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Tringali G, Pizzoferrato M, Lisi L, Marinelli S, Buccarello L, Falsini B, Cattaneo A, Navarra P. A Vicious NGF-p75 NTR Positive Feedback Loop Exacerbates the Toxic Effects of Oxidative Damage in the Human Retinal Epithelial Cell Line ARPE-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16237. [PMID: 38003427 PMCID: PMC10671591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of its variety of biological activities, the clinical exploitation of human NGF (hNGF) is currently limited to ocular pathologies. It is therefore interesting to test the effects of hNGF in preclinical models that may predict their efficacy and safety in the clinical setting of ocular disorders and compare the effects of hNGF with those of its analogs. We used a human retinal pigment cell line, ARPE-19 cells, to investigate the effects of hNGF and its analogs, mouse NGF (mNGF) and painless NGF (pNGF), on cell viability under basal conditions and after exposure to oxidative stimuli, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ultraviolet (UV)-A rays. The effects of hNGF and pNGF were also tested on the gene expression and protein synthesis of the two NGF receptor subtypes, p75 neurotrophic receptors (p75NTR) and tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptors. We drew the following conclusions: (i) the exposure of ARPE-19 cells to H2O2 or UV-A causes a dose-dependent decrease in the number of viable cells; (ii) under baseline conditions, hNGF, but not pNGF, causes a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability in the range of doses 1-100 ng/mL; (iii) hNGF, but not pNGF, significantly potentiates the toxic effects of H2O2 or of UV-A on ARPE-19 cells in the range of doses 1-100 ng/mL, while mNGF at the same doses presents an intermediate behavior; (iv) 100 ng/mL of hNGF triggers an increase in p75NTR expression in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells, while pNGF at the same dose does not; (v) pNGF, but not hNGF (both given at 100 ng/mL), increases the total cell fluorescence intensity for TrkA receptors in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. The present findings suggest a vicious positive feedback loop through which NGF-mediated upregulation of p75NTR contributes to worsening the toxic effects of oxidative damage in the human retinal epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Looking at the possible clinical relevance of these findings, one can postulate that pNGF might show a better benefit/risk ratio than hNGF in the treatment of ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tringali
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Michela Pizzoferrato
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Lucia Lisi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Silvia Marinelli
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, 00161 Rome, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Lucia Buccarello
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, 00161 Rome, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- UOC Ophtalmology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children’s Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, 00161 Rome, Italy (L.B.)
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.P.)
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Zuo Z, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Fan B, Li G. The Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Axonal Degeneration and Retrograde Retinal Ganglion Cell Death. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:653-667. [PMID: 37819746 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a pathologic change common to multiple retinopathies and optic neuropathies. Various pathologic factors, such as mechanical injury, inflammation, and ischemia, can damage retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somas and axons, eventually triggering axonal degeneration and RGC death. The molecular mechanisms of somal and axonal degeneration are distinct but also overlap, and axonal degeneration can result in retrograde somal degeneration. While the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway acts as a central node in RGC axon degeneration, several newly discovered molecules, such as sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing protein 1 and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2, also play a critical role in this pathological process following different types of injury. Therefore, we summarize the types of injury that cause RGC axon degeneration and retrograde RGC death and important underlying molecular mechanisms, providing a reference for the identification of targets for protecting axons and RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Kendall A, Ekman S, Skiöldebrand E. Nerve growth factor receptors in equine synovial membranes vary with osteoarthritic disease severity. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:316-324. [PMID: 35578994 PMCID: PMC10084167 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin that has been implicated in pain signaling, apoptosis, inflammation and proliferation. The resultant effects depend on interaction with two different receptors; tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) and p75NTR . NGF increases in synovial fluid from osteoarthritic joints, and monoclonal antibody therapy is trialed to treat osteoarthritis (OA)-related pain. Investigation of the complex and somewhat contradictory signaling pathways of NGF is conducted in neural research, but has not followed through to orthopaedic studies. The objectives of this study were to compare the expression of NGF receptors and the downstream regulator BAX in synovial membranes from joints in various stages of OA. The horse was used as a model. Synovial membranes were harvested from five healthy horses postmortem and from clinical cases with spontaneous OA undergoing arthroscopic surgery for lameness. Four horses with synovitis without gross cartilage changes, four horses with synovitis and cartilage damage, and four horses with synovitis and intracarpal fractures were included. Samples were investigated by immunohistochemistry and results showed that nuclear staining of TrkA, p75NTR and BAX increases in OA-associated synovitis. TrkA expression increased in early disease stages whereas increases in p75NTR were most prominent in later disease stages with cartilage damage and fibrosis. Clinical significance: Suppression of NGF may result in varied effects depending on different stages of the osteoarthritic disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kendall
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Ekman
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Skiöldebrand
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Bianchi F, Cocilovo FM, Ruggiero A, Tamburrini G. Optic Pathway Gliomas: The Trends of Basic Research to Reduce the Impact of the Disease on Visual Function. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2023; 48:123-137. [PMID: 37770684 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36785-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric optic pathway gliomas (OPG) are low-grade brain tumors characterized by slow progression and invalidating visual loss. Common therapeutic strategies include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and combinations of these modalities, but despite the different treatment strategies, no actual treatment exists to prevent or revert visual impairment. Nowadays, several reports of the literature show promising results regarding NGF eye drop instillation and improvement of visual outcome. Such results seem to be related with the NGF-linked prevention in caspase activation, which reduces retinal ganglion cell loss.Reducing retinal ganglion cell loss results clinically in visual field improvement as well as visual electric potential and optical coherence tomography gain. Nonetheless, visual acuity fails to show significant changes.Visual impairment represents nowadays one of the major issues in dealing with OPGs. Secondary to the interesting results offered by NGF eye drop administration, further studies are warranted to better comprehend potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Ruggiero
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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5
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Cocchiaro P, Di Donato V, Rubbini D, Mastropasqua R, Allegretti M, Mantelli F, Aramini A, Brandolini L. Intravitreal Administration of rhNGF Enhances Regenerative Processes in a Zebrafish Model of Retinal Degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:822359. [PMID: 35330834 PMCID: PMC8940169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.822359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the best characterized neurotrophin, and it is known to play an important role in ocular homeostasis. Here, we demonstrated the expression of NGF receptors in adult zebrafish retina and optimized a light-induced retina degeneration (LID) zebrafish model that mimics human cone-rod disorders, demonstrating that intravitreal (IV) administration of rhNGF can boost zebrafish retinal regeneration in this model. Adult zebrafish retinae exposed to 60 h of light irradiation (60 h LID) displayed evident reduction of outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and cell number with presence of apoptotic cells. Retinal histologic evaluation at different time points showed that IV therapeutic injection of rhNGF resulted in an increase of ONL thickness and cell number at late time points after damage (14 and 21 days post injury), ultimately accelerating retinal tissue recovery by driving retinal cell proliferation. At a molecular level, rhNGF activated the ERK1/2 pathway and enhanced the regenerative potential of Müller glia gfap- and vim-expressing cells by stimulating at early time points the expression of the photoreceptor regeneration factor Drgal1-L2. Our results demonstrate the highly conserved nature of NGF canonical pathway in zebrafish and thus support the use of zebrafish models for testing new compounds with potential retinal regenerative properties. Moreover, the pro-regenerative effects of IV-injected NGF that we observed pave the way to further studies aimed at evaluating its effects also in mammals, in order to expedite the development of novel rhNGF-based therapeutic approaches for ophthalmological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Di Donato
- ZeClinics SL, IGTP (Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Di Donato, ; Laura Brandolini,
| | - Davide Rubbini
- ZeClinics SL, IGTP (Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Mastropasqua
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Laura Brandolini
- Dompé Farmaceutici SpA, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Di Donato, ; Laura Brandolini,
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6
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NGF and Retinitis Pigmentosa: Structural and Molecular Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1331:255-263. [PMID: 34453304 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74046-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neuroprotective molecule performing not only on central and peripheral neurons but also on cells of the visual system. Human retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a major cause of blindness worldwide, and a resolute therapy is still lacking. Recent studies have shown that ocular NGF administration exerts a protective action on damaged retinal cells of mammalians, including human beings, although whether NGF also protects photoreceptors is not clear.We used the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) strain in this study. The RCS is a rodent affected by inherited retinitis pigmentosa (RP) during postnatal life. For this study, we investigated whether ocular NGF treatment reduces/stops the progression of photoreceptor degeneration of rats with RP.This study was carried out in vitro on isolated photoreceptors to further investigate the action on these cells and whether the action is direct or mediated.The results indicate that ocular NGF administration can protect photoreceptors from degeneration into a model developing inherited RP and that the NGF action is direct. In this regard, we observed that binding of NGF to its receptor modulates expression of rhodopsin, a specific biological marker for photoreceptor survival and functionality.Part of the data reported in this chapter has been published in a previous study.
