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Monti F, Perazza F, Leoni L, Stefanini B, Ferri S, Tovoli F, Zavatta G, Piscaglia F, Petroni ML, Ravaioli F. RANK-RANKL-OPG Axis in MASLD: Current Evidence Linking Bone and Liver Diseases and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9193. [PMID: 39273141 PMCID: PMC11395242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-and its worse form, metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), characterised by inflammation and liver damage-corresponds to the liver's involvement in metabolic syndrome, which constitutes an economic burden for healthcare systems. However, the biomolecular pathways that contribute to steatotic liver disease are not completely clear. Abnormalities of bone metabolism are frequent in people affected by metabolic liver disease, with reduced bone density and an increased risk of fracture. Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin(OPG) are critical regulators of bone metabolism, performing pleiotropic effects, and may have potential involvement in metabolic disorders like MASLD, resulting in a topic of great interest and intrigue. This narrative review aims to investigate this potential role and its implications in MASLD development and progression and in hepatocellular carcinoma, which represents its worst complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Monti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (F.P.); (B.S.); (F.T.); (G.Z.); (F.P.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Federica Perazza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (F.P.); (B.S.); (F.T.); (G.Z.); (F.P.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Laura Leoni
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL), 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Bernardo Stefanini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (F.P.); (B.S.); (F.T.); (G.Z.); (F.P.); (M.L.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Silvia Ferri
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (F.P.); (B.S.); (F.T.); (G.Z.); (F.P.); (M.L.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Guido Zavatta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (F.P.); (B.S.); (F.T.); (G.Z.); (F.P.); (M.L.P.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (F.P.); (B.S.); (F.T.); (G.Z.); (F.P.); (M.L.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maria Letizia Petroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (F.P.); (B.S.); (F.T.); (G.Z.); (F.P.); (M.L.P.)
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Ravaioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (F.P.); (B.S.); (F.T.); (G.Z.); (F.P.); (M.L.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
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Zhang G. Regulatory T-cells-related signature for identifying a prognostic subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma with an exhausted tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975762. [PMID: 36189226 PMCID: PMC9521506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-Cells (Tregs) are important in the progression of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). The goal of this work was to look into Tregs-related genes and develop a Tregs-related prognostic model. We used the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to look for Tregs-related genes in the TCGA, ICGC, and GSE14520 cohorts and then used the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to find Tregs-related subpopulations. The LASSO-Cox regression approach was used to determine Tregs-related genes, which were then condensed into a risk score. A total of 153 overlapping genes among the three cohorts were considered Tregs-related genes. Based on these genes, two Tregs-associated clusters that varied in both prognostic and biological characteristics were identified. When compared with Cluster 1, Cluster 2 was a TME-exhausted HCC subpopulation with substantial immune cell infiltration but a poor prognosis. Five Tregs-related genes including HMOX1, MMP9, CTSC, SDC3, and TNFRSF11B were finally used to construct a prognostic model, which could accurately predict the prognosis of HCC patients in the three datasets. Patients in the high-risk scores group with bad survival outcomes were replete with immune/inflammatory responses, but exhausted T cells and elevated PD-1 and PD-L1 expression. The results of qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) analysis in clinical tissue samples confirmed the above findings. Moreover, the signature also accurately predicted anti-PD-L1 antibody responses in the IMvigor210 dataset. Finally, HMOX1, MMP9, and TNFRSF11B were expressed differently in Hep3B and Huh7 cells after being treated with a PD1/PD-L1 inhibitor. In conclusion, our study uncovered a Tregs-related prognostic model that could identify TME- exhausted subpopulations and revealed that PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors could alter the expression levels of HMOX1, MMP9, and TNFRSF11B in Hep3B and Huh7 cells, which might help us better understand Tregs infiltration and develop personalized immunotherapy treatments for HCC patients.
