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Tostes NV, Ferreira MVR, Soares FAF, Silva JC, Bhering LL, Clarindo WR. DNA content, repeatome composition and origin of the Zea mays micronuclei. Sci Rep 2025; 15:14997. [PMID: 40301472 PMCID: PMC12041367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-99560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei originate from DNA damage generated by clastogenic and/or by aneugenic effects. Depending on the pattern of damage, they may have distinct genomic origin and composition. Sequences of the centromere, telomere and rDNA have been identified in plant micronuclei. However, other DNA sequences may also be present in the micronuclei, as well as their DNA contents may be different. Here, we investigate the DNA content, genomic composition and origin of micronuclei induced in Zea mays by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). DNA contents showed a wide range of distribution, suggesting their diverse genomic origins and illustrating how much of the nuclear genome can be lost due to mutagen effects. Micronuclei diversity was also evidenced by in situ probing with different DNA sequences (5S and 18S rDNAs, 180-bp knob and Grande LTR-retrotransposon) and by 6-diamidino-2 phenylindole (DAPI) fluorochrome. Perhaps these sequences are hotspots for MMS damage, especially the Grande LTR-retrotransposon, 5S and 18S rDNAs, which are rich in guanine. In addition, probe pools were constructed from individual genomic DNA of two microdissected micronuclei. These probe pools hybridized on all Z. mays chromosomes. However, the centromere, knob and secondary constriction were hybridized by only one probe pool, evidencing the distinct genomic composition of the micronuclei. We illustrate the micronuclei genomic diversity as they originated from several different chromosomes following the MMS treatment, and demonstrate the extent of the genotoxic damage to the genome. We provide some insights into micronuclei structure and diversity, and show that they can be further explored in mutagenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Vállery Tostes
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vitor Rosa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Aparecida Ferrari Soares
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Coutinho Silva
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lopes Bhering
- Laboratório de Biometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wellington Ronildo Clarindo
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Pokaew N, Prajumwongs P, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Wongkham S, Pairojkul C, Sawanyawisuth K. Overexpression of BubR1 Mitotic Checkpoint Protein Predicts Short Survival and Influences the Progression of Cholangiocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1611. [PMID: 39062183 PMCID: PMC11274929 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Budding Uninhibited by Benzimidazole-Related 1 (BubR1) or BUB1 Mitotic Checkpoint Serine/Threonine Kinase B (BUB1B) is an essential component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which controls chromosome separation during mitosis. Overexpression of BubR1 has been associated with the progression of various cancers. This study demonstrated that high expression of BubR1 correlated with cholangiocarcinogenesis in a hamster cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) model and was associated with shorter survival in patients with CCA. Co-expression of BubR1 and MPS1, which is a SAC-related protein, indicated a shorter survival rate in patients with CCA. Knockdown of BubR1 expression by specific siRNA (siBubR1) significantly decreased cell proliferation and colony formation while inducing apoptosis in CCA cell lines. In addition, suppression of BubR1 inhibited migration and invasion abilities via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). A combination of siBubR1 and chemotherapeutic drugs showed synergistic effects in CCA cell lines. Taken together, this finding suggested that BubR1 had oncogenic functions, which influenced CCA progression. Suppression of BubR1 might be an alternative option for CCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnapas Pokaew
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (N.P.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Piya Prajumwongs
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (N.P.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (N.P.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (S.W.)
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (N.P.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (S.W.)
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (N.P.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (S.W.)
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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3
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Meng Q, Borris RP, Kim HM. Torenia sp. Extracts Contain Multiple Potent Antitumor Compounds with Nematocidal Activity, Triggering an Activated DNA Damage Checkpoint and Defective Meiotic Progression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:611. [PMID: 38794181 PMCID: PMC11124231 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, we analyzed 316 herbal extracts to evaluate their potential nematocidal properties in Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, our attention was directed towards Torenia sp., resulting in reduced survival and heightened larval arrest/lethality, alongside a noticeable decrease in DAPI-stained bivalent structures and disrupted meiotic progression, thus disrupting developmental processes. Notably, Torenia sp. extracts activated a DNA damage checkpoint response via the ATM/ATR and CHK-1 pathways, hindering germline development. LC-MS analysis revealed 13 compounds in the Torenia sp. extracts, including flavonoids, terpenoids, tanshinones, an analog of resveratrol, iridoids, carotenoids, fatty acids, and alkaloids. Of these, 10 are known for their antitumor activity, suggesting the potential of Torenia species beyond traditional gardening, extending into pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Robert P. Borris
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hyun-Min Kim
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China
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4
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Bournaka S, Badra-Fajardo N, Arbi M, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. The cell cycle revisited: DNA replication past S phase preserves genome integrity. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 99:45-55. [PMID: 38346544 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Accurate and complete DNA duplication is critical for maintaining genome integrity. Multiple mechanisms regulate when and where DNA replication takes place, to ensure that the entire genome is duplicated once and only once per cell cycle. Although the bulk of the genome is copied during the S phase of the cell cycle, increasing evidence suggests that parts of the genome are replicated in G2 or mitosis, in a last attempt to secure that daughter cells inherit an accurate copy of parental DNA. Remaining unreplicated gaps may be passed down to progeny and replicated in the next G1 or S phase. These findings challenge the long-established view that genome duplication occurs strictly during the S phase, bridging DNA replication to DNA repair and providing novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Bournaka
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Nibal Badra-Fajardo
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Marina Arbi
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece.
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5
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Uno K, Rastegar B, Jansson C, Durand G, Valind A, Chattopadhyay S, Bertolotti A, Ciceri S, Spreafico F, Collini P, Perotti D, Mengelbier LH, Gisselsson D. A Gradual Transition Toward Anaplasia in Wilms Tumor Through Tolerance to Genetic Damage. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100382. [PMID: 37951357 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Wilms tumor (WT) in general have excellent survival, but the prognosis of patients belonging to the subgroup of WT with diffuse anaplasia (DA) is poor due to frequent resistance to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that DA WT cells might undergo changes, such as acquiring a persistent tolerance to DNA damage and copy number aberrations (CNAs), which could eventually lead to their resistance to chemotherapy treatment. Tissue sections from chemotherapy-treated DA WTs (n = 12) were compared with chemotherapy-treated nonanaplastic WTs (n = 15) in a tissue microarray system, enabling analysis of 769 tumor regions. All regions were scored for anaplastic features and immunohistochemistry was used to quantify p53 expression, proliferation index (Ki67), and DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX). CNAs were assessed by array-based genotyping and TP53 mutations using targeted sequencing. Proliferation index and the frequency of DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX dot expression) increased with higher anaplasia scores. Almost all (95.6%) areas with full-scale anaplasia had TP53 mutations or loss of heterozygosity, along with an increased amount of CNAs. Interestingly, areas with wild-type TP53 with loss of heterozygosity and only one feature of anaplasia (anaplasia score 1) also had significantly higher proliferation indices, more DNA double-strand breaks, and more CNAs than regions without any anaplastic features (score 0); such areas may be preanaplastic cell populations under selective pressure for TP53 mutations. In conclusion, we suggest that chemoresistance of DA WTs may be partly explained by a high proliferative capability of anaplastic cells, which also have a high burden of double-stranded DNA breaks and CNAs, and that there is a gradual emergence of anaplasia in WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Uno
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Bahar Rastegar
