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Piazza S, Martinelli G, Maranta N, Pozzoli C, Fumagalli M, Nicolaci V, Sonzogni E, Colombo L, Sangiovanni E, Dell’Agli M. Investigation into the Anti-Acne Effects of Castanea sativa Mill Leaf and Its Pure Ellagitannin Castalagin in HaCaT Cells Infected with Cutibacterium acnes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4764. [PMID: 38731983 PMCID: PMC11084787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a prevalent skin disorder affecting many young individuals, marked by keratinization, inflammation, seborrhea, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). Ellagitannins, known for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, have not been widely studied for their anti-acne effects. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill., C. sativa), a rich ellagitannin source, including castalagin whose acne-related bioactivity was previously unexplored, was investigated in this study. The research assessed the effect of C. sativa leaf extract and castalagin on human keratinocytes (HaCaT) infected with C. acnes, finding that both inhibited IL-8 and IL-6 release at concentrations below 25 μg/mL. The action mechanism was linked to NF-κB inhibition, without AP-1 involvement. Furthermore, the extract displayed anti-biofilm properties and reduced CK-10 expression, indicating a potential role in mitigating inflammation, bacterial colonization, and keratosis. Castalagin's bioactivity mirrored the extract's effects, notably in IL-8 inhibition, NF-κB inhibition, and biofilm formation at low μM levels. Other polyphenols, such as flavonol glycosides identified via LC-MS, might also contribute to the extract's biological activities. This study is the first to explore ellagitannins' potential in treating acne, offering insights for developing chestnut-based anti-acne treatments pending future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Giulia Martinelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Nicole Maranta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Carola Pozzoli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marco Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Nicolaci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Elisa Sonzogni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Luca Colombo
- Consorzio Castanicoltori di Brinzio, Orino e Castello Cabiaglio, Società Cooperativa Agricola-Varese, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Mario Dell’Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (G.M.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (M.F.); (V.N.); (E.S.); (M.D.)
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Xie L, Hamblin MR, Zheng D, Wen X. Die Bedeutung von Mikrokomedonen bei der Akne: Von der Beschreibung bis zum Behandlungsansatz?: The role of microcomedones in acne: Moving from a description to treatment target? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:9-17. [PMID: 38212912 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15272_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEin wichtiger Faktor in der Pathogenese der Akne vulgaris ist die duktale Hyperproliferation der Talgdrüsen. Diese beginnt mit der Bildung unsichtbarer Mikrokomedonen und führt im weiteren Verlauf zur Ausbildung sowohl entzündlicher als auch nicht‐entzündlicher klinischer Läsionen. Die Mikrokomedonen stehen am Anfang der zyklischen Entwicklung einer Akne, die als Komedogenese bezeichnet wird. Mikrokomedonen können mithilfe von Cyanoacrylat‐Hautablösungen, Elektronenmikroskopie, konfokaler Reflexionsmikroskopie und anderen Techniken nachgewiesen werden. Es wird angenommen, dass die Dichte und Größe von Mikrokomedonen positiv mit dem Schweregrad der Akne korreliert. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die Ursachen der Akne zusammenzufassen und darauf hinzuweisen, dass die Behandlung von Mikrokomedonen zumindest teilweise Akneläsionen beseitigen und Rückfälle verhindern könnte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Südafrika
| | - DanLing Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Xie L, Hamblin MR, Zheng D, Wen X. The role of microcomedones in acne: Moving from a description to treatment target? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:9-16. [PMID: 38123894 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A major factor in the pathogenesis of acne is ductal hyperproliferation in the pilosebaceous glands. This takes the form of invisible microcomedones and leads to the subsequent formation of both inflammatory and non-inflammatory clinical lesions. Microcomedones are the initial stage in the cyclical development of acne, so called comedogenesis. Microcomedones can be detected using cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping, electron microscopy, reflection confocal microscopy and other techniques. It has been proposed that the density and the size of microcomedones are positively correlated with acne severity. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the root causes of acne, and suggest that treatment of microcomedones could, at least in part, resolve acne lesions and prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - DanLing Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Szabó K, Bolla BS, Erdei L, Balogh F, Kemény L. Are the Cutaneous Microbiota a Guardian of the Skin's Physical Barrier? The Intricate Relationship between Skin Microbes and Barrier Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15962. [PMID: 37958945 PMCID: PMC10647730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is a tightly regulated, balanced interface that maintains our integrity through a complex barrier comprising physical or mechanical, chemical, microbiological, and immunological components. The skin's microbiota affect various properties, one of which is the establishment and maintenance of the physical barrier. This is achieved by influencing multiple processes, including keratinocyte differentiation, stratum corneum formation, and regulation of intercellular contacts. In this review, we summarize the potential contribution of Cutibacterium acnes to these events and outline the contribution of bacterially induced barrier defects to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. With the combined effects of a Westernized lifestyle, microbial dysbiosis, epithelial barrier defects, and inflammation, the development of acne is very similar to that of several other multifactorial diseases of barrier organs (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis). Therefore, the management of acne requires a complex approach, which should be taken into account when designing novel treatments that address not only the inflammatory and microbial components but also the maintenance and strengthening of the cutaneous physical barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Szabó
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szilvia Bolla
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Erdei
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fanni Balogh
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
| | - Lajos Kemény
