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Khan A, Švara A, Wang N. Comparing Apples and Oranges: Advances in Disease Resistance Breeding of Woody Perennial Fruit Crops. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:263-287. [PMID: 38768395 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Apple and citrus are perennial tree fruit crops that are vital for nutritional security and agricultural economy and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Apple scab and fire blight, along with Huanglongbing, canker, and tristeza virus, stand out as their most notorious diseases and annually destabilize fruit supply. An environmentally sound approach to managing these diseases is improving tree resistance through breeding and biotechnology. Perennial fruit tree germplasm collections are distributed globally and offer untapped potential as sources of resistance. However, long juvenility, specific pollination and flowering habits, and extensive outcrossing hinder apple and citrus breeding. Advances in breeding approaches include trans- and cis-genesis, genome editing, and rapid-cycle breeding, which, in addition to conventional crossbreeding, can all facilitate accelerated integration of resistance into elite germplasm. In addition, the global pool of available sources of resistance can be characterized by the existing genetic mapping and gene expression studies for accurate discovery of associated loci, genes, and markers to efficiently include these sources in breeding efforts. We discuss and propose a multitude of approaches to overcome the challenges of breeding for resistance in woody perennials and outline a technical path to reduce the time required for the ultimate deployment of disease-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Khan
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA;
| | - Anže Švara
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA;
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
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Švara A, De Storme N, Carpentier S, Keulemans W, De Coninck B. Phenotyping, genetics, and "-omics" approaches to unravel and introgress enhanced resistance against apple scab ( Venturia inaequalis) in apple cultivars ( Malus × domestica). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae002. [PMID: 38371632 PMCID: PMC10873587 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Apple scab disease, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, endangers commercial apple production globally. It is predominantly managed by frequent fungicide sprays that can harm the environment and promote the development of fungicide-resistant strains. Cultivation of scab-resistant cultivars harboring diverse qualitative Rvi resistance loci and quantitative trait loci associated with scab resistance could reduce the chemical footprint. A comprehensive understanding of the host-pathogen interaction is, however, needed to efficiently breed cultivars with enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogenic strains. Breeding efforts should not only encompass pyramiding of Rvi loci and their corresponding resistance alleles that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors, but should also integrate genes that contribute to effective downstream defense mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the phenotypic and genetic aspects of apple scab resistance, and currently known corresponding defense mechanisms. Implementation of recent "-omics" approaches has provided insights into the complex network of physiological, molecular, and signaling processes that occur before and upon scab infection, thereby revealing the importance of both constitutive and induced defense mechanisms. Based on the current knowledge, we outline advances toward more efficient introgression of enhanced scab resistance into novel apple cultivars by conventional breeding or genetic modification techniques. However, additional studies integrating different "-omics" approaches combined with functional studies will be necessary to unravel effective defense mechanisms as well as key regulatory genes underpinning scab resistance in apple. This crucial information will set the stage for successful knowledge-based breeding for enhanced scab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Švara
- Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven Plant Institute, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico De Storme
- Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven Plant Institute, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Genetic resources, Bioversity International, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wannes Keulemans
- Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven Plant Institute, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Laboratory of Plant Health and Protection, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven Plant Institute, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Jacobson S, Bondarchuk N, Nguyen TA, Canada A, McCord L, Artlip TS, Welser P, Klocko AL. Apple CRISPR-Cas9-A Recipe for Successful Targeting of AGAMOUS-like Genes in Domestic Apple. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3693. [PMID: 37960050 PMCID: PMC10649517 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Fruit trees and other fruiting hardwood perennials are economically valuable, and there is interest in developing improved varieties. Both conventional breeding and biotechnology approaches are being utilized towards the goal of developing advanced cultivars. Increased knowledge of the effectiveness and efficiency of biotechnology approaches can help guide use of the CRISPR gene-editing technology. Here, we examined CRISPR-Cas9-directed genome editing in the valuable commodity fruit tree Malus x domestica (domestic apple). We transformed two cultivars with dual CRISPR-Cas9 constructs designed to target two AGAMOUS-like genes simultaneously. The main goal was to determine the effectiveness of this approach for achieving target gene changes. We obtained 6 Cas9 control and 38 independent CRISPR-Cas9 events. Of the 38 CRISPR-Cas9 events, 34 (89%) had gene edits and 14 (37%) showed changes to all alleles of both target genes. The most common change was large deletions, which were present in 59% of all changed alleles, followed by small deletions (21%), small insertions (12%), and a combination of small insertions and deletions (8%). Overall, a high rate of successful gene alterations was found. Many of these changes are predicted to cause frameshifts and alterations to the predicted peptides. Future work will include monitoring the floral development and floral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Jacobson