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Jansson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Geoffroy Durand
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Valind
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Now with Childhood Cancer Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Subhayan Chattopadhyay
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessia Bertolotti
- Diagnostic and Molecular Research Lab, Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ciceri
- Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Now with Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Spreafico
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Collini
- Soft Tissue Tumor Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Perotti
- Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Now with Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - David Gisselsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Division of Oncology-Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Division of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Skåne Healthcare Region, Lund, Sweden
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6
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Bertram CA, Bartel A, Donovan TA, Kiupel M. Atypical Mitotic Figures Are Prognostically Meaningful for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Sci 2023; 11:5. [PMID: 38275921 PMCID: PMC10821277 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell division through mitosis (microscopically visible as mitotic figures, MFs) is a highly regulated process. However, neoplastic cells may exhibit errors in chromosome segregation (microscopically visible as atypical mitotic figures, AMFs) resulting in aberrant chromosome structures. AMFs have been shown to be of prognostic relevance for some neoplasms in humans but not in animals. In this study, the prognostic relevance of AMFs was evaluated for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCT). Histological examination was conducted by one pathologist in whole slide images of 96 cases of ccMCT with a known survival time. Tumor-related death occurred in 11/18 high-grade and 2/78 low-grade cases (2011 two-tier system). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.859 for the AMF count and 0.880 for the AMF to MF ratio with regard to tumor-related mortality. In comparison, the AUC for the mitotic count was 0.885. Based on our data, a prognostically meaningful threshold of ≥3 per 2.37 mm2 for the AMF count (sensitivity: 76.9%, specificity: 98.8%) and >7.5% for the AMF:MF ratio (sensitivity: 76.9%, specificity: 100%) is suggested. While the mitotic count of ≥ 6 resulted in six false positive cases, these could be eliminated when combined with the AMF to MF ratio. In conclusion, the results of this study suggests that AMF enumeration is a prognostically valuable test, particularly due to its high specificity with regard to tumor-related mortality. Additional validation and reproducibility studies are needed to further evaluate AMFs as a prognostic criterion for ccMCT and other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A. Bertram
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Taryn A. Donovan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
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Meng Q, Pathak N, Ren X, Borris RP, Kim HM. Exploring the Impact of Onobrychis cornuta and Veratrum lobelianum Extracts on C. elegans: Implications for MAPK Modulation, Germline Development, and Antitumor Properties. Nutrients 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 38201838 PMCID: PMC10780469 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In an era of increasing interest in the potential health benefits of medicinal foods, the need to assess their safety and potential toxicity remains a critical concern. While these natural remedies have garnered substantial attention for their therapeutic potential, a comprehensive understanding of their effects on living organisms is essential. We examined 316 herbal extracts to determine their potential nematocidal attributes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Approximately 16% of these extracts exhibited the capacity to induce diminished survival rates and larval arrest, establishing a correlation between larval arrest and overall worm viability. Certain extracts led to an unexpected increase in male nematodes, accompanied by a discernible reduction in DAPI-stained bivalent structures and perturbed meiotic advancement, thereby disrupting the conventional developmental processes. Notably, Onobrychis cornuta and Veratrum lobelianum extracts activated a DNA damage checkpoint response via the ATM/ATR and CHK-1 pathways, thus hindering germline development. Our LC-MS analysis revealed jervine in V. lobelianum and nine antitumor compounds in O. cornuta. Interestingly, linoleic acid replicated phenotypes induced by O. cornuta exposure, including an increased level of pCHK-1 foci, apoptosis, and the MAPK pathway. Mutants in the MAPK pathway mitigated the decline in worm survival, underscoring its importance in promoting worm viability. This study reveals complex interactions between herbal extracts and C. elegans processes, shedding light on potential antitumor effects and mechanisms. The findings provide insights into the complex landscape of herbal medicine's impact on a model organism, offering implications for broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Q.M.); (N.P.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Nishit Pathak
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Q.M.); (N.P.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Xiaojing Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Q.M.); (N.P.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Robert P. Borris
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Q.M.); (N.P.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Hyun-Min Kim
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China
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Titova E, Shagieva G, Dugina V, Kopnin P. The Role of Aurora B Kinase in Normal and Cancer Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2054-2062. [PMID: 38462449 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are essential players in mammalian cell division. These kinases are involved in the regulation of spindle dynamics, microtubule-kinetochore interactions, and chromosome condensation and orientation during mitosis. At least three members of the Aurora family - Aurora kinases A, B, and C - have been identified in mammals. Aurora B is essential for maintaining genomic stability and normal cell division. Mutations and dysregulation of this kinase are implicated in tumor initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the functions of Aurora B, the relationship between increased Aurora B activity and carcinogenesis, and the prospects for the use of Aurora B kinase inhibitors in antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Titova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Galina Shagieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
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Ryu K, Yoshida A, Funato Y, Yamazaki D, Miki H. PRL stimulates mitotic errors by suppressing kinetochore-localized activation of AMPK during mitosis. Cell Struct Funct 2022; 47:75-87. [PMID: 36336348 PMCID: PMC10511051 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is frequently overexpressed in various malignant cancers and is known to be a driver of malignancy. Here, we demonstrated that PRL overexpression causes mitotic errors that accompany spindle misorientation and aneuploidy, which are intimately associated with cancer progression. Mechanistic analyses of this phenomenon revealed dysregulation of the energy sensor kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in PRL-induced mitotic errors. Specifically, immunofluorescence analysis showed that levels of phosphorylated AMPK (P-AMPK), an activated form of AMPK, at the kinetochore were reduced by PRL expression. Moreover, artificial activation of AMPK using chemical activators, such as A769662 and AICAR, in PRL-expressing cells restored P-AMPK signals at the kinetochore and normalized spindle orientation. Collectively, these results indicate the crucial importance of the activation of kinetochore-localized AMPK in the normal progression of mitosis, which is specifically perturbed by PRL overexpression.Key words: cancer, AMPK, PRL, kinetochore, mitotic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajung Ryu
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Minor Kinases with Major Roles in Cytokinesis Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223639. [PMID: 36429067 PMCID: PMC9688779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the conclusive act of cell division, allows cytoplasmic organelles and chromosomes to be faithfully partitioned between two daughter cells. In animal organisms, its accurate regulation is a fundamental task for normal development and for preventing aneuploidy. Cytokinesis failures produce genetically unstable tetraploid cells and ultimately result in chromosome instability, a hallmark of cancer cells. In animal cells, the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin ring drive cleavage furrow ingression, resulting in the formation of a cytoplasmic intercellular bridge, which is severed during abscission, the final event of cytokinesis. Kinase-mediated phosphorylation is a crucial process to orchestrate the spatio-temporal regulation of the different stages of cytokinesis. Several kinases have been described in the literature, such as cyclin-dependent kinase, polo-like kinase 1, and Aurora B, regulating both furrow ingression and/or abscission. However, others exist, with well-established roles in cell-cycle progression but whose specific role in cytokinesis has been poorly investigated, leading to considering these kinases as "minor" actors in this process. Yet, they deserve additional attention, as they might disclose unexpected routes of cell division regulation. Here, we summarize the role of multifunctional kinases in cytokinesis with a special focus on those with a still scarcely defined function during cell cleavage. Moreover, we discuss their implication in cancer.