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7
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Risk Factors for Retinal Ganglion Cell Distress in Glaucoma and Neuroprotective Potential Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157994. [PMID: 34360760 PMCID: PMC8346985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a population of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) extending with their soma to the inner retina and with their axons to the optic nerve. Glaucoma represents a group of neurodegenerative diseases where the slow progressive death of RGCs results in a permanent loss of vision. To date, although Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) is considered the main therapeutic target, the precise mechanisms by which RGCs die in glaucoma have not yet been clarified. In fact, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), which is the most common glaucoma form, also occurs without elevated IOP. This present review provides a summary of some pathological conditions, i.e., axonal transport blockade, glutamate excitotoxicity and changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines along the RGC projection, all involved in the glaucoma cascade. Moreover, neuro-protective therapeutic approaches, which aim to improve RGC degeneration, have also been taken into consideration.
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8
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Jassim AH, Cavanaugh M, Shah JS, Willits R, Inman DM. Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation Reduces Neurodegenerative Process in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:858-870. [PMID: 32974756 PMCID: PMC7854493 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease in which the retinal ganglion cell axons of the optic nerve degenerate concomitant with synaptic changes in the retina, leading finally to death of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Electrical stimulation has been used to improve neural regeneration in a variety of systems, including in diseases of the retina. Therefore, the focus of this study was to investigate whether transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) in the DBA2/J mouse model of glaucoma could improve retinal or optic nerve pathology and serve as a minimally invasive treatment option. Mice (10 months-old) received 21 sessions of TES over 8 weeks, after which we evaluated RGC number, axon number, and anterograde axonal transport using histology and immunohistochemistry. To gain insight into the mechanism of proposed protection, we also evaluated inflammation by quantifying CD3+ T-cells and Iba1+ microglia; perturbations in metabolism were shown via the ratio pAMPK to AMPK, and changes in trophic support were tested using protein capillary electrophoresis. We found that TES resulted in RGC axon protection, a reduction in inflammatory cells and their activation, improved energy homeostasis, and a reduction of the cell death-associated p75NTR. Collectively, the data indicated that TES maintained axons, decreased inflammation, and increased trophic factor support, in the form of receptor presence and energy homeostasis, suggesting that electrical stimulation impacts several facets of the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assraa Hassan Jassim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - McKay Cavanaugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Willits
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Denise M Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, UNT-HSC, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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9
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Fudalej E, Justyniarska M, Kasarełło K, Dziedziak J, Szaflik JP, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Neuroprotective Factors of the Retina and Their Role in Promoting Survival of Retinal Ganglion Cells: A Review. Ophthalmic Res 2021; 64:345-355. [PMID: 33454713 DOI: 10.1159/000514441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) play a crucial role in the visual pathway. As their axons form the optic nerve, apoptosis of these cells causes neurodegenerative vision loss. RGC death could be triggered by increased intraocular pressure, advanced glycation end products, or mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the role of some neuroprotective factors in RGC injury: ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, pigment epithelium-derived factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and Norrin. Each, in their own unique way, prevents RGC damage caused by glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic neuropathy, and even oxygen-induced retinopathy. These factors are produced mainly by neurons, leukocytes, glial cells, and epithelial cells. Neuroprotective factors act via various signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, MAPK, TrkA, and TrkB, which promotes RGC survival. Many attempts have been made to develop therapeutic strategies using these factors. There are ongoing clinical trials with CNTF and NGF, but they have not yet been accepted for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Fudalej
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Justyniarska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kaja Kasarełło
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,
| | - Jacek Dziedziak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Neurotrophic Factors in Glaucoma and Innovative Delivery Systems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10249015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease and a worldwide leading cause of irreversible vision loss. In the last decades, high efforts have been made to develop novel treatments effective in inducing protection and/or recovery of neural function in glaucoma, including neurotrophic factors (NTFs). These approaches have shown encouraging data in preclinical setting; however, the challenge of sustained, targeted delivery to the retina and optic nerve still prevents the clinical translation. In this paper, the authors review and discuss the most recent advances for the use of NTFs treatment in glaucoma, including intraocular delivery. Novel strategies in drug and gene delivery technology for NTFs are proving effective in promoting long-term retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survival and related functional improvements. Results of experimental and clinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of biodegradable slow-release NTF-loaded microparticle devices, encapsulated NTF-secreting cells implants, mimetic ligands for NTF receptors, and viral and non-viral NTF gene vehicles are discussed. NTFs are able to prevent and even reverse apoptotic ganglion cell death. Nevertheless, neuroprotection in glaucoma remains an open issue due to the unmet need of sustained delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. The recent advances in intraocular delivery systems pave the way for possible future use of NTFs in clinical practice for the treatment of glaucoma.
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11
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Harper MM, Boese EA, Kardon RH, Ledolter J, Kuehn MH. High Correlation between Glaucoma Treatment with Topical Prostaglandin Analogs and BDNF Immunoreactivity in Human Retina. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:739-745. [PMID: 32985274 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1822417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase receptor-B (TrkB), in normal and glaucomatous human retinas. METHODS Human retinas were collected from 8 donors who had been clinically diagnosed and treated for glaucoma, and from 9 control donors. Immunohistochemical analysis for BDNF and TrkB was performed. The percent of each retina expressing BDNF and TrkB was quantified for the total retinal thickness, and separately for the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) complex + retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). The expression of each protein was correlated with clinical outcomes obtained from the subject's ocular histories. RESULTS There was no significant difference in BDNF or TrkB expression when comparing glaucomatous and control retinas. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between BDNF expression and the use of prostaglandin analogs. TrkB expression was highly correlated with the last-measured intraocular pressure (IOP), the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, the use of beta blockers, and the total number of drugs used for the treatment of glaucoma. CONCLUSION Topical drugs used to treat glaucoma were associated with an increase in retinal BDNF and TrkB expression in human retina, independent of IOP, which may represent molecular evidence of neuroprotective pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Harper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erin A Boese
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Randy H Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Johannes Ledolter
- Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Tippie College of Business, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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12
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Ala M, Mohammad Jafari R, Nematian H, Ganjedanesh MR, Naderi A, Akbariani M, Sanatkar M, Satarian L, Aghsaei Fard M, Dehpour AR. Neuroprotective Effect of Intravitreal Single-Dose Lithium Chloride after Optic Nerve Injury in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:558-567. [PMID: 32885675 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1808999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lithium is an old drug to control bipolar disorder. Moreover, it presents neuroprotective effects and supports neuronal plasticity. The aim of this study was to evaluate neuroprotective effect of intravitreal lithium after optic nerve injury. METHODS Three dosages of lithium chloride, including 2 pmol, 200 pmol, and 2 nmol, were injected intravitreally after rat optic nerve injury. Proteins expression were assessed by western blot. Nitric oxide (NO) metabolites were measured by Griess test. Visual evoked potential (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement were performed after trauma induction, in addition to H & E and TUJ1 staining of ganglion cells. RESULTS Western blot depicted lithium can significantly increase antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein level and reduce p-ERK, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and proapoptotic proteins such as Bax level in retinal tissue and Griess test reflected that NO metabolites level decreased in lithium treated eyes (P < .05). While, OCT showed no significant changes (P = .36 and P = .43 comparing treated group with trauma) in retinal ganglion cell layer thickness after lithium injection, VEP P2 wave amplitude increased significantly (P < .01) in lithium-treated eyes and its latency reduced (P < .05 for N1 wave and P < .01 for P2 wave). Tuj1 antibody-labeled retinal ganglion cells analyzing showed that the number of retinal ganglion cells were significantly higher in lithium treated eyes compared to untreated eyes with optic nerve injury. CONCLUSION It seems intravitreally lithium has optic nerve neuroprotective effects by various mechanisms like overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins, suppressing proinflammatory molecules and proapoptotic factors, and decreasing nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nematian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjedanesh
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asieh Naderi
- Farabi Eye Hospital BB, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Akbariani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sanatkar
- Farabi Eye Hospital BB, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Satarian
- Eye Group, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Aghsaei Fard