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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5
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Huang XW, Pan W, Zhong MZ, Chhonker YS, Steele AD, Keohane CE, Mishra B, Felix Raj Lucas LO, Murry DJ, Ausubel FM, Wuest WM, Li CX, Mylonakis E. Biological Evaluation of the Antibacterial Retinoid CD437 in Cutibacterium acnes Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0167922. [PMID: 36943064 PMCID: PMC10112217 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01679-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a complex skin disease involving infection by Cutibacterium acnes, inflammation, and hyperkeratinization. We evaluated the activity of the retinoid 6-[3-(adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437) and 16 other retinoid analogs as potential anti-C. acnes compounds and found that CD437 displayed the highest antimicrobial activity with an MIC against C. acnes (ATCC 6919 and HM-513) of 1 μg/mL. CD437 demonstrated an MBC of 2 μg/mL compared to up to 64 μg/mL for the retinoid adapalene and up to 16 μg/mL for tetracycline, which are commonly used clinically to treat acne. Membrane permeability assays demonstrated that exposure of C. acnes ATCC 6919 to CD437 damaged the integrity of C. acnes ATCC 6919 bacterial membranes, and this finding was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, CD437 downregulated the expression of C. acnes ATCC 6919 virulence factors, including the genes encoding Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen factor 1 (CAMP1), CAMP2, glycerol-ester hydrolase B (GehB), sialidase B, and neuraminidase. In a mouse skin infection model of C. acnes ATCC 6919, topical treatment with CD437 ameliorated skin lesions and reduced the bacterial burden in situ (P < 0.001). In human NHEK primary cells, CD437 reduced the transcriptional levels of the coding genes for inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1α, ~10-fold; interleukin-6, ~20-fold; interleukin-8, ~30-fold; and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, ~6-fold) and downregulated the transcriptional levels of KRT10 (~10-fold), FLG (~4-fold), and TGM1 (~2-fold), indicating that CD437 can diminish inflammation and hyperkeratinization. In summary, CD437 deserves further attention for its dual function as a potential acne therapeutic that potentially acts on both the pathogen and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-wen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mei-zhen Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yashpal Singh Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew D. Steele
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Biswajit Mishra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lewis Oscar Felix Raj Lucas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daryl J. Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chang-xing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Academic Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Akaza N, Takasaki K, Nishiyama E, Usui A, Miura S, Yokoi A, Futamura K, Suzuki K, Yashiro Y, Yagami A. The Microbiome in Comedonal Contents of Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris is Composed of an Overgrowth of Cutibacterium Spp. and Other Cutaneous Microorganisms. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:2003-2012. [PMID: 36172249 PMCID: PMC9510696 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s379609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Acne vulgaris (acne) and cutaneous resident microorganisms are considered to be closely related. However, the bacterial and fungal microbiota in the comedonal contents of inflammatory acne lesions have not yet been investigated in detail. Purpose To clarify the relationship between cutaneous microorganisms and acne, we examined the microbiome in the comedonal contents of inflammatory acne and on the facial skin of patients with acne using 16s rRNA and ITS gene sequencing with a next-generation sequencer (NGS). Patients and Methods Twenty-two untreated Japanese acne outpatients were examined. The comedonal contents of inflammatory acne lesions on the face were collected using a comedo extractor. Skin surface samples from facial skin were collected using the swab method. Results The results obtained revealed that the predominant bacteria in the comedonal contents of inflammatory acne were Cutibacterium spp. (more prominent in areas with large amounts of sebum), while those on the skin surface were Staphylococcus spp. Malassezia spp., particularly Malassezia restricta, were the predominant fungi in both the comedonal contents of inflammatory acne and on the skin surface. The bacterial microbiome in comedonal contents exhibited stronger metabolic activity, including the production of enzymes related to acne, than that on the skin surface. Conclusion These results indicate that acne is an inflammatory disease involving the overgrowth of Cutibacterium acnes and other cutaneous resident microorganisms, including Malassezia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narifumi Akaza
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shiori Miura
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Yokoi
- Nihombashi Irodori Dermatology Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyoko Futamura
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kayoko Suzuki
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Youichi Yashiro
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagami
- Department of Allergology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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The Role of Skin Immune System in Acne. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061579. [PMID: 35329904 PMCID: PMC8949596 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a skin disease that often occurs in adolescence and in young adulthood. The main pathogenic factors are hyperkeratinization, obstruction of sebaceous glands, stimulation of sebaceous gland secretion by androgens, and bacterial colonization of sebaceous units by Cutibacterium acnes, which promotes inflammation. Little is known about the role of skin immune cells in the development of acne lesions. The aim of the study was to try to understand the role of skin immune cells in the course of acne. Recent studies have shown that there are at least four major pathways by which Cutibacterium acnes interacts with the innate immune system to induce inflammation: through TLRs, activating inflammasomes, inducing the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and stimulating antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity. Cells of adaptive immune response, mainly Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes, also play an important role in the pathogenesis of acne. It is worth emphasizing that understanding the role of the skin’s immune cells in the pathogenesis of acne may, in the future, contribute to the application of modern therapeutic strategies that would avoid addiction to antibiotics, which would alleviate the spectrum of resistance that is now evident and a current threat.