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11
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Li Z, Ma Z, Xue H, Shen R, Qin K, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zhang G. Chromatin Separation Regulators Predict the Prognosis and Immune Microenvironment Estimation in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:917150. [PMID: 35873497 PMCID: PMC9305311 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.917150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Abnormal chromosome segregation is identified to be a common hallmark of cancer. However, the specific predictive value of it in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is unclear. Method: The RNA sequencing and the clinical data of LUAD were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TACG) database, and the prognosis-related genes were identified. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) were carried out for functional enrichment analysis of the prognosis genes. The independent prognosis signature was determined to construct the nomogram Cox model. Unsupervised clustering analysis was performed to identify the distinguishing clusters in LUAD-samples based on the expression of chromosome segregation regulators (CSRs). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the enriched biological processes and pathways between different clusters were identified. The immune environment estimation, including immune cell infiltration, HLA family genes, immune checkpoint genes, and tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE), was assessed between the clusters. The potential small-molecular chemotherapeutics for the individual treatments were predicted via the connectivity map (CMap) database. Results: A total of 2,416 genes were determined as the prognosis-related genes in LUAD. Chromosome segregation is found to be the main bioprocess enriched by the prognostic genes. A total of 48 CSRs were found to be differentially expressed in LUAD samples and were correlated with the poor outcome in LUAD. Nine CSRs were identified as the independent prognostic signatures to construct the nomogram Cox model. The LUAD-samples were divided into two distinct clusters according to the expression of the 48 CSRs. Cell cycle and chromosome segregation regulated genes were enriched in cluster 1, while metabolism regulated genes were enriched in cluster 2. Patients in cluster 2 had a higher score of immune, stroma, and HLA family components, while those in cluster 1 had higher scores of TIDES and immune checkpoint genes. According to the hub genes highly expressed in cluster 1, 74 small-molecular chemotherapeutics were predicted to be effective for the patients at high risk. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the CSRs were correlated with the poor prognosis and the possible immunotherapy resistance in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshui Li
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zaiqi Ma
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Xue
- Heart Center Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruxin Shen
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Qin
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Cancer Center Department, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Zheng, ; Guodong Zhang,
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Zheng, ; Guodong Zhang,
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12
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Wang Y, Oda S, Suzuki MG, Mitani H, Aoki F. Cell cycle-dependent radiosensitivity in mouse zygotes. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 117:103370. [PMID: 35863142 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian zygotes are hypersensitive to radiation exposure compared with later-stage embryos and somatic cells, which may be due to an unusual DNA damage response (DDR). DNA damage checkpoints are an essential part of the DDR, allowing for faithful replication of cells. Although the DDR and radiosensitivity of somatic cells are dependent on the cell cycle phase, it remains largely unclear how the irradiation of zygotes at different phases affects cell cycle progression and preimplantation development. Here, mouse zygotes were irradiated with 10 Gy γ-rays at all four cell cycle phases. DNA damage checkpoints were activated by γ-irradiation at the G2 phase, but not at the G1, S, and M phases. The absence of DNA damage checkpoints at the G1 and M phases seems to be due to the low abundance of phosphorylated CHK2, which plays a key role in checkpoint activation in response to ionizing radiation. The cause of the inoperative S phase checkpoint may lie downstream of CHK2 activation. The inactive DNA damage checkpoints at the G1 and S phases contributed to micronucleus formation in the subsequent 2-cell stage, whereas irradiation at the M phase led to the highest incidence of chromatin bridges. The low developmental rates of embryos irradiated at the G1, S, and M phases suggest that embryos with these two types of chromatin abnormalities are prone to developmental failure. Taken together, these results suggest that the radiosensitivity of zygotes can be ascribed to a defective DDR at the G1, S, and M phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masataka G Suzuki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Fugaku Aoki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
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13
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Dedukh D, Krasikova A. Delete and survive: strategies of programmed genetic material elimination in eukaryotes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:195-216. [PMID: 34542224 PMCID: PMC9292451 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome stability is a crucial feature of eukaryotic organisms because its alteration drastically affects the normal development and survival of cells and the organism as a whole. Nevertheless, some organisms can selectively eliminate part of their genomes from certain cell types during specific stages of ontogenesis. This review aims to describe the phenomenon of programmed DNA elimination, which includes chromatin diminution (together with programmed genome rearrangement or DNA rearrangements), B and sex chromosome elimination, paternal genome elimination, parasitically induced genome elimination, and genome elimination in animal and plant hybrids. During programmed DNA elimination, individual chromosomal fragments, whole chromosomes, and even entire parental genomes can be selectively removed. Programmed DNA elimination occurs independently in different organisms, ranging from ciliate protozoa to mammals. Depending on the sequences destined for exclusion, programmed DNA elimination may serve as a radical mechanism of dosage compensation and inactivation of unnecessary or dangerous genetic entities. In hybrids, genome elimination results from competition between parental genomes. Despite the different consequences of DNA elimination, all genetic material destined for elimination must be first recognised, epigenetically marked, separated, and then removed and degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij Dedukh
- Saint‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya EmbankmentSaint‐Petersburg199034Russia
| | - Alla Krasikova
- Saint‐Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya EmbankmentSaint‐Petersburg199034Russia
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14
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The Abscission Checkpoint: A Guardian of Chromosomal Stability. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123350. [PMID: 34943860 PMCID: PMC8699595 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The abscission checkpoint contributes to the fidelity of chromosome segregation by delaying completion of cytokinesis (abscission) when there is chromatin lagging in the intercellular bridge between dividing cells. Although additional triggers of an abscission checkpoint-delay have been described, including nuclear pore defects, replication stress or high intercellular bridge tension, this review will focus only on chromatin bridges. In the presence of such abnormal chromosomal tethers in mammalian cells, the abscission checkpoint requires proper localization and optimal kinase activity of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC)-catalytic subunit Aurora B at the midbody and culminates in the inhibition of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport-III (ESCRT-III) components at the abscission site to delay the final cut. Furthermore, cells with an active checkpoint stabilize the narrow cytoplasmic canal that connects the two daughter cells until the chromatin bridges are resolved. Unsuccessful resolution of chromatin bridges in checkpoint-deficient cells or in cells with unstable intercellular canals can lead to chromatin bridge breakage or tetraploidization by regression of the cleavage furrow. In turn, these outcomes can lead to accumulation of DNA damage, chromothripsis, generation of hypermutation clusters and chromosomal instability, which are associated with cancer formation or progression. Recently, many important questions regarding the mechanisms of the abscission checkpoint have been investigated, such as how the presence of chromatin bridges is signaled to the CPC, how Aurora B localization and kinase activity is regulated in late midbodies, the signaling pathways by which Aurora B implements the abscission delay, and how the actin cytoskeleton is remodeled to stabilize intercellular canals with DNA bridges. Here, we review recent progress toward understanding the mechanisms of the abscission checkpoint and its role in guarding genome integrity at the chromosome level, and consider its potential implications for cancer therapy.