- Farabi Eye Hospital BB, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Guo L, Davis BM, Ravindran N, Galvao J, Kapoor N, Haamedi N, Shamsher E, Luong V, Fico E, Cordeiro MF. Topical recombinant human Nerve growth factor (rh-NGF) is neuroprotective to retinal ganglion cells by targeting secondary degeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3375. [PMID: 32099056 PMCID: PMC7042238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuropathy is a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and no effective treatment is currently available. Secondary degeneration is believed to be the major contributor to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, the endpoint of optic neuropathy. Partial optic nerve transection (pONT) is an established model of optic neuropathy. Although the mechanisms of primary and secondary degeneration have been delineated in this model, until now how this is influenced by therapy is not well-understood. In this article, we describe a clinically translatable topical, neuroprotective treatment (recombinant human nerve growth factor, rh-NGF) predominantly targeting secondary degeneration in a pONT rat model. Topical application of rh-NGF twice daily for 3 weeks significantly improves RGC survival as shown by reduced RGC apoptosis in vivo and increased RGC population in the inferior retina, which is predominantly affected in this model by secondary degeneration. Topical rh-NGF also promotes greater axonal survival and inhibits astrocyte activity in the optic nerve. Collectively, these results suggest that topical rh-NGF exhibits neuroprotective effects on retinal neurons via influencing secondary degeneration process. As topical rh-NGF is already involved in early clinical trials, this highlights its potential in multiple indications in patients, including those affected by glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Benjamin M Davis
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nivedita Ravindran
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Galvao
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neel Kapoor
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nasrin Haamedi
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ehtesham Shamsher
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vy Luong
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Fico
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom. .,Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Pietrucha-Dutczak M, Amadio M, Govoni S, Lewin-Kowalik J, Smedowski A. The Role of Endogenous Neuroprotective Mechanisms in the Prevention of Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:834. [PMID: 30524222 PMCID: PMC6262299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurons are not able to undergo spontaneous regeneration in response to damage. A variety of stressors, i.e., UV radiation, high temperature, ischemia, allergens, and others, induce reactive oxygen species production, resulting in consecutive alteration of stress-response gene expression and finally can lead to cell apoptosis. Neurons have developed their own endogenous cellular protective systems. Some of them are preventing cell death and others are allowing functional recovery after injury. The high efficiency of these mechanisms is crucial for cell survival. In this review we focus on the contribution of the most recently studied endogenous neuroprotective factors involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival, among which, neurotrophic factors and their signaling pathways, processes regulating the redox status, and different pathways regulating cell death are the most important. Additionally, we summarize currently ongoing clinical trials for therapies for RGC degeneration and optic neuropathies, including glaucoma. Knowledge of the endogenous cellular protective mechanisms may help in the development of effective therapies and potential novel therapeutic targets in order to achieve progress in the treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Pietrucha-Dutczak
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Joanna Lewin-Kowalik
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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15
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Effects of neuroactive agents on axonal growth and pathfinding of retinal ganglion cells generated from human stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16757. [PMID: 29196712 PMCID: PMC5711798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently established a novel method for generating functional human retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs). Here, we confirmed that RGCs can also be generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We investigated the usefulness of human RGCs with long axons for assessing the effects of chemical agents, such as the neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and the chemorepellent factors, semaphorin 3 A (SEMA3A) and SLIT1. The effects of direct and local administration of each agent on axonal projection were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time imaging, in which the filopodia of the growth cone served as an excellent marker. A locally sustained agent system showed that the axons elongate towards NGF, but were repelled by SEMA3A and SLIT1. Focally transplanted beads that released SLIT1 bent the pathfinding of axons, imitating normal retinal development. Our innovative system for assessing the effects of chemical compounds using human RGCs may facilitate development of novel drugs for the examination, prophylaxis, and treatment of diseases. It may also be useful for observing the physiology of the optic nerve in vitro, which might lead to significant progress in the science of human RGCs.
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16
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He S, Stankowska DL, Ellis DZ, Krishnamoorthy RR, Yorio T. Targets of Neuroprotection in Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:85-106. [PMID: 28820649 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurodegeneration of the optic nerve and the loss of retinal ganglion cells is a hallmark of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) being the most frequent form of glaucoma in the Western world. While some genetic mutations have been identified for some glaucomas, those associated with POAG are limited and for most POAG patients, the etiology is still unclear. Unfortunately, treatment of this neurodegenerative disease and other retinal degenerative diseases is lacking. For POAG, most of the treatments focus on reducing aqueous humor formation, enhancing uveoscleral or conventional outflow, or lowering intraocular pressure through surgical means. These efforts, in some cases, do not always lead to a prevention of vision loss and therefore other strategies are needed to reduce or reverse the progressive neurodegeneration. In this review, we will highlight some of the ocular pharmacological approaches that are being tested to reduce neurodegeneration and provide some form of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing He
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dorota L Stankowska
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dorette Z Ellis
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Raghu R Krishnamoorthy
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Thomas Yorio
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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17
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Garcia TB, Hollborn M, Bringmann A. Expression and signaling of NGF in the healthy and injured retina. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:43-57. [PMID: 27964967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the present knowledge concerning the retinal localization of the nerve growth factor (NGF), its precursor proNGF, and the receptors TrkA and p75NTR in the developing and mature rodent retina. We further discuss the changes in the expression of NGF and the receptors in experimental models of retinal disorders and diseases like inherited retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. Since proNGF is now recognized as a bioactive signaling molecule which induces cell death through p75NTR activation, the role of proNGF in the induction of retinal cell loss under neurodegenerative conditions is also highlighted. In addition, we present the evidences for a potential therapeutic intervention with NGF for the treatment of retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Different strategies have been developed and experimentally tested in mice and rats in order to reduce cell loss and Müller cell gliosis, e.g., increasing the availability of endogenous NGF, administration of exogenous NGF, activation of TrkA, and inhibition of p75NTR. Here, we discuss the several lines of evidence supporting a protective effect of NGF on retinal cell loss, with specific emphasis on photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell degeneration. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of NGF and proNGF in the modulation of neurodegeneration and gliosis in the retina will help to develop efficient therapeutic strategies for various retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Oddone F, Roberti G, Micera A, Busanello A, Bonini S, Quaranta L, Agnifili L, Manni G. Exploring Serum Levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor Across Glaucoma Stages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168565. [PMID: 28068360 PMCID: PMC5221757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the serum levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in patients affected by primary open angle glaucoma with a wide spectrum of disease severity compared to healthy controls and to explore their relationship with morphological and functional glaucoma parameters. Materials and Methods 45 patients affected by glaucoma at different stages and 15 age-matched healthy control subjects underwent visual field testing, peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measurement using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and blood collection for both neurotrophins detection by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Statistical analysis and association between biostrumental and biochemical data were investigated. Results Serum levels of BDNF in glaucoma patients were significantly lower than those measured in healthy controls (261.2±75.0 pg/ml vs 313.6±79.6 pg/ml, p = 0.03). Subgroups analysis showed that serum levels of BDNF were significantly lower in early (253.8±40.7 pg/ml, p = 0.019) and moderate glaucoma (231.3±54.3 pg/ml, p = 0.04) but not in advanced glaucoma (296.2±103.1 pg/ml, p = 0.06) compared to healthy controls. Serum levels of NGF in glaucoma patients were significantly lower than those measured in the healthy controls (4.1±1 pg/mL vs 5.5±1.2 pg/mL, p = 0.01). Subgroups analysis showed that serum levels of NGF were significantly lower in early (3.5±0.9 pg/mL, p = 0.0008) and moderate glaucoma (3.8±0.7 pg/ml, p<0.0001) but not in advanced glaucoma (5.0±0.7 pg/ml, p = 0.32) compared to healthy controls. BDNF serum levels were not related to age, visual field mean deviation or retinal nerve fibre layer thickness either in glaucoma or in controls while NGF levels were significantly related to visual field mean deviation in the glaucoma group (r2 = 0.26, p = 0.004). Conclusions BDNF and NGF serum levels are reduced in the early and moderate glaucoma stages, suggesting the possibility that both factors could be further investigated as potential circulating biomarkers for the early detection of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Quaranta
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Agnifili
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Time-Dependent Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Changes in the Rat Retina During Optic Nerve Crush-Induced Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010098. [PMID: 28067793 PMCID: PMC5297732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is suggested to be neuroprotective after nerve injury; however, retinal ganglion cells (RGC) degenerate following optic-nerve crush (ONC), even in the presence of increased levels of endogenous NGF. To further investigate this apparently paradoxical condition, a time-course study was performed to evaluate the effects of unilateral ONC on NGF expression and signaling in the adult retina. Visually evoked potential and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess axonal damage and RGC loss. The levels of NGF, proNGF, p75NTR, TrkA and GFAP and the activation of several intracellular pathways were analyzed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after crush (dac) by ELISA/Western Blot and PathScan intracellular signaling array. The progressive RGC loss and nerve impairment featured an early and sustained activation of apoptotic pathways; and GFAP and p75NTR enhancement. In contrast, ONC-induced reduction of TrkA, and increased proNGF were observed only at 7 and 14 dac. We propose that proNGF and p75NTR contribute to exacerbate retinal degeneration by further stimulating apoptosis during the second week after injury, and thus hamper the neuroprotective effect of the endogenous NGF. These findings might aid in identifying effective treatment windows for NGF-based strategies to counteract retinal and/or optic-nerve degeneration.
