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Coates AM, Joyner MJ, Little JP, Jones AM, Gibala MJ. A Perspective on High-Intensity Interval Training for Performance and Health. Sports Med 2023; 53:85-96. [PMID: 37804419 PMCID: PMC10721680 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Interval training is a simple concept that refers to repeated bouts of relatively hard work interspersed with recovery periods of easier work or rest. The method has been used by high-level athletes for over a century to improve performance in endurance-type sports and events such as middle- and long-distance running. The concept of interval training to improve health, including in a rehabilitative context or when practiced by individuals who are relatively inactive or deconditioned, has also been advanced for decades. An important issue that affects the interpretation and application of interval training is the lack of standardized terminology. This particularly relates to the classification of intensity. There is no common definition of the term "high-intensity interval training" (HIIT) despite its widespread use. We contend that in a performance context, HIIT can be characterized as intermittent exercise bouts performed above the heavy-intensity domain. This categorization of HIIT is primarily encompassed by the severe-intensity domain. It is demarcated by indicators that principally include the critical power or critical speed, or other indices, including the second lactate threshold, maximal lactate steady state, or lactate turnpoint. In a health context, we contend that HIIT can be characterized as intermittent exercise bouts performed above moderate intensity. This categorization of HIIT is primarily encompassed by the classification of vigorous intensity. It is demarcated by various indicators related to perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, or heart rate as defined in authoritative public health and exercise prescription guidelines. A particularly intense variant of HIIT commonly termed "sprint interval training" can be distinguished as repeated bouts performed with near-maximal to "all out" effort. This characterization coincides with the highest intensity classification identified in training zone models or exercise prescription guidelines, including the extreme-intensity domain, anaerobic speed reserve, or near-maximal to maximal intensity classification. HIIT is considered an essential training component for the enhancement of athletic performance, but the optimal intensity distribution and specific HIIT prescription for endurance athletes is unclear. HIIT is also a viable method to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and other health-related indices in people who are insufficiently active, including those with cardiometabolic diseases. Research is needed to clarify responses to different HIIT strategies using robust study designs that employ best practices. We offer a perspective on the topic of HIIT for performance and health, including a conceptual framework that builds on the work of others and outlines how the method can be defined and operationalized within each context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Coates
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Looney DP, Hoogkamer W, Kram R, Arellano CJ, Spiering BA. Estimating Metabolic Energy Expenditure During Level Running in Healthy, Military-Age Women and Men. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2496-2503. [PMID: 38015737 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Looney, DP, Hoogkamer, W, Kram, R, Arellano, CJ, and Spiering, BA. Estimating metabolic energy expenditure during level running in healthy, military-age women and men. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2496-2503, 2023-Quantifying the rate of metabolic energy expenditure (Ṁ) of varied aerobic exercise modalities is important for optimizing fueling and performance and maintaining safety in military personnel operating in extreme conditions. However, although equations exist for estimating oxygen uptake during running, surprisingly, there are no general equations that estimate Ṁ. Our purpose was to generate a general equation for estimating Ṁ during level running in healthy, military-age (18-44 years) women and men. We compiled indirect calorimetry data collected during treadmill running from 3 types of sources: original individual subject data (n = 45), published individual subject data (30 studies; n = 421), and published group mean data (20 studies, n = 619). Linear and quadratic equations were fit on the aggregated data set using a mixed-effects modeling approach. A chi-squared (χ2) difference test was conducted to determine whether the more complex quadratic equation was justified (p < 0.05). Our primary indicator of model goodness-of-fit was the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD). We also examined whether individual characteristics (age, height, body mass, and maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max]) could minimize prediction errors. The compiled data set exhibited considerable variability in Ṁ (14.54 ± 3.52 W·kg-1), respiratory exchange ratios (0.89 ± 0.06), and running speeds (3.50 ± 0.86 m·s-1). The quadratic regression equation had reduced residual sum of squares compared with the linear fit (χ2, 3,484; p < 0.001), with higher combined accuracy and precision (RMSD, 1.31 vs. 1.33 W·kg-1). Age (p = 0.034), height (p = 0.026), and body mass (p = 0.019) were associated with the magnitude of under and overestimation, which was not the case for V̇O2max (p = 0.898). The newly derived running energy expenditure estimation (RE3) model accurately predicts level running Ṁ at speeds from 1.78 to 5.70 m·s-1 in healthy, military-age women and men. Users can rely on the following equations for improved predictions of running Ṁ as a function of running speed (S, m·s-1) in either watts (W·kg-1 = 4.43 + 1.51·S + 0.37·S2) or kilocalories per minute (kcal·kg-1·min-1 = 308.8 + 105.2·S + 25.58·S2).
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Looney
- Military Performance Division (MPD), United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Rodger Kram
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Christopher J Arellano
- Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas; and
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Varela-Sanz A, Sánchez-Otero T, Tuimil JL, Boullosa D, Iglesias-Soler E. Influence of Recovery Mode on the Maximum Number of Intervals Until Exhaustion During an Aerobic Interval Training Session. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e510-e520. [PMID: 36723090 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Varela-Sanz, A, Sánchez-Otero, T, Tuimil, JL, Boullosa, D, and Iglesias-Soler, E. Influence of recovery mode on the maximum number of intervals until exhaustion during an aerobic interval training session. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): e510-e520, 2023-We analyzed work capacity, cardiometabolic, perceptual, and neuromuscular responses to an aerobic interval training (AIT) running session until exhaustion, with active (AR) vs. passive recovery (PR). Eight well-trained male endurance runners (36.88 ± 7.14 years, 58.22 ± 3.39 ml·kg -1 ·minute -1 ) randomly completed, after familiarizations and the University of Montreal Track Test (UMTT), 2 AIT track running sessions until exhaustion consisting in 2-minute bouts at 100% of maximum aerobic speed (MAS), with 2 minutes of recovery at 80% of the velocity associated to the second ventilatory threshold (vVT 2 ) (i.e., AR), or no exercise (i.e., PR). Oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ), heart rate (HR), blood lactate [La], rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and countermovement jump (CMJ) were continuously monitored during sessions. The level of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. PR resulted in longer time to exhaustion during sessions (13.9 vs. 11.6 bouts, p = 0.045), but lower HR ( p < 0.01) when compared with AR. Time spent over 90% of maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O 2max ), blood lactate concentrations, neuromuscular performance, and RPE did not differ between AR and PR ( p > 0.05). Thus, PR allowed runners to perform more work intervals and, therefore, to accumulate a greater volume. On the other hand, when training goals are focused on reaching a higher chronotropic stress (i.e., higher HR) during the training session, athletes would obtain more benefits from AR. This study also demonstrates that the current volume recommendations for AIT are far below (54-64.5%) the maximum training capacity of well-trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Varela-Sanz
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
| | - Tania Sánchez-Otero
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
| | - José Luis Tuimil
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; and
- Research and Development Department, iLOAD Solutions, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
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Lee TT, Li TL, Ko BJ, Chien LH. Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Immune Function and Oxidative Stress in Canoe/Kayak Athletes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1144. [PMID: 37627028 PMCID: PMC10452436 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on immune function and oxidative stress in male canoe/kayak athletes who were well trained. A total of 22 participants were voluntarily recruited with an age range of 15.9 ± 2.3 years, height of 172.2 ± 5.5 cm, body mass of 63.30 ± 6.95 kg, and body fat of 13.77 ± 3.76%. The modified Wingate kayaking test on a kayak ergometer was performed by all participants. Blood samples were collected at three different time points: before the test (Pre-T), immediately after (Post-T), and 3 h post-test (Post-3 h). Saliva samples were collected at two different time points: before the test (Pre-T) and 3 h after the test (Post-3 h). Results indicated that acute canoe/kayak ergometry HIIT had significant effects on the percentages and counts of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and lymphocyte subsets. Additionally, it resulted in increased total LPS-stimulated neutrophil elastase release and alterations in plasma concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and TBARS. These findings suggest that conventional kayak HIIT regimens can have short-term effects on immune function and induce oxidative stress in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Lee
- Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111036, Taiwan
| | - Tzai-Li Li
- Department of Sport Promotion, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Jen Ko
- Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung City 403514, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Chien
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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Balasekaran G, Loh MK, Boey P, Ng YC. Determination, measurement, and validation of maximal aerobic speed. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8006. [PMID: 37198204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS) at a speed that utilizes maximal aerobic and minimal anaerobic contributions. This method of determining MAS was compared between endurance (ET) and sprint (ST) trained athletes. Nineteen and 21 healthy participants were selected for the determination and validation of MAS respectively. All athletes completed five exercise sessions in the laboratory. Participants validating MAS also ran an all-out 5000 m at the track. Oxygen uptake at MAS was at 96.09 ± 2.51% maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]). MAS had a significantly higher correlation with velocity at lactate threshold (vLT), critical speed, 5000 m, time-to-exhaustion velocity at delta 50 in addition to 5% velocity at [Formula: see text] (TlimυΔ50 + 5%v[Formula: see text]), and Vsub%95 (υΔ50 or υΔ50 + 5%v[Formula: see text]) compared with v[Formula: see text], and predicted 5000 m speed (R2 = 0.90, p < 0.001) and vLT (R2 = 0.96, p < 0.001). ET athletes achieved significantly higher MAS (16.07 ± 1.58 km·h-1 vs. 12.77 ± 0.81 km·h-1, p ≤ 0.001) and maximal aerobic energy (EMAS) (52.87 ± 5.35 ml·kg-1·min-1 vs. 46.42 ± 3.38 ml·kg-1·min-1, p = 0.005) and significantly shorter duration at MAS (ET: 678.59 ± 165.44 s; ST: 840.28 ± 164.97 s, p = 0.039). ST athletes had significantly higher maximal speed (35.21 ± 1.90 km·h-1, p < 0.001) at a significantly longer distance (41.05 ± 3.14 m, p = 0.003) in the 50 m sprint run test. Significant differences were also observed in 50 m sprint performance (p < 0.001), and peak post-exercise blood lactate (p = 0.005). This study demonstrates that MAS is more accurate at a percentage of v[Formula: see text] than at v[Formula: see text]. The accurate calculation of MAS can be used to predict running performances with lower errors (Running Energy Reserve Index Paper).