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15
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. An ATM-Chk2-INCENP pathway activates the abscission checkpoint. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211635. [PMID: 33355621 PMCID: PMC7769160 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, in response to chromatin bridges, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) delays abscission to prevent chromosome breakage or tetraploidization. Here, we show that inhibition of ATM or Chk2 kinases impairs CPC localization to the midbody center, accelerates midbody resolution in normally segregating cells, and correlates with premature abscission and chromatin breakage in cytokinesis with trapped chromatin. In cultured human cells, ATM activates Chk2 at late midbodies. In turn, Chk2 phosphorylates human INCENP-Ser91 to promote INCENP binding to Mklp2 kinesin and CPC localization to the midbody center through Mklp2 association with Cep55. Expression of truncated Mklp2 that does not bind to Cep55 or nonphosphorylatable INCENP-Ser91A impairs CPC midbody localization and accelerates abscission. In contrast, expression of phosphomimetic INCENP-Ser91D or a chimeric INCENP protein that is targeted to the midbody center rescues the abscission delay in Chk2-deficient or ATM-deficient cells. Furthermore, the Mre11–Rad50–Nbs1 complex is required for ATM activation at the midbody in cytokinesis with chromatin bridges. These results identify an ATM–Chk2–INCENP pathway that imposes the abscission checkpoint by regulating CPC midbody localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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16
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Haas OA. Somatic Sex: On the Origin of Neoplasms With Chromosome Counts in Uneven Ploidy Ranges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:631946. [PMID: 34422788 PMCID: PMC8373647 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.631946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable aneuploid genomes with nonrandom numerical changes in uneven ploidy ranges define distinct subsets of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The idea put forward herein suggests that they emerge from interactions between diploid mitotic and G0/G1 cells, which can in a single step produce all combinations of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentasomic paternal/maternal homologue configurations that define such genomes. A nanotube-mediated influx of interphase cell cytoplasm into mitotic cells would thus be responsible for the critical nondisjunction and segregation errors by physically impeding the proper formation of the cell division machinery, whereas only a complete cell fusion can simultaneously generate pentasomies, uniparental trisomies as well as biclonal hypo- and hyperdiploid cell populations. The term "somatic sex" was devised to accentuate the similarities between germ cell and somatic cell fusions. A somatic cell fusion, in particular, recapitulates many processes that are also instrumental in the formation of an abnormal zygote that involves a diploid oocyte and a haploid sperm, which then may further develop into a digynic triploid embryo. Despite their somehow deceptive differences and consequences, the resemblance of these two routes may go far beyond of what has hitherto been appreciated. Based on the arguments put forward herein, I propose that embryonic malignancies of mesenchymal origin with these particular types of aneuploidies can thus be viewed as the kind of flawed somatic equivalent of a digynic triploid embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar A Haas
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Siri SO, Martino J, Gottifredi V. Structural Chromosome Instability: Types, Origins, Consequences, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3056. [PMID: 34205328 PMCID: PMC8234978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) refers to an increased rate of acquisition of numerical and structural changes in chromosomes and is considered an enabling characteristic of tumors. Given its role as a facilitator of genomic changes, CIN is increasingly being considered as a possible therapeutic target, raising the question of which variables may convert CIN into an ally instead of an enemy during cancer treatment. This review discusses the origins of structural chromosome abnormalities and the cellular mechanisms that prevent and resolve them, as well as how different CIN phenotypes relate to each other. We discuss the possible fates of cells containing structural CIN, focusing on how a few cell duplication cycles suffice to induce profound CIN-mediated genome alterations. Because such alterations can promote tumor adaptation to treatment, we discuss currently proposed strategies to either avoid CIN or enhance CIN to a level that is no longer compatible with cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Omar Siri
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Martino
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Çağlar Ö, Çobanoğlu H, Uslu A, Çayır A. Evaluation of DNA damages in congenital hearing loss patients. Mutat Res 2021; 822:111744. [PMID: 33934048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2021.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to compare the level of genetic damages measured as micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB), and nuclear bud formation (NBUD) in congenital hearing loss patients (n = 17) and control group (n = 24). The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) was applied to the blood samples to measure the frequency of the markers in both groups. The frequencies of MN of hearing loss patients were found to be consistently significantly higher than those obtained for the control group (p < 0.0001). Similarly, we found significantly higher frequency of NPB in patients was obtained for the patient group (p < 0.0001). Finally, the frequencies of NBUD in patients is significantly higher than the level measured in the control group (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the age-adjusted MNL, BNMN, NPB, and NBUD frequencies in the patients were significantly higher than those obtained in the control group. We observed that the frequency of MN in patients was positively correlated with NBUD frequency which may indicate a common mechanism for these biomarkers in the patient group. We found, for the first time, that there were statistically significant higher levels of MN, NPB, and NBUD in sensorineural hearing loss patients. Since the markers we evaluated were linked with crucial diseases, our findings might suggest that sensorineural hearing loss patients are susceptible to several crucial diseases, especially cancer. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the significance of the MN, NPB, and NBUD level and thus provides a potential marker for the diagnosis of congenital hearing loss patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Çağlar
- Otorhinolaryngology-Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
| | - Hayal Çobanoğlu
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Atilla Uslu
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akın Çayır
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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19
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Suto Y, Tominaga T, Akiyama M, Hirai M. Revisiting Microscopic Observation of Chromosomal Aberrations in Cultured Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes at the Second Mitotic Division after Gamma Irradiation In Vitro. CYTOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.86.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Suto
- Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
| | - Takako Tominaga
- Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
| | - Miho Akiyama
- Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
| | - Momoki Hirai
- Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
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20
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Tyagi IS, Chen S, Khan MA, Xie J, Li PY, Long X, Xue H. Intrinsic and chemically-induced daughter number variations in cancer cell lines. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:537-549. [PMID: 33596747 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1883363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipolar mitosis was observed in cancer cells under mechanical stress or drug treatment. However, a comprehensive understanding of its basic properties and significance to cancer cell biology is lacking. In the present study, live-cell imaging was employed to investigate the division and nucleation patterns in four different cell lines. Multi-daughter divisions were observed in the three cancer cell lines HepG2, HeLa and A549, but not in the transformed non-cancer cell line RPE1. Multi-daughter mother cells displayed multi-nucleation, enlarged cell area, and prolonged division time. Under acidic pH or treatment with the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or the phytochemical compound wogonin, multi-daughter mitoses were increased to different extents in all three cancer cell lines, reaching as high as 16% of all mitoses. While less than 0.4% of the bi-daughter mitosis were followed by cell fusion events under the various treatment conditions, 50% or more of the multi-daughter mitoses were followed by fusion events at neutral, acidic or alkaline pH. These findings revealed a "Daughter Number Variation" (DNV) process in the cancer cells, with multi-daughter divisions in Stage 1 and cell fusions leading to the formation of cells containing up to five nuclei in Stage 2. The Stage 2-fusions were inhibited by 5-FU in A549 and HeLa, and by wogonin in A549, HeLa and HepG2. The parallel relationship between DNV frequency and malignancy among the different cell lines suggests that the inclusion of anti-fusion agents exemplified by wogonin and 5-FU could be beneficial in combinatory cancer chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Shazia Tyagi
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Khan
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xie
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yin Li
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Long
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xue
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Center for Cancer Genomics, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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21
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Donovan TA, Moore FM, Bertram CA, Luong R, Bolfa P, Klopfleisch R, Tvedten H, Salas EN, Whitley DB, Aubreville M, Meuten DJ. Mitotic Figures-Normal, Atypical, and Imposters: A Guide to Identification. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:243-257. [PMID: 33371818 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820980049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Counting mitotic figures (MF) in hematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic sections is an integral part of the diagnostic pathologist's tumor evaluation. The mitotic count (MC) is used alone or as part of a grading scheme for assessment of prognosis and clinical decisions. Determining MCs is subjective, somewhat laborious, and has interobserver variation. Proposals for standardizing this parameter in the veterinary field are limited to terminology (use of the term MC) and area (MC is counted in an area measuring 2.37 mm2). Digital imaging techniques are now commonplace and widely used among veterinary pathologists, and field of view area can be easily calculated with digital imaging software. In addition to standardizing the methods of counting MF, the morphologic characteristics of MF and distinguishing atypical mitotic figures (AMF) versus mitotic-like figures (MLF) need to be defined. This article provides morphologic criteria for MF identification and for distinguishing normal phases of MF from AMF and MLF. Pertinent features of digital microscopy and application of computational pathology (CPATH) methods are discussed. Correct identification of MF will improve MC consistency, reproducibility, and accuracy obtained from manual (glass slide or whole-slide imaging) and CPATH approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pompei Bolfa