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8
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Advances in Microbiome-Derived Solutions and Methodologies Are Founding a New Era in Skin Health and Care. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020121. [PMID: 35215065 PMCID: PMC8879973 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome, as a community of microorganisms and their structural elements, genomes, metabolites/signal molecules, has been shown to play an important role in human health, with significant beneficial applications for gut health. Skin microbiome has emerged as a new field with high potential to develop disruptive solutions to manage skin health and disease. Despite an incomplete toolbox for skin microbiome analyses, much progress has been made towards functional dissection of microbiomes and host-microbiome interactions. A standardized and robust investigation of the skin microbiome is necessary to provide accurate microbial information and set the base for a successful translation of innovations in the dermo-cosmetic field. This review provides an overview of how the landscape of skin microbiome research has evolved from method development (multi-omics/data-based analytical approaches) to the discovery and development of novel microbiome-derived ingredients. Moreover, it provides a summary of the latest findings on interactions between the microbiomes (gut and skin) and skin health/disease. Solutions derived from these two paths are used to develop novel microbiome-based ingredients or solutions acting on skin homeostasis are proposed. The most promising skin and gut-derived microbiome interventional strategies are presented, along with regulatory, safety, industrial, and technical challenges related to a successful translation of these microbiome-based concepts/technologies in the dermo-cosmetic industry.
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9
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Boero E, Mnich ME, Manetti AGO, Soldaini E, Grimaldi L, Bagnoli F. Human Three-Dimensional Models for Studying Skin Pathogens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 430:3-27. [PMID: 32601967 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the most exposed surface of the human body, separating the microbe-rich external environment, from the sterile inner part. When skin is breached or its homeostasis is perturbed, bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens can cause local infections or use the skin as an entry site to spread to other organs. In the last decades, it has become clear that skin provides niches for permanent microbial colonization, and it actively interacts with microorganisms. This crosstalk promotes skin homeostasis and immune maturation, preventing expansion of harmful organisms. Skin commensals, however, are often found to be skin most prevalent and dangerous pathogens. Despite the medical interest, mechanisms of colonization and invasion for most skin pathogens are poorly understood. This limitation is due to the lack of reliable skin models. Indeed, animal models do not adequately mimic neither the anatomy nor the immune response of human skin. Human 3D skin models overcome these limitations and can provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Herein, we address the strengths and weaknesses of different types of human skin models and we review the main findings obtained using these models to study skin pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luca Grimaldi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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10
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Kim G, Kim M, Kim M, Park C, Yoon Y, Lim DH, Yeo H, Kang S, Lee YG, Beak NI, Lee J, Kim S, Kwon JY, Choi WW, Lee C, Yoon KW, Park H, Lee DG. Spermidine-induced recovery of human dermal structure and barrier function by skin microbiome. Commun Biol 2021; 4:231. [PMID: 33608630 PMCID: PMC7895926 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An unbalanced microbial ecosystem on the human skin is closely related to skin diseases and has been associated with inflammation and immune responses. However, little is known about the role of the skin microbiome on skin aging. Here, we report that the Streptococcus species improved the skin structure and barrier function, thereby contributing to anti-aging. Metagenomic analyses showed the abundance of Streptococcus in younger individuals or those having more elastic skin. Particularly, we isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus infantis, and Streptococcus thermophilus from face of young individuals. Treatment with secretions of S. pneumoniae and S. infantis induced the expression of genes associated with the formation of skin structure and the skin barrier function in human skin cells. The application of culture supernatant including Streptococcal secretions on human skin showed marked improvements on skin phenotypes such as elasticity, hydration, and desquamation. Gene Ontology analysis revealed overlaps in spermidine biosynthetic and glycogen biosynthetic processes. Streptococcus-secreted spermidine contributed to the recovery of skin structure and barrier function through the upregulation of collagen and lipid synthesis in aged cells. Overall, our data suggest the role of skin microbiome into anti-aging and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihyeon Kim
- grid.61221.360000 0001 1033 9831Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Kim
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Park
- grid.508753.cGenome and Company, Pangyo-ro 253, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Yoon
- grid.61221.360000 0001 1033 9831Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Hyeon Lim
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonju Yeo
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Kang
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 17104 Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Beak
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 17104 Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XDermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology & Biocosmetics Research Center, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon City, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Kim
- grid.61221.360000 0001 1033 9831Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Kwon
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032 USA
| | - Won Woo Choi
