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Nheu D, Petratos S. How does Nogo-A signalling influence mitochondrial function during multiple sclerosis pathogenesis? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105767. [PMID: 38885889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe neurological disorder that involves inflammation in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve with key disabling neuropathological outcomes being axonal damage and demyelination. When degeneration of the axo-glial union occurs, a consequence of inflammatory damage to central nervous system (CNS) myelin, dystrophy and death can lead to large membranous structures from dead oligodendrocytes and degenerative myelin deposited in the extracellular milieu. For the first time, this review covers mitochondrial mechanisms that may be operative during MS-related neurodegenerative changes directly activated during accumulating extracellular deposits of myelin associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs), that include the potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, Nogo-A. Axonal damage may occur when Nogo-A binds to and signals through its cognate receptor, NgR1, a multimeric complex, to initially stall axonal transport and limit the delivery of important growth-dependent cargo and subcellular organelles such as mitochondria for metabolic efficiency at sites of axo-glial disintegration as a consequence of inflammation. Metabolic efficiency in axons fails during active demyelination and progressive neurodegeneration, preceded by stalled transport of functional mitochondria to fuel axo-glial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Nheu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia.
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2
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Gao R, Song SJ, Tian MY, Wang LB, Zhang Y, Li X. Myelin debris phagocytosis in demyelinating disease. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39073200 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases are often caused by a variety of triggers, including immune responses, viral infections, malnutrition, hypoxia, or genetic factors, all of which result in the loss of myelin in the nervous system. The accumulation of myelin debris at the lesion site leads to neuroinflammation and inhibits remyelination; therefore, it is crucial to promptly remove the myelin debris. Initially, Fc and complement receptors on cellular surfaces were the primary clearance receptors responsible for removing myelin debris. However, subsequent studies have unveiled the involvement of additional receptors, including Mac-2, TAM receptors, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, in facilitating the removal process. In addition to microglia and macrophages, which serve as the primary effector cells in the disease phase, a variety of other cell types such as astrocytes, Schwann cells, and vascular endothelial cells have been demonstrated to engage in the phagocytosis of myelin debris. Furthermore, we have concluded that oligodendrocyte precursor cells, as myelination precursor cells, also exhibit this phagocytic capability. Moreover, our research group has innovatively identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor as a potential phagocytic receptor for myelin debris. In this article, we discuss the functional processes of various phagocytes in demyelinating diseases. We also highlight the alterations in signaling pathways triggered by phagocytosis, and provide a comprehensive overview of the various phagocytic receptors involved. Such insights are invaluable for pinpointing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Song
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Tian
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital/Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Li
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, Salgado-Cámara P, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Oxidative Stress Markers in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6289. [PMID: 38927996 PMCID: PMC11203935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not completely understood, but genetic factors, autoimmunity, inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration seem to play a significant role. Data from analyses of central nervous system autopsy material from patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, as well as from studies in the main experimental model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggest the possibility of a role of oxidative stress as well. In this narrative review, we summarize the main data from studies reported on oxidative stress markers in patients diagnosed with MS and in experimental models of MS (mainly EAE), and case-control association studies on the possible association of candidate genes related to oxidative stress with risk for MS. Most studies have shown an increase in markers of oxidative stress, a decrease in antioxidant substances, or both, with cerebrospinal fluid and serum/plasma malonyl-dialdehyde being the most reliable markers. This topic requires further prospective, multicenter studies with a long-term follow-up period involving a large number of patients with MS and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, E-28500 Madrid, Spain; (H.A.-N.); (P.S.-C.)
| | - Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, E-28500 Madrid, Spain; (H.A.-N.); (P.S.-C.)
| | - Paula Salgado-Cámara
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, E-28500 Madrid, Spain; (H.A.-N.); (P.S.-C.)
| | - Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, E-10071 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, E-10071 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
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4
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Grieco M, Giorgi A, Giacovazzo G, Maggiore A, Ficchì S, d'Erme M, Mosca L, Mignogna G, Maras B, Coccurello R. β-Hexachlorocyclohexane triggers neuroinflammatory activity, epigenetic histone post-translational modifications and cognitive dysfunction. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116487. [PMID: 38810285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which encompass pesticides and industrial chemicals widely utilized across the globe, pose a covert threat to human health. β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) is an organochlorine pesticide with striking stability, still illegally dumped in many countries, and recognized as responsible for several pathogenetic mechanisms. This study represents a pioneering exploration into the neurotoxic effects induced by the exposure to β-HCH specifically targeting neuronal cells (N2a), microglia (BV-2), and C57BL/6 mice. As shown by western blot and qPCR analyses, the administration of β-HCH triggered a modulation of NF-κB, a key factor influencing both inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. We demonstrated by proteomic and western blot techniques epigenetic modifications in H3 histone induced by β-HCH. Histone acetylation of H3K9 and H3K27 increased in N2a, and in the prefrontal cortex of C57BL/6 mice administered with β-HCH, whereas it decreased in BV-2 cells and in the hippocampus. We also observed a severe detrimental effect on recognition memory and spatial navigation by the Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) and the Object Place Recognition Task (OPRT) behavioural tests. Cognitive impairment was linked to decreased expression of the genes BDNF and SNAP-25, which are mediators involved in synaptic function and activity. The obtained results expand our understanding of the harmful impact produced by β-HCH exposure by highlighting its implication in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. These findings will support intervention programs to limit the risk induced by exposure to POPs. Regulatory agencies should block further illicit use, causing environmental hazards and endangering human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Grieco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Giorgi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maggiore
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Serena Ficchì
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria d'Erme
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Maras
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council (CNR), Roma, Italy
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5
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Jin Y, Liu J, Wang M, Jiang Y. Thioketal-Based Electrochemical Sensor Reveals Biphasic Effects of l-DOPA on Neuroinflammation. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2364-2371. [PMID: 38642367 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is linked closely to neurodegenerative diseases, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) exacerbating neuronal damage. Traditional electrochemical sensors show promise in targeting cellular ROS to understand their role in neuropathogenesis and assess therapies. Nevertheless, these sensors face challenges in mitigating the ROS oxidation overpotential. We herein introduce an ROS oxidation-independent nucleic acid sensor for in situ ROS analysis and therapeutic assessment. The sensor comprises ionizable and thioketal (TK)-based lipids with methylene blue-tagged nucleic acids on a glass carbon electrode. ROS exposure triggers cleavage within the sensor's thioketal moiety, detaching the nucleic acid from the electrode and yielding quantifiable results via square-wave voltammetry. Importantly, the sensor's low potential window minimizes interference, ensuring precise ROS measurements with high selectivity. Using this sensor, we unveil levodopa's dose-dependent biphasic effect on neuroinflammation: low doses alleviate oxidative stress, while high doses exacerbate it. The TK-based sensor offers a promising methodology for investigating neuroinflammation's pathogenesis and screening potential treatments, advancing neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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6
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Sanabria-Castro A, Alape-Girón A, Flores-Díaz M, Echeverri-McCandless A, Parajeles-Vindas A. Oxidative stress involvement in the molecular pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis: a literature review. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:355-371. [PMID: 38163257 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune debilitating disease of the central nervous system caused by a mosaic of interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The pathological hallmarks of MS are chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress, a state of imbalance between the production of reactive species and antioxidant defense mechanisms, is considered one of the key contributors in the pathophysiology of MS. This review is a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which oxidant species contribute to the initiation and progression of MS including mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of various signaling pathways, and autoimmune response activation. The detrimental effects of oxidative stress on neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, as well as the role of oxidants in promoting and perpetuating inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage, are discussed. Finally, this review also points out the therapeutic potential of various synthetic antioxidants that must be evaluated in clinical trials in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, 10103, Costa Rica
- Departamento de Farmacología, Toxicología y Farmacodependencia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Alberto Alape-Girón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Dulce Nombre Vázquez de Coronado, 11103, Costa Rica
| | - Marietta Flores-Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Dulce Nombre Vázquez de Coronado, 11103, Costa Rica
| | - Ann Echeverri-McCandless
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, 10103, Costa Rica
| | - Alexander Parajeles-Vindas
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, 10103, Costa Rica
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San José, 10104, Costa Rica
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7
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Fan H, Yang Y, Bai Q, Wang D, Shi X, Zhang L, Yang Y. Neuroprotective Effects of Sinomenine on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Anti-Inflammatory and Nrf2-Dependent Anti-Oxidative Stress Activity. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:545-562. [PMID: 37735290 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Sinomenine (SIN), a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medicinal plant Sinomenium acutum, has powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapeutic benefits. In our previous research, we found that SIN increased resistance to oxidative stress via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in PC12 neuronal cells. However, whether SIN can improve the symptoms and pathological features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS, via the Nrf2 signaling pathway remains unclear. EAE was immunized followed by SIN treatment. Then we evaluated the effects of SIN in EAE. Subsequently, primary microglia were cultured to explore the effect of SIN on microglia activation. Further, the levels of Nrf2 and its downstream molecules were detected to assess the molecular mechanisms of SIN. We demonstrated that SIN effectively ameliorated the severity of EAE, accompanied by a reduction in the demyelination, axonal damage and inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration. Mechanistically, SIN decreased the inflammatory cytokines expression, and suppressed microglia and astrocytes activation in EAE mice. Furthermore, SIN suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation and the production of pro-inflammatory factors in vitro. Moreover, SIN inhibited oxidative stress via the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our work proves that SIN exerts its neuroprotective effects by the Nrf2-dependent anti-oxidative stress and diminishing neuroinflammation, suggesting that the "antioxiflammation" effect of SIN is expected to be an ideal treatment strategy for MS/EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Qianqian Bai