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Natalie Bondarchuk
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Thy Anh Nguyen
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Allison Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Logan McCord
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Timothy S. Artlip
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), The Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA;
| | - Philipp Welser
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), The Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA;
| | - Amy L. Klocko
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
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Fu Y, Shu L, Li H, Zhang X, Liu X, Ou Z, Liang X, Qi X, Yang L. Establishment of Highly Efficient Plant Regeneration, Callus Transformation and Analysis of Botrytis cinerea-Responsive PR Promoters in Lilium brownii var. viridulum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1992. [PMID: 37653909 PMCID: PMC10221712 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lilium brownii var. viridulum, commonly called Longya lily, is a well-known flower and vegetable plant in China that has poor tolerance to Botrytis fungal disease. The molecularimprovement has mainly been restricted to an efficient regeneration and transformation system. In this study, the highly efficient regeneration of Longya lily was established through the optimization of embryogenic callus, adventitious shoot and rooting induction. The major factors influencing transformation (antibiotics, Agrobacterium concentration, infection time, suspension solution and coculture medium) were examined. The expression responses of PR promoters (ZmPR4 and BjCHI1) to B. cinerea were assessed in transgenic calli. The results showed that Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 1.0 mg·L-1 picloram (PIC) and 0.2 mg·L-1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under light conditions and MS with 0.5 mg·L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA under darkness were optimal for embryogenic callus induction (64.67% rate) and proliferation (3.96 coefficient). Callus inoculation into MS containing 2.0 mg·L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.4 mg·L-1 NAA, 1.0 mg·L-1 TDZ and 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA led to shooting induction (92.22 of rate) and proliferation (3.28 of coefficient) promotion, respectively. The rooting rate reached 99.00% on MS with 0.3 mg·L-1 NAA. Moreover, a transformation rate of 65.56% was achieved by soaking the callus in Agrobacterium at an OD600 of 0.4 for 10 min in modified MS without NH4NO3 as the suspension solution and coculture medium before selecting 75 mg·L-1 hygromycin and 300 mg·L-1 cefotaxime. Only the BjCHI1 promoter was obviously expressed in transgenic calli. These results could facilitate the generation of Longya lily transgenic plants with improved B. cinerea resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyao Fu
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Liling Shu
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Hanyi Li
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Xingming Zhang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404020, China
| | - Zhengying Ou
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Xiangying Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Liping Yang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
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Rasouli H, Nayeri FD, Khodarahmi R. May phytophenolics alleviate aflatoxins-induced health challenges? A holistic insight on current landscape and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981984. [PMID: 36386916 PMCID: PMC9649842 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The future GCC-connected environmental risk factors expedited the progression of nCDs. Indeed, the emergence of AFs is becoming a global food security concern. AFs are lethal carcinogenic mycotoxins, causing damage to the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal organs. Long-term exposure to AFs leads to liver cancer. Almost a variety of food commodities, crops, spices, herbaceous materials, nuts, and processed foods can be contaminated with AFs. In this regard, the primary sections of this review aim to cover influencing factors in the occurrence of AFs, the role of AFs in progression of nCDs, links between GCC/nCDs and exposure to AFs, frequency of AFs-based academic investigations, and world distribution of AFs. Next, the current trends in the application of PPs to alleviate AFs toxicity are discussed. Nearly, more than 20,000 published records indexed in scientific databases have been screened to find recent trends on AFs and application of PPs in AFs therapy. Accordingly, shifts in world climate, improper infrastructures for production/storage of food commodities, inconsistency of global polices on AFs permissible concentration in food/feed, and lack of the public awareness are accounting for a considerable proportion of AFs damages. AFs exhibited their toxic effects by triggering the progression of inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, in turn, leading to the onset of nCDs. PPs could decrease AFs-associated oxidative stress, genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects by improving cellular antioxidant balance, regulation