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindasamy Balasekaran
- Human Bioenergetics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore.
| | - Mun Keong Loh
- Human Bioenergetics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Peggy Boey
- Human Bioenergetics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Yew Cheo Ng
- Human Bioenergetics Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Blumkaitis J, Schmuttermair A, Wahl P, Haller N. Unraveling the mystery of isocaloric endurance training - Influence of exercise modality, biological sex, and physical fitness. Metabolism 2023; 144:155582. [PMID: 37169172 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sedentary lifestyle with low energy expenditure (EE) is associated with chronic diseases and mortality. Barriers such as "lack of time" or "lack of motivation" are common reasons why physical exercise is neglected in the general population. To optimize EE in the time available, time-efficient but also enjoyable types of exercise are required. We therefore used an isocaloric approach to systematically investigate the effects of six different endurance exercise modalities on metabolic, mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and subjective variables in relation to biological sex and physical fitness. METHODS Out of 104, 92 healthy participants (21 recreationally trained and 18 trained females, 25 recreationally trained and 28 trained males) were subjected to physiological exercise testing to determine the exercise intensities for six exercise modalities, i.e., three different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols (5 × 4 min, 15 × 1 min, 30 × 30 sec intervals), threshold (THR), speed endurance production (SEP), and low-intensity training (LIT). One of three HIIT sessions served as the reference for the subsequent isocaloric exercise modalities which were completed in randomized order. Metabolic and mechanical variables, i.e., EE during exercise, time to isocaloric EE (Tiso), relative and absolute fat contribution, post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), mechanical energy, as well as cardiorespiratory and subjective variables, i.e., heart rate, oxygen uptake response, rating of perceived exertion, and enjoyment were assessed. Data were analyzed using a 6 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS All three versions of HIIT and THR achieved the same EE during exercise for the same training duration. We found that LIT had a 1.6-fold (p < 0.001) and SEP a 1.3-fold (p < 0.001) longer Tiso compared to HIIT with no effects of biological sex (p = 0.42, pη2 = 0.01) or physical fitness (p = 0.09, pη2 = 0.04). There was a main effect of exercise modality on EPOC (p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.76) with highest values for HIIT 30 × 30 (p = 0.032) and lowest for LIT (p < 0.001). The highest relative and absolute amounts of fatty acids were measured during LIT (p < 0.001), and the lowest values were obtained during HIIT modalities. HIIT 30 × 30 was the most enjoyable version of HIIT (p = 0.007), while THR was the least enjoyable exercise modality (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION HIIT modalities are time-saving and enjoyable, regardless of sex and physical fitness. The results illustrate the relationship between exercise modality and metabolic, physiological, and subjective responses, and are thus of great interest to healthy individuals seeking time-saving and enjoyable exercise options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leonhard Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Blumkaitis
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuttermair
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Balci GA, As H, Ozkaya O, Colakoglu M. Development potentials of commonly used high-intensity training strategies on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 302:103910. [PMID: 35405332 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal the development potentials of five high-intensity training models on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Following VO2max determination, maximal cardiac output (Qmax), maximal stroke volume (SVmax), and maximal arteriovenous O2 difference (a-vO2diff_max) were analysed. Short-interval- (short-HIIT), long-interval (long-HIIT), alternating work-rate continuous (alter-HIT), constant work-rate continuous (const-HIT), and sprint interval (SIT) sessions were performed on separate days with iso-effort and iso-time methods. Time spent (tspent) at > 95% of VO2max was the highest in long-HIIT (p < 0.05). The tspent at > 90% of Qmax was higher in alter-HIT than long-HIIT and SIT (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for tspent at > 90% of SVmax amongst high-intensity trainings. The tspent at > 90% of a-vO2diff_max was higher in short-HIIT and long-HIIT than other modalities (p < 0.05). It can be said that continuous modalities seem to have a higher potential to improve central part of VO2max, while interval modalities may be better to develop peripheral component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Aybars Balci
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Hakan As
- Department of Sports Health Sciences, Institution of Health Sciences, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozkaya
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Colakoglu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Turkey.
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Modelling 5-km Running Performance on Level and Hilly Terrains in Recreational Runners. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050789. [PMID: 35625517 PMCID: PMC9138284 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Incline and level running on treadmills have been extensively studied due to their different cardiorespiratory and biomechanical acute responses. However, there are no studies examining the performance determinants of outdoor running on hilly terrains. We aimed to investigate the influence of anthropometrics, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory and gait spatiotemporal parameters during level (0%) and inclined (+7%) running on performance in level and hilly 5-km races. Twenty male recreational runners completed two 5-km outdoor running tests (0% vs. +7% and −7%), and two submaximal (10 km·h−1) and incremental treadmill tests at 0 and 7% slopes, after complete laboratory evaluations. The velocity at maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) evaluated at 7% incline and level treadmill running were the best performance predictors under both hilly (R2 = 0.72; p < 0.05) and level (R2 = 0.85; p < 0.01) conditions, respectively. Inclusion of ventilatory and submaximal heart rate data improved the predictive models up to 100%. Conversely, none of the parameters evaluated in one condition contributed to the other condition. The spatiotemporal parameters and the runners’ strength levels were not associated to outdoor performances. These results indicate that the vVO2max evaluated at similar slopes in the lab can be used to predict 5-km running performances on both level and hilly terrains.
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Sánchez-Otero T, Tuimil JL, Boullosa D, Varela-Sanz A, Iglesias-Soler E. Active vs. passive recovery during an aerobic interval training session in well-trained runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1281-1291. [PMID: 35262762 PMCID: PMC9012711 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare cardio-metabolic, perceptual and neuromuscular responses to an aerobic interval training (AIT) running session, with active (AR) vs. passive recovery (PR). Methods Eleven well-trained male distance runners (36.63 ± 6.93 years, 59.26 ± 5.27 mL·kg−1·min−1, ⁓ 35 min in 10 km) completed the University of Montréal Track Test (UMTT) and 2 AIT sessions on track in random order, which consisted of 4 × 2 min at 100% of the maximum aerobic speed (MAS), with 2 min of AR at 80% of the velocity associated to the second ventilatory threshold (vVT2), or no exercise (i.e., PR). During sessions, oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate [La], rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and countermovement jump (CMJ) were continuously monitored. Results There were no differences in time spent in the “red zone” (i.e. > 90% V̇O2max) between sessions (222 ± 73 s AR vs. 230 ± 104 s PR, p = 0.588), although the PR exhibited a greater time spent at peak V̇O2 close to significance (117 ± 114 vs. 158 ± 109 s, p = 0.056). However, the AR elicited a higher mean V̇O2 (49.62 ± 5.91 vs. 47.46 ± 4.20 mL·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.021). The AR favored a lower [La] after sessions (6.93 ± 2.22 vs. 6.24 ± 1.93 mmol·L−1, p = 0.016) and a higher RPE during sessions (15 ± 0.45 vs. 14 ± 0.47, p = 0.045). Meanwhile, the CMJ was significantly potentiated during both sessions. Conclusion Considering that PR elicited lower perceptual loading for a similar cardiorespiratory response, its use would be preferable, at least, for this type of AIT running sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sánchez-Otero
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Luis Tuimil
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Research and Development Department, iLOAD Solutions, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Adrián Varela-Sanz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain.
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High-intensity resistance exercise is not as effective as traditional high-intensity interval exercise for increasing the cardiorespiratory response and energy expenditure in recreationally active subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:459-474. [PMID: 34799752 PMCID: PMC8783843 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Traditional high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) highly stimulates the cardiorespiratory system and increases energy expenditure (EE) during exercise. High-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) has become more popular in recreationally active subjects. The physiological responses to HIRE performed with light or moderate load is currently largely unknown. Here, we examined the effect of the type of interval exercise [HIRE at 40% (HIRE40) and 60% (HIRE60) 1-RM vs. traditional HIIE] on the cardiorespiratory response and EE during and after exercise. METHODS Fifteen recreationally active adults randomly completed traditional HIIE on an ergocyle, HIRE40 and HIRE60. The sessions consisted of two sets of ten 30-s intervals (power at 100% VO2max during HIIE; maximal number of repetitions for 10 different free-weight exercises during HIRE40 and HIRE60) separated by 30-s active recovery periods. Gas exchange, heart rate (HR) and EE were assessed during and after exercise. RESULTS VO2mean, VO2peak, HRmean, the time spent above 90% VO2max and HRmax, and aerobic EE were lower in both HIRE sessions compared with HIIE (P < 0.05). Anaerobic glycolytic contribution to total exercise EE was higher in HIRE40 and HIRE60 compared with HIIE (P < 0.001). EE from excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was similar after the three sessions. Overall, similar cardiorespiratory responses and EE were found in HIRE40 and HIRE60. CONCLUSIONS HIRE is not as effective as HIIE for increasing the cardiorespiratory response and EE during exercise, while EPOC remains similar in HIRE and HIIE. These parameters are not substantially different between HIRE40 and HIRE60.