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of traditional Chinese medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Department of Trauma center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine , Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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8
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Diebold M, Fehrenbacher L, Frosch M, Prinz M. How myeloid cells shape experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: At the crossroads of outside-in immunity. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250234. [PMID: 37505465 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. It is most commonly used to mimic aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disorder of the human brain and spinal cord. The innate immune response displays one of the core pathophysiological features linked to both the acute and chronic stages of MS. Hence, understanding and targeting the innate immune response is essential. Microglia and other CNS resident MUs, as well as infiltrating myeloid cells, diverge substantially in terms of both their biology and their roles in EAE. Recent advances in the field show that antigen presentation, as well as disease-propagating and regulatory interactions with lymphocytes, can be attributed to specific myeloid cell types and cell states in EAE lesions, following a distinct temporal pattern during disease initiation, propagation and recovery. Furthermore, single-cell techniques enable the assessment of characteristic proinflammatory as well as beneficial cell states, and identification of potential treatment targets. Here, we discuss the principles of EAE induction and protocols for varying experimental paradigms, the composition of the myeloid compartment of the CNS during health and disease, and systematically review effects on myeloid cells for therapeutic approaches in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Diebold
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luca Fehrenbacher
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Frosch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Barroso M, Monaghan MG, Niesner R, Dmitriev RI. Probing organoid metabolism using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): The next frontier of drug discovery and disease understanding. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115081. [PMID: 37647987 PMCID: PMC10543546 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Organoid models have been used to address important questions in developmental and cancer biology, tissue repair, advanced modelling of disease and therapies, among other bioengineering applications. Such 3D microenvironmental models can investigate the regulation of cell metabolism, and provide key insights into the mechanisms at the basis of cell growth, differentiation, communication, interactions with the environment and cell death. Their accessibility and complexity, based on 3D spatial and temporal heterogeneity, make organoids suitable for the application of novel, dynamic imaging microscopy methods, such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and related decay time-assessing readouts. Several biomarkers and assays have been proposed to study cell metabolism by FLIM in various organoid models. Herein, we present an expert-opinion discussion on the principles of FLIM and PLIM, instrumentation and data collection and analysis protocols, and general and emerging biosensor-based approaches, to highlight the pioneering work being performed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Michael G Monaghan
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 02, Ireland
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Dynamic and Functional In Vivo Imaging, Freie Universität Berlin and Biophysical Analytics, German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Light Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Snyder GA, Kumar S, Lewis GK, Ray K. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of NADH metabolism in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213180. [PMID: 37662898 PMCID: PMC10468605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of microbial-induced cellular changes during the course of an infection is critical to understanding pathogenesis and immunological homeostasis. In the last two decades, fluorescence imaging has received significant attention for its ability to help characterize microbial induced cellular and tissue changes in in vitro and in vivo settings. However, most of these methods rely on the covalent conjugation of large exogenous probes and detection methods based on intensity-based imaging. Here, we report a quantitative, intrinsic, label-free, and minimally invasive method based on two-photon fluorescence lifetime (FLT) imaging microscopy (2p-FLIM) for imaging 1,4-dihydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) metabolism of virally infected cells and tissue sections. To better understand virally induced cellular and tissue changes in metabolism we have used 2p-FLIM to study differences in NADH intensity and fluorescence lifetimes in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues. Differences in NADH fluorescence lifetimes are associated with cellular changes in metabolism and changes in cellular metabolism are associated with HIV-1 infection. NADH is a critical co-enzyme and redox regulator and an essential biomarker in the metabolic processes. Label-free 2p-FLIM application and detection of NADH fluorescence using viral infection systems are in their infancy. In this study, the application of the 2p-FLIM assay and quantitative analyses of HIV-1 infected cells and tissue sections reveal increased fluorescence lifetime and higher enzyme-bound NADH fraction suggesting oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) compared to uninfected cells and tissues. 2p-FLIM measurements improve signal to background, fluorescence specificity, provide spatial and temporal resolution of intracellular structures, and thus, are suitable for quantitative studies of cellular functions and tissue morphology. Furthermore, 2p-FLIM allows distinguishing free and bound populations of NADH by their different fluorescence lifetimes within single infected cells. Accordingly, NADH fluorescence measurements of individual single cells should provide necessary insight into the heterogeneity of metabolic activity of infected cells. Implementing 2p-FLIM to viral infection systems measuring NADH fluorescence at the single or subcellular level within a tissue can provide visual evidence, localization, and information in a real-time diagnostic or therapeutic metabolic workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A. Snyder
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sameer Kumar
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Vezzoli A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Dellanoce C, Montorsi M, Vietti D, Ferrero ME. Chelation Therapy Associated with Antioxidant Supplementation Can Decrease Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: Preliminary Results. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1338. [PMID: 37507878 PMCID: PMC10376540 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of oxy-inflammation status has been involved in axonal damage and demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of an antioxidant treatment (calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetracetic acid-EDTA) chelation therapy associated with a micronutrient complex in MS patients. A total of 20 MS patients and 20 healthy subjects, enrolled as a control group (CTR), were recruited. We measured the plasma ROS production and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by a direct assessment using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance; activities of the antioxidant system (thiols' redox status and enzymes); and the urinary presence of biomarkers of oxidative stress by immunoenzymatic assays. We also evaluated the levels of inflammation by plasmatic cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) and assessed the sICAM levels, as well as the nitric oxide (NO) catabolism and transthyretin (TTR) concentration. Comparing CTR and MS, in the latter ROS production, oxidative damage, inflammatory biomarkers, and NO metabolite concentrations results were significantly higher, while TAC was significantly lower. Treatment in MS induced significant (p < 0.05) down-regulating of pro-inflammatory sICAM1, TNF-α, IL6, as well as biomarkers of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage production. The protective effect exhibited may occur by decreasing ROS production and increasing antioxidant capacity, turning into a more reduced thiols' status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20159 Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20159 Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20159 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Montorsi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Vietti
- Driatec Srl, Via Leonardo da Vinci 21/E, 20060 Cassina de' Pecchi, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Ferrero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
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12
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Li Y, Chang J, Chen X, Liu J, Zhao L. Advances in the Study of APOE and Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230179. [PMID: 37182889 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system (CNS) with an insidious onset. Clinically, it is characterized by a full range of dementia manifestations including memory impairment, aphasia, loss of speech, loss of use, loss of recognition, impairment of visuospatial skills, and impairment of executive function, as well as changes in personality and behavior. The exact cause of AD has not yet been identified. Nevertheless, modern research indicates that genetic factors contribute to 70% of human's risk of AD. Apolipoprotein (APOE) accounts for up to 90% of the genetic predisposition. APOE is a crucial gene that cannot be overstated. In addition, innate immunity plays a significant role in the etiology and treatment of AD. Understanding the different subtypes of APOE and their interconnections is of paramount importance. APOE and innate immunity, along with their relationship to AD, are primary research motivators for in-depth research and clinical trials. The exploration of novel technologies has led to an increasing trend in the study of AD at the cellular and molecular levels and continues to make more breakthroughs and progress. As of today, there is no effective treatment available for AD around the world. This paper aims to summarize and analyze the role of APOE and innate immunity, as well as development trends in recent years. It is anticipated that APOE and innate immunity will provide a breakthrough for humans to hinder AD progression in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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Brain inflammation induces alterations in glycosaminoglycan metabolism and subsequent changes in CS-4S and hyaluronic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123214. [PMID: 36634800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It remains uncertain how brain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute to the progression of inflammatory disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated here neuroinflammation-mediated changes in GAG composition and metabolism using the mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and sham-immunized mice as controls. Cerebellum, mid- and forebrain at different EAE phases were investigated using gene expression analysis (microarray and RT-qPCR) as well as HPLC quantification of CS and hyaluronic acid (HA). The cerebellum was the most affected brain region showing a downregulation of Bcan, Cspg5, and an upregulation of Dse, Gusb, Hexb, Dcn and Has2 at peak EAE. Upregulation of genes involved in GAG degradation as well as synthesis of HA and decorin persisted from onset to peak, and diminished at remission, suggesting a severity-related decrease in CS and increments in HA. Relative disaccharide quantification confirmed a 3.6 % reduction of CS-4S at peak and a normalization during remission, while HA increased in both phases by 26.1 % and 17.6 %, respectively. Early inflammatory processes led to altered GAG metabolism in early EAE stages and subsequent partially reversible changes in CS-4S and in HA. Targeting early modifications in CS could potentially mitigate progression of EAE/MS.