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The roles of osteoprotegerin in cancer, far beyond a bone player. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:252. [PMID: 35523775 PMCID: PMC9076607 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. Characterized by its ability to bind to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), OPG is critically involved in bone remodeling. Emerging evidence implies that OPG is far beyond a bone-specific modulator, and is involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, such as immunoregulation, vascular function, and fibrosis. Notably, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted to assess the participation of OPG in tumorigenesis and cancer development. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that OPG is involved in multiple hallmarks of cancer, including tumor survival, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), neo-angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. In this review, we systematically summarize the basis and advances of OPG from its molecular structure to translational applications. In addition to its role in bone homeostasis, the physiological and pathological impacts of OPG on human health and its function in cancer progression are reviewed, providing a comprehensive understanding of OPG. We aim to draw more attention to OPG in the field of cancer, and to propose it as a promising diagnostic or prognostic biomarker as well as potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Sun H, Luo D, Huttad L, Zhang B, Han B. A new nomogram model for prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma based on novel gene signature that regulates cross-talk between immune and tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:379. [PMID: 35397536 PMCID: PMC8994280 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The combined application of immune cells and specific biomarkers related to the tumor immune microenvironment has a better predictive value for the prognosis of HCC. The purpose of this study is to construct a new prognostic model based on immune-related genes that regulate cross-talk between immune and tumor cells to assess the prognosis and explore possible mechanisms. Method The immune cell abundance ratio of 424 cases in the TCGA-LIHC database is obtained through the CIBERSORT algorithm. The differential gene analysis and cox regression analysis is used to screen IRGs. In addition, the function of IRGs was preliminarily explored through the co-culture of M2 macrophages and HCC cell lines. The clinical validation, nomogram establishment and performing tumor microenvironment score were validated. Results We identified 4 immune cells and 9 hub genes related to the prognosis. Further, we identified S100A9, CD79B, TNFRSF11B as an IRGs signature, which is verified in the ICGC and GSE76427 database. Importantly, IRGs signature is closely related to the prognosis, tumor microenvironment score, clinical characteristics and immunotherapy, and nomogram combined with clinical characteristics is more conducive to clinical promotion. In addition, after co-culture with M2 macrophages, the migration capacity and cell pseudopod of MHCC97H increased significantly. And CD79B and TNFRSF11B were significantly down-regulated in MHCC97H, Huh7 and LM3, while S100A9 was up-regulated. Conclusion We constructed an IRGs signature and discussed possible mechanisms. The nomogram established based on IRGs can accurately predict the prognosis of HCC patients. These findings may provide a suitable therapeutic target for HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09465-9.
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Fu M, Peng D, Lan T, Wei Y, Wei X. Multifunctional regulatory protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF): A potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1740-1760. [PMID: 35847511 PMCID: PMC9279711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a multifunctional protein of the CCN family, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and a variety of other biological processes. It is involved in the disease-related pathways such as the Hippo pathway, p53 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways and thus contributes to the developments of inflammation, fibrosis, cancer and other diseases as a downstream effector. Therefore, CTGF might be a potential therapeutic target for treating various diseases. In recent years, the research on the potential of CTGF in the treatment of diseases has also been paid more attention. Several drugs targeting CTGF (monoclonal antibodies FG3149 and FG3019) are being assessed by clinical or preclinical trials and have shown promising outcomes. In this review, the cellular events regulated by CTGF, and the relationships between CTGF and pathogenesis of diseases are systematically summarized. In addition, we highlight the current researches, focusing on the preclinical and clinical trials concerned with CTGF as the therapeutic target.
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The HIF target MAFF promotes tumor invasion and metastasis through IL11 and STAT3 signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4308. [PMID: 34262028 PMCID: PMC8280233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia plays a critical role in tumor progression including invasion and metastasis. To determine critical genes regulated by hypoxia that promote invasion and metastasis, we screen fifty hypoxia inducible genes for their effects on invasion. In this study, we identify v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F (MAFF) as a potent regulator of tumor invasion without affecting cell viability. MAFF expression is elevated in metastatic breast cancer patients and is specifically correlated with hypoxic tumors. Combined ChIP- and RNA-sequencing identifies IL11 as a direct transcriptional target of the heterodimer between MAFF and BACH1, which leads to activation of STAT3 signaling. Inhibition of IL11 results in similar levels of metastatic suppression as inhibition of MAFF. This study demonstrates the oncogenic role of MAFF as an activator of the IL11/STAT3 pathways in breast cancer. Hypoxia plays a critical role in tumor progression including invasion and metastasis. Here, the authors screened several hypoxia inducible genes and identified the oncogenic role of MAFF in breast cancer metastasis and that it activates IL11/STAT3 pathway.