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Souza D, Vale AF, Silva A, Araújo MAS, de Paula Júnior CA, de Lira CAB, Ramirez-Campillo R, Martins W, Gentil P. Acute and Chronic Effects of Interval Training on the Immune System: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090868. [PMID: 34571745 PMCID: PMC8465842 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Interval training (IT) is a popular training strategy recognized by its positive effects on metabolic and cardiovascular system. However, there seems no consensus regarding the effects of IT on immune system parameters. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the effects of IT on the immune system. As our many findings, an IT acutely promote a transitory change on immune cell count followed by reduced function. The magnitude of these changes seems to vary in accordance with IT type. On the other hand, the regular practice of IT might contribute to improve immune function without apparent change on immune cell count. Abstract Purpose: To summarize the evidence regarding the acute and chronic effects of interval training (IT) in the immune system through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data source: English, Portuguese and Spanish languages search of the electronic databases Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and SciELO. Eligibility criteria: Studies such as clinical trials, randomized cross-over trials and randomized clinical trials, investigating the acute and chronic effects of IT on the immune outcomes in humans. Results: Of the 175 studies retrieved, 35 were included in the qualitative analysis and 18 in a meta-analysis. Within-group analysis detected significant acute decrease after IT on immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretory rate (n = 115; MD = −15.46 µg·min−1; 95%CI, −28.3 to 2.66; p = 0.02), total leucocyte count increase (n = 137; MD = 2.58 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 1.79 to 3.38; p < 0.001), increase in lymphocyte count immediately after exercise (n = 125; MD = 1.3 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 0.86 to 1.75; p < 0.001), and decrease during recovery (30 to 180 min post-exercise) (n = 125; MD = −0.36 × 103 µL−1;−0.57 to −0.15; p < 0.001). No effect was detected on absolute IgA (n = 127; MD = 47.5 µg·mL−1; 95%CI, −10.6 to 105.6; p = 0.11). Overall, IT might acutely reduce leucocyte function. Regarding chronic effects IT improved immune function without change leucocyte count. Conclusion: IT might provide a transient disturbance on the immune system, followed by reduced immune function. However, regular IT performance induces favorable adaptations on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souza
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Arthur F. Vale
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Anderson Silva
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Murilo A. S. Araújo
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | | | - Claudio A. B. de Lira
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | | | - Wagner Martins
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (A.F.V.); (A.S.); (M.A.S.A.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-62-3521-1021
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Almeida TAF, Pessôa Filho DM, Espada MC, Reis JF, Sancassani A, Massini DA, Santos FJ, Alves FB. Physiological Responses During High-Intensity Interval Training in Young Swimmers. Front Physiol 2021; 12:662029. [PMID: 34276394 PMCID: PMC8281220 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.662029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed whether 100- and 200-m interval training (IT) in swimming differed regarding temporal, perceptual, and physiological responses. The IT was performed at maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) until exhaustion and time spent near to maximalVO2 peak oxygen uptake (⩒O2peak), total time limit (tLim), peak blood lactate [La-] peak, ⩒O2 kinetics (⩒O2K), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were compared between protocols. Twelve swimmers (seven males 16.1 ± 1.1 and five females 14.2 ± 1 years) completed a discontinuous incremental step test for the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), ⩒O2peak, and MAV assessment. The swimmers subsequently completed two IT protocols at MAV with 100- and 200-m bouts to determine the maximal ⩒O2 (peak-⩒O2) and time spent ≥VT2, 90, and 95% of ⩒O2peak for the entire protocols (IT100 and IT200) and during the first 800-m of each protocol (IT8x100 and IT4x200). A portable apparatus (K4b2) sampled gas exchange through a snorkel and an underwater led signal controlled the velocity. RPE was also recorded. The Peak-⩒O2 attained during IT8x100 and IT4x200 (57.3 ± 4.9 vs. 57.2 ± 4.6 ml·kg-1·min-1) were not different between protocols (p = 0.98) nor to ⩒O2peak (59.2 ± 4.2 ml·kg-1·min-1, p = 0.37). The time constant of ⩒O2K (24.9 ± 8.4 vs. 25.1 ± 6.3-s, p = 0.67) and [La-] peak (7.9 ± 3.4 and 8.7 ± 1.5 mmol·L-1, p = 0.15) also did not differ between IT100 and IT200. The time spent ≥VT2, 90, and 95%⩒O2peak were also not different between IT8x100 and IT4x200 (p = 0.93, 0.63, and 1.00, respectively). The RPE for IT8x100 was lower than that for IT4x200 (7.62 ± 2 vs. 9.5 ± 0.7, p = 0.01). Both protocols are considered suitable for aerobic power enhancement, since ⩒O2peak was attained with similar ⩒O2K and sustained with no differences in tLim. However, the fact that only the RPE differed between the IT protocols suggested that coaches should consider that nx100-m/15-s is perceived as less difficult to perform compared with nx200-m/30-s for the first 800-m when managing the best strategy to be implemented for aerobic power training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago André Freire Almeida
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Dalton Müller Pessôa Filho
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil.,Institute of Bioscience, Graduate Program in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Mário Cunha Espada
- Department of Science and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal.,Quality of Life Research Center, Santarém, Portugal
| | - Joana Filipa Reis
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrei Sancassani
- Institute of Bioscience, Graduate Program in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Danilo Alexandre Massini
- Institute of Bioscience, Graduate Program in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Jorge Santos
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Science and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal.,Quality of Life Research Center, Santarém, Portugal
| | - Francisco Besone Alves
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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García-De Frutos JM, Orquín-Castrillón FJ, Marcos-Pardo PJ, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Martínez-Rodríguez A. Acute Effects of Work Rest Interval Duration of 3 HIIT Protocols on Cycling Power in Trained Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084225. [PMID: 33923545 PMCID: PMC8073758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is described as a succession of short duration and maximum or near-maximum intensity efforts, alternated by recovery periods during which exercise continues at a lower intensity (active recovery) or is interrupted (passive recovery). Our objective was to evaluate the acute responses of three HIIT protocols of different work/rest interval times over the total time of the session, with self-selectable load and up to exhaustion, “all out”.The sample was composed of 22 male participants (n = 22) between 19 and 24 years old. The HIIT protocol consisted of one of the three HIIT protocols, of 30, 60 and 90 s density ratio 1:1 and with passive rest, with a total exercise duration of 10 min. The test was performed in a cycloergometer set in workload mode independent of the pedaling frequency. The comparison of the three HIIT protocols shows that the duration of the work/rest intervals, starting from 30 s of work, in the cycloergometer, there are no significant differences in the levels of lactate concentration in the blood, nor in the heart rate, since a similar amount is obtained in the three protocols. The percentage of maximum power developed reached in each HIIT protocol is related to the duration of the working intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel García-De Frutos
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.G.-D.F.); (F.J.O.-C.)
| | - Fco. Javier Orquín-Castrillón
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.G.-D.F.); (F.J.O.-C.)
| | - Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (J.Á.R.-A.)
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (J.Á.R.-A.)
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Effect of Uphill Running on VO 2, Heart Rate and Lactate Accumulation on Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmills. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9040051. [PMID: 33917341 PMCID: PMC8067390 DOI: 10.3390/sports9040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower body positive pressure treadmills (LBPPTs) as a strategy to reduce musculoskeletal load are becoming more common as part of sports conditioning, although the requisite physiological parameters are unclear. To elucidate their role, ten well-trained runners (30.2 ± 3.4 years; VO2max: 60.3 ± 4.2 mL kg-1 min-1) ran at 70% of their individual velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) on a LBPPT at 80% body weight support (80% BWSet) and 90% body weight support (90% BWSet), at 0%, 2% and 7% incline. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate accumulation (LA) were monitored. It was found that an increase in incline led to increased VO2 values of 6.8 ± 0.8 mL kg-1 min-1 (0% vs. 7%, p < 0.001) and 5.4 ± 0.8 mL kg-1 min-1 (2% vs. 7%, p < 0.001). Between 80% BWSet and 90% BWSet, there were VO2 differences of 3.3 ± 0.2 mL kg-1 min-1 (p < 0.001). HR increased with incline by 12 ± 2 bpm (0% vs. 7%, p < 0.05) and 10 ± 2 bpm (2% vs. 7%, p < 0.05). From 80% BWSet to 90% BWSet, HR increases of 6 ± 1 bpm (p < 0.001) were observed. Additionally, LA values showed differences of 0.10 ± 0.02 mmol l-1 between 80% BWSet and 90% BWSet. Those results suggest that on a LBPPT, a 2% incline (at 70% vVO2max) is not yet sufficient to produce significant physiological changes in VO2, HR and LA-as opposed to running on conventional treadmills, where significant changes are measured. However, a 7% incline increases VO2 and HR significantly. Bringing together physiological and biomechanical factors from previous studies into this practical context, it appears that a 7% incline (at 80% BWSet) may be used to keep VO2 and HR load unchanged as compared to unsupported running, while biomechanical stress is substantially reduced.