- 41635Ross University, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | | | - Harold Tvedten
- 8095Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Stolbova VV, Mamikhin SV, Kotelnikova AD, Prohorova SA, Zaitseva MV. Detailed Classification of Chromosome Aberrations with Undifferentiated Staining to Account for Clastogenic Effects of Radionuclide and Complex Contaminations. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359019120082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Hämälistö S, Stahl JL, Favaro E, Yang Q, Liu B, Christoffersen L, Loos B, Guasch Boldú C, Joyce JA, Reinheckel T, Barisic M, Jäättelä M. Spatially and temporally defined lysosomal leakage facilitates mitotic chromosome segregation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:229. [PMID: 31932607 PMCID: PMC6957743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-surrounded cytoplasmic organelles filled with a powerful cocktail of hydrolases. Besides degrading cellular constituents inside the lysosomal lumen, lysosomal hydrolases promote tissue remodeling when delivered to the extracellular space and cell death when released to the cytosol. Here, we show that spatially and temporally controlled lysosomal leakage contributes to the accurate chromosome segregation in normal mammalian cell division. One or more chromatin-proximal lysosomes leak in the majority of prometaphases, after which active cathepsin B (CTSB) localizes to the metaphase chromatin and cleaves a small subset of histone H3. Stabilization of lysosomal membranes or inhibition of CTSB activity during mitotic entry results in a significant increase in telomere-related chromosome segregation defects, whereas cells and tissues lacking CTSB and cells expressing CTSB-resistant histone H3 accumulate micronuclei and other nuclear defects. These data suggest that lysosomal leakage and chromatin-associated CTSB contribute to proper chromosome segregation and maintenance of genomic integrity. Lysosomes are intracellular organelles containing degradative enzymes, and leakage of lysosomal contents into the cell is thought to trigger cell death. Here, the authors report that leaky lysosomes may facilitate chromosome separation during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Hämälistö
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Lucien Stahl
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Favaro
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qing Yang
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bin Liu
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Christoffersen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 7600, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Claudia Guasch Boldú
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, partner site Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. Building bridges between chromosomes: novel insights into the abscission checkpoint. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4291-4307. [PMID: 31302750 PMCID: PMC11105294 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of chromatin bridges, mammalian cells delay completion of cytokinesis (abscission) to prevent chromatin breakage or tetraploidization by regression of the cleavage furrow. This abscission delay is called "the abscission checkpoint" and is dependent on Aurora B kinase. Furthermore, cells stabilize the narrow cytoplasmic canal between the two daughter cells until the DNA bridges are resolved. Impaired abscission checkpoint signaling or unstable intercellular canals can lead to accumulation of DNA damage, aneuploidy, or generation of polyploid cells which are associated with tumourigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved have only recently started to emerge. In this review, we focus on the molecular pathways of the abscission checkpoint and describe newly identified triggers, Aurora B-regulators and effector proteins in abscission checkpoint signaling. We also describe mechanisms that control intercellular bridge stabilization, DNA bridge resolution, or abscission checkpoint silencing upon satisfaction, and discuss how abscission checkpoint proteins can be targeted to potentially improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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25
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Mutation in DNA Polymerase Beta Causes Spontaneous Chromosomal Instability and Inflammation-Associated Carcinogenesis in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081160. [PMID: 31412651 PMCID: PMC6721533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase beta (Pol β) is a key enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Pol β is mutated in approximately 40% of human tumors in small-scale studies. The 5´-deoxyribose-5-phosphate (dRP) lyase domain of Pol β is responsible for DNA end tailoring to remove the 5’ phosphate group. We previously reported that the dRP lyase activity of Pol β is critical to maintain DNA replication fork stability and prevent cellular transformation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the human gastric cancer associated variant of Pol β (L22P) has the ability to promote spontaneous chromosomal instability and carcinogenesis in mice. We constructed a Pol β L22P conditional knock-in mouse model and found that L22P enhances hyperproliferation and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in stomach cells. Moreover, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from L22P mice frequently induce abnormal numbers of chromosomes and centrosome amplification, leading to chromosome segregation errors. Importantly, L22P mice exhibit chronic inflammation accompanied by stomach tumors. These data demonstrate that the human cancer-associated variant of Pol β can contribute to chromosomal instability and cancer development.
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26
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Su C, Haskins AH, Kato TA. Micronuclei Formation Analysis After Ionizing Radiation. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1984:23-29. [PMID: 31267416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9432-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei are formed by broken chromosome fragments or chromosomes, which were not appropriately separated into the daughter cells' nuclei after division. The appearance of micronuclei is typically a sign of genotoxic events. Majority of micronuclei are formed by broken acentric fragments, but some micronuclei are formed by centric chromosome fragments which were not appropriately separated to daughter cells' nuclei. Because researchers only need to measure visible micronuclei in binucleated cells, micronuclei analysis is much easier than metaphase chromosome aberration analysis discussed in the previous chapter. This method does not require professional training compared to metaphase chromosome aberration analysis. In addition, one can analyze many samples in a relatively short time. Not only ionizing radiation, but other genotoxic stress also induces micronuclei formation. The background frequency of micronuclei is noticeably higher than chromosome aberrations. But researchers can easily analyze 300-1000 binucleated cells per data point to obtain statistically significant differences of irradiated samples. In this chapter, we will discuss the advantages and preparation of micronuclei samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Su
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alexis H Haskins
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Takamitsu A Kato
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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27
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Olziersky AM, Smith CA, Burroughs N, McAinsh AD, Meraldi P. Mitotic live-cell imaging at different timescales. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 145:1-27. [PMID: 29957199 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is a highly dynamic and choreographed process in which chromosomes are captured by the mitotic spindle and physically segregated into the two daughter cells to ensure faithful transmission of the genetic material. Live-cell fluorescence microscopy enables these dynamics to be analyzed over diverse temporal scales. Here we present the methodologies to study chromosome segregation at three timescales: we first show how automated tracking of kinetochores enables investigation of mitotic spindle and chromosome dynamics in the seconds-to-minutes timescale; next we highlight how new DNA live dyes allow the study of chromosome segregation over a period of several hours in any cell line; finally, we demonstrate how image sequences acquired over several days can reveal the fate of whole cell populations over several consecutive cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Olziersky
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris A Smith
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Science, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Burroughs
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Science, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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28
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Karlsson J, Valind A, Holmquist Mengelbier L, Bredin S, Cornmark L, Jansson C, Wali A, Staaf J, Viklund B, Øra I, Börjesson A, Backman T, Braekeveldt N, Sandstedt B, Pal N, Isaksson A, Lackner BG, Jonson T, Bexell D, Gisselsson D. Four evolutionary trajectories underlie genetic intratumoral variation in childhood cancer. Nat Genet 2018; 50:944-950. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Eck-Varanka B, Kováts N, Horváth E, Ferincz Á, Kakasi B, Nagy ST, Imre K, Paulovits G. Eco- and genotoxicity profiling of a rapeseed biodiesel using a battery of bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:170-177. [PMID: 29353167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is considered an important renewable energy source but still there is some controversy about its environmental toxicity, especially to aquatic life. In our study, the toxicity of water soluble fraction of biodiesel was evaluated in relatively low concentrations using a battery of bioassays: Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition, Sinapis alba root growth inhibition, Daphnia magna immobilization, boar semen live/dead ratio and DNA fragmentation and Unio pictorum micronucleus test. While the S. alba test indicated nutritive (stimulating) effect of the sample, the biodiesel exerted toxic effect in the aquatic tests. D. magna was the most sensitive with EC50 value of 0.0226%. For genotoxicity assessment, the mussel micronucleus test (MNT) was applied, detecting considerable genotoxic potential of the biodiesel sample: it elucidated micronuclei formation already at low concentration of 3.3%. Although this test has never been employed in biodiesel eco/genotoxicity assessments, it seems a promising tool, based on its appropriate sensitivity, and representativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Eck-Varanka
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Horváth
- University of Pannonia, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter K. str. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakasi
- University of Pannonia, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Tamás Nagy
- University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Department of Animal Sciences, Deák Ferenc str. 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Imre
- MTA-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, Egyetem str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gábor Paulovits
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Klebelsberg Kunó str. 3, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
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30