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14
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Efforts Towards Repurposing of Antioxidant Drugs and Active Compounds for Multiple Sclerosis Control. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:725-744. [PMID: 36385213 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with complicated etiology that has not been clearly analyzed until nowadays. Apart from anti-inflammatory, immune modulatory and symptomatic treatments, which are the main tools towards MS control, antioxidant molecules may be of interest. Oxidative stress is a key condition implicated in the disease progression. Reactive species production is associated with immune cell activation in the brain as well as in the periphery, accounting for demyelinating and axonal disruptive processes. This review refers to research articles, of the last decade. It describes biological evaluation of antioxidant drugs, and molecules with pharmaceutical interest, which are not designed for MS treatment, however they seem to have potency against MS. Their antioxidant effect is accompanied, in most of the cases, by anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory and neuroprotective properties. Compounds with such characteristics are expected to be beneficial in the treatment of MS, alone or as complementary therapy, improving some clinical and mechanistic aspects of the disease. This review also summarizes some of the pathobiological characteristics of MS, as well as the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the progression of neurodegeneration. It presents known drugs and bioactive compounds with antioxidant, and in many cases, pleiotropic activity that have been tested for their efficacy in MS progression or the experimentally induced MS. Antioxidants may offer reduction or prevention of the disease symptoms and progression. Thus, their results may, combined with already applied treatments, be beneficial for the development of new molecules or the repurposing of drugs and supplements that are used with other indication so far.
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15
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Afzal O, Dalhat MH, Altamimi ASA, Rasool R, Alzarea SI, Almalki WH, Murtaza BN, Iftikhar S, Nadeem S, Nadeem MS, Kazmi I. Green Tea Catechins Attenuate Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cognitive Deficits. Molecules 2022; 27:7604. [PMID: 36364431 PMCID: PMC9655201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases exert an overwhelming socioeconomic burden all around the globe. They are mainly characterized by modified protein accumulation that might trigger various biological responses, including oxidative stress, inflammation, regulation of signaling pathways, and excitotoxicity. These disorders have been widely studied during the last decade in the hopes of developing symptom-oriented therapeutics. However, no definitive cure has yet been discovered. Tea is one of the world's most popular beverages. The same plant, Camellia Sinensis (L.).O. Kuntze, is used to make green, black, and oolong teas. Green tea has been most thoroughly studied because of its anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The beneficial effect of consumption of tea on neurodegenerative disorders has been reported in several human interventional and observational studies. The polyphenolic compounds found in green tea, known as catechins, have been demonstrated to have many therapeutic effects. They can help in preventing and, somehow, treating neurodegenerative diseases. Catechins show anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant effects via blocking cytokines' excessive production and inflammatory pathways, as well as chelating metal ions and free radical scavenging. They may inhibit tau protein phosphorylation, amyloid beta aggregation, and release of apoptotic proteins. They can also lower alpha-synuclein levels and boost dopamine levels. All these factors have the potential to affect neurodegenerative disorders. This review will examine catechins' neuroprotective effects by highlighting their biological, pharmacological, antioxidant, and metal chelation abilities, with a focus on their ability to activate diverse cellular pathways in the brain. This review also points out the mechanisms of catechins in various neurodegenerative and cognitive diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Hassan Dalhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bibi Nazia Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22310, Pakistan
| | - Saima Iftikhar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Nadeem
- Department of Zoology, Kinnaird College for Women, 93-Jail Road Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Leben R, Lindquist RL, Hauser AE, Niesner R, Rakhymzhan A. Two-Photon Excitation Spectra of Various Fluorescent Proteins within a Broad Excitation Range. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13407. [PMID: 36362194 PMCID: PMC9656010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-photon excitation fluorescence laser-scanning microscopy is the preferred method for studying dynamic processes in living organ models or even in living organisms. Thanks to near-infrared and infrared excitation, it is possible to penetrate deep into the tissue, reaching areas of interest relevant to life sciences and biomedicine. In those imaging experiments, two-photon excitation spectra are needed to select the optimal laser wavelength to excite as many fluorophores as possible simultaneously in the sample under consideration. The more fluorophores that can be excited, and the more cell populations that can be studied, the better access to their arrangement and interaction can be reached in complex systems such as immunological organs. However, for many fluorophores, the two-photon excitation properties are poorly predicted from the single-photon spectra and are not yet available, in the literature or databases. Here, we present the broad excitation range (760 nm to 1300 nm) of photon-flux-normalized two-photon spectra of several fluorescent proteins in their cellular environment. This includes the following fluorescent proteins spanning from the cyan to the infrared part of the spectrum: mCerulean3, mTurquoise2, mT-Sapphire, Clover, mKusabiraOrange2, mOrange2, LSS-mOrange, mRuby2, mBeRFP, mCardinal, iRFP670, NirFP, and iRFP720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Randall L. Lindquist
- Immune Dynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Praxen für Nuklearmedizin, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Immune Dynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Dynamic and Functional In Vivo Imaging, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Preventing Axonal Sodium Overload or Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Protects Axonal Mitochondria from Oxidative Stress-Induced Alterations. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6125711. [PMID: 35663200 PMCID: PMC9157283 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6125711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis, mitochondrial damage caused by oxidative stress is believed to contribute to neuroaxonal damage. Previously, we demonstrated that exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) alters mitochondrial morphology and motility in myelinated axons and that these changes initiate at the nodes of Ranvier, where numerous sodium channels are located. Therefore, we suggested that mitochondrial damage may lead to ATP deficit, thereby affecting the efficiency of the sodium-potassium ATPase and eventually leading to sodium overload in axons. The increased intra-axonal sodium may revert the axonal sodium-calcium exchangers and thus may lead to a pathological calcium overload in the axoplasm and mitochondria. Here, we used the explanted murine ventral spinal roots to investigate whether modulation of sodium or calcium influx may prevent mitochondrial alterations in myelinated axons during exogenous application of H2O2 inducing oxidative stress. For that, tetrodotoxin, an inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium ion channels, and ruthenium 360, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, were applied simultaneously with hydrogen peroxide to axons. Mitochondrial shape and motility were analyzed. We showed that inhibition of axonal sodium influx prevented oxidative stress-induced morphological changes (i.e., increase in circularity and area and decrease in length) and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential, which is crucial for ATP production. Blocking mitochondrial calcium uptake prevented decrease in mitochondrial motility and also preserved membrane potential. Our findings indicate that alterations of both mitochondrial morphology and motility in the contexts of oxidative stress can be counterbalanced by modulating intramitochondrial ion concentrations pharmacologically. Moreover, motile mitochondria show preserved membrane potentials, pointing to a close association between mitochondrial motility and functionality.
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18
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NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime imaging of live intestinal nematodes reveals metabolic crosstalk between parasite and host. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7264. [PMID: 35508502 PMCID: PMC9068778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with intestinal nematodes have an equivocal impact: they represent a burden for human health and animal husbandry, but, at the same time, may ameliorate auto-immune diseases due to the immunomodulatory effect of the parasites. Thus, it is key to understand how intestinal nematodes arrive and persist in their luminal niche and interact with the host over long periods of time. One basic mechanism governing parasite and host cellular and tissue functions, metabolism, has largely been neglected in the study of intestinal nematode infections. Here we use NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) fluorescence lifetime imaging of explanted murine duodenum infected with the natural nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and define the link between general metabolic activity and possible metabolic pathways in parasite and host tissue, during acute infection. In both healthy and infected host intestine, energy is effectively produced, mainly via metabolic pathways resembling oxidative phosphorylation/aerobic glycolysis features. In contrast, the nematodes shift their energy production from balanced fast anaerobic glycolysis-like and effective oxidative phosphorylation-like metabolic pathways, towards mainly anaerobic glycolysis-like pathways, back to oxidative phosphorylation/aerobic glycolysis-like pathways during their different life cycle phases in the submucosa versus the intestinal lumen. Additionally, we found an increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes-dependent oxidative burst in infected intestinal host tissue as compared to healthy tissue, which was mirrored by a similar defense reaction in the parasites. We expect that, the here presented application of NAD(P)H-FLIM in live tissues constitutes a unique tool to study possible shifts between metabolic pathways in host-parasite crosstalk, in various parasitic intestinal infections.