- Wells Dermatology Clinic, 583 Shinsa-dong, Gangnam-ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles Lee
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032 USA ,grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, 03760 Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.452438.cThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, China
| | - Kyoung Wan Yoon
- grid.508753.cGenome and Company, Pangyo-ro 253, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea ,grid.412238.e0000 0004 0532 7053Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499 Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- grid.61221.360000 0001 1033 9831Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea ,grid.508753.cGenome and Company, Pangyo-ro 253, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Geol Lee
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Pangyo-ro 255, Bundang-gu, 13486 Seoungnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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Fournière M, Latire T, Souak D, Feuilloley MGJ, Bedoux G. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: Two Major Sentinels of Skin Microbiota and the Influence of Cosmetics. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1752. [PMID: 33171837 PMCID: PMC7695133 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatological and cosmetics fields have recently started to focus on the human skin microbiome and microbiota, since the skin microbiota is involved in the health and dysbiosis of the skin ecosystem. Amongst the skin microorganisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, both commensal bacteria, appear as skin microbiota sentinels. These sentinels have a key role in the skin ecosystem since they protect and prevent microbiota disequilibrium by fighting pathogens and participate in skin homeostasis through the production of beneficial bacterial metabolites. These bacteria adapt to changing skin microenvironments and can shift to being opportunistic pathogens, forming biofilms, and thus are involved in common skin dysbiosis, such as acne or atopic dermatitis. The current evaluation methods for cosmetic active ingredient development are discussed targeting these two sentinels with their assets and limits. After identification of these objectives, research of the active cosmetic ingredients and products that maintain and promote these commensal metabolisms, or reduce their pathogenic forms, are now the new challenges of the skincare industry in correlation with the constant development of adapted evaluation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Fournière
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Bretagne Sud, 56000 Vannes, France; (T.L.); (G.B.)
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Catholique de l’Ouest Bretagne Nord, 22200 Guingamp, France
| | - Thomas Latire
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Bretagne Sud, 56000 Vannes, France; (T.L.); (G.B.)
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Catholique de l’Ouest Bretagne Nord, 22200 Guingamp, France
| | - Djouhar Souak
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironment LMSM EA4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Évreux, France; (D.S.); (M.G.J.F.)
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironment LMSM EA4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Évreux, France; (D.S.); (M.G.J.F.)
| | - Gilles Bedoux
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Bretagne Sud, 56000 Vannes, France; (T.L.); (G.B.)
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12
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Lee YB, Byun EJ, Kim HS. Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070987. [PMID: 31284694 PMCID: PMC6678709 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne is a highly prevalent inflammatory skin condition involving sebaceous sties. Although it clearly develops from an interplay of multiple factors, the exact cause of acne remains elusive. It is increasingly believed that the interaction between skin microbes and host immunity plays an important role in this disease, with perturbed microbial composition and activity found in acne patients. Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes; formerly called Propionibacterium acnes) is commonly found in sebum-rich areas and its over-proliferation has long been thought to contribute to the disease. However, information provided by advanced metagenomic sequencing has indicated that the cutaneous microbiota in acne patients and acne-free individuals differ at the virulent-specific lineage level. Acne also has close connections with the gastrointestinal tract, and many argue that the gut microbiota could be involved in the pathogenic process of acne. The emotions of stress (e.g., depression and anxiety), for instance, have been hypothesized to aggravate acne by altering the gut microbiota and increasing intestinal permeability, potentially contributing to skin inflammation. Over the years, an expanding body of research has highlighted the presence of a gut–brain–skin axis that connects gut microbes, oral probiotics, and diet, currently an area of intense scrutiny, to acne severity. This review concentrates on the skin and gut microbes in acne, the role that the gut–brain–skin axis plays in the immunobiology of acne, and newly emerging microbiome-based therapies that can be applied to treat acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Byun
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hei Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disorder involving hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Multiple factors contribute to the disease, including skin microbes. The skin microbiome in the follicle is composed of a diverse group of microorganisms. Among them, Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia spp. have been linked to acne development through their influence on sebum secretion, comedone formation, and inflammatory response. Antibiotics targeting P. acnes have been the mainstay in acne treatment for the past four decades. Among them, macrolides, clindamycin, and tetracyclines are the most widely prescribed. As antibiotic resistance becomes an increasing concern in clinical practice, understanding the skin microbiome associated with acne and the effects of antibiotic use on the skin commensals is highly relevant and critical to clinicians. In this review, we summarize recent studies of the composition and dynamics of the skin microbiome in acne and the effects of antibiotic treatment on skin microbes.