of signaling pathways, alleviating inflammatory responses, and modification of gene expression profile in a dose/time-reliant fashion. The administration of PPs alone displayed lower biological properties compared to co-treatment of these metabolites with AFs. This issue might highlight the therapeutic application of PPs than their preventative content. Flavonoids such as quercetin and oxidized tea phenolics, curcumin and resveratrol were the most studied anti-AFs PPs. Our literature review clearly disclosed that considering PPs in antioxidant therapies to alleviate complications of AFs requires improvement in their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, tissue clearance, and off-target mode of action. Due to the emergencies in the elimination of AFs in food/feedstuffs, further large-scale clinical assessment of PPs to decrease the consequences of AFs is highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rasouli
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Luo M, Lu B, Shi Y, Zhao Y, Wei Z, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu H, Shi Y, Yang J, Song W, Lu X, Fan Y, Xu L, Wang R, Zhao J. A newly characterized allele of ZmR1 increases anthocyanin content in whole maize plant and the regulation mechanism of different ZmR1 alleles. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3039-3055. [PMID: 35788748 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The novel ZmR1CQ01 allele for maize anthocyanin synthesis was identified, and the biological function and regulatory molecular mechanisms of three ZmR1 alleles were unveiled. Anthocyanins in maize are valuable to human health. The R1 gene family is one of the important regulatory genes for the tissue-specific distribution of anthocyanins. R1 gene allelic variations are abundant and its biological function and regulatory molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. By exploiting genetic mapping and transgenic verification, we found that anthocyanin pigmentation in maize leaf midrib was controlled by ZmR1 on chromosome 10. Allelism test of maize zmr1 EMS mutants confirmed that anthocyanin pigmentation in leaf sheath was also controlled by ZmR1. ZmR1CQ01 was a novel ZmR1 allelic variation obtained from purple maize. Its overexpression caused the whole maize plant to turn purple. ZmR1B73 allele confers anthocyanin accumulation in near ground leaf sheath rather than in leaf midribs. The mRNA expression level of ZmR1B73 was low in leaf midribs, resulting in no anthocyanin accumulation. ZmR1B73 overexpression promoted anthocyanin accumulation in leaf midribs. Loss of exon 5 resulted in ZmR1ZN3 allele function destruction and no anthocyanin accumulation in leaf midrib and leaf sheath. DNA affinity purification sequencing revealed 1010 genes targeted by ZmR1CQ01, including the bz2 in anthocyanin synthesis pathway. RNA-seq analysis showed 55 genes targeted by ZmR1CQ01 changed the expression level significantly, and the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were significantly up-regulated. ZmR1 functional molecular marker was developed. These results revealed the effects of transcriptional regulation and sequence variation on ZmR1 function and identified the genes targeted by ZmR1CQ01 at the genome-wide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Baishan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yaxing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Chunyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuandong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yamin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jinxiao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Li Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ronghuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Gaucher M, Righetti L, Aubourg S, Dugé de Bernonville T, Brisset MN, Chevreau E, Vergne E. An Erwinia amylovora inducible promoter for improvement of apple fire blight resistance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1499-1513. [PMID: 35385991 PMCID: PMC9270298 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
pPPO16, the first Ea-inducible promoter cloned from apple, can be a useful component of intragenic strategies to create fire blight resistant apple genotypes. Intragenesis is an important alternative to transgenesis to produce modified plants containing native DNA only. A key point to develop such a strategy is the availability of regulatory sequences controlling the expression of the gene of interest. With the aim of finding apple gene promoters either inducible by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora (Ea) or moderately constitutive, we focused on polyphenoloxidase genes (PPO). These genes encode oxidative enzymes involved in many physiological processes and have been previously shown to be upregulated during the Ea infection process. We found ten PPO and two PPO-like sequences in the apple genome and characterized the promoters of MdPPO16 (pPPO16) and MdKFDV02 PPO-like (pKFDV02) for their potential as Ea-inducible and low-constitutive regulatory sequences, respectively. Expression levels of reporter genes fused to these promoters and transiently or stably expressed in apple were quantified after various treatments. Unlike pKFDV02 which displayed a variable activity, pPPO16 allowed a fast and strong expression of transgenes in apple following Ea infection in a Type 3 Secretion System dependent manner. Altogether our results does not confirmed pKFDV02 as a constitutive and weak promoter whereas pPPO16, the first Ea-inducible promoter cloned from apple, can be a useful component of intragenic strategies to create fire blight resistant apple genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gaucher
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Laura Righetti
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, 31 avenue Monge, 37200, Tours, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Chevreau
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vergne
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France.