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Deevi RK, Javadi A, McClements J, Vohhodina J, Savage K, Loughrey MB, Evergren E, Campbell FC. Protein kinase C zeta suppresses low- or high-grade colorectal cancer (CRC) phenotypes by interphase centrosome anchoring. J Pathol 2018; 244:445-459. [PMID: 29520890 PMCID: PMC5873423 DOI: 10.1002/path.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Histological grading provides prognostic stratification of colorectal cancer (CRC) by scoring heterogeneous phenotypes. Features of aggressiveness include aberrant mitotic spindle configurations, chromosomal breakage, and bizarre multicellular morphology, but pathobiology is poorly understood. Protein kinase C zeta (PKCz) controls mitotic spindle dynamics, chromosome segregation, and multicellular patterns, but its role in CRC phenotype evolution remains unclear. Here, we show that PKCz couples genome segregation to multicellular morphology through control of interphase centrosome anchoring. PKCz regulates interdependent processes that control centrosome positioning. Among these, interaction between the cytoskeletal linker protein ezrin and its binding partner NHERF1 promotes the formation of a localized cue for anchoring interphase centrosomes to the cell cortex. Perturbation of these phenomena induced different outcomes in cells with single or extra centrosomes. Defective anchoring of a single centrosome promoted bipolar spindle misorientation, multi-lumen formation, and aberrant epithelial stratification. Collectively, these disturbances induce cribriform multicellular morphology that is typical of some categories of low-grade CRC. By contrast, defective anchoring of extra centrosomes promoted multipolar spindle formation, chromosomal instability (CIN), disruption of glandular morphology, and cell outgrowth across the extracellular matrix interface characteristic of aggressive, high-grade CRC. Because PKCz enhances apical NHERF1 intensity in 3D epithelial cultures, we used an immunohistochemical (IHC) assay of apical NHERF1 intensity as an indirect readout of PKCz activity in translational studies. We show that apical NHERF1 IHC intensity is inversely associated with multipolar spindle frequency and high-grade morphology in formalin-fixed human CRC samples. To conclude, defective PKCz control of interphase centrosome anchoring may underlie distinct categories of mitotic slippage that shape the development of low- or high-grade CRC phenotypes. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kiran Deevi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Arman Javadi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Jane McClements
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Jekaterina Vohhodina
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Kienan Savage
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Maurice Bernard Loughrey
- Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University Belfast and Belfast Health and Social Care TrustBelfastUK
| | - Emma Evergren
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell BiologyQueen's University of BelfastBelfastUK
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31
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Abstract
The anaphase of mitosis is one of the most critical stages of the cell division cycle in that it can reveal precious information on the fate of a cell lineage. Indeed, most types of nuclear DNA segregation defects visualized during anaphase are manifestations of genomic instability and augur dramatic outcomes, such as cell death or chromosomal aberrations characteristic of cancer cells. Although chromatin bridges and lagging chromatin are always pathological (generating aneuploidy or complex genomic rearrangements), the main subject of this article, the ultrafine anaphase bridges, might, in addition to potentially driving genomic instability, play critical roles for the maintenance of chromosome structure in rapidly proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Bizard
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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32
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Morozov VM, Giovinazzi S, Ishov AM. CENP-B protects centromere chromatin integrity by facilitating histone deposition via the H3.3-specific chaperone Daxx. Epigenetics Chromatin 2017; 10:63. [PMID: 29273057 PMCID: PMC5741900 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-017-0164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main chromatin unit, the nucleosome, can be modulated by the incorporation of histone variants that, in combination with posttranslational histones modifications, determine epigenetics properties of chromatin. Understanding the mechanism that creates a histone variants landscape at different genomic elements is expected to elevate our comprehension of chromatin assembly and function. The Daxx chaperone deposits transcription-associated histone H3.3 at centromeres, but mechanism of centromere-specific Daxx targeting remains unclear. Results In this study, we identified an unexpected function of the constitutive centromeric protein CENP-B that serves as a “beacon” for H3.3 incorporation. CENP-B depletion reduces Daxx association and H3.3 incorporation at centromeres. Daxx/CENP-B interaction and Daxx centromeric association are SUMO dependent and requires SIMs of Daxx. Depletion of SUMO-2, but not SUMO-1, decreases Daxx/CENP-B interaction and reduces centromeric accumulation of Daxx and H3.3, demonstrating distinct functions of SUMO paralogs in H3.3 chaperoning. Finally, disruption of CENP-B/Daxx-dependent H3.3 pathway deregulates heterochromatin marks H3K9me3, ATRX and HP1α at centromeres and elevates chromosome instability. Conclusion The demonstrated roles of CENP-B and SUMO-2 in H3.3 loading reveal a novel mechanism controlling chromatin maintenance and genome stability. Given that CENP-B is the only centromere protein that binds centromere-specific DNA elements, our study provides a new link between centromere DNA and unique epigenetic landscape of centromere chromatin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-017-0164-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav M Morozov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, and University of Florida Cancer Center, 2033 Mowry Road, Room 358, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Serena Giovinazzi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, and University of Florida Cancer Center, 2033 Mowry Road, Room 358, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Division of Food Safety, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Alexander M Ishov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, and University of Florida Cancer Center, 2033 Mowry Road, Room 358, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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33
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Grassi ES, Vezzoli V, Negri I, Lábadi Á, Fugazzola L, Vitale G, Persani L. SP600125 has a remarkable anticancer potential against undifferentiated thyroid cancer through selective action on ROCK and p53 pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 6:36383-99. [PMID: 26415230 PMCID: PMC4742184 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with increasing incidence worldwide. The majority of thyroid cancer cases are well differentiated with favorable outcome. However, undifferentiated thyroid cancers are one of the most lethal human malignancies because of their invasiveness, metastatization and refractoriness even to the most recently developed therapies. In this study we show for the first time a significant hyperactivation of ROCK/HDAC6 pathway in thyroid cancer tissues, and its negative correlation with p53 DNA binding ability. We demonstrate that a small compound, SP600125 (SP), is able to induce cell death selectively in undifferentiated thyroid cancer cell lines by specifically acting on the pathogenic pathways of cancer development. In detail, SP acts on the ROCK/HDAC6 pathway involved in dedifferentiation and invasiveness of undifferentiated human cancers, by restoring its physiological activity level. As main consequence, cancer cell migration is inhibited and, at the same time, cell death is induced through the mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, SP exerts a preferential action on the mutant p53 by increasing its DNA binding ability. In TP53-mutant cells that survive mitotic catastrophe this process results in p21 induction and eventually lead to premature senescence. In conclusion, SP has been proved to be able to simultaneously block cell replication and migration, the two main processes involved in cancer development and dissemination, making it an ideal candidate for developing new drugs against anaplastic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Stellaria Grassi
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Vezzoli
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Negri
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Italy.,Current address: IRIBHM, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular Human Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Árpád Lábadi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Endocrine Unit-Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Italy.,Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Italy.,Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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34
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Berndsen RH, Weiss A, Abdul UK, Wong TJ, Meraldi P, Griffioen AW, Dyson PJ, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Combination of ruthenium(II)-arene complex [Ru(η 6-p-cymene)Cl 2(pta)] (RAPTA-C) and the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib results in efficient angiostatic and antitumor activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43005. [PMID: 28223694 PMCID: PMC5320450 DOI: 10.1038/srep43005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium-based compounds show strong potential as anti-cancer drugs and are being investigated as alternatives to other well-established metal-based chemotherapeutics. The organometallic compound [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2(pta)], where pta = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (RAPTA-C) exhibits broad acting anti-tumor efficacy with intrinsic angiostatic activity. In the search for an optimal anti-angiogenesis drug combination, we identified synergistic potential between RAPTA-C and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, erlotinib. This drug combination results in strong synergistic inhibition of cell viability in human endothelial (ECRF24 and HUVEC) and human ovarian carcinoma (A2780 and A2780cisR) cells. Additionally, erlotinib significantly enhances the cellular uptake of RAPTA-C relative to treatment with RAPTA-C alone in human ovarian carcinoma cells, but not endothelial cells. Drug combinations induce the formation of chromosome bridges that persist after mitotic exit and delay abscission in A2780 and A2780cisR, therefore suggesting initiation of cellular senescence. The therapeutic potential of these compounds and their combination is further validated in vivo on A2780 tumors grown on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, and in a preclinical model in nude mice. Immunohistochemical analysis confirms effective anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative activity in vivo, based on a significant reduction of microvascular density and a decrease in proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Berndsen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U. Kulsoom Abdul
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tse J. Wong