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Platsidaki E, Dessinioti C. Recent advances in understanding Propionibacterium acnes ( Cutibacterium acnes) in acne. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30613388 PMCID: PMC6305227 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15659.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin commensal
Propionibacterium acnes, recently renamed
Cutibacterium acnes, along with the other major pathophysiological factors of increased seborrhea, hyperkeratinization of the pilosebaceous unit, and inflammation, has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of acne. Recent advances have contributed to our understanding of the role of
P. acnes in acne. Although there are no quantitative differences in
P. acnes of the skin of patients with acne compared with controls, the
P. acnes phylogenic groups display distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics,
P. acnes biofilms are more frequent in acne, and different phylotypes may induce distinct immune responses in acne.
P. acnes plays a further important role in the homeostasis of the skin’s microbiome, interacting with other cutaneous commensal or pathogenic microorganisms such as
Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Streptococcus pyogenes, and
Pseudomonas species. In the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, the selection of acne treatment targeting
P. acnes and the prevention of antibiotic resistance play a key role in improving outcomes in acne patients and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Platsidaki
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Clio Dessinioti
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Xu N, Deng W, He G, Gan X, Gao S, Chen Y, Gao Y, Xu K, Qi J, Lin H, Shen L, Li X, Hu Z. Alpha- and gamma-mangostins exhibit anti-acne activities via multiple mechanisms. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:415-422. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1519831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Xu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Gaiying He
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shuang Gao
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yitian Gao
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junmei Qi
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Lin
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Shen
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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16
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Rocha MA, Bagatin E. Skin barrier and microbiome in acne. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 310:181-185. [PMID: 29147769 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acne is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease. Although several factors are involved in its pathophysiology, this process is not completely understood. Androgen hormone activity increases sebum production inside the pilosebaceous follicle, adjusting the environment for the development of Propionibacterium acnes which triggers inflammation. Knowing how others factors such as the skin barrier and microbiome are involved in acne, can help in understanding more about the disease and may help to conduct a better treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rocha
- Federal University of São Paulo (Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Rua Eugenio Bettarello 55 ap 134B, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - E Bagatin
- Federal University of São Paulo (Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo), Rua Eugenio Bettarello 55 ap 134B, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dréno B. What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31 Suppl 5:8-12. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dréno
- Department of Dermatology; Nantes University; Nantes France
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18
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Li WH, Zhang Q, Flach CR, Mendelsohn R, Southall MD, Parsa R. In vitro modeling of unsaturated free fatty acid-mediated tissue impairments seen in acne lesions. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 309:529-540. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Jahns AC, Alexeyev OA. Three dimensional distribution of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2016; 23:687-9. [PMID: 24980271 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes is regarded as a common member of the human skin microbiota, often occurring in biofilms. Little is known about the size of bacterial biofilms in hair follicles as a few sections of biopsy tissue are routinely evaluated. Transversal sectioning provides a better opportunity for histological analyses of hair follicles which can be followed through the different morphological levels. Direct visualization of P. acnes biofilms in hundreds of consecutive sections allowed insight into the 3D distribution in human hair follicles as well as investigating the depth of biofilm distribution within hair follicles. Four distinct colonization patterns of P. acnes biofilms were revealed. Results have shown that an individual P. acnes biofilm can spread for 1900 μm in a terminal hair follicle. This information can be of help while designing potential antibiofilm treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika C Jahns
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Das S, Reynolds RV. Recent advances in acne pathogenesis: implications for therapy. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014; 15:479-88. [PMID: 25388823 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-014-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acne pathogenesis is a multifactorial process that occurs at the level of the pilosebaceous unit. While acne was previously perceived as an infectious disease, recent data have clarified it as an inflammatory process in which Propionibacterium acnes and innate immunity play critical roles in propagating abnormal hyperkeratinization and inflammation. Alterations in sebum composition, and increased sensitivity to androgens, also play roles in the inflammatory process. A stepwise approach to acne management utilizes topical agents for mild to moderate acne (topical retinoid as mainstay ± topical antibiotics) and escalation to oral agents for more resistant cases (oral antibiotics or hormonal agents in conjunction with a topical retinoid or oral isotretinoin alone for severe acne). Concerns over antibiotic resistance and the safety issues associated with isotretinoin have prompted further research into alternative medications and devices for the treatment of acne. Radiofrequency, laser, and light treatments have demonstrated modest improvement for inflammatory acne (with blue-light photodynamic therapy being the only US FDA-approved treatment). However, limitations in study design and patient follow-up render these modalities as adjuncts rather than standalone options. This review will update readers on the latest advancements in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment, with emphasis on emerging treatment options that can help improve patient outcomes.