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Bekris E, Pidoulas G, Pidoulas P, Gissis I, Katis A, Komsis S. Examination of Physical Fitness Parameters Between Professional and Amateur Greek Soccer Players During the Transition Period. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:776-781. [PMID: 30289873 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bekris, E, Pidoulas, G, Pidoulas, P, Gissis, I, Katis, A, and Komsis, S. Examination of physical fitness parameters between professional and amateur Greek soccer players during the transition period. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 776-781, 2021-The aim of the study was to compare physical fitness parameters between professional and amateur soccer players of different levels. The sample consisted of 381 soccer players divided in 4 experimental groups: first division professional players (n = 115), second division professional players (n = 70), third division semiprofessional players (n = 93), and amateur soccer players (n = 103). Players were tested for several physiological parameters at the end of the transition period. Analysis of variance showed significantly lower body fat and increased maximum oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) and velocity of maximum oxygen consumption (vV̇o2max) values for first division professional players compared with the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). Similarly, first division professional players showed higher performance during squat jump and countermovement jump test compared with the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). Significant differences on flexibility test were observed between amateur players and the other group (p < 0.05). The results of the study indicated that Greek soccer players at the highest level overcome in almost all the underexamination physiological parameters probably because of less absence from training and better implementation of training programs during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Bekris
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Georgios Pidoulas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Pantelis Pidoulas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Ioannis Gissis
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Katis
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios Komsis
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Parmar A, Jones TW, Hayes PR. The dose-response relationship between interval-training and VO 2max in well-trained endurance runners: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1410-1427. [PMID: 33605843 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1876313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Success in endurance running is primarily determined by maximal aerobic power (VO2max), fractional utilization, and running economy (RE). Within the literature, two training modalities have been identified to improve VO2max; continuous training (CT) and interval-training (IT). The efficacy of IT to improve VO2max in well-trained runners remains equivocal, as does whether a dose-response relationship exists between the IT training load performed and changes in VO2max. A keyword search was performed in five electronic databases. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The training impulse (TRIMP) was calculated to analyse relationships between training load and changes in VO2max, by calculating the time accumulated in certain intensity domains throughout a training intervention. Non-significant (P>0.05) improvements in VO2max were reported in six studies, with only one study reporting a significant (P<0.05) improvement following the IT interventions. A relationship between the training session impulse of the interval-training performed (IT STRIMP) and VO2max improvements were observed. The efficacy of IT to improve VO2max in well-trained runners remains equivocal, nevertheless, the novel method of training-load analysis demonstrates a relationship between the IT STRIMP and VO2max improvements. This provides practical application for the periodization of IT within the training regime of well-trained distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran Parmar
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas W Jones
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Theofilidis G, Bogdanis GC, Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou A, Krase AA, Tsatalas T, Shum G, Sakkas GK, Koutedakis Y, Karatzaferi C. The effects of training with high-speed interval running on muscle performance are modulated by slope. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14656. [PMID: 33400851 PMCID: PMC7785049 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined changes in selected muscle performance parameters after 8 weeks of interval training using two opposite running inclinations. We hypothesized that the uphill training will affect endurance muscle performance outcomes, whereas the downhill training will affect power muscle performance outcomes. Fourteen physically active volunteers were randomly assigned into either the Uphill group (UG; n = 7; uphill interval running at +10% incline) or the Downhill group (DG; n = 7; downhill interval running at -10% incline) and completed 16 training sessions. Each session consisted of ten 30 s treadmill runs at 90% of maximum aerobic speed (MAS) with a work to rest ratio of 1:2. Vertical jump performance, isometric (MVC) and isokinetic torque of knee extensors and flexors, and fatigue of knee extensors were evaluated pre and post-training. Moreover, body composition (via bioimpedance) and vastus lateralis muscle architecture (via ultrasonography) were assessed pre and post-training. Relative lean tissue mass, relative fat mass, and squat jump (cm) significantly (p < .05) changed from baseline values by +4.5 ± 4.0%, -11.5 ± 9.6%, and +9.5 ± 11.7%, respectively, only in the DG. Similarly, DG improved absolute values of knee extension rate of torque development and impulse (p < .05), whereas knee flexion peak torque angle significantly decreased in both groups (p < .05). On the other hand, the UG increased the number of repetitions achieved during the fatigue protocol and total work by 21.2 ± 32.6% and 13.8 ± 21.2%, respectively (p < .05). No differences were found between groups in muscle architecture. Introducing variations in slope during HIIT could be used to induce specific improvements toward muscle endurance or power performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Theofilidis
- Experimental Physiology & Therapeutic Exercise LaboratoryMuscle Physiology and Mechanics GroupCREHPSchool of Physical Education Sports Science and NutritionUniversity of ThessalyTrikalaGreece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports ScienceNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensDafniGreece
| | - Antonios Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou
- Experimental Physiology & Therapeutic Exercise LaboratoryMuscle Physiology and Mechanics GroupCREHPSchool of Physical Education Sports Science and NutritionUniversity of ThessalyTrikalaGreece
- Carnegie School of SportLeeds Beckett UniversityLeedsUK
| | - Argyro A. Krase
- Experimental Physiology & Therapeutic Exercise LaboratoryLIVE groupCREHPSchool of Physical Education Sports Science and NutritionUniversity of ThessalyTrikalaGreece
| | | | - Gary Shum
- Plymouth Marjon UniversityPlymouthUK
| | - Giorgos K. Sakkas
- Experimental Physiology & Therapeutic Exercise LaboratoryLIVE groupCREHPSchool of Physical Education Sports Science and NutritionUniversity of ThessalyTrikalaGreece
- Cardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- Experimental Physiology & Therapeutic Exercise LaboratoryMuscle Physiology and Mechanics GroupCREHPSchool of Physical Education Sports Science and NutritionUniversity of ThessalyTrikalaGreece
- Faculty of ArtsUniversity of WolverhamptonWolverhamptonUK
| | - Christina Karatzaferi
- Experimental Physiology & Therapeutic Exercise LaboratoryMuscle Physiology and Mechanics GroupCREHPSchool of Physical Education Sports Science and NutritionUniversity of ThessalyTrikalaGreece
- Plymouth Marjon UniversityPlymouthUK
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Maximal Time Spent at VO 2max from Sprint to the Marathon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249250. [PMID: 33321958 PMCID: PMC7763525 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, it was thought that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was elicited only in middle-distance events and not the sprint or marathon distances. We tested the hypothesis that VO2max can be elicited in both the sprint and marathon distances and that the fraction of time spent at VO2max is not significantly different between distances. Methods: Seventy-eight well-trained males (mean [SD] age: 32 [13]; weight: 73 [9] kg; height: 1.80 [0.8] m) performed the University of Montreal Track Test using a portable respiratory gas sampling system to measure a baseline VO2max. Each participant ran one or two different distances (100 m, 200 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 10 km or marathon) in which they are specialists. Results: VO2max was elicited and sustained in all distances tested. The time limit (Tlim) at VO2max on a relative scale of the total time (Tlim at VO2max%Ttot) during the sprint, middle-distance, and 1500 m was not significantly different (p > 0.05). The relevant time spent at VO2max was only a factor for performance in the 3000 m group, where the Tlim at VO2max%Ttot was the highest (51.4 [18.3], r = 0.86, p = 0.003). Conclusions: By focusing on the solicitation of VO2max, we demonstrated that the maintenance of VO2max is possible in the sprint, middle, and marathon distances.
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Belfry GR, Paterson DH, Thomas SG. High-Intensity 10-s Work: 5-s Recovery Intermittent Training Improves Anaerobic and Aerobic Performances. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:640-651. [PMID: 32213044 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1696928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose and Methods: To compare the effects of a set of 12-30 min, maximal effort, constant load cycle bouts (HICT) to 12 short work: shorter rest (10 s: 5 s) interval sessions (INT) of similar duration and effort, performed on alternate days over 4 weeks, on performance and V̇O2 l.min-1. INT sessions consisted of repeated cycles of 10 s work followed by 5 s of recovery for 30 min. Fourteen male athletes (83 kg ± 6, 24year ± 2) were randomly assigned to HICT (n = 7) or INT (n = 7) training. Pre- and post-power output (PO), V̇O2 and V̇O2peak, during 60s, 3 min, and ramp (RAMP) tests were collected Results: Between group comparisons showed increased mean PO, pre- to post-INT training (p = .026) over the last min of the 3-min test whereas PO post-HICT training declined. INT showed greater training effects on the 60 s test than HCIT (INT 506 ± 45 to 535 ± 55 W; p = .002, Cd = .57; HCIT 513 ± 78 to 548 ± 83 W; p = .02, Cd = 27). RAMP peak PO and V̇O2peak increased within both groups (INT 341 ± 63 to 370 ± 48 W, p = .002, Cd = 0.52; HICT 332 ± 45 to 353 ± 44 W, p = .006, Cd = .53; 3.73 ± 0.68 to 4.06 ± 0.63 L·min-1, p = .001, Cd = .50; 3.75 ± 0.62 to 4.09 ± 0.52 L·min-1, p = .002, Cd = .59). Conclusion(s): These results show that utilizing this novel short work: shorter rest (10 s: 5 s) interval training paradigm will elicit better performances in moderate duration performances compared to continuous training of the same duration, effort, and frequency.
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Impact of Lifestyles (Diet and Exercise) on Vascular Health: Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Function. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1496462. [PMID: 33062134 PMCID: PMC7533760 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1496462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Healthy lifestyle and diet are associated with significant reduction in risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress and the imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants are linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Changes in antioxidant capacity of the body may lead to oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Diet is an important source of antioxidants, while exercise offers many health benefits as well. Recent findings have evidenced that diet and physical factors are correlated to oxidative stress. Diet and physical factors have debatable roles in modulating oxidative stress and effects on the endothelium. Since endothelium and oxidative stress play critical roles in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, dietary and physical factors could have significant implications on prevention of the diseases. This review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge on the impact of diet manipulation and physical factors on endothelium and oxidative stress, focusing on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We discuss the friend-and-foe role of dietary modification (including different diet styles, calorie restriction, and nutrient supplementation) on endothelium and oxidative stress, as well as the potential benefits and concerns of physical activity and exercise on endothelium and oxidative stress. A fine balance between oxidative stress and antioxidants is important for normal functions in the cells and interfering with this balance may lead to unfavorable effects. Further studies are needed to identify the best diet composition and exercise intensity.