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arjan W. Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Guo X, Ni J, Xue J, Wang X. Extract of bulbus Fritillaria cirrhosa perturbs spindle assembly checkpoint, induces mitotic aberrations and genomic instability in human colon epithelial cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:163-171. [PMID: 28073664 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bulbus Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (BFC) has been used in China as a folk medicine for the treatment of cough and asthma for more than 2000 years. The antitussive and antiasthmatic effects of BFC have been reported before, nevertheless its toxicity and safety have not been documented. This study investigated the possible effects of BFC on spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), mitotic fidelity and genomic stability in human NCM460 colon epithelial cells. METHODS Cells were treated with BFC (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72h and harvested differently according to the biomarkers observed. Mitotic aberrations were assessed by the biomarkers of chromosome misalignment (CMA), chromosome lagging (CL) and chromatin bridge (CB). Frequencies of micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge and nuclear bud (NB) in cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay were used as indicators of genomic instability (GIN). SAC activity was determined by anaphase to metaphase ratio (AMR) and the expression of several SAC genes, including CENP-E, Mps1, Bub1, Mad-1, BubR1 and Mad-2. RESULTS Compared with the control, cells in BFC treated groups (80 and 160μg/ml) showed: 1) increased AMR (p<0.05), up-regulated expression of Mps1, Bub1 and Mad-1 (p<0.05) and down-regulated expression of CENP-E, BubR1 and Mad-2 (p<0.05); 2) increased frequencies of CMA, CL and CB (p<0.01); 3) increased incidences of MN and NB (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed for the first time that BFC causes mitotic aberrations and GIN in human colon epithelial cells and these effects maybe the result of SAC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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36
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Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations during cell division represent one of the first recognized features of human cancer cells, and modern detection methods have revealed the pervasiveness of aneuploidy in cancer. The ongoing karyotypic changes brought about by chromosomal instability (CIN) contribute to tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and treatment failure. Whole-chromosome and segmental aneuploidies resulting from CIN have been proposed to allow "macroevolutionary" leaps that may contribute to profound phenotypic change. In this review, we will outline evidence indicating that aneuploidy and CIN contribute to cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sansregret
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Swanton
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence/UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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37
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Honda T, Soeda S, Tsuda K, Yamaguchi C, Aoyama K, Morinaga T, Yuki R, Nakayama Y, Yamaguchi N, Yamaguchi N. Protective role for lipid modifications of Src-family kinases against chromosome missegregation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38751. [PMID: 27941902 PMCID: PMC5150256 DOI: 10.1038/srep38751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Src-family tyrosine kinases, which are expressed in various cell types, play critical roles in cell signalling at the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane through their lipid modifications. Src-family kinases are cotranslationally myristoylated and posttranslationally palmitoylated in the amino-terminal region. The Src-family member Lyn contains a myristoylation site at glycine-2 and a palmitoylation site at cysteine-3, whereas c-Src has a myristoylation site at glycine-2 but not any palmitoylation sites. However, little is known about the role for lipid modifications of Src-family kinases in cell division. Here, we show that non-lipid-modified Lyn and c-Src, Lyn(G2A/C3A) and c-Src(G2A), are delocalized from membranes to the cytoplasm and the nucleus, which gives rise to a significant increase in the rate of chromosome missegregation, such as chromosome lagging and anaphase chromosome bridging, in a tyrosine kinase activity-dependent manner. Treatment with the Src inhibitor PP2 shows that the kinase activity of non-lipid-modified, non-membrane-bound Src during M phase is critical for giving rise to chromosome missegregation. Given that only a fraction of Src-family kinases fails in lipid modifications during biosynthesis, these results suggest that Src’s membrane anchorage through their lipid modifications from prophase to anaphase plays a protective role against induction of chromosome missegregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Honda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuhei Soeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Tsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Aoyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takao Morinaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ryuzaburo Yuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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38
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Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract Activates Spindle Assembly Checkpoint, Prevents Mitotic Aberrations and Genomic Instability in Human Colon Epithelial NCM460 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091437. [PMID: 27598149 PMCID: PMC5037716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (PE) has been widely consumed as a functional food and folk medicine in Southeast Asia due to its remarkable nutritional and pharmacological effects. Previous research showed PE delays mitotic progress and increases genomic instability (GIN) in human colorectal cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the similar effects of PE by the biomarkers related to spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), mitotic aberrations and GIN in human NCM460 normal colon epithelial cells. Cells were treated with PE and harvested differently according to the biomarkers observed. Frequencies of micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB) and nuclear bud (NB) in cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay were used as indicators of GIN. Mitotic aberrations were assessed by the biomarkers of chromosome misalignment, multipolar division, chromosome lagging and chromatin bridge. SAC activity was determined by anaphase-to- metaphase ratio (AMR) and the expression of core SAC gene budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles related 1 (BubR1). Compared with the control, PE-treated cells showed (1) decreased incidences of MN, NPB and NB (p < 0.01); (2) decreased frequencies of all mitotic aberration biomarkers (p < 0.01); and (3) decreased AMR (p < 0.01) and increased BubR1 expression (p < 0.001). The results revealed PE has the potential to protect human normal colon epithelial cells from mitotic and genomic damages partially by enhancing the function of SAC.
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Fernández Freire P, Peropadre A, Rosal R, Pérez Martín JM, Hazen MJ. Toxicological assessment of third generation (G3) poly (amidoamine) dendrimers using the Allium cepa test. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:899-903. [PMID: 26345251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Fernández Freire
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Peropadre
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain; Advanced Study Institute of Madrid, IMDEA-Agua, Parque Científico Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, E-28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Pérez Martín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Hazen
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Nakayama Y, Inoue T. Antiproliferative Fate of the Tetraploid Formed after Mitotic Slippage and Its Promotion; A Novel Target for Cancer Therapy Based on Microtubule Poisons. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050663. [PMID: 27213315 PMCID: PMC6274067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule poisons inhibit spindle function, leading to activation of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and mitotic arrest. Cell death occurring in prolonged mitosis is the first target of microtubule poisons in cancer therapies. However, even in the presence of microtubule poisons, SAC and mitotic arrest are not permanent, and the surviving cells exit the mitosis without cytokinesis (mitotic slippage), becoming tetraploid. Another target of microtubule poisons-based cancer therapy is antiproliferative fate after mitotic slippage. The ultimate goal of both the microtubule poisons-based cancer therapies involves the induction of a mechanism defined as mitotic catastrophe, which is a bona fide intrinsic oncosuppressive mechanism that senses mitotic failure and responds by driving a cell to an irreversible antiproliferative fate of death or senescence. This mechanism of antiproliferative fate after mitotic slippage is not as well understood. We provide an overview of mitotic catastrophe, and explain new insights underscoring a causal association between basal autophagy levels and antiproliferative fate after mitotic slippage, and propose possible improved strategies. Additionally, we discuss nuclear alterations characterizing the mitotic catastrophe (micronuclei, multinuclei) after mitotic slippage, and a possible new type of nuclear alteration (clustered micronuclei).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakayama
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Inoue
- Division of Human Genome Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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Giovinazzi S, Sirleto P, Aksenova V, Morozov VM, Zori R, Reinhold WC, Ishov AM. Usp7 protects genomic stability by regulating Bub3. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3728-42. [PMID: 25003721 PMCID: PMC4116516 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
USP7 (Ubiquitin Specific processing Protease-7) is a deubiquitinase which, over the past decade emerged as a critical regulator of cellular processes. Deregulation of USP7 activity has been linked to cancer, making USP7 inhibition an appealing anti-cancer strategy. The identification of novel USP7 substrates and additional USP7-dependent cellular activities will broaden our knowledge towards potential clinical application of USP7 inhibitors. Results presented in this study uncover a novel and pivotal function of USP7 in the maintenance of genomic stability. Upon USP7 depletion we observed prolonged mitosis and mitotic abnormalities including micronuclei accumulation, lagging chromosomes and karyotype instability. Inhibition of USP7 with small molecule inhibitors stabilizes cyclin B and causes mitotic abnormalities. Our results suggest that these USP7-dependent effects are mediated by decreased levels of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) component Bub3, which we characterized as an interacting partner and substrate of USP7. In silico analysis across the NCI-60 panels of cell lines supports our results where lower levels of USP7 strongly correlate with genomic instability. In conclusion, we identified a novel role of USP7 as regulator of the SAC component Bub3 and genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Giovinazzi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander M Ishov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
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Intratumoral genome diversity parallels progression and predicts outcome in pediatric cancer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6125. [PMID: 25625758 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic differences among neoplastic cells within the same tumour have been proposed to drive cancer progression and treatment failure. Whether data on intratumoral diversity can be used to predict clinical outcome remains unclear. We here address this issue by quantifying genetic intratumoral diversity in a set of chemotherapy-treated childhood tumours. By analysis of multiple tumour samples from seven patients we demonstrate intratumoral diversity in all patients analysed after chemotherapy, typically presenting as multiple clones within a single millimetre-sized tumour sample (microdiversity). We show that microdiversity often acts as the foundation for further genome evolution in metastases. In addition, we find that microdiversity predicts poor cancer-specific survival (60%; P=0.009), independent of other risk factors, in a cohort of 44 patients with chemotherapy-treated childhood kidney cancer. Survival was 100% for patients lacking microdiversity. Thus, intratumoral genetic diversity is common in childhood cancers after chemotherapy and may be an important factor behind treatment failure.