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20
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Rocco ML, Balzamino BO, Esposito G, Petrella C, Aloe L, Micera A. NGF/anti-VEGF combined exposure protects RCS retinal cells and photoreceptors that underwent a local worsening of inflammation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 255:567-574. [PMID: 28013393 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous study highlighted the potential nerve growth factor (NGF) effect on damaged photoreceptors from a rat model of spontaneous Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP). Herein, we tested the combined NGF/anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (αVEGF) effect on cultured retinal cells isolated from Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats receiving an intravitreal VEGF injection (iv-VEGF) to exacerbate retinal inflammation/neovascularization. METHODS RCS (n = 75) rats were equally grouped as untreated (n = 25), iv-saline (single saline intravitreal injection; n = 25) and iv-VEGF (single VEGF intravitreal injection; n = 25). Morphological and biochemical analysis or in vitro stimulations with the biomolecular investigation were carried out on explanted retinas. Isolated retinal cells were treated with NGF and αVEGF, either alone or in combination, for 6 days and cells were harvested for morphological and biomolecular analyses. RESULTS Infiltrating inflammatory cells were detected in iv-VEGF exposed RCS retinas, indicative of exacerbated inflammation and neovascularization. In cell cultures, NGF/αVEGF significantly increased retinal cell survival as well as rhodopsin expression and neurite outgrowth in photoreceptors. Particularly, NGF/αVEGF upregulated Bcl-2 mRNA, downregulated Bax mRNA, upregulated trkANGFR mRNA and finally upregulated both NGF mRNA and protein. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm and extend our previous findings on NGF-photoreceptor crosstalk, highlighting that the NGF/αVEGF combination might be an interesting approach for improving neuroprotection of RCS retinal cells and likewise photoreceptors in the presence of neovascularization. Further studies are required to translate this in vitro approach into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijorn Omar Balzamino
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-G.B. Bietti Foundation, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6 I-00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziana Esposito
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-G.B. Bietti Foundation, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6 I-00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Aloe
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-G.B. Bietti Foundation, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6 I-00184, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Falsini B, Chiaretti A, Rizzo D, Piccardi M, Ruggiero A, Manni L, Soligo M, Dickmann A, Federici M, Salerni A, Timelli L, Guglielmi G, Lazzareschi I, Caldarelli M, Galli-Resta L, Colosimo C, Riccardi R. Nerve growth factor improves visual loss in childhood optic gliomas: a randomized, double-blind, phase II clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 139:404-14. [PMID: 26767384 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric optic pathway gliomas are low-grade brain tumours characterized by slow progression and invalidating visual loss. Presently there is no strategy to prevent visual loss in this kind of tumour. This study evaluated the effects of nerve growth factor administration in protecting visual function in patients with optic pathway glioma-related visual impairment. A prospective randomized double-blind phase II clinical trial was conducted in 18 optic pathway glioma patients, aged from 2 to 23 years, with stable disease and severe visual loss. Ten patients were randomly assigned to receive a single 10-day course of 0.5 mg murine nerve growth factor as eye drops, while eight patients received placebo. All patients were evaluated before and after treatment, testing visual acuity, visual field, visual-evoked potentials, optic coherence tomography, electroretinographic photopic negative response, and magnetic resonance imaging. Post-treatment evaluations were repeated at 15, 30, 90, and 180 days Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and at 180 days. Treatment with nerve growth factor led to statistically significant improvements in objective electrophysiological parameters (electroretinographic photopic negative response amplitude at 180 days and visual-evoked potentials at 30 days), which were not observed in placebo-treated patients. Furthermore, in patients in whom visual fields could still be measured, visual field worsening was only observed in placebo-treated cases, while three of four nerve growth factor-treated subjects showed significant visual field enlargement. This corresponded to improved visually guided behaviour, as reported by the patients and/or the caregivers. There was no evidence of side effects related to nerve growth factor treatment. Nerve growth factor eye drop administration appears a safe, easy and effective strategy for the treatment of visual loss associated with optic pathway gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Falsini
- 1 Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiaretti
- 2 Paediatric Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- 2 Paediatric Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Piccardi
- 1 Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ruggiero
- 2 Paediatric Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Manni
- 3 Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Soligo
- 3 Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Dickmann
- 1 Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Federici
- 1 Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Annabella Salerni
- 1 Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gaspare Guglielmi
- 5 Pharmacy Gemelli Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lazzareschi
- 2 Paediatric Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Caldarelli
- 6 Paediatric Neurosurgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Colosimo
- 8 Institute of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Riccardi
- 2 Paediatric Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Nafissi N, Foldvari M. Neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma: I. Neurotrophic factor delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:240-54. [PMID: 26306832 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease that causes permanent blindness at the progressive stage and the number of people affected worldwide is expected to reach over 79 million by 2020. Currently, glaucoma management relies on pharmacological and invasive surgical treatments mainly by reducing the intraocular pressure (IOP), which is the most important risk factor for the progression of the visual field loss. Recent research suggests that neuroprotective or neuroregenerative approaches are necessary to prevent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) loss and visual impairment over time. Neuroprotection is a new therapeutic strategy that attempts to keep RGCs alive and functional. New gene and cell therapeutics encoding neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are emerging for both neuroprotection and regenerative treatments for retinal diseases. This article briefly reviews the role of NTFs in glaucoma and the potential delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Nafissi