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Bisciotti GN, Eirale C, Corsini A, Baudot C, Saillant G, Chalabi H. Return to football training and competition after lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: medical recommendations. Biol Sport 2020; 37:313-319. [PMID: 32879554 PMCID: PMC7433324 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic represents a great unknown regarding the physiological changes induced in elite football players. Although it will differ from country to country, the return to sport for professional football players will follow a forced lockdown never experienced and longer than the normal annual season break. Moreover, in addition to an obvious decrease in performance, the lockdown will possibly lead to an increase of the injury risk. In fact, preseason is always a period with a specific football injury epidemiology, with an increase in the incidence and prevalence of overuse injuries. Therefore, it seems appropriate to recommend that specific training and injury prevention programmes be developed, with careful load monitoring. Training sessions should include specific aerobic, resistance, speed and flexibility training programmes. The aerobic, resistance and speed training should respect some specific phases based on the progressiveness of the training load and the consequent physiological adaptation response. These different phases, based on the current evidence found in the literature, are described in their practical details. Moreover, injury prevention exercises should be incorporated, especially focusing on overuse injuries such as tendon and muscle lesions. The aim of this paper is to provide practical recommendations for the preparation of training sessions for professional footballers returning to sport after the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiano Eirale
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France
- Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Hakim Chalabi
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France
- Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Lanferdini FJ, Silva ES, Machado E, Fischer G, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Physiological Predictors of Maximal Incremental Running Performance. Front Physiol 2020; 11:979. [PMID: 32848890 PMCID: PMC7419685 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to verify whether physiological components [vertical jumps (Squat Jump - SJ and Countermovement Jump - CMJ), eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) of vertical jumps, running economy (RE), metabolic cost (C MET ), first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2) maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX)] can predict maximal endurance running performance. Methods Twenty male runners performed maximal vertical jumps, submaximal running at constant speeds, and maximal incremental running test. Before, we measured anthropometric parameters (body mass and height) and registered the training history and volume. SJ and CMJ tests were evaluated prior to running tests. Initially, the oxygen uptake (VO2) was collected at rest in the orthostatic position for 6 min. Soon after, a 10-min warm-up was performed on the treadmill at 10 km⋅h-1, followed by two 5-min treadmill rectangular tests at 12 and 16 km⋅h-1 monitored by a gas analyzer. After that, the runners performed a maximal incremental test, where the VT1, VT2, and VO2MAX were evaluated, as well as the maximum running speed (vVO2MAX). Thus, RE and C MET were calculated with data obtained during rectangular running tests. Multivariate stepwise regression analyses were conducted to measure the relationship between independent variables (height and power of SJ and CMJ, EUR; RE and C MET 12 and 16 km⋅h-1 ; VT1, VT2, and VO2MAX), as predictors of maximal running performance (vVO2MAX), with significance level at α = 0.05. Results We found that VO2MAX and RE at 16 km⋅h-1 predict 81% of performance (vVO2MAX) of endurance runners (p < 0.001). Conclusion The main predictors of the maximal incremental running test performance were VO2MAX and RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio J Lanferdini
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edson S Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Esthevan Machado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fischer
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Peyré-Tartaruga
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Souza D, Coswig V, de Lira CAB, Gentil P. H″IT″ting the Barriers for Exercising during Social Isolation. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E245. [PMID: 32847134 PMCID: PMC7565488 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise is traditionally recommended to improve general health and prevent many non-communicable diseases. However, the measures adopted to control the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak culminated with closing of exercise facilities and fitness centers and, as a primary consequence, impaired aerobic exercise practice. This contributed to an increase in risk factors associated with physical inactivity such as insulin resistance, high blood pressure, low-grade inflammation, weight gain, and mental health problems. The scenario is worrisome, and it is important to propose alternatives for exercise practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interval training (IT) emerges as an exercise mode that might be feasible, low-cost, and potentially safe to be performed in many different places. IT consists of interspersing relative brief bouts of high-intensity exercise with recovery periods and promotes similar or greater health benefits when compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Among the different types of IT, sprint interval training and "Tabata protocols" might be particularly useful during social isolation. These protocols can be controlled and performed without the need of complex equipment and can be adapted to different places, including domestic environments. In this article, we present variations of IT as possible alternatives to cope physical inactivity during COVID-19 pandemics with a focus on its practical applications. The protocols suggested can be performed without the need of specialized equipment or facilities, in a time-efficient manner, and aiming to prevent detraining or even improve physical fitness and general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souza
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Victor Coswig
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Brazil;
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (D.S.); (C.A.B.d.L.)
- Hypertension League, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-020, Brazil
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Small-Sided Games Are Not as Effective as Intermittent Running to Stimulate Aerobic Metabolism in Prepubertal Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:273-279. [PMID: 32820134 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the soccer pitch area during small-sided games (SSG) in prepubertal children on physiological and technical demands, and to compare them, for the physiological demands, to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS Ten young soccer players (13.0 [0.3] y) performed a HIIT and 3 SSG of various field sizes (30 × 20 m, 42 × 38 m, and 51 × 34 m). Each SSG was performed with 5 players per team, during 4 × 4-minutes interspaced with 1 minute of passive recovery in between. HIIT also followed a 4 × 4-minute protocol with running speed set on an individual basis. Heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored during training sessions. For each exercise modality, time spent above 90% of HRmax (T≥90%,HRmax) was calculated, and technical actions were quantified during SSG by video analysis. RESULTS T≥90%,HRmax was similar between the 3 SSG (∼587 [276] s; P > .2) but 24% to 37% lower than during HIIT (826 [140] s, P < .05). Coefficients of variations in T≥90%,HRmax were 2.3 to 3.5 times larger in SSG compared with HIIT. For technical actions, greater number of possessions (21 [6] vs ∼14 [4]), and lower ball touches per possession (2.4 [0.6] vs ∼2.9 [0.6]) were found in the small SSG compared with larger SSG, respectively (P < .05). CONCLUSION The 3 SSG led to lower acute stimulation of the aerobic metabolism, suggesting a lower potential for chronic aerobic adaptations, compared with HIIT. Moreover, interindividual variability in the physiological response was substantially greater in SSG compared with HIIT, indicating increased heterogeneity among players performing the same training protocol.
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Myrkos A, Smilios I, Zafeiridis A, Iliopoulos S, Kokkinou EM, Douda H, Tokmakidis SP. Effects of Work and Recovery Duration and Their Ratio on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses During Aerobic Interval Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2169-2175. [PMID: 32379235 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myrkos, A, Smilios, I, Zafeiridis, A, Iliopoulos, S, Kokkinou, EM, Douda, H, and Tokmakidis, SP. Effects of work and recovery duration and their ratio on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during aerobic interval exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study examined the effect of work and recovery durations and of work-to-rest ratio (WRR) on total exercise time and oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), on exercise time above 80, 90, and 95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax, and on blood lactate concentrations during aerobic interval exercise. Twelve men (22.1 ± 1 year) executed, until exhaustion, 4 interval protocols at an intensity corresponding to 100% of maximal aerobic velocity. Two protocols were performed with work bout duration of 120 seconds and recovery durations of 120 (WRR: 1:1) or 60 seconds (WRR: 2:1), and 2 protocols with work bout duration of 60 seconds and recovery durations of 60 (WRR: 1:1) or 30 seconds (WRR: 2:1). When compared at equal exercise time, total V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and exercise time at V[Combining Dot Above]O2 above 80, 90, and 95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max were longer (p < 0.05) in 120:120, 120:60 and 60:30 vs. the 60:60 protocol. When analyzed for total exercise time (until exhaustion), total V[Combining Dot Above]O2 was higher (p < 0.01) in the 60:60 compared with all other protocols, and in the 120:120 compared with 120:60. Exercise time >95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax was higher (p < 0.05) in the 120:120 vs. the 60:60 protocol; there were no differences among protocols for exercise time >90% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax. Blood lactate was lower (p < 0.05) in the 60:60 compared with all other protocols and in the 60:30 vs. the 120:60. In conclusion, when interval exercise protocols are executed at similar effort (until exhaustion), work and recovery durations do not, in general, affect exercise time at high oxygen consumption and HR rates. However, as work duration decreases, a higher work-to-recovery ratio (e.g., 2:1) should be used to achieve and maintain high (>95% of maximum) cardiorespiratory stimulus. Longer work bouts and higher work-to-recovery ratio seem to activate anaerobic glycolysis to a greater extent, as suggested by greater blood lactate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Myrkos
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, Serres, Greece
| | - Stilianos Iliopoulos
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Eleni M Kokkinou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Helen Douda
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Savvas P Tokmakidis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
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Influence of Interval Training Frequency on Time-Trial Performance in Elite Endurance Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093190. [PMID: 32375328 PMCID: PMC7246952 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the impact of interval training frequency in elite endurance athletes. It was hypothesized that two longer sessions would elicit greater performance improvements and physiological adaptation than four shorter sessions at the same intensity. METHODS Elite cross-country skiers and biathletes were randomly assigned to either a high-frequency group (HF group) (5 M, 1 F, age 22 (19-26), VO2max 67.8 (65.5-70.2) mL/kg/min) doing four short interval sessions per week or a low-frequency group (LF group) (8 M, 1 F, age 22 (18-23), VO2max 70.7 (67.0-73.9) mL/kg/min) doing two longer interval sessions. All interval sessions were performed at ~85% of maximum heart rate, and groups were matched for total weekly training volume. Pre- and post-intervention, athletes completed an 8 km rollerski time-trial, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test, and an incremental, submaximal exercise test. RESULTS The LF group had a statistically significant improved time-trial performance following the intervention (p = 0.04), with no statistically significant changes in the HF group. Similarly, percentage utilization of VO2max at anaerobic threshold (p = 0.04) and exercise economy (p = 0.01) were statistically significantly improved following the intervention in the LF group only. No statistically significant changes in VO2max were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS Two longer interval sessions appear superior to four shorter sessions per week in promoting endurance adaptations and performance improvements in elite endurance athletes. Despite matched training volume and exercise intensity, the larger, more concentrated exercise stimulus in the LF group appears to induce more favorable adaptations. The longer time between training sessions in the LF group may also have allowed athletes to recover more effectively and better "absorb" the training. These findings are in line with the "best practice" observed by many of the world's best endurance athletes.
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Medical recommendations for home-confined footballers' training during the COVID-19 pandemic: from evidence to practical application. Biol Sport 2020; 37:203-207. [PMID: 32508388 PMCID: PMC7249801 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.94348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In early 2020, the world is facing a global emergency called COVID-19. Many professional footballers around the world are home confined. The maintenance of physical capacity is a fundamental requirement for the athlete, so the training sessions must be adapted to this unique situation. Specific recommendations must be followed concerning the type of training, its intensity, the precautions that have to be followed to avoid the possibility of contagion, and the restrictions in accordance with the presence of any symptoms. This article analyses the available scientific evidence in order to recommend a practical approach.