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Liu J, Shen Y, Cao H, He K, Chu Z, Li N. OsbHLH057 targets the AATCA cis-element to regulate disease resistance and drought tolerance in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1285-1299. [PMID: 35278106 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The AATCA motif was identified to respond pathogens infection in the promoter of defense-related gene Os2H16. OsbHLH057 bound to the motif to positively regulate rice disease resistance and drought tolerance. Sheath blight (ShB), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is a devastating disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The transcriptional regulation of host defense-related genes in response to R. solani infection is poorly understood. In this study, we identified a cis-element, AATCA, in the promoter of Os2H16, a previously identified multifaceted defense-related gene in rice that responded to fungal attack. Using a DNA pull-down assay coupled with mass spectrometry, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor OsbHLH057 was determined to interact with the AATCA cis-element. OsbHLH057 was rapidly induced by R. solani, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), and osmotic stress. Furthermore, overexpressing OsbHLH057 enhanced rice disease resistance and drought tolerance, while knocking out OsbHLH057 made rice more susceptible to pathogens and drought. Overall, our results uncovered an OsbHLH057 and AATCA module that synergistically regulates the expression of Os2H16 in response to R. solani, Xoo, and drought in conjunction with the previously identified stress-related OsASR2 and GT-1 module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hongxiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Kang He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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9
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Peil A, Emeriewen OF, Khan A, Kostick S, Malnoy M. Status of fire blight resistance breeding in Malus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 103:3-12. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s42161-020-00581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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10
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Transcriptome Analysis Identified Coordinated Control of Key Pathways Regulating Cellular Physiology and Metabolism upon Aspergillus flavus Infection Resulting in Reduced Aflatoxin Production in Groundnut. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040370. [PMID: 33339393 PMCID: PMC7767264 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin-affected groundnut or peanut presents a major global health issue to both commercial and subsistence farming. Therefore, understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with resistance to aflatoxin production during host–pathogen interactions is crucial for breeding groundnut cultivars with minimal level of aflatoxin contamination. Here, we performed gene expression profiling to better understand the mechanisms involved in reduction and prevention of aflatoxin contamination resulting from Aspergillus flavus infection in groundnut seeds. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of 16 samples from different time points during infection (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and the 7th day after inoculation) in U 4-7-5 (resistant) and JL 24 (susceptible) genotypes yielded 840.5 million raw reads with an average of 52.5 million reads per sample. A total of 1779 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis revealed several pathways, such as disease resistance, hormone biosynthetic signaling, flavonoid biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying, cell wall metabolism and catabolizing and seed germination. We also detected several highly upregulated transcription factors, such as ARF, DBB, MYB, NAC and C2H2 in the resistant genotype in comparison to the susceptible genotype after inoculation. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis suggested the occurrence of coordinated control of key pathways controlling cellular physiology and metabolism upon A. flavus infection, resulting in reduced aflatoxin production.
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Yang F, Ding X, Chen J, Shen Y, Kong L, Li N, Chu Z. Functional analysis of the GRMZM2G174449 promoter to identify Rhizoctonia solani-inducible cis-elements in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:233. [PMID: 29202693 PMCID: PMC5715495 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is a highly devastating disease in most maize and rice growing areas of the world. However, the molecular mechanisms of perceiving pathogen signals are poorly understood in hosts. RESULTS Here, we identified a Rhizoctonia solani-inducible promoter pGRMZM2G174449 in maize. Deletion analysis showed that the -574 to -455 fragment was necessary for pGRMZM2G174449 in responding to R. solani and this fragment contained the unknown pathogen-inducible cis-elements according to the bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, detailed quantitative assays showed that two cis-elements, GCTGA in the -567 to -563 region and TATAT in the -485 to -481 region, were specifically responsible for the R. solani-inducible activity. A series of point mutation analysis indicated that the two cis-elements have the conserved motifs of NHWGN and DWYWT, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that pGRMZM2G174449 is a good R. solani-inducible promoter suitable for genetic engineering of BLSB resistance. And NHWGN and DWYWT are two R. solani-inducible cis-elements that play important roles in pGRMZM2G174449 responding to R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingguang Kong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