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Fabbrocini G, Saint Aroman M. Cosmeceuticals based on Rhealba®
Oat plantlet extract for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 28 Suppl 6:1-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Fabbrocini
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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22
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Shu M, Kuo S, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Liu YT, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Porphyrin metabolisms in human skin commensal Propionibacterium acnes bacteria: potential application to monitor human radiation risk. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:562-8. [PMID: 23231351 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, is a commensal organism in human skin. Like human cells, the bacteria produce porphyrins, which exhibit fluorescence properties and make bacteria visible with a Wood's lamp. In this review, we compare the porphyrin biosynthesis in humans and P. acnes. Also, since P. acnes living on the surface of skin receive the same radiation exposure as humans, we envision that the changes in porphyrin profiles (the absorption spectra and/or metabolism) of P. acnes by radiation may mirror the response of human cells to radiation. The porphyrin profiles of P. acnes may be a more accurate reflection of radiation risk to the patient than other biodosimeters/biomarkers such as gene up-/down-regulation, which may be non-specific due to patient related factors such as autoimmune diseases. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and possible solutions for using the P. acnes response to predict the radiation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shu
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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23
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Simonart T. Immunotherapy for acne vulgaris: current status and future directions. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14:429-35. [PMID: 24019180 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-013-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a high unmet clinical need for new and better treatments in acne vulgaris. Propionibacterium acnes has a strong proinflammatory activity and targets molecules involved in the innate cutaneous immunity, keratinocytes and sebaceous glands of the pilosebaceous follicle. The role of P. acnes in acne confers legitimacy on the possible benefits of immunization-based approaches, which may represent a solution for limiting the development of antibiotic-resistant P. acnes. Various immunization-based approaches have been developed over the last decades, including killed pathogen-based vaccines, vaccination against cell wall-anchored sialidase, monoclonal antibodies to the Christie, Atkins, Munch-Peterson factor of P. acnes, anti-Toll-like receptors vaccines and natural antimicrobial peptides. This review summarizes the current evidence and explores the challenges to making this a realistic treatment option for the future.
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Duckney P, Wong HK, Serrano J, Yaradou D, Oddos T, Stamatas GN. The role of the skin barrier in modulating the effects of common skin microbial species on the inflammation, differentiation and proliferation status of epidermal keratinocytes. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:474. [PMID: 24245826 PMCID: PMC4225502 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skin resident microbial species are often thought of either as pathogenic or commensal. However, little is known about the role of the skin barrier in modulating their potential for causing disease. To investigate this question we measured the effects of three microbial species commonly found on the skin (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes) on a reconstructed human epidermal model by either applying the bacteria on the model surface (intact barrier) or adding them to the culture medium (simulating barrier breach). Results When added to the medium, all of the tested species induced inflammatory responses and keratinocyte cell death with species-specific potency. P. acnes and S. epidermidis induced specific alterations in the expression of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation markers, suggesting a barrier reparation response. S. aureus induced complete keratinocyte cell death. On the contrary, topically applied S. epidermidis and P. acnes caused no inflammatory response even when tested at high concentrations, while topical S. aureus induced a weak reaction. None of the tested species were able to alter the expression of keratinocyte differentiation or expression markers, when applied topically. Conclusions We show that the skin barrier prevents the effects of common skin bacteria on epidermal keratinocyte inflammation, differentiation and proliferation and highlight the importance of skin barrier in defending against the pathogenic effects of common skin bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Duckney
- Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, 1 rue Camille Desmoulins, Issy-les-Moulineaux 92787, France.
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Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B. Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:271-8. [PMID: 23905540 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acne and the role of Propionibacterium acnes. With this review, the authors aim to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of P. acnes in the development of acne lesions and analysing the potential implications for future treatments. A total of 188 articles published between January 1980 and March 2013 were searched using key words such as acne, P. acnes, microbiology, Corynebacterium acnes, acne vulgaris, pathogenesis, antibiotic, vaccination and a combination of those key words. From those articles, 77 were analysed in depth. Recent data confirm that P. acnes has a strong proinflammatory activity and targets molecules involved in the innate cutaneous immunity, keratinocytes and sebaceous glands of the pilosebaceous follicle and leads to the development of comedones. Furthermore, the profile of its different strains may differ between healthy subjects and acne patients. The better understanding of the role of P. acnes may allow for new perspectives in the treatment of acne. Novel therapies should target molecules implicated in the activation of innate immunity, including toll-like receptors, protease-activated receptors and topical antimicrobial peptides; the latter may be an alternative to topical antibiotics and thus a solution for limiting bacterial resistance induced by topical macrolides. Vaccines may also be promising. However, the most appropriate candidate remains to be selected.