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Ferley DD, Scholten S, Vukovich MD. Combined Sprint Interval, Plyometric, and Strength Training in Adolescent Soccer Players: Effects on Measures of Speed, Strength, Power, Change of Direction, and Anaerobic Capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:957-968. [PMID: 31977836 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ferley, DD, Scholten, S, and Vukovich, MD. Combined sprint interval, plyometric, and strength training in adolescent soccer players: effects on measures of speed, strength, power, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 957-968, 2020-During winter, many soccer players train indoors to improve the aerobic and anaerobic demands of their sport. Sprint interval training (SIT) performed on a treadmill using level and graded conditions represents a viable alternative to traditional endurance conditioning. To date, little research exists contrasting the effects of these conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation included examining the effects of 2 approaches combining SIT, plyometrics, and strength training on performance measures in soccer players aged 13-18 years over 8 weeks. Forty-six subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 performed SIT using predominantly inclined treadmill conditions combined with resistance and plyometric training (INC, n = 17). Group 2 performed SIT using level treadmill grades and completed the same resistance and plyometric training (LEV, n = 14). Group 3 was a control group representing various sports who continued their normal training (CON, n = 15). Pre- and posttests assessed speed, strength, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity, including sprint speed (9.1 and 18.3 m sprint), unilateral triple hop for distance (3HOP_L and 3HOP_R), pro agility change of direction (PA); treadmill running to exhaustion on a 20% grade (CFMod), and hip flexor maximum strength (HF_1RM). After training, INC and LEV improved more in all measures compared with CON. Furthermore, INC improved significantly more compared with LEV in 9.1- and 18.3-m sprint, 3HOP_L and 3HOP_R, PA, CFMod, and HF_1RM (p < 0.05). We conclude that strength and plyometric training combined with incline-based SIT is more effective than a similar training approach using level-grade SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Ferley
- Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Avera Sports Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Shane Scholten
- Augustana University, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Sioux Falls, South Dakota; and
| | - Matthew D Vukovich
- College of Education and Human Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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Kramer A, Poppendieker T, Gruber M. Suitability of jumps as a form of high-intensity interval training: effect of rest duration on oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1149-1156. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04105-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cavar M, Marsic T, Corluka M, Culjak Z, Cerkez Zovko I, Müller A, Tschakert G, Hofmann P. Effects of 6 Weeks of Different High-Intensity Interval and Moderate Continuous Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:44-56. [PMID: 30142132 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cavar, M, Marsic, T, Corluka, M, Culjak, Z, Cerkez Zovko, I, Müller, A, Tschakert, G, and Hofmann, P. Effects of 6 weeks of different high-intensity interval and moderate continuous training on aerobic and anaerobic performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 44-56, 2019-To provide practical data, we compared the training effects of 3 different programs, using a shuttle run stimulus, on aerobic and anaerobic performance, measured using the 20-m maximal shuttle run (Beep) test and 300-yd shuttle run, respectively. Forty-five physically trained men, with a mean age of 21.1 ± 1.8 years, participated. The 6-week, 12-session training programs included 2 high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols, with either a short (SH) or long (LH) shuttle run interval, and a continuous shuttle run (CON), which was used as a control. The training intensity was based on the maximal shuttle run speed (MASS), measured on the Beep test, to elicit the relevant values of the time to exhaustion (TTE). Short (SH) training was performed at 115-120%(MASS), with a 10-second work to 10-second rest scheme, and the number of repetitions to be completed set to 70% of each participant's maximum (∼15 repetitions). LH training was performed at an intensity of 90-95%(MASS), with the duration set to 70%(TTE) (∼4 minutes). For both SH and LH, 3 sets were completed at each session, with a 2-3 minutes of rest between sets. CON training consisted of continuous shuttle running for 35 minutes at an intensity of 70%(MASS). Both SH and LH yielded a large training effect (p < 0.01), with SH preferentially improving anaerobic performance and LH preferentially improving aerobic performance. No effect of CON training was identified. Our findings indicate that these different training protocols cannot be used interchangeably and that the Beep test is useful in prescribing the intensity and duration of HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mile Cavar
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Toso Marsic
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Faculty of Kineseology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Corluka
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zoran Culjak
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ivana Cerkez Zovko
- Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Natural Science, Mathematics and Education, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alex Müller
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Tschakert
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Lisbôa FD, Raimundo JA, Salvador AF, Pereira KL, Turnes T, Diefenthaeler F, Oliveira MF, Caputo F. Acute Cardiopulmonary, Metabolic, and Neuromuscular Responses to Severe-Intensity Intermittent Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:408-416. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effects of strength training on bioenergetics parameters determined at velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen uptake in endurance runners. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Naves JPA, Rebelo ACS, Silva LRBE, Silva MS, Ramirez-Campillo R, Ramírez-Vélez R, Gentil P. Cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses of two interval training and a continuous training protocol in healthy young men. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:653-660. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1548650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Raphael Bento E Silva
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Araguaia College, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance. Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport. GIAP in Quality of Life and Human Well-Being. Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Center of Studies for the Measurement of Physical Activity, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Rhibi F, Prioux J, Attia MB, Hackney AC, Zouhal H, Abderrahman AB. Increase interval training intensity improves plasma volume variations and aerobic performances in response to intermittent exercise. Physiol Behav 2018; 199:137-145. [PMID: 30458187 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the effect of two interval training programs of varying intensities (100% vs. 110% of maximal aerobic velocity [MAV]) on hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), and plasma volume variations (PVV) in young men. METHODS Thirty-nine male volunteered were assigned to two control groups (CG100, n = 9 and CG110, n = 10), and two training groups (one with 100% MAV [EG100, n = 10] and one with 110% MAV [EG110, n = 10]). All participants performed a maximal graded exercise test and an intermittent exercise (IE) protocol. Blood was collected at rest, at the end of the IE and after 15 min of recovery, before and after 8-weeks-training. Interval training (IT) sessions consist of 30s IE run at 100% or 110% MAV with 30s recovery at 50% MAV. RESULTS After training, time to exhaustion (TTE) was improved in EG110 (+613.7) and EG100 (+397.5). This improvement was greater in EG110 than EG100 (p < 0.005). After training, Hb deceased in EG100 and EG110 at rest (p < 0.01), at the end of IE (p = 0.000) and after 15 min of recovery (p = 0.01). This decrease was more slightly more substantial at rest in EG100 (-0.6%) than EG110 (-0.3%). After training, Ht decreased in EG100 and EG110 at rest (p = 0.001), at the end of IE (p = 0.000) and at 15 min of recovery (p = 0.01). This decrease was more important in EG110 than EG100 at rest (-2.7%), at the end of IE (-2.1%) and after 15 min recovery. After training, PVVrest and PVVend increased in EG100 (+2.2%) and EG110 (+3.2%). No significant difference between EG100 and EG110 was observed. CONCLUSION Increasing IT intensity by 10% MAV increases PVVrest and PVVend. Despite the fact that EG100 and EG110 had the same PVVend after training, greater performances were recorded in EG110.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Rhibi
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia; Laboratory of Movement, Sport and Health (M2S) - EA 1274, University of Rennes 2, F-35000, France
| | - Jacques Prioux
- Laboratory of Movement, Sport and Health (M2S) - EA 1274, University of Rennes 2, F-35000, France
| | - Mossadok Ben Attia
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratory of Movement, Sport and Health (M2S) - EA 1274, University of Rennes 2, F-35000, France
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia; High Institute of Sports and Physical Education (ISSEP) Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Tunisia.
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Scudamore EM, Barry VW, Coons JM. An Evaluation of Time-Trial-Based Predictions of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and Recommended Training Paces for Collegiate and Recreational Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1137-1143. [PMID: 28426511 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Scudamore, EM, Barry, VW, and Coons, JM. An Evaluation of time-trial-based predictions of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and recommended training paces for collegiate and recreational runners. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1137-1143, 2018-The purpose of the current study was to determine the accuracy of Jack Daniels' VDOT Running Calculator for the prediction of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, and recommendations of interval and training paces (pIN and pTH) in samples of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 track athletes (ATH, n = 11) and recreational runners (REC; n = 9). Predicted variable data were obtained using results from indoor 5-km time-trials. Data from the VDOT Calculator were compared with laboratory-tested V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, pace at V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (V[Combining Dot Above]O2maxpace), and lactate threshold pace (LTpace). Results indicated that VDOT underestimated V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in ATH (t(10) = -6.00, p < 0.001, d = 1.75) and REC (t(8) = -8.96, p < 0.001, d = 3.44). Follow-up between-groups analysis indicated that the difference between VDOT and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max was significantly greater in REC than in ATH (p = 0.0031, d = 1.59). pIN was slower than V[Combining Dot Above]O2maxpace in REC (t(8) = -4.26, p = 0.003, d = 1.76), but not different in ATH (t(10) = 0.52, p = 0.614, d = 0.14). Conversely, pTH was faster than LTpace in ATH (t(8) = -4.17, p = 0.003, d = 1.49), but not different in REC (t(8) = 1.64, p = 0.139, d = 0.57). Practically, pTH can be confidently used for threshold training regardless of the ability level. pIN also seemed to be accurate for ATH, but may be not be optimal for improving V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in REC. Practitioners should interpret VDOT with caution as it may underestimate V[Combining Dot Above]O2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Scudamore
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee
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36
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Hays A, Devys S, Bertin D, Marquet LA, Brisswalter J. Understanding the Physiological Requirements of the Mountain Bike Cross-Country Olympic Race Format. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1062. [PMID: 30158873 PMCID: PMC6104479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the physiological requirements imposed by the current mountain biking Cross-Country Olympic (XCO) format. Methods: Sixteen Cross-Country cyclists competing at national or international level participated in this study. All participants completed a simulated and a real official race on a cycling-accredited race track. Oxygen consumption (O2) and heart rate (HR) values expressed as %O2max and %HRmax, respectively, were divided into three physiological intensity zones. The first zone (Z1) was the physiological region below VT1, the second zone (Z2) corresponded to a region between VT1 and VT2, and the third zone (Z3) was located between VT2 and VO2max. For power output, an additional fourth zone was considered above maximal aerobic power (MAP). Results: When competing in the current XCO format, 37.0 ± 17.9% of the race is performed above the second ventilatory threshold at a mean intensity of 87% O2max and 25% of the race was spent above MAP. This contribution varied between laps, with a very high intensity during the first lap and more aerobic subsequent laps. The durations of most of the periods beyond MAP oscillated between 5 and 30 s. Between these short, repeated bursts, low-intensity periods of exercise were recorded. Conclusion: The current XCO race format is an acyclical and intermittent exercise comparable to high-intensity team sports. Moreover, our results highlight the relevance of O2 values when analyzing XCO performance, they should be combined with commonly used HR and/or power output data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Hays
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Simon Devys
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Bertin
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Laurie-Anne Marquet
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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37
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Effects of work-interval duration and sport specificity on blood lactate concentration, heart rate and perceptual responses during high intensity interval training. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200690. [PMID: 30011320 PMCID: PMC6047801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the impacts on blood lactate concentration, measured heart rate and assessment of perceived exertion during split sessions of equal relative load, as also their relationship to the specific sport practised. Nineteen regional-level athletes (nine middle and long-distance runners (cyclic group) and ten field-sport team players (acyclic group)) performed four high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions with work-interval durations of 10 s, 50 s, 90 s and 130 s. The sessions were carried out at their usual training sites with a separation of at least 48 hours. Blood lactate concentration was measured at rest and 3 min after the completion of each protocol. Heart rate was measured continuously during all sessions with a sampling rate of 1 s, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was requested at the end of the trial. The results showed an increase in blood lactate concentration, peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion during long protocols as compared with short ones. No differences were observed in dependent variables between cyclic and acyclic groups. Significant but moderate correlations were observed between post-exercise blood lactate concentration, peak heart rate and RPE.