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Parmar N, Singh KH, Sharma D, Singh L, Kumar P, Nanjundan J, Khan YJ, Chauhan DK, Thakur AK. Genetic engineering strategies for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality enhancement in horticultural crops: a comprehensive review. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:239. [PMID: 28702937 PMCID: PMC5507805 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering technique offers myriads of applications in improvement of horticultural crops for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and produce quality enhancement. During last two decades, a large number of transgenic horticultural crops has been developed and more are underway. A number of genes including natural and synthetic Cry genes, protease inhibitors, trypsin inhibitors and cystatin genes have been used to incorporate insect and nematode resistance. For providing protection against fungal and bacterial diseases, various genes like chitinase, glucanase, osmotin, defensin and pathogenesis-related genes are being transferred to many horticultural crops world over. RNAi technique has been found quite successful in inducing virus resistance in horticultural crops in addition to coat protein genes. Abiotic stresses such as drought, heat and salinity adversely affect production and productivity of horticultural crops and a number of genes encoding for biosynthesis of stress protecting compounds including mannitol, glycine betaine and heat shock proteins have been employed for abiotic stress tolerance besides various transcription factors like DREB1, MAPK, WRKY, etc. Antisense gene and RNAi technologies have revolutionized the pace of improvement of horticultural crops, particularly ornamentals for color modification, increasing shelf-life and reducing post-harvest losses. Precise genome editing tools, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, have been efficiently applied in tomato, petunia, citrus, grape, potato and apple for gene mutation, repression, activation and epigenome editing. This review provides comprehensive overview to draw the attention of researchers for better understanding of genetic engineering advancements in imparting biotic and abiotic stress tolerance as well as on improving various traits related to quality, texture, plant architecture modification, increasing shelf-life, etc. in different horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehanjali Parmar
- Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India.
| | | | - Deepika Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321 303, India
| | - Lal Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321 303, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - J Nanjundan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Wellington, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, 643 231, India
| | - Yasin Jeshima Khan
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Chauhan
- Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu, J&K, 180 009, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Thakur
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321 303, India
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Weiß S, Bartsch M, Winkelmann T. Transcriptomic analysis of molecular responses in Malus domestica 'M26' roots affected by apple replant disease. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:303-318. [PMID: 28424966 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression studies in roots of apple replant disease affected plants suggested defense reactions towards biotic stress to occur which did not lead to adequate responses to the biotic stressors. Apple replant disease (ARD) leads to growth inhibition and fruit yield reduction in replanted populations and results in economic losses for tree nurseries and fruit producers. The etiology is not well understood on a molecular level and causal agents show a great diversity indicating that no definitive cause, which applies to the majority of cases, has been found out yet. Hence, it is pivotal to gain a better understanding of the molecular and physiological reactions of the plant when affected by ARD and later to overcome the disease, for example by developing tolerant rootstocks. For the first time, gene expression was investigated in roots of ARD affected plants employing massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE) and RT-qPCR. In reaction to ARD, genes in secondary metabolite production as well as plant defense, regulatory and signaling genes were upregulated whereas for several genes involved in primary metabolism lower expression was detected. For internal verification of MACE data, candidate genes were tested via RT-qPCR and a strong positive correlation between both datasets was observed. Comparison of apple 'M26' roots cultivated in ARD soil or γ-irradiated ARD soil suggests that typical defense reactions towards biotic stress take place in ARD affected plants but they did not allow responding to the biotic stressors attack adequately, leading to the observed growth depressions in ARD variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weiß
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section of Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Bartsch
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section of Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Traud Winkelmann
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section of Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Hutabarat OS, Flachowsky H, Regos I, Miosic S, Kaufmann C, Faramarzi S, Alam MZ, Gosch C, Peil A, Richter K, Hanke MV, Treutter D, Stich K, Halbwirth H. Transgenic apple plants overexpressing the chalcone 3-hydroxylase gene of Cosmos sulphureus show increased levels of 3-hydroxyphloridzin and reduced susceptibility to apple scab and fire blight. PLANTA 2016; 243:1213-24. [PMID: 26895335 PMCID: PMC4837221 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Overexpression of chalcone-3-hydroxylase provokes increased accumulation of 3-hydroxyphloridzin in Malus . Decreased flavonoid concentrations but unchanged flavonoid class composition were observed. The increased 3-hydroxyphlorizin contents correlate well with reduced susceptibility to fire blight and scab. The involvement of dihydrochalcones in the apple defence mechanism against pathogens is discussed but unknown biosynthetic steps in their formation hamper studies on their physiological relevance. The formation of 3-hydroxyphloretin is one of the gaps in the pathway. Polyphenol oxidases and cytochrome P450 dependent enzymes could be involved. Hydroxylation of phloretin in position 3 has high similarity to the B-ring hydroxylation of flavonoids catalysed by the well-known flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H). Using recombinant F3'H and chalcone 3-hydroxylase (CH3H) from Cosmos sulphureus we show that F3'H and CH3H accept phloretin to some extent but higher conversion rates are obtained with CH3H. To test whether CH3H catalyzes the hydroxylation of dihydrochalcones in planta and if this could be of physiological relevance, we created transgenic apple trees harbouring CH3H from C. sulphureus. The three transgenic lines obtained showed lower polyphenol concentrations but no shift between the main polyphenol classes dihydrochalcones, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavan 3-ols. Increase of 3-hydroxyphloridzin within the dihydrochalcones and of epicatechin/catechin within soluble flavan 3-ols were observed. Decreased activity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase could partially explain the lower polyphenol concentrations. In comparison to the parent line, the transgenic CH3H-lines showed a lower disease susceptibility to fire blight and apple scab that correlated with the increased 3-hydroxyphlorizin contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olly Sanny Hutabarat