- School of Pharmacy and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy and Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Experimental and clinical evidence of neuroprotection by nerve growth factor eye drops: Implications for glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 106:13469-74. [PMID: 19805021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906678106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma causes loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and damage to the optic nerve. Although IOP is controlled pharmacologically, no treatment is available to restore retinal and optic nerve function. We evaluated the effects of NGF eye drops in a rat model of glaucoma. We also treated 3 patients with progressive visual field defects despite IOP control. Glaucoma was induced in rats through injection of hypertonic saline into the episcleral vein. Initially, 2 doses of NGF (100 and 200 mug/mL) were tested on 24 rats, and the higher dose was found to be more effective. Glaucoma was then induced in an additional 36 rats: half untreated and half treated with 200 mug/mL NGF QID for 7 weeks. Apoptosis/survival of RGCs was evaluated by histological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. Three patients with advanced glaucoma underwent psychofunctional and electrofunctional tests at baseline, after 3 months of NGF eye drops, and after 3 months of follow-up. Seven weeks of elevated IOP caused RGC degeneration resulting in 40% cell death. Significantly less RGC loss was observed with NGF treatment (2,530 +/- 121 vs. 1,850 +/- 156 RGCs/mm(2)) associated with inhibition of cell death by apoptosis. Patients treated with NGF demonstrated long lasting improvements in visual field, optic nerve function, contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity. NGF exerted neuroprotective effects, inhibiting apoptosis of RGCs in animals with glaucoma. In 3 patients with advanced glaucoma, treatment with topical NGF improved all parameters of visual function. These results may open therapeutic perspectives for glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Balzamino BO, Esposito G, Marino R, Keller F, Micera A. NGF Expression in Reelin-Deprived Retinal Cells: A Potential Neuroprotective Effect. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:314-25. [PMID: 26066836 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that increased NGF and p75(NTR) as well as decreased trkA(NGFR) characterized the Reelin-deprived (E-Reeler) retina, prospecting a potential contribution of NGF during E-Reeler retinogenesis. Herein, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), glial cells and rod bipolar cells (RBCs) were isolated from E-Reeler retinas, and NGF, trkA(NGFR)/p75(NTR) expression and apoptosis were investigated. E-Reeler (n = 28) and E-control (n = 34) retinas were digested, and RGCs, glial cells and RBCs were isolated by the magnetic bead separation. Expression of NGF, trkA(NGFR), p75(NTR), Annexin V/PI and Bcl2/Bax was quantified by flow cytometry and validated by real-time PCR or WB. In E-Reeler retinas, NGF was significantly increased in RGCs and glial cells, p75(NTR) was increased in both RBCs and RGCs, and trkA(NGFR) was unchanged. In E-control retinas, NGF and p75(NTR) were expressed mainly in RBCs and RGCs and faintly in glial cells, while trkA(NGFR) was weakly expressed by RBCs and RGCs. In RBCs and RGCs, Annexin V expression was unchanged, while Bcl2 increased and Bax decreased selectively in E-Reeler RGCs. The data indicate that E-Reeler RBCs and RGCs overexpress NGF and p75(NTR) as a protective endogenous response to Reelin deprivation. The observation is strongly supported by the absence of apoptosis in both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijorn Omar Balzamino
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Unit, IRCCS-G.B. Bietti Foundation, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
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25
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Rocco ML, Balzamino BO, Petrocchi Passeri P, Micera A, Aloe L. Effect of purified murine NGF on isolated photoreceptors of a rodent developing retinitis pigmentosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124810. [PMID: 25897972 PMCID: PMC4405340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of different studies have shown that neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF) support the survival of retinal ganglion neurons during a variety if insults. Recently, we have reported that that eye NGF administration can protect also photoreceptor degeneration in a mice and rat with inherited retinitis pigmentosa. However, the evidence that NGF acts directly on photoreceptors and that other retinal cells mediate the NGF effect could not be excluded. In the present study we have isolated retinal cells from rats with inherited retinitis pigmentosa (RP) during the post-natal stage of photoreceptor degenerative. In presence of NGF, these cells are characterized by enhanced expression of NGF-receptors and rhodopsin, the specific marker of photoreceptor and better cell survival, as well as neuritis outgrowth. Together these observations support the hypothesis that NGF that NGF acts directly on photoreceptors survival and prevents photoreceptor degeneration as previously suggested by in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamela Petrocchi Passeri
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- Dept. Medicine of Systems, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Aloe
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Song WT, Zhang XY, Xia XB. Atoh7 promotes the differentiation of Müller cells-derived retinal stem cells into retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of glaucoma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:682-90. [PMID: 25710928 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214560965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading eye diseases resulting in blindness due to the death of retinal ganglion cells. This study aimed to develop novel protocol to promote the differentiation of retinal Müller cells into ganglion cells in vivo in a rat model of glaucoma. The stem cells dedifferentiated from rat retinal Müller cells were randomized to receive transfection with empty lentivirus PGC-FU-GFP or lentivirus PGC-FU-Atoh7-GFP, or no transfection. The stem cells were induced further to differentiate. Ocular hypertension was induced using laser photocoagulation. The eyes were injected with Atoh7 expression vector lentivirus PGC-FU-Atoh7-GFP. Eyeball frozen sections, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, Western bolt, and apoptosis assay were performed. We found that the proportion of ganglion cells differentiated from Atoh7-tranfected stem cells was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. The mean intraocular pressure of glaucomatous eyes was elevated significantly compared with those of contralateral eyes. Some retinal Müller cells in the inner nuclear layer entered the mitotic cell cycle in rat chronic ocular hypertension glaucoma model. Atoh7 contributes to the differentiation of retinal Müller cells into retinal ganglion cells in rat model of glaucoma. In conclusion, Atoh7 promotes the differentiation of Müller cells-derived retinal stem cells into retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of glaucoma, thus opening up a new avenue for gene therapy and optic nerve regeneration in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-tao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xue-yong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiao-bo Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant mouse nerve growth factor in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 104:41-9. [PMID: 25244938 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mouse NGF (mNGF) extracted from mouse submaxillary gland has been approved on the market in China for treating nerve damage caused by N-hexane poisoning for over a decade, and many researches showed the clinical effectiveness of mNGF for the treatment of other nerve system diseases. The extracted mNGF have risks of potential viral contamination due to the animal origin. Here, we report the successful expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant mNGF (rmNGF). An expression plasmid of mouse nerve growth factor (mNGF) was constructed and transfected into CHO-S cells. Stable transfectants were obtained using a two-phase selection scheme with the addition of different concentrations of methotrexate and puromycin. Recombinant mNGF (rmNGF) was purified from cell culture medium by a two-step procedure: cation exchange followed by size-exclusion chromatography. The purity of rmNGF was 98.6% determined by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC). The molecular weight, isoelectric point and N-terminal sequence of rmNGF were identical to the theoretical values entirely. In TF-1/MTS, the specific activity of the protein was approximately 1.7×10(6)U/mg against rhNGF (the reference standard). In DRGs, the specific activity was approximately 7.3×10(5)AU/mg against mNGF (the reference standard). Our results showed that a high quality of rmNGF with marked biological activity comparable with mNGF was produced, and laid the basis for further research and development of rmNGF.