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38
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Panascì M, Lepers R, La Torre A, Bonato M, Assadi H. Physiological responses during intermittent running exercise differ between outdoor and treadmill running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:973-977. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses during 15 min of intermittent running consisting of 30 s of high-intensity running exercise at maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) interspersed with 30 s of passive recovery (30–30) performed outdoor versus on a motorized treadmill. Fifteen collegiate physically active males (age, 22 ± 1 years old; body mass, 66 ± 7 kg; stature, 176 ± 06 cm; weekly training volume, 5 ± 2 h·week−1), performed the Fitness Intermittent Test 45–15 to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and MAV and then completed in random order 3 different training sessions consisting of a 30-s run/30-s rest on an outdoor athletic track (30–30 Track) at MAV; a 30-s run/30-s rest on a treadmill (30–30 Treadmill) at MAV; a 30-s run/30-s rest at MAV+15% (30–30 + 15% MAV Treadmill). Oxygen uptake (V̇O2), time above 90%V̇O2max (t90%V̇O2max), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during each training session. We observed a statistical significant underestimation of V̇O2 (53.1 ± 5.4 mL·kg−1·min−1 vs 49.8 ± 6.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, –6.3%, P = 0.012), t90%V̇O2max (8.6% ± 11.5% vs 38.7% ± 32.5%, –77.8%, P = 0.008), RPE (11.4 ± 1.4 vs 16.5 ± 1.7, –31%, P < 0.0001) during the 30–30 Treadmill compared with the same training session performed on track. No statistical differences between 30–30 +15 % MAV Treadmill and 30–30 Track were observed. The present study demonstrates that a 15% increase in running velocity during a high-intensity intermittent treadmill training session is the optimal solution to reach the same physiological responses than an outdoor training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Panascì
- School of Sport Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS INSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Hervè Assadi
- CAPS INSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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39
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Ferley DD, Vukovich MD. Predicting the Intensity for Performing Supramaximal Incline Treadmill Interval Training in Distance Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:1354-1361. [PMID: 28759534 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ferley, DD and Vukovich, MD. Predicting the intensity for performing supramaximal incline treadmill interval training in distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1354-1361, 2019-Recent evidence highlights the effectiveness of 30-second bouts paired with level-grade supramaximal interval training (SMIT) and incline treadmill training (INC), respectively, in distance runners. Although INC has been described as a form of SMIT, no investigation of INC involving a supramaximal intensity and 30-second bouts has occurred; hence, no established recommendation for prescribing a supramaximal intensity with 30-second bouts for INC exists. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation included reporting on the time-to-exhaustion (Tmax) response and test-retest reliability of running on a 5% grade using supramaximal intensities of 110, 115, 120, 125, and 130% of the velocity associated with maximum oxygen consumption (Vmax). Additionally, these measures were assessed during 140% Vmax and 1% grade. A second aim included determining the %Vmax associated with a 30-second effort via bivariate analysis. Twelve distance runners (age, 26.9 ± 4.8 years; body mass, 69.2 ± 11.7 kg; height, 177.3 ± 10.2 cm; and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, 61.4 ± 6.3 ml·kg·min) completed 2 Tmax trials at each intensity for measures of reliability. The dependent variable was the Tmax of each condition. Statistical significance was set to p ≤ 0.05. Student's t-test revealed no significant differences between trials for all intensities. One-way analysis of variance revealed (a) that Tmax during INC at 110% Vmax was significantly different than all conditions except 115% Vmax and (b) no significant difference in Tmax between 120, 125, 130, and 140% Vmax conditions. In conclusion, Tmax of all conditions proved reliable, and bivariate analysis revealed running at 125% Vmax on a 5% grade yielded a 30-second effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Ferley
- Avera Sports Institute, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Matthew D Vukovich
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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40
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Zagatto AM, Kondric M, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Sperlich B. Energetic demand and physical conditioning of table tennis players. A study review. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:724-731. [PMID: 28582628 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1335957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Table tennis is a racket sport characterised by an intermittent movement profile, including short rallies interspersed with short breaks. In contrast to other racket sports, information is lacking regarding the: (i) physiological responses during table tennis matches and training; and (ii) practical recommendations for enhancing aerobic and anaerobic performance in table tennis by improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry and nutritional strategies. Therefore, this review article attempts to narratively provide an overview of the physiology of table tennis by describing the metabolic mechanisms underlying match play and outlining a framework for practical recommendations for improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry as well as nutritional strategies. A second aim was to stimulate future research on table tennis and to point out study limitations in this context. In general, the most important finding is that the rally duration is short at around 3.5s, with a longer rest time of around 8-20s, resulting in an effort-rest ratio ranging from 0.15 to 0.22 in official matches and energetic demands during match relatively low. Future studies should focus on the relationship between energetic demand and table tennis performance with a view to predicting performance in table tennis using physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- a School of Sciences, Department of Physical Education , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Bauru , SP , Brazil
| | - Miran Kondric
- b Faculty of Sport , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia.,c International Table Tennis Federation , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- d Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Billy Sperlich
- f Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute of Sport Science , University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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41
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Gentil P, Del Vecchio FB. Commentary: High-intensity Intermittent Training vs. Moderate-intensity Intermittent Training: Is It a Matter of Intensity or Intermittent Efforts? Front Physiol 2017; 8:370. [PMID: 28611688 PMCID: PMC5447727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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42
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Kelly BM, Xenophontos S, King JA, Nimmo MA. An evaluation of low volume high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) for health risk reduction in overweight and obese men. BMC OBESITY 2017; 4:17. [PMID: 28435687 PMCID: PMC5395873 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ᅟ Both sprint interval training (SIT) and high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) have been described as time-efficient strategies for inducing favourable metabolic and cardiorespiratory adaptations in healthy and diseased participants. Background To date, little attention has been given to profiling the potential health benefits of HIIT or modified HIIT training within overweight and obese cohorts with particular focus on inflammation. Within this pilot trial, we tested the hypothesis that 6 sessions of HIIT performed over 2 weeks with 1–2 days’ rest would improve aerobic capacity, glucose metabolism and inflammatory profile in an overweight and obese male cohort. Additionally, we profiled the potential health benefits of 4 HIIT sessions performed over the same period. Methods 18 overweight or obese males (BMI = 31.2 ± 3.6; V̇O2 = 30.3 ± 4.4 ml.kg.min-1) were studied before and 72 h after HIIT. Training sessions consisted of 10 x 1 min intervals at 90% HRpeak separated by 1 min recovery periods. Exercise was performed either 6 (group 1, n = 8) or 4 (group 2, n = 10) times over a 2 week period. Results After training no changes were detected from baseline for body composition, aerobic capacity, glucose metabolism or inflammatory profile (p > 0.05) in either group. Conclusion Both 6 and 4 sessions of HIIT performed over a 2-week period are ineffective in improving selected health markers within an overweight and obese cohort. Trial registration This trial reports data from human participants and was retrospectively registered on 22/02/2017 with the ISRCTN registry, trial number ISRCTN90672085.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Kelly
- Nuffield Health Research Group, Nuffield Health, 2 Ashley Avenue, Epsom, Surrey KT18 5AL UK
| | | | - James A King
- Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU UK
| | - Myra A Nimmo
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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43
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Manoel FDA, da Silva DF, Lima JRPD, Machado FA. Peak velocity and its time limit are as good as the velocity associated with VO 2max for training prescription in runners. Sports Med Int Open 2017; 1:E8-E15. [PMID: 30539080 PMCID: PMC6226061 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-119951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of 4 weeks of training prescribed by peak velocity (V
peak
) or velocity associated with maximum oxygen uptake (vVO
2max
) in moderately trained endurance runners. Study participants were 14 runners (18–35 years) randomized into 2 groups, named group VO
2
(GVO
2
) and group V
peak
(GVP). The GVO
2
had training prescribed by vVO
2max
and its time limit (t
lim
), whereas the GVP had training prescribed by V
peak
and its t
lim
. Four tests were performed on a treadmill: 2 maximum incremental for V
peak
and vVO
2max
and 2 for their t
lim
. Performance (10 km) was evaluated on a 400 m track. Evaluations were repeated after 4 weeks of endurance training. The results showed a significant effect of training on V
peak
[GVP (16.7±1.2
–
17.6±1.5 km
.