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ionela Regos
- Unit of Fruit Science, Technical University of Munich, Dürnast 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Silvija Miosic
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Kaufmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shadab Faramarzi
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammed Zobayer Alam
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gosch
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peil
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn-Institut, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Treutter
- Unit of Fruit Science, Technical University of Munich, Dürnast 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Karl Stich
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Altered Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in the Maize Lc-Expressed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Affects Storage Root Development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18645. [PMID: 26727353 PMCID: PMC4698713 DOI: 10.1038/srep18645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no direct evidence of the effect of lignin metabolism on early storage root development in sweet potato. In this study, we found that heterologous expression of the maize leaf color (Lc) gene in sweet potato increased anthocyanin pigment accumulation in the whole plant and resulted in reduced size with an increased length/width ratio, low yield and less starch content in the early storage roots. RT-PCR analysis revealed dramatic up-regulation of the genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway in developing storage roots, leading to greater lignin content in the Lc transgenic lines, compared to the wild type. This was also evidenced by the enhanced lignification of vascular cells in the early storage roots. Furthermore, increased expression of the β-amylase gene in leaves and storage roots also accelerated starch degradation and increased the sugar use efficiency, providing more energy and carbohydrate sources for lignin biosynthesis in the Lc transgenic sweet potato. Lesser starch accumulation was observed in the developing storage roots at the initiation stage in the Lc plants. Our study provides experimental evidence of the basic carbohydrate metabolism underlying the development of storage roots, which is the transformation of lignin biosynthesis to starch biosynthesis.
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16
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Fan X, Fan B, Wang Y, Yang W. Anthocyanin accumulation enhanced in Lc-transgenic cotton under light and increased resistance to bollworm. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 10:1-11. [PMID: 26941851 PMCID: PMC4761005 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-015-0382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Breeding of naturally colored cotton fiber has been hampered by the limited germplasm, an alternative way is to use transgenic approach to create more germplasm for breeding. Here, we report our effort to engineer anthocyanin production in cotton. The maize Lc gene, under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter, was introduced into cotton through genetic transformation. Our data showed that the expression of the Lc gene alone is sufficient to trigger the accumulation of anthocyanin in a variety of cell types including fiber cells in cotton. However, the accumulation of colored anthocyanin in cotton fibers requires the participation of light signaling. These data indicate that it is feasible to engineer colored fibers through transgenic approach in cotton. Furthermore, we showed that the Lc-transgenic cotton plants are resistant to cotton bollworm. These transgenic plants are, therefore, potentially useful for cotton breeding against cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Fan
- />Institute of Cotton Research, Academy of ShanXi Agricultural Science, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province 044000 China
| | - Bohong Fan
- />Institute of Cotton Research, Academy of ShanXi Agricultural Science, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province 044000 China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- />Institute of Cotton Research, Academy of ShanXi Agricultural Science, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province 044000 China
| | - Weicai Yang
- />Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing, 100101 China
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17
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Dutt M, Dhekney SA, Soriano L, Kandel R, Grosser JW. Temporal and spatial control of gene expression in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14047. [PMID: 26504550 PMCID: PMC4596326 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnology provides plant breeders an additional tool to improve various traits desired by growers and consumers of horticultural crops. It also provides genetic solutions to major problems affecting horticultural crops and can be a means for rapid improvement of a cultivar. With the availability of a number of horticultural genome sequences, it has become relatively easier to utilize these resources to identify DNA sequences for both basic and applied research. Promoters play a key role in plant gene expression and the regulation of gene expression. In recent years, rapid progress has been made on the isolation and evaluation of plant-derived promoters and their use in horticultural crops, as more and more species become amenable to genetic transformation. Our understanding of the tools and techniques of horticultural plant biotechnology has now evolved from a discovery phase to an implementation phase. The availability of a large number of promoters derived from horticultural plants opens up the field for utilization of native sequences and improving crops using precision breeding. In this review, we look at the temporal and spatial control of gene expression in horticultural crops and the usage of a variety of promoters either isolated from horticultural crops or used in horticultural crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Sadanand A Dhekney