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19
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Löhning M, Shen P, Dzamukova M, Durán-Hernández N, Roodselaar J, Hauser AE, Fiedler A, Niesner RA, Gaber T, Buttgereit F. [The DRFZ-a pioneer in research on the interaction between immune and stromal cells during de- and regeneration of the musculoskeletal system]. Z Rheumatol 2022; 81:652-659. [PMID: 35412048 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-022-01188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are two related chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system which are particularly pronounced in the region of joints and bones. Their pathogeneses are associated with chronic inflammation, which can disrupt homeostasis in bones and articular cartilage. Degradation products deriving from articular cartilage can contribute to the exacerbation of inflammation in the joint region. Mechanical stimuli and blood vessels also play a central role in both the regulation of bone growth as well as in the regeneration of bone tissue. Not only chronic inflammatory processes but also hormonal changes after menopause or undesired effects of glucocorticoid therapy have an influence on the balance between bone resorption and deposition, by promoting the former and reducing the latter. This results in decreased bone quality and, in some cases, considerable loss of bone or osteoporosis. An in-depth understanding of these processes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level, as well as of the changes present in chronic inflammatory diseases, has been the focus of research at the German Rheumatism Research Center (Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, DRFZ) since its foundation. Based on an improved understanding of these mechanisms, the DRFZ aims to develop improved prevention and treatment strategies with effects even in early disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Löhning
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland. .,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Ping Shen
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Maria Dzamukova
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Nayar Durán-Hernández
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jay Roodselaar
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Fiedler
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), Leibniz-Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.,Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Timo Gaber
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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20
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Targeting NLRP3 signaling by a novel-designed sulfonylurea compound for inhibition of microglial inflammation. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 58:116645. [PMID: 35151118 PMCID: PMC8895276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in microglia-mediated inflammation. Dysregulation of NLRP3 signaling results in microglial activation and triggers inflammatory responses contributing to the development of neurological disorders including ischemic stroke, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Inhibition of the NLRP3-linked inflammatory pathways reduces microglia-induced inflammation and is considered as a promising therapeutic approach for neuro-inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we report the development of AMS-17, a rationally-designed tertiary sulfonylurea compound for inhibition of inflammation in microglia. AMS-17 inhibited expression of the NLRP3, and its downstream components and cytokines such as caspase-1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). It also suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced N9 microglial cell phagocytosis in vitro and activation of the microglia in mouse brain in vivo. Together, these results provide promising evidences for the inhibitory effects of AMS-17 in inflammation. This proof-of-concept study provides a new chemical scaffold, designed with the aid of pharmacophore modeling, with NLRP3 inhibitory activity which can be further developed for the treatment of inflammation-associated neurological disorders.
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21
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Arab Z, Hosseini M, Marefati N, Beheshti F, Anaeigoudari A, Sadeghnia HR, Boskabady MH. Neuroprotective and memory enhancing effects of Zataria multiflora in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2022; 13:101-110. [PMID: 35601788 PMCID: PMC9094587 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.117553.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed to evaluate the effects of hydro-ethanol extract Zataria multiflora on the brain tissue oxidative damage, and hippocampal interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as learning and memory capacity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - challenged rats. The rats were randomized into five groups as follow: Control group: Rats were treated with saline, LPS group: Rats were treated with LPS 1.00 mg kg-1, ZM50, ZM100 and ZM200 groups in which the rats were treated with Z. multiflora extract (50.00, 100 or 200 mg kg-1 per day, respectively). The treatments including extract or vehicle were administered intraperitoneally and given three days before the behavioral tests and were continued within a6-day behavioral experiment. Injection of LPS was daily done before the behavioral tests. Finally, the brains were collected for biochemical evaluations. Although LPS administration prolonged the latency in Morris water maze and shortened the latency to enter the dark chamber in passive avoidance test, ZM extract restored these changes to approach control group values. Also, LPS increased IL-6, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites levels and lowered thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in the brain, however, Z. multiflora extract reduced IL-6, MDA and NO metabolites concentrations, but increased thiol content, SOD, and CAT levels. The results of this study showed that Z. multiflora ameliorated learning and memory dysfunction in LPS - challenged rats by alleviating of inflammatory responses and brain tissue oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Arab
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
| | - Narges Marefati
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran;
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran;
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology,School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft,Iran;
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
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22
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In Vivo Assessment of the Ameliorative Impact of Some Medicinal Plant Extracts on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Multiple Sclerosis in Wistar Rats. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051608. [PMID: 35268709 PMCID: PMC8911946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that leads to the demyelination of nerve fibers, which is the major cause of non-traumatic disability all around the world. Herbal plants Nepeta hindustana L., Vitex negundo L., and Argemone albiflora L., in addition to anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, have shown great potential as neuroprotective agents. The study was aimed to develop a neuroprotective model to study the effectiveness of herbal plants (N. hindustana, V. negundo, and A. albiflora) against multiple sclerosis. The in vivo neuroprotective effects of ethanolic extracts isolated from N. hindustana, V. negundo, and A. albiflora were evaluated in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced multiple sclerosis Wistar rat model. The rat models were categorized into seven groups including group A as normal, B as LPS induced diseased group, while C, D, E, F, and G were designed as treatment groups. Histopathological evaluation and biochemical markers including stress and inflammatory (MMP-6, MDA, TNF-α, AOPPs, AGEs, NO, IL-17 and IL-2), antioxidant (SOD, GSH, CAT, GPx), DNA damage (Isop-2α, 8OHdG) as well as molecular biomarkers (RAGE, Caspase-8, p38) along with glutamate, homocysteine, acetylcholinesterase, and myelin binding protein (MBP) were investigated. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and GraphPad Prism 8.0. The different extract treated groups (C, D, E, F, G) displayed a substantial neuroprotective effect regarding remyelination of axonal terminals and oligodendrocytes migration, reduced lymphocytic infiltrations, and reduced necrosis of Purkinje cells. The levels of stress, inflammatory, and DNA damage markers were observed high in the diseased group B, which were reduced after treatments with plant extracts. The antioxidant activity was significantly reduced in diseased induced group B, however, their levels were raised after treatment with plant extract. Group F (a mélange of all the extracts) showed the most significant change among all other treatment groups (C, D, E, G). The communal dose of selected plant extracts regulates neurodegeneration at the cellular level resulting in restoration and remyelination of axonal neurons. Moreover, 400 mg/kg dose of three plants in conjugation (Group F) were found to be more effective in restoring the normal activities of all measured parameters than independent doses (Group C, D, E) and is comparable with standard drug nimodipine (Group G) clinically used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The present study, for the first time, reported the clinical evidence of N. hindustana, V. negundo, and A. albiflora against multiple sclerosis and concludes that all three plants showed remyelination as well neuroprotective effects which may be used as a potential natural neurotherapeutic agent against multiple sclerosis.
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Malla B, Liotta A, Bros H, Ulshöfer R, Paul F, Hauser AE, Niesner R, Infante-Duarte C. Teriflunomide Preserves Neuronal Activity and Protects Mitochondria in Brain Slices Exposed to Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031538. [PMID: 35163469 PMCID: PMC8835718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Teriflunomide (TFN) limits relapses in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) by reducing lymphocytic proliferation through the inhibition of the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and the subsequent modulation of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Alterations of mitochondrial function as a consequence of oxidative stress have been reported during neuroinflammation. Previously, we showed that TFN prevents alterations of mitochondrial motility caused by oxidative stress in peripheral axons. Here, we aimed to validate TFN effects on mitochondria and neuronal activity in hippocampal brain slices, in which cellular distribution and synaptic circuits are largely preserved. TFN effects on metabolism and neuronal activity were investigated by assessing oxygen partial pressure and local field potential in acute slices. Additionally, we imaged mitochondria in brain slices from the transgenic Thy1-CFP/COX8A)S2Lich/J (mitoCFP) mice using two-photon microscopy. Although TFN could not prevent oxidative stress-related depletion of ATP, it preserved oxygen consumption and neuronal activity in CNS tissue during oxidative stress. Furthermore, TFN prevented mitochondrial shortening and fragmentation of puncta-shaped and network mitochondria during oxidative stress. Regarding motility, TFN accentuated the decrease in mitochondrial displacement and increase in speed observed during oxidative stress. Importantly, these effects were not associated with neuronal viability and did not lead to axonal damage. In conclusion, during conditions of oxidative stress, TFN preserves the functionality of neurons and prevents morphological and motility alterations of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimala Malla
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (H.B.); (R.U.)
| | - Agustin Liotta
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt Operative Intensivmedizin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Helena Bros
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (H.B.); (R.U.)
| | - Rebecca Ulshöfer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (H.B.); (R.U.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), MDC for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), MDC for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.E.H.); (R.N.)
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.E.H.); (R.N.)
