treatment of stroke, Daqinjiao Decoction (DQJD) is now used to treat CSVD with desirable effect. Since the mechanism of action is still unclear, this article will explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of the formula using network pharmacology technology.

METHODS

The major chemical components and potential target genes of DQJD were screened by bioinformatics. The key targets in CSVD were identified based on network modules. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed. Pharmacodynamics of the decoction was evaluated by establishing a rat model with bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the brain. Molecular docking, Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) were performed to confirm the effectiveness of targets in related pathways.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology showed that 16 targets and 30 pathways were involved in the DQJD-targeted pathway network. Results revealed that DQJD might play a role by targeting the key targets including Caspse3 and P53 and regulating the P53 signaling pathway. Cognitive function and neuronal cell changes of rats were evaluated using Morris water maze, open field test and HE staining. It was indicated that DQJD could keep the nerve cells intact and neatly arranged. The decoction could improve the memory and learning ability of rats compared with the model group. It decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of Caspse3 and P53 significantly (p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

The study shows that baicalein, quercetin and wogonin, the effective components of DQJD, may regulate multiple signaling pathways by targeting the targets like Caspse3 and P53 and treat CSVD by reducing the damage to brain nerve cells.

Increased risk of suicidality in patients with psoriasis: A Nationwide cohort study in Korea

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis has a devastating psychological impact on patients' quality of life. However, the relationship between suicidality and psoriasis remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study analysed and compared the risk of suicidality (suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and completed suicide) between patients with psoriasis and the general population.

METHODS

This nationwide, population-based, retrospective, cohort study analysed the Korean National Health Insurance Service claim data from 2005 to 2018.

RESULTS

The study included 348,439 patients with psoriasis aged over 18 years and with age- and sex-matched controls. The risk of suicidality was higher in the psoriasis group than in the control group [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-1.24]. The aHR of suicidality was higher in the psoriatic arthritis group (aHR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.39-1.54) than in the psoriasis-alone group (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13-1.20). However, the severity of psoriasis and suicidality showed no correlation (mild psoriasis group: aHR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.18-1.25; moderate-to-severe psoriasis group: aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.23).

CONCLUSION

Patients with psoriasis have an increased risk of suicidality. In particular, the presence of arthritis in patients had a more significant effect on the risk of suicidality.

Hunting for Genes Underlying Emotionality in the Laboratory Rat: Maps, Tools and Traps

Scientists have systematically investigated the hereditary bases of behaviors since the 19th century, moved by either evolutionary questions or clinically-motivated purposes. The pioneer studies on the genetic selection of laboratory animals had already indicated, one hundred years ago, the immense complexity of analyzing behaviors that were influenced by a large number of small-effect genes and an incalculable amount of environmental factors. Merging Mendelian, quantitative and molecular approaches in the 1990s made it possible to map specific rodent behaviors to known chromosome regions. From that point on, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analyses coupled with behavioral and molecular techniques, which involved in vivo isolation of relevant blocks of genes, opened new avenues for gene mapping and characterization. This review examines the QTL strategy applied to the behavioral study of emotionality, with a focus on the laboratory rat. We discuss the challenges, advances and limitations of the search for Quantitative Trait Genes (QTG) playing a role in regulating emotionality. For the past 25 years, we have marched the long journey from emotionality-related behaviors to genes. In this context, our experiences are used to illustrate why and how one should move forward in the molecular understanding of complex psychiatric illnesses. The promise of exploring genetic links between immunological and emotional responses are also discussed. New strategies based on humans, rodents and other animals (such as zebrafish) are also acknowledged, as they are likely to allow substantial progress to be made in the near future.

Mechanism of Huangqi-Honghua combination regulating the gut microbiota to affect bile acid metabolism towards preventing cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats

CONTEXT

Effective treatment of ischaemic stroke is required to combat its high prevalence and incidence. Although the combination of Astragalus membranaeus (Fisch.) Bge. (Fabaceae) and Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae) is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of stroke, its underlying mechanism remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism underlying Huangqi-Honghua (HQ-HH) for the treatment of ischaemic stroke by gut microbiota analysis and metabonomics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the sham, model, HQ-HH, and Naoxintong (NXT) groups. The middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion model was established after 7 days of intragastric administration in the HQ-HH (4.5 g/kg, qd) and NXT (1.0 g/kg, qd) groups. The neurological examination, infarct volume, gut microbiota, bile acids, and inflammation markers were assessed after 72 h of reperfusion.