h
−1
), GVO
2
(17.1±1.9–17.7±1.6 km·h
−1
)]; vVO
2max
[GVP (16.4±1.4–17.0±1.3 km·h
−1
), GVO
2
(17.2±1.7–17.5±1.9 km·h
−1
)]; and 10 km performance [GVP (41.3±2.4–39.9±2.7 min), GVO
2
(40.1±3.4–39.2±2.9 min)]. The V
peak
highly correlated with performance in both pre- and post-training in GVP (–0.97;–0.86) and GVO
2
(–0.95;–0.94), as well as with vVO
2max
in GVP (–0.82;–0.88) and GVO
2
(–0.99; –0.98). It is concluded that training prescribed by V
peak
promoted similar improvements compared to training prescribed by vVO
2max
. The use of V
peak
is recommended due to its practical application and the low cost of determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo F da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá-PR, Brazil
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Tzanis G, Philippou A, Karatzanos E, Dimopoulos S, Kaldara E, Nana E, Pitsolis T, Rontogianni D, Koutsilieris M, Nanas S. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training on Skeletal Myopathy of Chronic Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2017; 23:36-46. [PMID: 27327970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains controversial which type of exercise elicits optimum adaptations on skeletal myopathy of heart failure (HF). Our aim was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without the addition of strength training, on skeletal muscle of HF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen male HF patients (age 51 ± 13 years, body mass index 27 ± 4 kg/m2) participated in either an HIIT (AER) or an HIIT combined with strength training (COM) 3-month program. Biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis. Analyses were performed on muscle fiber type, cross-section area (CSA), capillary density, and mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 isoforms (ie, IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb, IGF-1Ec), type-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). Increased expression of IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb, IGF-1Ec, and IGFBP-3 transcripts was found (1.7 ± 0.8, 1.5 ± 0.8, 2.0 ± 1.32.4 ± 1.4 fold changes, respectively; P < .05). Type I fibers increased by 21% (42 ± 10% to 51 ± 7%; P < .001) and capillary/fiber ratio increased by 24% (1.27 ± 0.22 to 1.57 ± 0.41; P = .005) in both groups as a whole. Fibers' mean CSA increased by 10% in total, but the increase in type I fibers' CSA was greater after AER than COM (15% vs 6%; P < .05). The increased CSA correlated with the increased expression of IGF-1Ea and IGF-1Εb. CONCLUSIONS HIIT reverses skeletal myopathy of HF patients, with the adaptive responses of the IGF-1 bioregulation system possibly contributing to these effects. AER program seemed to be superior to COM to induce muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tzanis
- 1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Karatzanos
- 1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Dimopoulos
- 1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Kaldara
- 3rd Cardiology Department, "Laiko" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Emmeleia Nana
- 3rd Cardiology Department, "Laiko" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Pitsolis
- 1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Serafim Nanas
- 1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Rozenek R, Salassi JW, Pinto NM, Fleming JD. Acute Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols Using 60 s of Work and 60 s Recovery. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3014-3023. [PMID: 27028156 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rozenek, R, Salassi III, JW, Pinto, NM, and Fleming, JD. Acute cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to high-intensity interval training protocols using 60 s of work and 60 s recovery. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3014-3023, 2016-Low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) consisting of 60 s work and 60 s recovery (60 s/60 s) repeated for 10 times has previously been found to produce beneficial cardiopulmonary, cellular, and metabolic adaptations in healthy and at-risk populations. There is currently relatively little information pertaining to the acute changes that take place during individual training sessions. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute physiological responses to 60 s/60 s × 10 HIIT protocols using several combinations of work and recovery intensities. Eleven healthy adults (mean age ± SD = 26.0 ± 5.3 years) performed 4 HIIT trials on separate days at varying percentages of peak power output that consisted of the following work/recovery intensities: (a) 80% PPO/0% PPO (80/0); (b) 80% PPO/50% PPO (80/50); (c) 100% PPO/0% PPO (100/0); and (d) 100% PPO/50% PPO (100/50). Compared with the other protocols, 100/50 produced higher (p ≤ 0.05) peak, average, and nadir %V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak. Other than the nadir values resulting from the 80/0 trial, all trials produced average, peak, and nadir %V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and %HRpeak values that were within exercise intensity ranges (≈45-90% V[Combining Dot Above]O2max; ≈65-90% HRmax) recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine for improvement of cardiopulmonary function. Similar average HR and peak HR, RPE, blood lactate, and %V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak values were produced by 80/50 and 100/0 protocols. However, the average %V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak was significantly higher (∼9.3% absolute) in 80/50. It appeared that use of the 80/0, 80/50, and 100/0 protocols would be appropriate for individuals who are at the low to moderate end of the cardiopulmonary fitness spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Rozenek
- CSULB KIN Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Long Beach, California
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46
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Rønnestad BR, Hansen J. Optimizing Interval Training at Power Output Associated With Peak Oxygen Uptake in Well-Trained Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:999-1006. [PMID: 23942167 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a73e8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute physiological responses of interval protocols using the minimal power output (MAP) that elicits peak oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) as exercise intensity and different durations of work intervals during intermittent cycling. In randomized order, 13 well-trained male cyclists (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak = 67 ± 6 ml·kg·min) performed 3 different interval protocols to exhaustion. Time to exhaustion and time ≥ 90% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak were measured with MAP as exercise intensity, and work duration of the intervals equals either 80% of Tmax, 50% of Tmax, or 30 seconds with recovery period being 50% of the work duration at intensity equal to 50% of MAP. The major findings were that the interval protocol using 30-second work periods induced longer time ≥90% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and longer work duration at MAP intensity than the interval protocols using work periods of 50% of Tmax or 80% of Tmax (p ≤ 0.05). There was no difference between the protocols using work periods of 50% of Tmax or 80% of Tmax. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the 30-second work interval protocol acutely induces a larger exercise stimulus in well-trained cyclists than the protocols using work periods of 50% of Tmax or 80% of Tmax. The practical application of the present findings is that fixed 30-second work intervals can be used to optimize training time at MAP and time ≥90% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak in well-trained cyclists using MAP exercise intensity and a 2:1 work:recovery ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent R Rønnestad
- Section for Sport Science, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
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47
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Garcin M, Mille-Hamard L, Billat V, Humbert L, Lhermitte M. Influence of Acetaminophen Consumption on Perceived Exertion at the Lactate Concentration Threshold. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 101:675-83. [PMID: 16491671 DOI: 10.2466/pms.101.3.675-683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study effects of acetaminophen consumption on ratings of perceived exertion and estimated time limit responses at the lactate threshold. 98 young regional to national level athletes performed a graded exhausting exercise on an outdoor running track to estimate their maximal aerobic velocity and the velocity associated with their lactate concentration threshold. Urine (30 mL) was collected during this test and analysed for numerous substances. During urinary screening for doping substances, 9 acetaminophen consumers (9.2%) among the 98 included athletes were detected. These acetaminophen consumers have significantly lower perceived exertion at velocity corresponding to the lactate concentration threshold than nonconsumers (11.9 ± 2.1 vs 13.6 ± 2.1, respectively) although they were at the same relative exercise intensity. This result shows that acetaminophen consumption may have mediated the perceived exertion response at the lactate concentration threshold. This may then suggest that the pain induced by training load could be a factor in use of self-prescribed pain relievers. Such consumption must be taken into account by medical staff, trainers, or educators who have to give information on the use and adverse effects of this substance and to propose palliative methods to their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garcin
- Laboratoire d'Etudes de la Motricité Humaine EA 3608, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l'Education Physique, Université de Lille 2, 9 rue de l'Université, 59790 Ronchin, France.
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Dalamitros AA, Zafeiridis AS, Toubekis AG, Tsalis GA, Pelarigo JG, Manou V, Kellis S. Effects of Short-Interval and Long-Interval Swimming Protocols on Performance, Aerobic Adaptations, and Technical Parameters: A Training Study. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2871-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sheykhlouvand M, Gharaat M, Khalili E, Agha-Alinejad H. The effect of high-intensity interval training on ventilatory threshold and aerobic power in well-trained canoe polo athletes. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garcin M, Mille-Hamard L, Devillers S, Delattre E, Dufour S, Billat V. Influence of the Type of Training Sport Practised on Psychological and Physiological Parameters during Exhausting Endurance Exercises. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 97:1150-62. [PMID: 15002859 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2003.97.3f.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present purpose was to study the influence of the type of training sport practised (long distance running, sprinting, handball) on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), estimation of time limit (ETL), and heart rate (HR) on running tests. It was hypothesised that these parameters would be related to the type of training sport practised. 31 trained women (10 endurance-trained runners, 10 sprinters, and 11 handball players) performed two exercises to exhaustion on an outdoor track. The first test was a graded run to estimate maximal aerobic speed (SMA), i.e., the minimal speed which elicited maximal oxygen uptake. The second test was a constant all-out run at speed delta 50 (SΔ50), which corresponded to the speed halfway between SMA and the speed at lactate threshold (SLT), to specify time to exhaustion at this intensity (TLIM). Sensations regarding RPE, ETL, and HR were recorded during these tests. SMA, SΔ50, and SLT, expressed in absolute values (km · hr.−1) were statistically significantly different between groups ( p<.05) whereas TLIM was not. The covariance analysis showed that endurance-trained runners perceived the exercise as lighter and presented lower HR than handball players and sprinters for a same running %SMA ( p<.05). Moreover, endurance-trained runners felt that they could endure more than the other groups at a given %SMA or relative exhaustion time (%TLIM). These results mean that the type of training sport which has been performed may mediate perceptual responses and influence physiological parameters during exhausting exercises. These results are likely in part related to sport-specificity of the exercise mode used in tests. This point must be taken into consideration by physical trainers who have to prescribe exercise intensities during athletic seasons for different groups of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garcin
- Laboratoire d'Etudes de la Motricité Humaine, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l'Education Physique, Université de Lille 2, 9 rue de l'Université, 59790 Ronchin, France.
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