- Dynamic and Functional In Vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (B.M.); (H.B.); (R.U.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), MDC for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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24
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Cleland NRW, Al-Juboori SI, Dobrinskikh E, Bruce KD. Altered substrate metabolism in neurodegenerative disease: new insights from metabolic imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:248. [PMID: 34711251 PMCID: PMC8555332 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), are relatively common and devastating neurological disorders. For example, there are 6 million individuals living with AD in the United States, a number that is projected to grow to 14 million by the year 2030. Importantly, AD, PD and MS are all characterized by the lack of a true disease-modifying therapy that is able to reverse or halt disease progression. In addition, the existing standard of care for most NDs only addresses the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, alternative strategies that target mechanisms underlying the neuropathogenesis of disease are much needed. Recent studies have indicated that metabolic alterations in neurons and glia are commonly observed in AD, PD and MS and lead to changes in cell function that can either precede or protect against disease onset and progression. Specifically, single-cell RNAseq studies have shown that AD progression is tightly linked to the metabolic phenotype of microglia, the key immune effector cells of the brain. However, these analyses involve removing cells from their native environment and performing measurements in vitro, influencing metabolic status. Therefore, technical approaches that can accurately assess cell-specific metabolism in situ have the potential to be transformative to our understanding of the mechanisms driving AD. Here, we review our current understanding of metabolism in both neurons and glia during homeostasis and disease. We also evaluate recent advances in metabolic imaging, and discuss how emerging modalities, such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) have the potential to determine how metabolic perturbations may drive the progression of NDs. Finally, we propose that the temporal, regional, and cell-specific characterization of brain metabolism afforded by FLIM will be a critical first step in the rational design of metabolism-focused interventions that delay or even prevent NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R W Cleland
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Saif I Al-Juboori
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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25
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Fang J, Sheng R, Qin ZH. NADPH Oxidases in the Central Nervous System: Regional and Cellular Localization and the Possible Link to Brain Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:951-973. [PMID: 34293949 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The significant role of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) in signal transduction is mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in the central nervous system (CNS). The pathogenesis of some neurologic and psychiatric diseases is regulated by ROS, acting as a second messenger or pathogen. Recent Advances: In the CNS, the involvement of Nox-derived ROS has been implicated in the regulation of multiple signals, including cell survival/apoptosis, neuroinflammation, migration, differentiation, proliferation, and synaptic plasticity, as well as the integrity of the blood/brain barrier. In these processes, the intracellular signals mediated by the members of the Nox family vary among different tissues. The present review illuminates the regions and cellular, subcellular localization of Nox isoforms in the brain, the signal transduction, and the role of NOX enzymes in pathophysiology, respectively. Critical Issues: Different signal transduction cascades are coupled to ROS derived from various Nox homologues with varying degrees. Therefore, a critical issue worth noting is the varied role of the homologues of NOX enzymes in different signaling pathways and also they mediate different phenotypes in the diverse pathophysiological condition. This substantiates the effectiveness of selective Nox inhibitors in the CNS. Future Directions: Further investigation to elucidate the role of various homologues of NOX enzymes in acute and chronic brain diseases and signaling mechanisms, and the development of more specific NOX inhibitors for the treatment of CNS disease are urgently needed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 951-973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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26
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Niesner RA, Hauser AE, Entenberg D. Life Through a Lens: Technological Development and Applications in Intravital Microscopy. Cytometry A 2021; 97:445-447. [PMID: 32378348 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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27
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Schmitz K, Trautmann S, Hahnefeld L, Fischer C, Schreiber Y, Wilken-Schmitz A, Gurke R, Brunkhorst R, Werner ER, Watschinger K, Wicker S, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. Sapropterin (BH4) Aggravates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1862-1879. [PMID: 33844153 PMCID: PMC8609075 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Depletion of the enzyme cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), in T-cells was shown to prevent their proliferation upon receptor stimulation in models of allergic inflammation in mice, suggesting that BH4 drives autoimmunity. Hence, the clinically available BH4 drug (sapropterin) might increase the risk of autoimmune diseases. The present study assessed the implications for multiple sclerosis (MS) as an exemplary CNS autoimmune disease. Plasma levels of biopterin were persistently low in MS patients and tended to be lower with high Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Instead, the bypass product, neopterin, was increased. The deregulation suggested that BH4 replenishment might further drive the immune response or beneficially restore the BH4 balances. To answer this question, mice were treated with sapropterin in immunization-evoked autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. Sapropterin-treated mice had higher EAE disease scores associated with higher numbers of T-cells infiltrating the spinal cord, but normal T-cell subpopulations in spleen and blood. Mechanistically, sapropterin treatment was associated with increased plasma levels of long-chain ceramides and low levels of the poly-unsaturated fatty acid, linolenic acid (FA18:3). These lipid changes are known to contribute to disruptions of the blood-brain barrier in EAE mice. Indeed, RNA data analyses revealed upregulations of genes involved in ceramide synthesis in brain endothelial cells of EAE mice (LASS6/CERS6, LASS3/CERS3, UGCG, ELOVL6, and ELOVL4). The results support the view that BH4 fortifies autoimmune CNS disease, mechanistically involving lipid deregulations that are known to contribute to the EAE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caroline Fischer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst R Werner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter, Austria
| | - Sabine Wicker
- Occupational Health Services, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Therapeutic Effects of Catechins in Less Common Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072232. [PMID: 34209677 PMCID: PMC8308206 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders research has focused on altered molecular mechanisms in search of potential pharmacological targets, e.g., imbalances in mechanisms of response to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and neuronal plasticity, which occur in less common neurological and neurodegenerative pathologies (Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, and Down syndrome). Here, we assess the effects of different catechins (particularly of epigalocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG) on these disorders, as well as their use in attenuating age-related cognitive decline in healthy individuals. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of EGCG -due to their phenolic hydroxyl groups-, as well as its immunomodulatory, neuritogenic, and autophagic characteristics, makes this catechin a promising tool against neuroinflammation and microglia activation, common in these pathologies. Although EGCG promotes the inhibition of protein aggregation in experimental Huntington disease studies and improves the clinical severity in multiple sclerosis in animal models, its efficacy in humans remains controversial. EGCG may normalize DYRK1A (involved in neural plasticity) overproduction in Down syndrome, improving behavioral and neural phenotypes. In neurological pathologies caused by environmental agents, such as FASD, EGCG enhances antioxidant defense and regulates placental angiogenesis and neurodevelopmental processes. As demonstrated in animal models, catechins attenuate age-related cognitive decline, which results in improvements in long-term outcomes and working memory, reduction of hippocampal neuroinflammation, and enhancement of neuronal plasticity; however, further studies are needed. Catechins are valuable compounds for treating and preventing certain neurodegenerative and neurological diseases of genetic and environmental origin. However, the use of different doses of green tea extracts and EGCG makes it difficult to reach consistent conclusions for different populations.
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29
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Fani Maleki A, Cisbani G, Laflamme N, Prefontaine P, Plante MM, Baillargeon J, Rangachari M, Gosselin J, Rivest S. Selective Immunomodulatory and Neuroprotective Effects of a NOD2 Receptor Agonist on Mouse Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:889-904. [PMID: 33479802 PMCID: PMC8423880 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of monocytes has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS). One of the therapeutic challenges is developing medications that induce mild immunomodulation that is solely targeting specific monocyte subsets without affecting microglia. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activates the NOD2 receptor, and systemic MDP administrations convert Ly6Chigh into Ly6Clow monocytes. Here, we report selective immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of MDP on cuprizone and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models of MS. MDP treatment exerted various therapeutic effects in EAE, including delaying EAE onset and reducing infiltration of leukocytes into the CNS before EAE onset. Of great interest is the robust beneficial effect of the MDP treatment in mice already developing the disease several days after EAE onset. Finally, we found that the NOD2 receptor plays a critical role in MDP-mediated EAE resistance. Our results demonstrate that MDP is beneficial in both early and progressive phases of EAE. Based on these results, and upon comprehensive basic and clinical research, we anticipate developing NOD2 agonist-based medications for MS in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/pharmacology
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/therapeutic use
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Immunomodulating Agents/pharmacology
- Immunomodulating Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/chemically induced
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/agonists
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Fani Maleki
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nataly Laflamme
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Paul Prefontaine
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Michele Plante
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Joanie Baillargeon
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Gosselin
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU of Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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30