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The nerve growth factor signaling and its potential as therapeutic target for glaucoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:759473. [PMID: 25250333 PMCID: PMC4164261 DOI: 10.1155/2014/759473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective therapies which focus on factors leading to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degeneration have been drawing more and more attention. The beneficial effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the glaucoma have been recently suggested, but its effects on eye tissue are complex and controversial in various studies. Recent clinical trials of systemically and topically administrated NGF demonstrate that NGF is effective in treating several ocular diseases, including glaucoma. NGF has two receptors named high affinity NGF tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA and low affinity receptor p75NTR. Both receptors exist in cells in retina like RGC (expressing TrkA) and glia cells (expressing p75NTR). NGF functions by binding to TrkA or p75NTR alone or both together. The binding of NGF to TrkA alone in RGC promotes RGC's survival and proliferation through activation of TrkA and several prosurvival pathways. In contrast, the binding of NGF to p75NTR leads to apoptosis although it also promotes survival in some cases. Binding of NGF to both TrkA and p75NTR at the same time leads to survival in which p75NTR functions as a TrkA helping receptor. This review discusses the current understanding of the NGF signaling in retina and the therapeutic implications in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Garcia TB, Pannicke T, Vogler S, Berk BA, Grosche A, Wiedemann P, Seeger J, Reichenbach A, Herculano AM, Bringmann A. Nerve growth factor inhibits osmotic swelling of rat retinal glial (Müller) and bipolar cells by inducing glial cytokine release. J Neurochem 2014; 131:303-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarcyane Barata Garcia
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Pará; Belém Brazil
| | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Stefanie Vogler
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Benjamin-Andreas Berk
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Morphological Analyses on Retinal Glial Responses to Glaucomatous Injury Evoked by Venous Cauterization. Appl Microsc 2014. [DOI: 10.9729/am.2014.44.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Characterization of NGF, trkA (NGFR) , and p75 (NTR) in Retina of Mice Lacking Reelin Glycoprotein. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:725928. [PMID: 24627687 PMCID: PMC3928862 DOI: 10.1155/2014/725928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Reelin and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) exert crucial roles in retinal development. Retinogenesis is severely impaired in E-reeler mice, a model of Reelin deficiency showing specific Green Fluorescent Protein expression in Rod Bipolar Cells (RBCs). Since no data are available on Reelin and NGF cross-talk, NGF and trkANGFR/ p75NTR expression was investigated in retinas from E-reeler versus control mice, by confocal microscopy, Western blotting, and real time PCR analysis. A scattered increase of NGF protein was observed in the Ganglion Cell Layer and more pronounced in the Inner Nuclear Layer (INL). A selective increase of p75NTR was detected in most of RBCs and in other cell subtypes of INL. On the contrary, a slight trend towards a decrease was detected for trkANGFR, albeit not significant. Confocal data were validated by Western blot and real time PCR. Finally, the decreased trkANGFR/ p75NTR ratio, representative of p75NTR increase, significantly correlated with E-reeler versus E-control. These data indicate that NGF-trkANGFR/ p75NTR is affected in E-reeler retina and that p75NTR might represent the main NGF receptor involved in the process. This first NGF-trkANGFR/ p75NTR characterization suggests that E-reeler might be suitable for exploring Reelin-NGF cross-talk, representing an additional information source in those pathologies characterized by retinal degeneration.
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Johnson TV, Bull ND, Martin KR. Stem cell therapy for glaucoma: possibilities and practicalities. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 6:165-174. [PMID: 21686079 DOI: 10.1586/eop.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive, neurodegenerative, optic neuropathy in which currently available therapies cannot always prevent, and do not reverse, vision loss. Stem cell transplantation may provide a promising new avenue for treating many presently incurable degenerative conditions, including glaucoma. This article will explore the various ways in which transplantation of stem or progenitor cells may be applied for the treatment of glaucoma. We will critically discuss the translational prospects of two cell transplantation-based treatment modalities: neuroprotection and retinal ganglion cell replacement. In addition, we will identify specific questions that need to be addressed and obstacles to overcome on the path to clinical translation, and offer insight into potential strategies for approaching this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Johnson
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge ED Adrian Building Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 OPY, UK
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Song WT, Zhang XY, Xiong SQ, Wen D, Jiang J, Xia XB. Comparison of two methods used to culture and purify rat retinal Müller cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:778-84. [PMID: 24392324 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study two methods for culturing and purifying Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat retinal Müller cells and determine which one is better. METHODS The passage culture method of Müller cells was respectively carried out by complete pancreatic enzyme digestion method and repeated incomplete pancreatic enzyme digestion method. After culturing retinal cells for one month through these two methods, fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry technology were performed to examine the enrichment and purity of Müller glial cells, and carried out two-sample approximate t test using SSPS 13.0 to further compare the Müller cell positive rate in both methods. RESULTS The statistical results showed that the purity of Müller cells was 83.2%±5.16% in group A, and the purity was 98.5%±1.08% in group B. The two-sample approximate t test analysis demonstrated that the difference between group A and group B was statistically significant (t=-9.178, P<0.005). The results clearly exhibited a difference between the purity of Müller cells cultured by the complete pancreatic enzyme digestion method (group A) and the repeated incomplete pancreatic enzyme digestion method (group B). CONCLUSION Compared with the complete pancreatic enzyme digestion method, this novel method was more efficient and a higher purity of Müller cells could be obtained using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Si-Qi Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dan Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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NGF and VEGF effects on retinal ganglion cell fate: new evidence from an animal model of diabetes. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013; 24:247-53. [PMID: 24030532 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if the survival effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) eyedrops on retinal ganglion cell (RGCs) are related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a rat model of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced in adult rats by streptozotocin injection and changes in the NGF/TrkA and VEGF retina levels were related to the progression of RGC loss. Diabetic rats were subjected to administration of NGF eyedrops or intraocular injection of anti-NGF antibody. All morphologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses were performed on whole retinas dissected after 7 or 11 weeks after diabetes induction. RESULTS Diabetes was successfully induced in rats as shown by glycemic levels >250 mg/dL. The NGF levels increased in diabetic retinas at 7 weeks and decreased at 11 weeks, while VEGF levels increased at all time points. The RGC loss in diabetic retinopathy worsened with anti-NGF administration, which did not alter retina VEGF levels significantly. Administration of NGF eyedrops restored TrkA levels in the retina, and protected RGCs from degeneration without influencing VEGF levels. CONCLUSIONS The early increase of NGF in diabetic retina might be an endogenous response for protecting RGCs from degeneration. This protective mechanism is impaired at 11 weeks following diabetes induction, and results in a marked RGC degeneration that is improved by exogenous NGF administration and worsened by anti-NGF. The observed NGF-induced neuroprotection on damaged RGCs was not associated with changes in VEGF retina levels, which were constantly high in diabetic rats and were not altered by anti-NGF administration.
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Zhong L. A modified chronic ocular hypertension rat model for retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection. Front Med 2013; 7:367-77. [PMID: 23740109 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-013-0266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to modify a chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) rat model to screen for potential compounds to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from responding to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). A total of 266 rats were prepared and randomly grouped according to different time-points, namely, weeks 3, 8, 16, and 24. Rats were sedated and eye examination was performed to score as the corneal damage on a scale of 1 to 4. The OHT rat model was created via the injection of a hypertonic saline solution into the episcleral veins once weekly for two weeks. OHT was identified when the IOP at week 0 was [Symbol: see text] 6 mmHg than that at week -2 for the same eye. Viable RGCs were labeled by injecting 4% FluoroGold. Rats were sacrificed, and the eyes were enucleated and fixed. The fixed retinas were dissected to prepare flat whole-mounts. The viable RGCs were visualized and imaged. The IOP (mean ± SD) was calculated, and data were analyzed by the paired t-test and one-way ANOVA. The OHT model was created in 234 of 266 rats (87.97%), whereas 32 rats (12.03%) were removed from the study because of the absence of IOP elevation (11.28%) and/or corneal damage scores over 4 (0.75%). IOP was elevated by as much as 81.35% for 24 weeks. The average IOP was (16.68 ± 0.98) mmHg in non-OHT eyes (n = 234), but was (27.95 ± 0.97) mmHg in OHTeyes (n = 234). Viable RGCs in the OHT eyes were significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner by 29.41%, 38.24%, 55.32%, and 59.30% at weeks 3, 8, 16, and 24, respectively, as compared to viable RGCs in the non-OHT eyes (P < 0.05). The OHT model was successfully created in 88% of the rats. The IOP in the OHT eyes was elevated by approximately 81% for 24 weeks. The number of viable RGCs was decreased by 59% of the rats in a time-dependent manner. The modified OHT model may provide an effective and reliable method for screening drugs to protect RGCs from glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Zhong
- Ocular Science Department, Toxikon Corporation, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
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Neurotrophic molecules in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease with focus on the retina: status and perspectives. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:205-18. [PMID: 23463189 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are operationally defined as molecules that promote the survival and differentiation of neurons. Chemically, they belong to divergent classes of molecules but most of the classic neurotrophic factors are proteins. Together with stem cells, viral vectors and genetically engineered cells, they constitute important tools in neuroprotective and regenerative neurobiology. Protein neurotrophic molecules signal through receptors located on the cell membrane. Their downstream signaling exploits pathways that are often common to chemically different factors and frequently target a relatively restricted set of transcription factors, RNA interference and diverse molecular machinery involved in the life vs. death decisions of neurons. Application of neurotrophic factors with the aim of curing or, at least, improving the outcome of neurodegenerative diseases requires (1) profound knowledge of the complex molecular pathology of the disease, (2) the development of animal models as closely as possible resembling the human disease, (3) the identification of target cells to be addressed, (4) intense efforts in chemical engineering to ensure the stability of molecules or to design carriers and small analogs with the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and (5) scrutinity with regard to possible side effects. Last, but not least, engineering efforts to optimize administration, e.g., by designing the right canulae and infusion devices, are important for the successful translation of preclinical advances into clinical benefit. This article presents selected examples of neurotrophic factors that are currently being tested in animal models or developed for transfer to the clinic, with a major focus on factors with the potential of becoming applicable in various forms of retinal degeneration.