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Yamakoshi T, Makino T, Matsunaga K, Yoshihisa Y, Rehman MU, Seki T, Hayashi Y, Shimizu T. Efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate ointment (Oronine H(®)) for experimentally-induced comedones. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2012; 5:79-83. [PMID: 22936850 PMCID: PMC3426266 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s33361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oronine H(®) ointment, which contains chlorhexidine gluconate as its active component, is a well known disinfectant, and has been widely used for treatment of acne in Japan. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of this ointment on the formation of comedones induced by application of 50% oleic acid on the orifices of the external auditory canals of rabbits. METHODS The application sites were observed with a dermatoscope, and the area of the hair pores was measured using an Image analysis software program. RESULTS The chlorhexidine gluconate ointment inhibited comedone formation significantly more effectively than the liquid paraffin used as a control (P < 0.001). We also investigated the therapeutic effect of this ointment on comedones. After starting application of chlorhexidine gluconate ointment or liquid paraffin on the comedone area, the hair pore size was gradually decreased in the group treated with chlorhexidine gluconate ointment compared with the hair pore size at baseline. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chlorhexidine gluconate ointment is effective for inhibiting comedone formation as well as for treating already formed comedones. Chlorhexidine gluconate ointment is a useful topical medicine for the treatment of early-stage acne and for preventing acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yamakoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama
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28
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Wang E, Lee JSS, Hee TH. Is propionibacterium acnes associated with hair casts and alopecia? Int J Trichology 2012; 4:93-7. [PMID: 23180917 PMCID: PMC3500081 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.96907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a series of four patients who presented with complaints of diffuse non-scarring alopecia. They had similar clinical features of alopecia, hyperseborrhea, and distinct keratinaceous hair casts that encircled the hair shafts. Propionibacterium acnes was isolated from two of the patients' scalp, and Gram-positive, Giemsa-positive bacteria were seen in the hair follicles in the scalp biopsy of one of the patients. The patients' symptoms did not respond to standard treatment for seborrheic dermatitis, but responded to a course of systemic antibiotics targeting P. acnes. We propose a role for P. acnes colonization of the terminal hair follicles in the pathogenesis of hair casts, and possibly diffuse non-scarring alopecia. Possible mechanisms of pathogenesis are discussed with a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Wang
- Department of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore
| | | | - Tan Hiok Hee
- Department of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore
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Isard O, Knol AC, Castex-Rizzi N, Khammari A, Charveron M, Dréno B. Cutaneous induction of corticotropin releasing hormone by Propionibacterium acnes extracts. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 1:96-9. [PMID: 20224691 DOI: 10.4161/derm.1.2.8102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin commensal bacillus Propionibacterium acnes is known to play a major role in the development of acne vulgaris and it is established that this bacteria is involved both in the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory phase of acne. The corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a neuropeptide originally isolated from the hypothalamus, is also produced by the skin. CRH has been reported to play a role in the inflammation, the production of sebum and finally the differentiation of keratinocytes. At the therapeutic level, zinc is known to act specifically on inflammatory lesions with still partially known mechanisms and thus could play an important role in the development of inflammatory acne lesions. Our objective was to study the modulation of CRH expression by keratinocytes induced by P. acnes extracts. CRH expression was examined using immunohistochemistry technique on deep-frozen sections of normal human skin explants incubated with two different extracts of P. acnes and with or without zinc salts. We observed that the membrane fraction (FM) of P. acnes increased the CRH expression in the epidermis. This result indicates that P. acnes, by stimulating the production of CRH, can both modulate the differentiation of keratinocytes and increase the local inflammation, arguing that this bacterium plays a role not only in the development of inflammatory acne lesions but also in the formation of the microcomedo in the early stages of acne.
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Common JEA, Brown SJ, Haines RL, Goh CSM, Chen H, Balakrishnan A, Munro CS, Tan AWH, Tan HH, Tang MBY, Lane EB. Filaggrin null mutations are not a protective factor for acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1378-80. [PMID: 21326297 PMCID: PMC3094589 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chia HY, Tey HL, Lee JSS. Follicular spicules associated with Propionibacterium acnes in response to erythromycin. J Dermatol 2011; 38:409-11. [PMID: 21544949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Anti-inflammatory properties of a new undecyl-rhamnoside (APRC11) against P. acnes. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:707-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Isard O, Knol AC, Ariès MF, Nguyen JM, Khammari A, Castex-Rizzi N, Dréno B. Propionibacterium acnes activates the IGF-1/IGF-1R system in the epidermis and induces keratinocyte proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:59-66. [PMID: 20927124 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes has a major role in the development of acne lesions. IGF-1 stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes via an activation of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Zinc has been proven to work efficiently against inflammatory acne and to modulate the IGF-1 system. Our objectives were to study the modulation of IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression by P. acnes extracts and to determine their modulation by zinc gluconate. In vivo, we analyzed biopsies of acne lesions and healthy skin, and in vitro we used skin explants incubated with two P. acnes extracts--membrane fraction (MF) and cytosolic proteins--with or without zinc. IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, and the IGF-1 production in supernatants was measured by ELISA. Then, IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA levels were analyzed using quantitative PCR on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). IGF-1 and IGF-1R were overexpressed in acne lesions. MF increased IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression in the epidermis of explants and was associated with an overexpression of both Ki-67 and filaggrin. Zinc had the effect of downregulating IGF-1 and IGF-1R levels. These observations were confirmed at the mRNA level for IGF-1R in NHEKs. These results demonstrate that P. acnes can induce the formation of comedones by stimulating the IGF/IGF-1R system. Moreover, zinc downregulates this pathway.