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Ulbricht C, Leben R, Rakhymzhan A, Kirchhoff F, Nitschke L, Radbruch H, Niesner RA, Hauser AE. Intravital quantification reveals dynamic calcium concentration changes across B cell differentiation stages. eLife 2021; 10:56020. [PMID: 33749591 PMCID: PMC8060033 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a universal second messenger present in all eukaryotic cells. The mobilization and storage of Ca2+ ions drives a number of signaling-related processes, stress-responses, or metabolic changes, all of which are relevant for the development of immune cells and their adaption to pathogens. Here, we introduce the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-reporter mouse YellowCaB expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator TN-XXL in B lymphocytes. Calcium-induced conformation change of TN-XXL results in FRET-donor quenching measurable by two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging. For the first time, using our novel numerical analysis, we extract absolute cytoplasmic calcium concentrations in activated B cells during affinity maturation in vivo. We show that calcium in activated B cells is highly dynamic and that activation introduces a persistent calcium heterogeneity to the lineage. A characterization of absolute calcium concentrations present at any time within the cytosol is therefore of great value for the understanding of long-lived beneficial immune responses and detrimental autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Ulbricht
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lars Nitschke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Doroshenko ER, Drohomyrecky PC, Gower A, Whetstone H, Cahill LS, Ganguly M, Spring S, Yi TJ, Sled JG, Dunn SE. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Deficiency in Microglia Results in Exacerbated Axonal Injury and Tissue Loss in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:570425. [PMID: 33732230 PMCID: PMC7959796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.570425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is a nuclear receptor that functions to maintain metabolic homeostasis, regulate cell growth, and limit the development of excessive inflammation during immune responses. Previously, we reported that PPAR-δ-deficient mice develop a more severe clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, it was difficult to delineate the role that microglia played in this disease phenotype since PPAR-δ-deficient mice exhibited a number of immune defects that enhanced CNS inflammation upstream of microglia activation. Here, we specifically investigated the role of PPAR-δ in microglia during EAE by using mice where excision of a floxed Ppard allele was driven by expression of a tamoxifen (TAM)-inducible CX3C chemokine receptor 1 promoter-Cre recombinase transgene (Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl). We observed that by 30 days of TAM treatment, Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl mice exhibited Cre-mediated deletion primarily in microglia and this was accompanied by efficient knockdown of Ppard expression in these cells. Upon induction of EAE, TAM-treated Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl mice presented with an exacerbated course of disease compared to TAM-treated Ppardfl/fl controls. Histopathological and magnetic resonance (MR) studies on the spinal cord and brains of EAE mice revealed increased Iba-1 immunoreactivity, axonal injury and CNS tissue loss in the TAM-treated Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl group compared to controls. In early EAE, a time when clinical scores and the infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes was equivalent between Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl and Ppardfl/fl mice, Ppard-deficient microglia exhibited a more reactive phenotype as evidenced by a shorter maximum process length and lower expression of genes associated with a homeostatic microglia gene signature. In addition, Ppard-deficient microglia exhibited increased expression of genes associated with reactive oxygen species generation, phagocytosis and lipid clearance, M2-activation, and promotion of inflammation. Our results therefore suggest that PPAR-δ has an important role in microglia in limiting bystander tissue damage during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annette Gower
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milan Ganguly
- Histology Core, The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shoshana Spring
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tae Joon Yi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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32
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Momtazmanesh S, Shobeiri P, Saghazadeh A, Teunissen CE, Burman J, Szalardy L, Klivenyi P, Bartos A, Fernandes A, Rezaei N. Neuronal and glial CSF biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:573-595. [PMID: 33594840 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with inflammatory demyelination and astroglial activation, with neuronal and axonal damage as the leading factors of disability. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to determine changes in CSF levels of neuronal and glial biomarkers, including neurofilament light chain (NFL), total tau (t-tau), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S100B in various groups of MS (MS versus controls, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) versus controls, CIS versus MS, relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) versus progressive MS (PMS), and MS in relapse versus remission. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, we included 64 articles in the meta-analysis, including 4071 subjects. For investigation of sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Meta-analyses were performed for comparisons including at least three individual datasets. NFL, GFAP, t-tau, CHI3L1, and S100B were higher in MS and NFL, t-tau, and CHI3L1 were also elevated in CIS patients than controls. CHI3L1 was the only marker with higher levels in MS than CIS. GFAP levels were higher in PMS versus RRMS, and NFL, t-tau, and CHI3L1 did not differ between different subtypes. Only levels of NFL were higher in patients in relapse than remission. Meta-regression showed influence of sex and disease severity on NFL and t-tau levels, respectively and disease duration on both. Added to the role of these biomarkers in determining prognosis and treatment response, to conclude, they may serve in diagnosis of MS and distinguishing different subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Momtazmanesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran14194, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran14194, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Location VUmc, PK 2 BR 141, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ales Bartos
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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33
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das Neves SP, Sousa JC, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ, Marques F. Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Glia 2020; 69:1341-1368. [PMID: 33247866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients' immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later-disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low-grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pereira das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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Malla B, Cotten S, Ulshoefer R, Paul F, Hauser AE, Niesner R, Bros H, Infante-Duarte C. Teriflunomide preserves peripheral nerve mitochondria from oxidative stress-mediated alterations. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320944773. [PMID: 32850106 PMCID: PMC7425321 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320944773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common pathological hallmark in various inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We previously showed that oxidative stress alters axonal mitochondria, limiting their transport and inducing conformational changes that lead to axonal damage. Teriflunomide (TFN), an oral immunomodulatory drug approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS, reversibly inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). DHODH is crucial for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and is the only mitochondrial enzyme in this pathway, thus conferring a link between inflammation, mitochondrial activity and axonal integrity. Here, we investigated how DHODH inhibition may affect mitochondrial behavior in the context of oxidative stress. We employed a model of transected murine spinal roots, previously developed in our laboratory. Using confocal live imaging of axonal mitochondria, we showed that in unmanipulated axons, TFN increased significantly the mitochondria length without altering their transport features. In mitochondria challenged with 50 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative stress, the presence of TFN at 1 µM concentration was able to restore mitochondrial shape, motility, as well as mitochondrial oxidation potential to control levels. No effects were observed at 5 µM TFN, while some shape and motility parameters were restored to control levels at 50 µM TFN. Thus, our data demonstrate an undescribed link between DHODH and mitochondrial dynamics and point to a potential neuroprotective effect of DHODH inhibition in the context of oxidative stress-induced damage of axonal mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimala Malla
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel Cotten
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Ulshoefer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Experimental & Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrueck Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany and Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Bros
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Experimental & Clinical Research Center (ECRC), MDC for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
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35
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Yacov N, Kafri P, Salem Y, Propheta-Meiran O, Feldman B, Breitbart E, Mendel I. MOSPD2 is a therapeutic target for the treatment of CNS inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 201:105-120. [PMID: 32353176 PMCID: PMC7366745 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), myeloid cells comprise a major part of the inflammatory infiltrate in the central nervous system (CNS). We previously described that motile sperm domain‐containing protein 2 (MOSPD2) is expressed on human myeloid cells and regulates monocyte migration in vitro. The role of MOSPD2 in EAE pathogenesis was studied by generating MOSPD2 knock‐out (KO) mice and monoclonal antibodies directed against MOSPD2. We found that EAE development in MOSPD2 KO mice was significantly suppressed. While frequency representation of leukocyte subsets in lymphoid tissues was comparable, the ratio of inflammatory monocytes in the blood was markedly reduced in MOSPD2 KO mice. In addition, T cells from MOSPD2 KO mice displayed reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of interleukin (IL)‐4. Prophylactic and post‐onset treatment using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against MOSPD2 abrogated development and reduced EAE severity. These results suggest that MOSPD2 is key in regulating migration of inflammatory monocytes, and that anti‐MOSPD2 mAbs constitute a potential therapy for the treatment of CNS inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yacov
- VBL Therapeutics, Modi'in, Israel
| | - P Kafri
- VBL Therapeutics, Modi'in, Israel
| | - Y Salem
- VBL Therapeutics, Modi'in, Israel
| | | | | | | | - I Mendel
- VBL Therapeutics, Modi'in, Israel
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36
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Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Consequences for Therapy Development. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7191080. [PMID: 32454942 PMCID: PMC7240663 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7191080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CNS inflammation is a major driver of MS pathology. Differential immune responses, including the adaptive and the innate immune system, are observed at various stages of MS and drive disease development and progression. Next to these immune-mediated mechanisms, other mediators contribute to MS pathology. These include immune-independent cell death of oligodendrocytes and neurons as well as oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. In particular, the complex influence of oxidative stress on inflammation and vice versa makes therapeutic interference complex. All approved MS therapeutics work by modulating the autoimmune response. However, despite substantial developments in the treatment of the relapsing-remitting form of MS, approved therapies for the progressive forms of MS as well as for MS-associated concomitants are limited and much needed. Here, we summarize the contribution of inflammation and oxidative stress to MS pathology and discuss consequences for MS therapy development.