RESULTS

Compared with the model group, HQ-HH significantly reduced the neurological deficit scores of the model rats (2.0 ± 0.2 vs. 3.16 ± 0.56), and reduced the cerebral infarct volume (27.83 ± 3.95 vs. 45.17 ± 2.75), and reduced the rate of necrotic neurons (26.35 ± 4.37 vs. 53.50 ± 9.61). HQ-HH regulating gut microbiota, activating the bile acid receptor FXR, maintaining the homeostasis of bile acid, reducing Th17 cells and increasing Treg cells in the rat brain, reducing the inflammatory response, and improving cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

CONCLUSIONS

These data indicate that HQ-HH combination can improve ischaemic stroke by regulating the gut microbiota to affect bile acid metabolism, providing experimental evidence for the wide application of HQ-HH in clinical practice of ischaemic stroke.

Cytokines/chemokines and soluble immune checkpoint molecules in anti-GABAB receptor encephalitis

BACKGROUND

Anti-gamma-aminobutyric-acid B receptor (anti-GABA_BR) encephalitis is a rare form of autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) that is closely associated with tumor comorbidity. The purpose of this study is to identify the expressive pattern of cytokines/ chemokines and soluble immune checkpoint molecules (sICMs) in anti-GABA_BR encephalitis in order to evaluate the clinical condition and provide new treatment options.

METHODS

A total of 40 cytokines/chemokines and 10 sICMs in the serum of 10 patients with anti-GABA_BR encephalitis and eight controls were measured. The differentially expressed cytokines/chemokines and sICMs were selected to explore the correlations with disease prognosis, CSF routine and antibody titers.

RESULTS

Eight cytokines/chemokines were found to be more abundant in patients than in healthy donors (HDs), while 14 were found to be less abundant in patients. In terms of sICMs, patients' serum contained higher level of soluble ICOS and ICOSL but lower level of soluble CD86. Unfavorable prognosis was associated with high serum level of PDGFB, IL-17A, and soluble ICOSL but not with low levels of IL-4. Increased levels of IL-17A, CCL15, and soluble ICOS were found frequently in the patients with CSF-exclusive OCBs, while soluble ICOSL and CCL24 expression was lower in these patients. High levels of IL-1 F2 and TCA-3 were correlated with the presence of tumors in patients.

CONCLUSION

The majority of patients with anti- GABA_BR encephalitis had an unfavorable prognosis in one year of follow-up. Serum PDGFB, IL-17A, IL-4 and soluble ICOSL level were associated with the poor clinical outcomes in one-year follow up.

An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication

Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.

Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Investigate the Antidepressant Potential of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC

Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) has been indicated in traditional prescriptions for the treatment of depression. However, the mechanism of action of AL in the treatment of depression is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant potential of AL using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments. The active components of AL were retrieved from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP), and the depression-related targets were screened through the DisGeNET database. Overlapping targets of AL and depression were selected and analyzed. Ten active compounds of AL showed anti-depressant potential, including stigmasterol, 3β-acetoxyatractylone, wogonin, β-sitosterol, selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one, atractylenolide I, atractylenolide II, atractylenolide III, patchoulene, and cyperene. These compounds target 28 potential antidepressant genes/proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the potential targets might directly influence neural cells and regulate neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter-related processes. The potential Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for the antidepressant effects of AL include neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, calcium signaling pathways, dopaminergic synapse, interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathways, and the pathways of neurodegeneration. IL-6, nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS), solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4), estrogen receptor (ESR1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were the most important proteins in the protein-protein interaction network and these proteins showed high binding affinities with the corresponding AL compounds. AL showed an antidepressant effect in mice by decreasing immobility time in the tail suspension test and increasing the total contact number in the social interaction test. This study demonstrated the antidepressant potential of AL, which provides evidence for pursuing further studies to develop a novel antidepressant.