- Department of Plant Sciences, Sheridan Research and Extension Center, University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA
| | - Leonardo Soriano
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Raju Kandel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Sheridan Research and Extension Center, University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA
| | - Jude W Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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18
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Fischer TC, Mirbeth B, Rentsch J, Sutter C, Ring L, Flachowsky H, Habegger R, Hoffmann T, Hanke MV, Schwab W. Premature and ectopic anthocyanin formation by silencing of anthocyanidin reductase in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:440-451. [PMID: 24117941 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a fruit crop with a distinct biphasic flavonoid biosynthesis. Whereas, in the immature receptacle, high levels of proanthocyanidins accumulate, which are associated with herbivore deterrence and pathogen defense, the prominent color-giving anthocyanins are primarily produced in ripe 'fruits' helping to attract herbivores for seed dispersal. Here, constitutive experimental down-regulation of one branch of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis was performed. As a result, the proportion of epicatechin monomeric units within the proanthocyanidin polymer chains was reduced, but this was not the case for the epicatechin starter unit. Shortened chain lengths of proanthocyanidins were also observed. All enzymatic activities for the production of color-giving anthocyanins were already present in unripe fruits at levels allowing a striking red anthocyanin phenotype in unripe fruits of the RNAi silencing lines. An immediately recognizable phenotype was also observed for the stigmata of flowers, which is another epicatechin-forming tissue. Thus, the down-regulation of anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) induced a redirection of the proanthocyanidin pathway, leading to premature and ectopic anthocyanin biosynthesis via enzymatic glycosylation as the alternative pathway. This redirection is also seen in flavonol biosynthesis, which is paralleled by higher pollen viability in silencing lines. ANRi transgenic lines of strawberry provide a versatile tool for the study of the biological functions of proanthocyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo C Fischer
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhadernerstr 2-4, D-82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Beate Mirbeth
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhadernerstr 2-4, D-82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Judith Rentsch
- Julius Kühn-Institute - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Pillnitz, Dresden, Germany
| | - Corina Sutter
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technical University Munich (TUM), Liesel-Beckmann-Str 1, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ludwig Ring
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technical University Munich (TUM), Liesel-Beckmann-Str 1, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institute - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Pillnitz, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruth Habegger
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technical University Munich (TUM), Liesel-Beckmann-Str 1, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technical University Munich (TUM), Liesel-Beckmann-Str 1, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institute - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Pillnitz, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technical University Munich (TUM), Liesel-Beckmann-Str 1, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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Song YE, Wang X, Shen ZW, Xu Y, Li JY. Expressing the maize anthocyanin regulatory gene Lc increased flavonoid content in the seed of white pericarp rice and purple pericarp rice. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Dubouzet JG, Strabala TJ, Wagner A. Potential transgenic routes to increase tree biomass. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 212:72-101. [PMID: 24094056 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is a prime target for genetic engineering in forestry because increased biomass yield will benefit most downstream applications such as timber, fiber, pulp, paper, and bioenergy production. Transgenesis can increase biomass by improving resource acquisition and product utilization and by enhancing competitive ability for solar energy, water, and mineral nutrients. Transgenes that affect juvenility, winter dormancy, and flowering have been shown to influence biomass as well. Transgenic approaches have increased yield potential by mitigating the adverse effects of prevailing stress factors in the environment. Simultaneous introduction of multiple genes for resistance to various stress factors into trees may help forest trees cope with multiple or changing environments. We propose multi-trait engineering for tree crops, simultaneously deploying multiple independent genes to address a set of genetically uncorrelated traits that are important for crop improvement. This strategy increases the probability of unpredictable (synergistic or detrimental) interactions that may substantially affect the overall phenotype and its long-term performance. The very limited ability to predict the physiological processes that may be impacted by such a strategy requires vigilance and care during implementation. Hence, we recommend close monitoring of the resultant transgenic genotypes in multi-year, multi-location field trials.