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37
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Mothes R, Ulbricht C, Leben R, Günther R, Hauser AE, Radbruch H, Niesner R. Teriflunomide Does Not Change Dynamics of Nadph Oxidase Activation and Neuronal Dysfunction During Neuroinflammation. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:62. [PMID: 32426367 PMCID: PMC7203781 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple sclerosis therapeutic teriflunomide is known to block the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine in mitochondria by inhibiting the enzyme dihydroorotate-dehydrogenase (DHODH). The metabolic processes of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are further possible downstream targets. In healthy adult mice, high levels of dihydroorotate-dehydrogenase (DHODH) activity are measured in the central nervous system (CNS), and DHODH inhibition may cause indirect effects on reactive oxygen species production and NADPH oxidase (NOX) mediated oxidative stress, known to be key aspects of the inflammatory response of the CNS. However, little is known about the effect of teriflunomide on the dynamics of NOX activation in CNS cells and subsequent alterations of neuronal function in vivo. In this study, we employed fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and phasor analysis of the endogeneous fluorescence of NAD(P)H (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) in the brain stem of mice to visualize the effect of teriflunomide on cellular metabolism. Furthermore, we simultaneously studied neuronal Ca2+ signals in transgenic mice with a FRET-based Troponin C Ca2+ sensor based (CerTN L15) quantified using FRET-FLIM. Hence, we directly correlated neuronal (dys-)function indicated by steadily elevated calcium levels with metabolic activity in neurons and surrounding CNS tissue. Employing our intravital co-registered imaging approach, we could not detect any significant alteration of NOX activation after incubation of the tissue with teriflunomide. Furthermore, we could not detect any changes of the inflammatory induced neuronal dysfunction due to local treatment with teriflunomide. Concerning drug safety, we can confirm that teriflunomide has no metabolic effects on neuronal function in the CNS tissue during neuroinflammation at concentrations expected in orally treated patients. The combined endogenous FLIM and calcium imaging approach developed by us and employed here uniquely meets the need to monitor cellular metabolism as a basic mechanism of tissue functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Mothes
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Ulbricht
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Immunodyanmics and Intravital Microscopy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Leben
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Günther
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Immunodyanmics and Intravital Microscopy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Rakhymzhan A, Reuter L, Raspe R, Bremer D, Günther R, Leben R, Heidelin J, Andresen V, Cheremukhin S, Schulz-Hildebrandt H, Bixel MG, Adams RH, Radbruch H, Hüttmann G, Hauser AE, Niesner RA. Coregistered Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography and Two-Photon Microscopy for Multimodal Near-Instantaneous Deep-Tissue Imaging. Cytometry A 2020; 97:515-527. [PMID: 32293804 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy (2PM) has brought unique insight into the mechanisms underlying immune system dynamics and function since it enables monitoring of cellular motility and communication in complex systems within their genuine environment-the living organism. However, use of 2PM in clinical settings is limited. In contrast, optical coherence tomography (OCT), a noninvasive label-free diagnostic imaging method, which allows monitoring morphologic changes of large tissue regions in vivo, has found broad application in the clinic. Here we developed a combined multimodal technology to achieve near-instantaneous coregistered OCT, 2PM, and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging over large volumes (up to 1,000 × 1,000 × 300 μm3 ) of tendons and other tissue compartments in mouse paws, as well as in mouse lymph nodes, spleens, and femurs. Using our multimodal imaging approach, we found differences in macrophage cell shape and motility behavior depending on whether they are located in tendons or in the surrounding tissue compartments of the mouse paw. The cellular shape of tissue-resident macrophages, indicative for their role in tissue, correlated with the supramolecular organization of collagen as revealed by SHG and OCT. Hence, the here-presented approach of coregistered OCT and 2PM has the potential to link specific cellular phenotypes and functions (as revealed by 2PM) to tissue morphology (as highlighted by OCT) and thus, to build a bridge between basic research knowledge and clinical observations. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Reuter
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Raphael Raspe
- Immundynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Immundynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Bremer
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Günther
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Immundynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Heidelin
- LaVision BioTec-A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker Andresen
- LaVision BioTec-A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Maria G Bixel
- Max-Plank-Institut for Molecular Biomedicine, Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max-Plank-Institut for Molecular Biomedicine, Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immundynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Immundynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Microglia dynamically interact with neurons influencing the development, structure, and function of neuronal networks. Recent studies suggest microglia may also influence neuronal activity by physically interacting with axonal domains responsible for action potential initiation and propagation. However, the nature of these microglial process interactions is not well understood. Microglial-axonal contacts are present early in development and persist through adulthood, implicating microglial interactions in the regulation of axonal integrity in both the developing and mature central nervous system. Moreover, changes in microglial-axonal contact have been described in disease states such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Depending on the disease state, there are increased associations with specific axonal segments. In MS, there is enhanced contact with the axon initial segment and node of Ranvier, while, in TBI, microglia alter interactions with axons at the site of injury, as well as at the axon initial segment. In this article, we review the interactions of microglial processes with axonal segments, analyzing their associations with various axonal domains and how these interactions may differ between MS and TBI. Furthermore, we discuss potential functional consequences and molecular mechanisms of these interactions and how these may differ among various types of microglial-axonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah D Benusa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Audrey D Lafrenaye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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40
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Liu Y, Wu C, Hou Z, Fu X, Yuan L, Sun S, Zhang H, Yang D, Yao X, Yang J. Pseudoginsenoside-F11 Accelerates Microglial Phagocytosis of Myelin Debris and Attenuates Cerebral Ischemic Injury Through Complement Receptor 3. Neuroscience 2020; 426:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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41
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Schiavone S, Morgese MG, Bove M, Colia AL, Maffione AB, Tucci P, Trabace L, Cuomo V. Ketamine administration induces early and persistent neurochemical imbalance and altered NADPH oxidase in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109750. [PMID: 31446158 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Administration in adulthood of subanaesthetic doses of ketamine, an NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) antagonist, is commonly used to induce psychotic-like alterations in rodents. The NADPH oxidase (NOX) derived-oxidative stress has been shown to be implicated in ketamine-induced neurochemical dysfunctions and in the loss of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons associated to the administration of this NMDA receptor antagonist in adult mice. However, very few data are available on the effects of early ketamine administration and its contribution to the development of long-term dysfunctions leading to psychosis. Here, by administering a subanaesthetic dose of ketamine (30 mg/kg i.p.) to mice at postnatal days (PNDs) 7, 9 and 11, we aimed at investigating early neurochemical and oxidative stress-related alterations induced by this NMDA-R antagonist in specific brain regions of mice pups, i.e. prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and to assess whether these alterations lasted until the adult period. To this purpose, we evaluated glutamatergic, glutamine and GABAergic tissue levels, as well as PV amount in the PFC, both two hours after the last ketamine injection (PND 11) and at 10 weeks of age. Dopamine (DA) tissue levels and DA turnover were also evaluated in the NAcc at the same time points. Levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a reliable biomarker of oxidative stress, as well as of the free radical producers NOX1 and NOX2 enzymes, were also assessed in both PFC and NAcc of ketamine-treated pups and adult mice. Ketamine-treated pups showed increased cortical levels of glutamate (GLU) and glutamine, as well as similar GABA amount compared to controls, together with an early reduction of cortical PV levels. In the adult period, the same was observed for GLU and PV, whereas GABA levels were increased and no changes in glutamine amount were detected. Ketamine administration in early life induced a decrease in DA tissue levels and an increase of DA turnover which were also detectable at 10 weeks of age. These alterations were accompanied by 8-OHdG elevations in both PFC and NAcc at the two considered life stages. The expression of NOX1 was significantly reduced in these brain regions following ketamine administration at early life stages, while, in the adult period, significant elevation of this enzyme was observed. Levels of NOX2 were found increased at both time points. Our results suggest that an early increase of NOX2-derived oxidative stress may contribute to the development of neurochemical imbalance in PFC and NAcc, induced by ketamine administration. Modifications of NOX1 expression might represent, instead, an early response of the developing brain to a neurotoxic insult, followed by a later attempt to counterbalance ketamine-related detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Anna Laura Colia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Angela Bruna Maffione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Martinez B, Peplow PV. Protective effects of pharmacological therapies in animal models of multiple sclerosis: a review of studies 2014-2019. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1220-1234. [PMID: 31960801 PMCID: PMC7047782 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The disability caused by inflammatory demyelination clinically dominates the early stages of relapsing-remitting MS and is reversible. Once there is considerable loss of axons, MS patients enter a secondary progressive stage. Disease-modifying drugs currently in use for MS suppress the immune system and reduce relapse rates but are not effective in the progressive stage. Various animal models of MS (mostly mouse and rat) have been established and proved useful in studying the disease process and response to therapy. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal studies reviewed here showed that a chronic progressive disease can be induced by immunization with appropriate amounts of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein together with mycobacterium tuberculosis and pertussis toxin in Freund's adjuvant. The clinical manifestations of autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease were prevented or reduced by treatment with certain pharmacological agents given prior to, at, or after peak disease, and the agents had protective effects as shown by inhibiting demyelination and damage to neurons, axons and oligodendrocytes. In the cuprizone-induced toxicity animal studies, the pharmacological agents tested were able to promote remyelination and increase the number of oligodendrocytes when administered therapeutically or prophylactically. A monoclonal IgM antibody protected axons in the spinal cord and preserved motor function in animals inoculated with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. In all these studies the pharmacological agents were administered singly. A combination therapy may be more effective, especially using agents that target neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, as they may exert synergistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA; Department of Medicine, St. Georges University School of Medicine, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Shen B, Yan J, Wang S, Zhou F, Zhao Y, Hu R, Qu J, Liu L. Label-free whole-colony imaging and metabolic analysis of metastatic pancreatic cancer by an autoregulating flexible optical system. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1849-1860. [PMID: 32042340 PMCID: PMC6993220 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a Gordian knot for tumor diagnosis and therapy. Many studies have demonstrated that metastatic processes are inevitably affected by the tumor microenvironment. Histopathology is used universally as the gold standard for cancer diagnosis despite the lengthy preparation process and invasiveness. Methods: Here, we introduced a supercontinuum and super-wide-tuning integrated multimodal platform, which combines the confocal, nonlinear and fluorescence lifetime microscopy with autoregulations, for label-free evaluation of fresh tissue and pathological sections. Based on various automated tunable lasers, synchronized and self-adjusting components and eight fast switching detection channels, the system features fast, large-field and subcellular-scale imaging of exogenous and endogenous fluorophores, nonlinear coherent scattering and lifetime contrast. Results: With such an integrated multi-dimensional system, we searched the metastatic region by two-photon and three-photon excited autofluorescence, analyzed the cancer invasion by second harmonic generation and revealed the affected cellular metabolism by phasor-lifetime. We demonstrated the flexible measurement of multiple nonlinear modalities at NIR I and II excitation with a pre-compensation for group delay dispersion of ~7,000 fs2 and low power of <40 mW, and of dual autofluorescence lifetime decays for phasor approach to decompose cancer-associated and disassociated components. This significantly revealed the metastatic and metabolic optical signatures of the whole colony of pancreatic cancers. Conclusion: The synergistic effect of the system demonstrates the great potential to translate this technique into routine clinical applications, particularly for large-scale and quantitative studies of metastatic colonization.