Low-Dose IL-2 Attenuated Depression-like Behaviors and Pathological Changes through Restoring the Balances between IL-6 and TGF-β and between Th17 and Treg in a Chronic Stress-Induced Mouse Model of Depression

Microglia activation, increased IL-6 and decreased TGF-β were found in depressed patients or in animal models of depression. IL-6 enhances T helper 17 cell differentiation, thereby causing an imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells, which induces neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction. However, whether imbalances between IL-6 and TGF-β and between Th17 and Treg occur in depression and whether depression can be improved upon restoring these imbalances are unknown. Treg promoter IL-2 (1500UI/0.1 mL/day) was used to treat a mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The behavior and concentrations of IL-6, TGF-β, Th17, IL-17A, IL-17Rc, Treg-related factors (helios and STAT5), astrocyte A1 phenotype S100β, microglia M1 phenotype Iba-1, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme, corticosterone (CORT) and neurotransmitters were evaluated. When compared to controls, CUMS reduced sucrose preference, the number of entries into and the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and the exploration in the "open field", while it increased the immobility time in tail suspension, which was ameliorated by IL-2 treatment. RoRα, S100β, IL-17A, IL-17Rc, IL-6, Iba-1, IDO enzyme and CORT concentrations were significantly increased, and Helios, FoxP3⁺, STAT5 and TGF-β were significantly decreased by CUMS, which were significantly attenuated by IL-2 when compared to the CUMS group. The NE, DA and 5-HT contents and those of their metabolites were decreased by CUMS, which returned to control levels after IL-2 treatment. The study demonstrated that imbalances between IL-6 and TGF-β and between Th17and Treg occurred in the hippocampus of the depression model. IL-2 attenuated depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and normalized the neurotransmitter concentration and the activity of the IDO enzyme, astrocytes and microglia through restoring both balances, but it did not decrease the CORT concentration.

Sex differences in the diathetic effects of shift work schedules on circulating cytokine levels and pathological outcomes of ischemic stroke during middle age

Shift work is associated with increased risk for vascular disease, including stroke- and cardiovascular-related mortality. However, evidence from these studies is inadequate to distinguish the effect of altered circadian rhythms in isolation from other risk factors for stroke associated with shift work (e.g., smoking, poor diet, lower socioeconomic status). Thus, the present study examined the diathetic effects of exposure to shifted LD cycles during early adulthood on circadian rhythmicity, inflammatory signaling and ischemic stroke pathology during middle age, when stroke risk is high and outcomes are more severe. Entrainment of circadian activity was stable in all animals maintained on a fixed light:dark 12:12 cycle but was severely disrupted during exposure to shifted LD cycles (12hr advance/5d). Following treatment, circadian entrainment in the shifted LD group was distinguished by increased daytime activity and decreased rhythm amplitude that persisted into middle-age. Circadian rhythm desynchronization in shifted LD males and females was accompanied by significant elevations in circulating levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-17A and gut-derived inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the post-treatment period. Middle-cerebral artery occlusion, 3 months after exposure to shifted LD cycles, resulted in greater post-stroke mortality in shifted LD females. In surviving subjects, sensorimotor performance, assessed 2- and 5-days post-stroke, was impaired in males of both treatment groups, whereas in females, recovery of function was observed in fixed but not shifted LD rats. Overall, these results indicate that early exposure to shifted LD cycles promotes an inflammatory phenotype that amplifies stroke impairments, specifically in females, later in life.

•

Early exposure to shifted LD cycles alters circadian entrainment of the activity rhythm that persists into middle age.

•

In conjunction with circadian dysregulation, shift work-like schedules promote the induction of key inflammatory mediators.

•

In females, exposure to shift work-like schedules amplifies functional impairments caused by strokes arising later in life.

•

Circadian dysregulation during shift work is a hysteretic risk factor in the overall severity of ischemic strokes.

•

Shift work-related circadian dysregulation affects stroke outcomes independent of lifestyle vascular disease risk factors.