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21
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Gadiou S, Kundu JK. Evaluation of Reference Genes for the Relative Quantification of Apple stem grooving virus and Apple mosaic virus in Apple Trees. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:39-41. [PMID: 23730001 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A SYBR Green(®)-based one step RT-qPCR assay was developed for the detection and quantification of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV). The RT-qPCR assay employed seven plant-expressed genes-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 18S ribosomal RNA, ubiquitin, ribosomal protein S19, Rubisco, RNA polymerase subunit II and β-actin-as internal reference housekeeping genes in a relative quantification system in three apple cultivars (i.e. Idared, Champion, Fragrance). The average expression stability (M) found by GeNorm software suggest that GAPDH and S19 were the most stable reference genes. We propose employing GAPDH and S19 as housekeeping genes for accurate quantification of ASGV and ApMV in apple leaf samples. The detection limit for both viruses was found around 70 copies of viral genome by one-step RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gadiou
- Division of Plant Health, Department of Virology, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Genetic transformation has emerged as a powerful tool for genetic improvement of fruit trees hindered by their reproductive biology and their high levels of heterozygosity. For years, genetic engineering of fruit trees has focussed principally on enhancing disease resistance (against viruses, fungi, and bacteria), although there are few examples of field cultivation and commercial application of these transgenic plants. In addition, over the years much work has been performed to enhance abiotic stress tolerance, to induce modifications of plant growth and habit, to produce marker-free transgenic plants and to improve fruit quality by modification of genes that are crucially important in the production of specific plant components. Recently, with the release of several genome sequences, studies of functional genomics are becoming increasingly important: by modification (overexpression or silencing) of genes involved in the production of specific plant components is possible to uncover regulatory mechanisms associated with the biosynthesis and catabolism of metabolites in plants. This review focuses on the main advances, in recent years, in genetic transformation of the most important species of fruit trees, devoting particular attention to functional genomics approaches and possible future challenges of genetic engineering for these species in the post-genomic era.
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Gambino G, Gribaudo I. Genetic transformation of fruit trees: current status and remaining challenges. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:1163-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Malnoy M, Martens S, Norelli JL, Barny MA, Sundin GW, Smits THM, Duffy B. Fire blight: applied genomic insights of the pathogen and host. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 50:475-94. [PMID: 22702352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The enterobacterial phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight, an invasive disease that threatens a wide range of commercial and ornamental Rosaceae host plants. The response elicited by E. amylovora in its host during disease development is similar to the hypersensitive reaction that typically leads to resistance in an incompatible host-pathogen interaction, yet no gene-for-gene resistance has been described for this host-pathogen system. Comparative genomic analysis has found an unprecedented degree of genetic uniformity among strains of E. amylovora, suggesting that the pathogen has undergone a recent genetic bottleneck. The genome of apple, an important host of E. amylovora, has been sequenced, creating new opportunities for the study of interactions between host and pathogen during fire blight development and for the identification of resistance genes. This review includes recent advances in the genomics of both host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Malnoy
- Department of Biology and Genomics of Fruit Plants, FEM IASMA Research and Innovation Center, Foundation Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
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Bernonville TDD, Gaucher M, Guyot S, Durel CE, Dat JF, Brisset MN. The constitutive phenolic composition of two Malus×domestica genotypes is not responsible for their contrasted susceptibilities to fire blight. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Bhatti S, Jha G. Current trends and future prospects of biotechnological interventions through tissue culture in apple. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1215-25. [PMID: 20697717 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), which is a widely cultivated, important economic fruit crop with nutritive and medicinal importance, has emerged as a model horticultural crop in this post-genomic era. Apple cultivation is heavily dependent on climatic condition and is susceptible to several diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, etc. Extensive research work has been carried out to standardize tissue culture protocols and utilize them in apple improvement. We review the in vitro shoot multiplication, rooting, transformation and regeneration methodologies in apple and tabulate various such protocols for easy reference. The utility and limitation of transgenesis in apple improvement have also been summarized. The concepts of marker-free plants, use of non-antibiotic resistance selectable markers, and cisgenic and intragenic approaches are highlighted. Furthermore, the limitations, current trends and future prospects of tissue culture-mediated biotechnological interventions in apple improvement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shammi Bhatti
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
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