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Ostendorf L, Mothes R, van Koppen S, Lindquist RL, Bellmann-Strobl J, Asseyer S, Ruprecht K, Alexander T, Niesner RA, Hauser AE, Paul F, Radbruch H. Low-Density Granulocytes Are a Novel Immunopathological Feature in Both Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2725. [PMID: 31849944 PMCID: PMC6896820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether low-density granulocytes (LDGs) are an immunophenotypic feature of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Methods: Blood samples were collected from 20 patients with NMOSD and 17 patients with MS, as well as from 15 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and 23 Healthy Donors (HD). We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with density gradient separation and stained the cells with antibodies against CD14, CD15, CD16, and CD45, and analyzed the cells by flow cytometry or imaging flow cytometry. We defined LDGs as CD14-CD15high and calculated their share in total PBMC leukocytes (CD45+) as well as the share of CD16hi LDGs. Clinical data on disease course, medication, and antibody status were obtained. Results: LDGs were significantly more common in MS and NMOSD than in HDs, comparable to SLE samples (median values HD 0.2%, MS 0.9%, NMOSD 2.1%, SLE 4.3%). 0/23 of the HDs, but 17/20 NMOSD and 11/17 MS samples as well as 13/15 SLE samples had at least 0.7 % LDGs. NMOSD patients without continuous immunosuppressive treatment had significantly more LDGs compared to their treated counterparts. LDG nuclear morphology ranged from segmented to rounded, suggesting a heterogeneity within the group. Conclusion: LDGs are a feature of the immunophenotype in some patients with MS and NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard Ostendorf
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Immunodynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronja Mothes
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Biophysical Analysis, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofie van Koppen
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Biophysical Analysis, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Randall L. Lindquist
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine & Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt – Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Alexander
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A. Niesner
- Biophysical Analysis, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Immunodynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine & Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt – Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Leben R, Köhler M, Radbruch H, Hauser AE, Niesner RA. Systematic Enzyme Mapping of Cellular Metabolism by Phasor-Analyzed Label-Free NAD(P)H Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225565. [PMID: 31703416 PMCID: PMC6887798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past years, cellular metabolism of the immune system experienced a revival, as it has become clear that it is not merely responsible for the cellular energy supply, but also impacts on many signaling pathways and, thus, on diverse cellular functions. Label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging of the ubiquitous coenzymes NADH and NADPH (NAD(P)H-FLIM) makes it possible to monitor cellular metabolism in living cells and tissues and has already been applied to study metabolic changes both under physiologic and pathologic conditions. However, due to the complex distribution of NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes in cells, whose distribution continuously changes over time, a thorough interpretation of NAD(P)H-FLIM results, in particular, resolving the contribution of various enzymes to the overall metabolic activity, remains challenging. We developed a systematic framework based on angle similarities of the phase vectors and their length to analyze NAD(P)H-FLIM data of cells and tissues based on a generally valid reference system of highly abundant NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes in cells. By using our analysis framework, we retrieve information not only about the overall metabolic activity, i.e., the fraction of free to enzyme-bound NAD(P)H, but also identified the enzymes predominantly active within the sample at a certain time point with subcellular resolution. We verified the performance of the approach by applying NAD(P)H-FLIM on a stromal-like cell line and identified a different group of enzymes that were active in the cell nuclei as compared to the cytoplasm. As the systematic phasor-based analysis framework of label-free NAD(P)H-FLIM can be applied both in vitro and in vivo, it retains the unique power to enable dynamic enzyme-based metabolic investigations, at subcellular resolution, in genuine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (R.A.N.); Tel.: +49-30-2846-0674 (R.L.); +49-30-2846-0708 (R.A.N.)
| | - Markus Köhler
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Immunodynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A. Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (R.A.N.); Tel.: +49-30-2846-0674 (R.L.); +49-30-2846-0708 (R.A.N.)
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Wang MR, Zhang XJ, Liu HC, Ma WD, Zhang ML, Zhang Y, Li X, Dou MM, Jing YL, Chu YJ, Zhu L. Matrine protects oligodendrocytes by inhibiting their apoptosis and enhancing mitochondrial autophagy. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tang SW, Tang WH, Leonard BE. Herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders: Psychopharmacology and neuroscience-based nomenclature. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019. [PMID: 28649903 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1346279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Herbs are frequently and concurrently used with prescribed drugs by patients worldwide. While clinical trials have found some herbs to be as useful as standard psychiatric drugs, most clinicians are unaware of their pharmacological mechanisms.Methods: We searched English language and other language literature with English abstracts listed in PubMed website, supplemented by additional through Google Scholar's free academic paper abstract website for publications on herbs, focussing on their clinical use in mental disorders, their neurobiology and their pharmacology.Results: A major reason for herbs remaining outside of mainstream psychiatry is that the terminology and concepts in herbal medicine are not familiar to psychiatrists in general. Many publications regarding the use of herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders are deficient in details regarding diagnosis, criteria for response and the neurobiology details compared with publications on standard psychotropic drugs. Nomenclature for herbal medicine is usually confusing and is not conducive to an easy understanding of their mode of action in psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: The recent neuroscience-based nomenclature (NbN) for psychotropics methodology would be a logical application to herbal medicine in facilitating a better understanding of the use of herbal medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu W Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wayne H Tang
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Brian E Leonard
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Star-shaped cells illuminating the darkness of CNS autoimmunity. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:10-24. [PMID: 31125711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathology in the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be mediated by autoreactive leukocytes, such as T cells, B cells, and macrophages. However, the inflammation and tissue damage in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is also critically regulated by astrocytes, the most abundant cell population in the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, astrocytes are integral to the development and function of the CNS, whereas in CNS autoimmunity, astrocytes influence the pathogenesis, progression, and recovery of the diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in astrocytic functions in the context of MS and EAE, which are categorized into two opposite aspects, one being detrimental and the other beneficial. Inhibition of the detrimental functions and/or enhancement of the beneficial functions of astrocytes might be favorable for the treatment of MS.
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Imaging the execution phase of neuroinflammatory disease models. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112968. [PMID: 31152743 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of the rodent spinal cord has advanced our understanding of how resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) respond to neuroinflammation. By combining two-photon imaging and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most widely used rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS), it has been possible, for example, to study how axons degenerate when confronted with inflammatory cells, how oligodendrocytes get damaged in inflammatory lesions, and how immune cells themselves adapt their phenotype and functionality to the changing lesion environment. Similar approaches are now increasingly used to study other forms of neuroinflammation, such as antibody/complement-mediated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD). To tackle the most pressing open questions in the field, new biosensors and indicator mice that report the metabolic state and interaction of cells in neuroinflammatory lesions are being developed. Moreover, the field is moving towards new anatomical sites of inflammation, such as the cortical gray matter, but also towards longer observation intervals to reveal the chronic perturbations and adaptations that characterize advanced stages of MS.
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The contribution of astrocytes to the neuroinflammatory response in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:757-783. [PMID: 30847559 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the coordinated response of the central nervous system (CNS) to threats to its integrity posed by a variety of conditions, including autoimmunity, pathogens and trauma. Activated astrocytes, in concert with other cellular elements of the CNS and immune system, are important players in the modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. During neurological disease, they produce and respond to cellular signals that often lead to dichotomous processes, which can promote further damage or contribute to repair. This occurs also in multiple sclerosis (MS), where astrocytes are now recognized as key components of its immunopathology. Evidence supporting this role has emerged not only from studies in MS patients, but also from animal models, among which the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model has proved especially instrumental. Based on this premise, the purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of astrocyte behavior in MS and EAE. Following a brief description of the pathological characteristics of the two diseases and the main functional roles of astrocytes in CNS physiology, we will delve into the specific responses of this cell population, analyzing MS and EAE in parallel. We will define the temporal and anatomical profile of astroglial activation, then focus on key processes they participate in. These include: (1) production and response to soluble mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), (2) regulation of oxidative stress, and (3) maintenance of BBB integrity and function. Finally, we will review the state of the art on the available methods to measure astroglial activation in vivo in MS patients, and how this could be exploited to optimize diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decisions. Ultimately, we believe that integrating the knowledge obtained from studies in MS and EAE may help not only better understand the pathophysiology of MS, but also uncover new signals to be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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