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Al-Gayyar MMH, Mysona BA, Matragoon S, Abdelsaid MA, El-Azab MF, Shanab AY, Ha Y, Smith SB, Bollinger KE, El-Remessy AB. Diabetes and overexpression of proNGF cause retinal neurodegeneration via activation of RhoA pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54692. [PMID: 23365678 PMCID: PMC3554698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed positive correlation between accumulation of proNGF, activation of RhoA and neuronal death in diabetic models. Here, we examined the neuroprotective effects of selective inhibition of RhoA kinase in the diabetic rat retina and in a model that stably overexpressed the cleavage-resistance proNGF plasmid in the retina. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered diabetic using streptozotosin or stably express cleavage-resistant proNGF plasmid. The neuroprotective effects of the intravitreal injection of RhoA kinase inhibitor Y27632 were examined in vivo. Effects of proNGF were examined in freshly isolated primary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) cultures and RGC-5 cell line. Retinal neurodegeneration was assessed by counting TUNEL-positive and Brn-3a positive retinal ganglion cells. Expression of proNGF, p75NTR, cleaved-PARP, caspase-3 and p38MAPK/JNK were examined by Western-blot. Activation of RhoA was assessed by pull-down assay and G-LISA. Diabetes and overexpression of proNGF resulted in retinal neurodegeneration as indicated by 9- and 6-fold increase in TUNEL-positive cells, respectively. In vitro, proNGF induced 5-fold cell death in RGC-5 cell line, and it induced >10-fold cell death in primary RGC cultures. These effects were associated with significant upregulation of p75NTR and activation of RhoA. While proNGF induced TNF-α expression in vivo, it selectively activated RhoA in primary RGC cultures and RGC-5 cell line. Inhibiting RhoA kinase with Y27632 significantly reduced diabetes- and proNGF-induced activation of proapoptotic p38MAPK/JNK, expression of cleaved-PARP and caspase-3 and prevented retinal neurodegeneration in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence for a causal role of proNGF in diabetes-induced retinal neurodegeneration through enhancing p75NTR expression and direct activation of RhoA and p38MAPK/JNK apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. H. Al-Gayyar
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Barbara A. Mysona
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Suraporn Matragoon
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mohammed A. Abdelsaid
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mona F. El-Azab
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ahmed Y. Shanab
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yonju Ha
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Bollinger
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Azza B. El-Remessy
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
- * E-mail:
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Zhou X, Xia XB, Xiong SQ. Neuro-protection of retinal stem cells transplantation combined with copolymer-1 immunization in a rat model of glaucoma. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 54:1-8. [PMID: 23246669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic, neurodegenerative disease that often leads to blindness. A common treatment is to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), but this approach does not halt visual loss caused by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Therefore, there is an important need for therapies that protect against RGCs degeneration. The present study in a rat glaucoma model aimed to determine whether retinal stem cells (RSCs) transplantation plus vaccination with a glatiramer acetate copolymer-1 (COP-1) could confer neuroprotection. Rats were immunized with COP-1 on the same day as IOP induction by argon laser photocoagulation of the episcleral veins and limbal plexus. RSCs were cultured and transplanted intravitreally 1week after laser treatment. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was detected by immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR, and western blotting. RGCs survival was assessed by TUNEL staining and RGCs counting. We found that the expression of BDNF and IGF-I in the RSCs/COP-1 group was significantly higher than in other groups (P<0.05). In addition, the number of the apoptotic RGCs in the RSCs/COP-1 group was notably lower than in other groups (P<0.05), and the number of RGCs in the RSCs/COP-1 group was higher than in other groups (P<0.05). We conclude, therefore, that the combined effects between RSCs transplantation and COP-1 immunization protect RGCs from apoptosis in our rat model of glaucoma. The increase in levels of secreted BDNF and IGF-I may be one of the mechanisms underlying the neuro-protection of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Falsini B, Chiaretti A, Barone G, Piccardi M, Pierri F, Colosimo C, Lazzareschi I, Ruggiero A, Parisi V, Fadda A, Balestrazzi E, Riccardi R. Topical nerve growth factor as a visual rescue strategy in pediatric optic gliomas: a pilot study including electrophysiology. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 25:512-20. [PMID: 21444653 DOI: 10.1177/1545968310397201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no specific therapy is available for optic glioma (OG)-induced visual loss. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects on visual function of murine nerve growth factor (NGF) eye drop administration in children with severe visual impairment due to low-grade OGs. METHODS Five patients with OGs and advanced optic nerve atrophy were assessed before and after a single 10-day course of 1 mg murine NGF topical administration by clinical evaluation, visual evoked potentials (VEPs), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). VEPs, the main functional outcome measure, were recorded at baseline and 1, 30, 45, 90, and 180 days posttreatment. MRI examinations were performed at baseline and at 180 days after NGF treatment. Six untreated control patients with OGs also underwent serial VEPs, clinical testing, and MRI assessments. RESULTS After NGF treatment, median VEPs amplitude showed a progressive increase from the baseline values (P < .01). VEPs reached a maximum amplitude at 90 days (170% increase) and declined at 180 days, still remaining above the baseline level. Perception of spontaneous visual phosphenes was noted in all patients after NGF administration. MRI showed stable tumor size. In controls, clinical findings and VEPs did not show any significant change over the observation period. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the study show that NGF administration may be an effective and safe adjunct therapy in children with optic atrophy due to OGs. The beneficial effect on optic nerve function suggests a visual rescuing mechanism exerted by murine NGF on the residual viable optic pathways.