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Pefani DE, O'Neill E. Safeguarding genome stability: RASSF1A tumor suppressor regulates BRCA2 at stalled forks. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:1624-30. [PMID: 25927241 PMCID: PMC4613848 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1035845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While it has been widely established that defective fork restart after exposure to stress results in increased genomic instability, the importance of fork protection during stalling for safeguarding genomic integrity has recently been fully appreciated. BRCA2, Breast tumor suppressor, has dual functionality promoting not only DNA repair but also preventing DNA lesions at stalled forks. In response to replication stress, BRCA2 recruits RAD51 onto nascent DNA at stalled forks, protecting nascent DNA from nucleolitic cleavage. Phosphorylation of the BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51 binding site by CDK2 promotes RAD51 filament disassembly, leading to nucleolitic cleavage of newly synthesized DNA and compromised fork integrity. Recently we uncovered how the core Hippo pathway components RASSF1A, MST2 and LATS1 regulate CDK2 activity towards BRCA2, in response to fork stalling. In complex with LATS1, CDK2 exhibits reduced kinase activity which results in low levels of pBRCA2-S3291 and stable RAD51 filaments protecting nascent DNA from MRE11 cleavage. In the absence of the RASSF1A/MST2/LATS1/CDK2 pathway increased resection of newly synthesized DNA leads to chromosomal instability and malignant transformation. This function of RASSF1A in stalled replication fork protection adds to the role of RASSF1A as a tumor suppressor and builds up evidence for RASSF1A status and its prognostic and predictive value in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric O'Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
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Varetti G, Pellman D, Gordon DJ. Aurea mediocritas: the importance of a balanced genome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a015842. [PMID: 25237130 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, defined as an abnormal number of chromosomes, is a hallmark of cancer. Paradoxically, aneuploidy generally has a negative impact on cell growth and fitness in nontransformed cells. In this work, we review recent progress in identifying how aneuploidy leads to genomic and chromosomal instability, how cells can adapt to the deleterious effects of aneuploidy, and how aneuploidy contributes to tumorigenesis in different genetic contexts. Finally, we also discuss how aneuploidy might be a target for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Varetti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David Pellman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Burrell
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sarah E McClelland
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Current address: Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University Olomouc, CZ-775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Andrioli NB, Soloneski S, Larramendy ML, Mudry MD. Induction of microtubule damage in Allium cepa meristematic cells by pharmaceutical formulations of thiabendazole and griseofulvin. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 772:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cornélio DA, Tavares JCM, Pimentel TVCDA, Cavalcanti GB, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay adapted for analyzing genomic instability of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:823-38. [PMID: 24328548 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent cells used in cell therapy research. One of the problems involving hMSCs is the possibility of genetic instability during in vitro expansion required to obtain a suitable number of cells for clinical applications. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay measures genetic instability by analyzing the presence of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in binucleated cells. The present study describes modifications in the CBMN assay methodology to analyze genetic instability in hMSCs isolated from the umbilical vein and in vitro expanded. The best protocol to achieve binucleated hMSCs with preserved cytoplasm was as follows: cytochalasin B concentration (4.0 μg/mL), use of hypotonic treatment (3 min), and the fixative solution (9 methanol:1 acetic acid). These adaptations were reproduced in three hMSC primary cell cultures and also in XP4PA and A549 cell lines. The frequency of hMSCs treated with mitomycin-C presenting MN was lower than that with other nuclear alterations, indicating that the hMSCs contain mechanisms to avoid a high level of chromosomal breaks. However, a high frequency of cells with NPBs was detected and spontaneous anaphase bridges under normal hMSC in vitro culture were observed. Considering that anaphase bridges are characteristic alterations in tumor cells, the CBMN assay is indicated as an important tool associated with other genetic analyses in order to ensure the safe clinical use of hMSCs in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Afonso Cornélio
- 1 Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, Brazil
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The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution. Nature 2013; 501:338-45. [PMID: 24048066 DOI: 10.1038/nature12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1639] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed extensive genetic diversity both between and within tumours. This heterogeneity affects key cancer pathways, driving phenotypic variation, and poses a significant challenge to personalized cancer medicine. A major cause of genetic heterogeneity in cancer is genomic instability. This instability leads to an increased mutation rate and can shape the evolution of the cancer genome through a plethora of mechanisms. By understanding these mechanisms we can gain insight into the common pathways of tumour evolution that could support the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Rabineau M, Kocgozlu L, Dujardin D, Senger B, Haikel Y, Voegel JC, Freund JN, Schaaf P, Lavalle P, Vautier D. Contribution of soft substrates to malignancy and tumor suppression during colon cancer cell division. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78468. [PMID: 24167628 PMCID: PMC3805547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In colon cancer, a highly aggressive disease, progression through the malignant sequence is accompanied by increasingly numerous chromosomal rearrangements. To colonize target organs, invasive cells cross several tissues of various elastic moduli. Whether soft tissue increases malignancy or in contrast limits invasive colon cell spreading remains an open question. Using polyelectrolyte multilayer films mimicking microenvironments of various elastic moduli, we revealed that human SW480 colon cancer cells displayed increasing frequency in chromosomal segregation abnormalities when cultured on substrates with decreasing stiffness. Our results show that, although decreasing stiffness correlates with increased cell lethality, a significant proportion of SW480 cancer cells did escape from the very soft substrates, even when bearing abnormal chromosome segregation, achieve mitosis and undergo a new cycle of replication in contrast to human colonic HCoEpiC cells which died on soft substrates. This observation opens the possibility that the ability of cancer cells to overcome defects in chromosome segregation on very soft substrates could contribute to increasing chromosomal rearrangements and tumor cell aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Rabineau
- Inserm UMR 1121, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Leyla Kocgozlu
- Inserm UMR 1121, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Bernard Senger
- Inserm UMR 1121, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Inserm UMR 1121, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Claude Voegel
- Inserm UMR 1121, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Noel Freund
- Inserm UMR S1113, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Inserm UMR 1121, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UPR 22, Institut Charles Sadron, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Inserm UMR 1121, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Vautier
- Inserm UMR 1121, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
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Bhatia A, Kumar Y. Relevance of microscopic indicators of chromosomal instability in routine reporting of malignancies. Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 42:181-8. [PMID: 23754835 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the defining feature of most human cancers. The role of CIN has been suggested in diagnosis and prognostication of the tumors since long. However, the molecular methods used for its identification are costly, require expertise and may not be available in many of the laboratories. Therefore, this article tries to revisit the already described morphological indicators of CIN like multipolar mitoses, chromatin bridges, chromatin strings, nuclear heterogeneity, laggards, nuclear buds, micronuclei, and multinucleated micronucleated cells. The role of above as morphological biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers has been reviewed and the possibility of their inclusion in day to day reporting of malignancies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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