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Dessinioti C, Katsambas AD. The role of Propionibacterium acnes in acne pathogenesis: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2010; 28:2-7. [PMID: 20082942 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have come a long way since 1896, when it was first suggested that Propionibacterium acnes, found in acne lesions, was the cause of acne. Although several lines of evidence suggest the direct role of P acnes in acne, the mechanism by which P acnes contributes to the pathogenesis of acne is debated. The importance of P acnes in the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory phase of acne has been established. Emerging data that inflammatory events occur in the very earliest stages of acne development have reopened the debate about the potential involvement of this microorganism in comedogenesis and acne initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Dessinioti
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, University of Athens, 5, I.Dragoumi Street, 16121, Athens, Greece
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Akaza N, Akamatsu H, Kishi M, Mizutani H, Ishii I, Nakata S, Matsunaga K. Effects of Propionibacterium acnes on various mRNA expression levels in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. J Dermatol 2009; 36:213-23. [PMID: 19348660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes is one of the most significant pathogenic factors of acne vulgaris. This bacteria relates to acne by various pathways. It has also been reported that P. acnes influences pro-inflammatory cytokine production in keratinocytes in vitro. However, the influence on the differentiation of keratinocytes by P. acnes has not been studied extensively. We analyzed the expression of keratinocyte differentiation-specific markers, keratins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) exposed to P. acnes in vitro. All P. acnes strains used in this study increased transglutaminase (TGase), keratin 17 (K17) and interleukin (IL) mRNA expression levels in NHEK, and decreased K1 and K10 expression levels. Some P. acnes strains increased involucrin and K6 mRNA expression levels in NHEK and decreased filaggrin, K6 and K16 expression levels in vitro. This experiment clarified that P. acnes influences the differentiation of NHEK in vitro. As a result, P. acnes influenced the expression of not only pro-inflammatory cytokines but also some keratinocyte differentiation-specific markers and keratins in NHEK. Our results suggest that P. acnes relates to acne pathogenesis by not only the induction of inflammation but also in the differentiation of keratinocytes. Moreover, it was considered that the reaction of NHEK to P. acnes may be different depending on the type of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narifumi Akaza
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Kurokawa I, Danby FW, Ju Q, Wang X, Xiang LF, Xia L, Chen W, Nagy I, Picardo M, Suh DH, Ganceviciene R, Schagen S, Tsatsou F, Zouboulis CC. New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:821-32. [PMID: 19555434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interest in sebaceous gland physiology and its diseases is rapidly increasing. We provide a summarized update of the current knowledge of the pathobiology of acne vulgaris and new treatment concepts that have emerged in the last 3 years (2005-2008). We have tried to answer questions arising from the exploration of sebaceous gland biology, hormonal factors, hyperkeratinization, role of bacteria, sebum, nutrition, cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Sebaceous glands play an important role as active participants in the innate immunity of the skin. They produce neuropeptides, excrete antimicrobial peptides and exhibit characteristics of stem cells. Androgens affect sebocytes and infundibular keratinocytes in a complex manner influencing cellular differentiation, proliferation, lipogenesis and comedogenesis. Retention hyperkeratosis in closed comedones and inflammatory papules is attributable to a disorder of terminal keratinocyte differentiation. Propionibacterium acnes, by acting on TLR-2, may stimulate the secretion of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by follicular keratinocytes and IL-8 and -12 in macrophages, giving rise to inflammation. Certain P. acnes species may induce an immunological reaction by stimulating the production of sebocyte and keratinocyte antimicrobial peptides, which play an important role in the innate immunity of the follicle. Qualitative changes of sebum lipids induce alteration of keratinocyte differentiation and induce IL-1 secretion, contributing to the development of follicular hyperkeratosis. High glycemic load food and milk may induce increased tissue levels of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. These new aspects of acne pathogenesis lead to the considerations of possible customized therapeutic regimens. Current research is expected to lead to innovative treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kurokawa
- Department of Dermatology, Mie Universtity Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
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