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Al-Gayyar MMH, Matragoon S, Pillai BA, Ali TK, Abdelsaid MA, El-Remessy AB. Epicatechin blocks pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF)-mediated retinal neurodegeneration via inhibition of p75 neurotrophin receptor expression in a rat model of diabetes [corrected]. Diabetologia 2011; 54:669-80. [PMID: 21136036 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Accumulation of pro-nerve growth factor (NGF), the pro form of NGF, has been detected in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of proNGF in the diabetic retina and the molecular mechanisms by which proNGF causes retinal neurodegeneration remain unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of proNGF in neuroglial activation and to examine the neuroprotective effects of epicatechin, a selective inhibitor of tyrosine nitration, in an experimental rat model of diabetes. METHODS Expression of proNGF and its receptors was examined in retinas from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and in retinal Müller and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGC death was assessed by TUNEL and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays in diabetic retinas and cell culture. Nitrotyrosine was determined using Slot-blot. Activation of the tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) was assessed by western blot. RESULTS Diabetes-induced peroxynitrite impaired phosphorylation of TrkA-Y490 via tyrosine nitration, activated glial cells and increased expression of proNGF and its receptor, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)), in vivo and in Müller cells. These effects were associated with activation of p38MAPK, cleaved poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and RGC death. Treatment of diabetic animals with epicatechin (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1), orally) blocked these effects and restored neuronal survival. Co-cultures of RGCs with conditioned medium of activated Müller cells significantly reduced RGC viability (44%). Silencing expression of p75(NTR) by use of small interfering RNA protected against high glucose- and proNGF-induced apoptosis in RGC cultures. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Diabetes-induced peroxynitrite stimulates p75(NTR) and proNGF expression in Müller cells. It also impairs TrkA receptor phosphorylation and activates the p75(NTR) apoptotic pathway in RGCs, leading to neuronal cell death. These effects were blocked by epicatechin, a safe dietary supplement, suggesting its potential therapeutic use in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M H Al-Gayyar
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Chiaretti A, Falsini B, Servidei S, Marangoni D, Pierri F, Riccardi R. Nerve growth factor eye drop administration improves visual function in a patient with optic glioma. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 25:386-90. [PMID: 21343523 DOI: 10.1177/1545968310395601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous visual improvement in people with an optic glioma (OG) of the anterior or retrochiasmatic optic pathways is rare. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects on visual function of nerve growth factor (NGF) eye drop administration in a patient with severe visual impairment due to a low-grade OG. METHODS A 45-year-old woman with OG and long-standing optic nerve atrophy was assessed before and after 2 NGF treatment courses. The drug used was 2.5S murine NGF. One milligram of NGF, diluted in saline solution, was administered onto the conjunctiva of both eyes for 10 consecutive days 3 times a day for each treatment. The follow-up was performed by clinical, neuroradiologic, and electrophysiological tests (electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials [VEPs]) at the end of each treatment and 30 and 60 days later. RESULTS A repeated subjective and objective improvement of visual function (>3 lines visual acuity; >40° visual field; >50% VEP amplitude increase, Wilcoxon test P < .01) was recorded after NGF treatment. These measures tended to deteriorate toward baseline values 60 days from the end of each NGF treatment. No ocular or systemic side effects were observed throughout treatment. CONCLUSIONS Conjunctival NGF may be a beneficial adjunct therapy for visual loss in patients with OG, possibly exerting its effects on residual viable optic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chiaretti
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Johnson TV, Bull ND, Martin KR. Neurotrophic factor delivery as a protective treatment for glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2010; 93:196-203. [PMID: 20685205 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy and a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. Neuroprotective therapies for glaucoma aim to ameliorate retinal ganglion cell degeneration through direct or indirect action on these neurons. Neurotrophic factor (NTF) delivery is a key target for the development of potential neuroprotective glaucoma treatments. This article will critically summarize the evidence that NTF deprivation and/or dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Experimental support for the neuroprotective potential of NTF supplementation in animal models of glaucoma will be reviewed, in particular for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Finally, the challenges of clinical translation will be considered with an emphasis on the most promising NTF delivery strategies including slow-release drug delivery, gene therapy, and cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Johnson
- Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
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Hu Y, Cho S, Goldberg JL. Neurotrophic effect of a novel TrkB agonist on retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:1747-54. [PMID: 19875669 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die in glaucoma and virtually all optic neuropathies. Recently, novel tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) monoclonal antibodies have been shown to activate TrkB receptors and exert neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects. In the present study, the authors examined the ability of one of them, 29D7, to elicit RGC survival and neurite growth both in culture and in vivo. METHODS RGCs from postnatal day (P)3 to P4 Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated by sequential immunopanning using a monoclonal antibody to Thy1. RGCs were cultured in serum-free defined medium in 96-well plates. RGC viability was assessed after 1 to 3 days by MTT assay. Activation of TrkB and downstream signaling molecules was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Intravitreal injections of 29D7 were performed after optic nerve axotomy, and subsequent RGC survival was quantified using beta-III tubulin immunostaining. Regeneration was assessed using retrograde fluorogold tracing in an optic nerve-peripheral nerve graft model. RESULTS Similar to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the 29D7 antibody strongly promoted RGC survival and neurite growth in vitro compared with medium alone or control IgG. Forskolin, which weakly supported RGC survival on its own, potentiated the effect of 29D7. Intravitreal injection of 29D7 enhanced RGC survival but not regeneration in vivo 2 weeks after optic nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings demonstrate the potential for antibody-mediated TrkB agonism as a potential therapeutic approach to enhance RGC survival after optic nerve injury. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanistic differences between this TrkB agonist and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Sivilia S, Giuliani A, Fernández M, Turba ME, Forni M, Massella A, De Sordi N, Giardino L, Calzà L. Intravitreal NGF administration counteracts retina degeneration after permanent carotid artery occlusion in rat. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:52. [PMID: 19473529 PMCID: PMC2699342 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) is produced by different cell types in the anterior and posterior eye, exerting a neuroprotective role in the adult life. The visual system is highly sensitive to NGF and the retina and optic nerve provides suitable subjects for the study of central nervous system degeneration. The model of bilateral carotid occlusion (two-vessel occlusion, 2VO) is a well-established model for chronic brain hypoperfusion leading to brain capillary pathology, to retina and optic nerve degeneration. In order to study if a single intravitreal injection of NGF protects the retina and the optic nerve from degeneration during systemic circulatory diseases, we investigated morphological and molecular changes occurring in the retina and optic nerve of adult rats at different time-points (8, 30 and 75 days) after bilateral carotid occlusion. Results We demonstrated that a single intravitreal injection of NGF (5 μg/3 μl performed 24 hours after 2VO ligation) has a long-lasting protective effect on retina and optic nerve degeneration. NGF counteracts retinal ganglion cells degeneration by early affecting Bax/Bcl-2 balance- and c-jun- expression (at 8 days after 2VO). A single intravitreal NGF injection regulates the demyelination/remyelination balance after ischemic injury in the optic nerve toward remyelination (at 75 days after 2VO), as indicated by the MBP expression regulation, thus preventing optic nerve atrophy and ganglion cells degeneration. At 8 days, NGF does not modify 2VO-induced alteration in VEFG and related receptors mRNA expression. Conclusion The protective effect of exogenous NGF during this systemic circulatory disease seems to occur also by strengthening the effect of endogenous NGF, the synthesis of which is increased by vascular defect and also by the mechanical lesion associated with NGF or even vehicle intraocular delivery.
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Johnson EC, Guo Y, Cepurna WO, Morrison JC. Neurotrophin roles in retinal ganglion cell survival: lessons from rat glaucoma models. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:808-15. [PMID: 19217904 PMCID: PMC2704056 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophin (NT) hypothesis proposes that the obstruction of retrograde transport at the optic nerve head results in the deprivation of neurotrophic support to retinal ganglion cells (RGC) leading to apoptotic cell death in glaucoma. An important corollary to this concept is the implication that appropriate enhancement of neurotrophic support will prolong the survival of injured RGC indefinitely. This hypothesis is, perhaps, the most widely recognized theory to explain RGC loss resulting from exposure of the eye to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Recent studies of NT signaling using rat glaucoma models, have examined the endogenous responses of the retina to pressure exposure as well as studies designed to augment NT signaling in order to rescue RGC from apoptosis following pressure-induced injury. The examination of these studies in this review reveals a number of consistent observations and provides direction for further investigations of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Johnson
- The Kenneth C. Swan Ocular Neurobiology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, CERES, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Sposato V, Parisi V, Manni L, Antonucci MT, Di Fausto V, Sornelli F, Aloe L. Glaucoma alters the expression of NGF and NGF receptors in visual cortex and geniculate nucleus of rats: effect of eye NGF application. Vision Res 2008; 49:54-63. [PMID: 18938194 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of glaucoma (GL) on nerve growth factor (NGF) presence in two brain visual areas. Rats with elevated intraocular pressure (EIOP), induced by hypertonic saline injection in the episcleral vein, were treated with eye topical application of saline or NGF. Rats were subsequently sacrificed, and brain tissues were used for immunohistochemical, biochemical, and molecular analyses. We found that GL alters the basal level of NGF and NGF receptors in brain visual centers and that NGF eye application normalized these deficits. These findings demonstrate that the reduced presence of NGF can arise due to degenerative events in retinal and brain visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sposato
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64/65, I-00143 Rome, Italy
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