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines, discovered over 30 years ago. While early studies focused on the ability of IL-11 to stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis, the importance of this cytokine to inflammatory disease and cancers is only just beginning to be uncovered. This review outlines recent advances in our understanding of IL-11 biology, and highlights the development of novel therapeutics with the potential for clinical targeting of signaling by this cytokine in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Nguyen
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
- b The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Suad M Abdirahman
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
- b The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
- b The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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Hou CH, Yang RS, Tsao YT. Connective tissue growth factor stimulates osteosarcoma cell migration and induces osteosarcoma metastasis by upregulating VCAM-1 expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:71-81. [PMID: 29909077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone malignancy that occurs in the young population. After osteosarcoma cells metastasize to the lung, prognosis is very poor owing to difficulties in early diagnosis and effective treatment. Recently, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was reported to be a critical contributor to osteosarcoma metastasis. However, the detailed mechanism associated with CTGF-directed migration in bone neoplasms is still mostly unknown. Through the in vivo and in vitro examination of osteosarcoma cells, this study suggests that VCAM-1 up-regulation and increased osteosarcoma cell migration are involved in this process. Antagonizing αvβ3 integrin inhibited cell migration. Moreover, FAK, PI3K, Akt and NF-κB activation were also shown to be involved in CTGF-mediated osteosarcoma metastasis. Taken together, CTGF promotes VCAM-1 production and further induces osteosarcoma metastasis via the αvβ3 integrin/FAK/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, which could represent a promising clinical target to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Hou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, NO 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Rong-Sen Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, NO 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Tsao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, NO 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Zhang S, Li B, Tang W, Ni L, Ma H, Lu M, Meng Q. Effects of connective tissue growth factor on prostate cancer bone metastasis and osteoblast differentiation. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2305-2311. [PMID: 30008933 PMCID: PMC6036428 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is expressed at increased levels in prostate cancer bone metastasis mouse models and patients with prostate cancer which metastasizes to the bone; however, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) remain unknown. The present study investigated the function of CTGF in osteoblast differentiation and its effect on prostate cancer bone metastasis by analyzing CTGF gene expression and transcription at different levels of invasion, metastasis of prostate cancer cells, and the influence of CTGF on proliferation and xenotransplantation. A mouse model demonstrating bone metastasis was used to investigate the function(s) of CTGF in bone metastasis and osteoblast differentiation. Results demonstrated that CTGF expression was increased in association with high bone metastasis in prostate cancer cells, and its expression was significantly decreased in whole cell lysates. CTGF expression in prostate cancer cells with high levels of bone metastasis was increased 1.9-fold compared with prostate cancer cells with low levels of bone metastasis. The expression of CTGF in mesenchymal cells was markedly increased compared with epithelial cells. Results indicated that the increased expression of CTGF does not affect the proliferation of tumor cells and possesses no influence on tumor volume. Control and CTGF plasmids were transfected into RM1 cells and led to 4 and 17% bone lesions, respectively. Increased expression of CTGF significantly enlarged the tumor area in the bone metastatic position compared with the control. Positive areas of alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased as the concentration of CTGF increased. The results of the present study demonstrated that CTGF promotes prostate carcinoma to metastasize in the bone by dysregulating osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Baolin Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harbin The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276807, P.R. China
| | - Linying Ni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Huili Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer City, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang 161005, P.R. China
| | - Qinggang Meng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harbin The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
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Yu L, Wang S, Lin X, Lu Y, Gu P. MicroRNA-124a inhibits cell proliferation and migration in liver cancer by regulating interleukin-11. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3972-3978. [PMID: 29286137 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most common malignant tumour and ranks in the top three cancers with regard to mortality due to metastasis and postsurgical recurrence. It is significant to understand the mechanisms underlying liver cancer for diagnosis and treatment. Cumulative evidence suggests that the abnormal regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) may contribute to the development and metastasis of cancer. miR‑124a acts as a tumour suppressor in osteosarcoma, endometrial carcinoma, prostate cancer, and glioblastoma. However, the effects of miR‑124a in liver cancer and its biological mechanism are not fully understood. It has been demonstrated that miR‑124a is downregulated and interleukin (IL)‑11 is upregulated in the liver cancer tissues. In the present study, miR‑124a upregulation inhibited cell proliferation, migration and promoted cell apoptosis. Through a dual‑luciferase reporter assay, it was verified that IL‑11 is a direct target of miR‑124a. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR‑124a repressed the secretion of IL‑11 from hepatoma cells. Finally, it was identified that mimics of miR‑124a increased the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‑2 (TIMP‑2) and Caspase‑3 and decreased the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, B‑cell lymphoma 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphorylated‑STAT3. In conclusion, the results indicated that miR‑124a has an important role as a tumour suppressor gene by targeting IL‑11. These findings may provide novel insights for clinical treatments to prevent the development of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liedao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Tan HS, Jiang WH, He Y, Wang DS, Wu ZJ, Wu DS, Gao L, Bao Y, Shi JZ, Liu B, Ma LJ, Wang LH. KRT8 upregulation promotes tumor metastasis and is predictive of a poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76189-76203. [PMID: 29100303 PMCID: PMC5652697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 8 (KRT8) plays an essential role in the development and metastasis of multiple human cancers. However, its role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the expression pattern, clinical significance, and function of KRT8 in ccRCC. KRT8 mRNA and protein levels were determined in two large cohorts using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and tissue microarray (TMA) immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. We found that KRT8 expression was upregulated in ccRCC and vein tumor thrombi (VTTs). KRT8 overexpression in ccRCC was significantly correlated with aggressive characteristics and was predictive of a poor prognosis in ccRCC patients. Moreover, KRT8 overexpression in renal cancer cell lines promoted cell migration and invasion. In contrast, KRT8 knockdown suppressed ccRCC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, our findings showed that KRT8 promoted ccRCC metastasis by increasing IL-11 expression, causing IL-11 autocrine induction, and triggering STAT3 signaling. Overall, this study established the significance of KRT8-IL-11 axis activation in aggressive ccRCC and defined a novel critical signaling mechanism that drives human ccRCC invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Song Tan
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Urology, Jiaxing First Hospital, Zhejiang 314000, China
| | - De-Sheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Second People's Hospital of Bengbu City, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Zhen-Jie Wu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Deng-Shuang Wu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jia-Zi Shi
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Lin-Hui Wang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Tong R, Yang B, Xiao H, Peng C, Hu W, Weng X, Cheng S, Du C, Lv Z, Ding C, Zhou L, Xie H, Wu J, Zheng S. KCTD11 inhibits growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma through activating Hippo signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:37717-37729. [PMID: 28465479 PMCID: PMC5514943 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A lack of effective prognostic biomarkers and molecular targets is a serious problem in hepatocellular carcinoma. KCTD11, reported as a tumor suppressor, are still not well understood. In this study, KCTD11 was found low-expressed in HCC tissues and cell lines. The HCC patients with low expression of KCTD11 suggested shorter overall survival. We found KCTD11 inhibiting cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, by activating p21 and repressing cycle related proteins. KCTD11 also inhibited cell adhesion by decreasing CTGF and CLDN1. We found CTGF binding COL3A1 in HCCLM3, which might lead to reduction of COL3A1 expression. KCTD11 also inhibited cell migration and invasion in HCC, by repressing MMPs and EMT. We found the tumor suppression function of KCTD11 was at least partly through activating Hippo pathway in HCC. Base on the enhanced Hippo pathway, KCTD11 could activate p21 by stabilizing p53 or promoting the MST1/ GSK3β/p21 signaling in HCC. Overall, these results suggest that KCTD11 works as a tumor suppressor and owns prognostic and therapeutic potentials in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongliang Tong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Beng Yang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chuanhui Peng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Wendi Hu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Weng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shaobing Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Chengli Du
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhen Lv
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Chaofeng Ding
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we will discuss the current understanding of bone pain and muscle weakness in cancer patients. We will describe the underlying physiology and mechanisms of cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) and cancer-induced muscle wasting (CIMW), as well as current methods of diagnosis and treatment. We will discuss future therapies and research directions to help patients with these problems. RECENT FINDINGS There are several pharmacologic therapies that are currently in preclinical and clinical testing that appear to be promising adjuncts to current CIBP and CIMW therapies. Such therapies include resiniferitoxin, which is a targeted inhibitor of noceciptive nerve fibers, and selective androgen receptor modulators, which show promise in increasing lean mass. CIBP and CIMW are significant causes of morbidity in affected patients. Current management is mostly palliative; however, targeted therapies are poised to revolutionize how these problems are treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Milgrom
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Neha L Lad
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Leonidas G Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Chang CH, Ou TT, Yang MY, Huang CC, Wang CJ. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn leaves extract inhibits the angiogenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells by downregulation connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mediated PI3K/AKT/ERK signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 188:111-122. [PMID: 27178635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (Nymphaeaceae) has been recognized as a medicinal plant, which was distributed throughout the Asia. The aqueous extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract (NLE) has various biologically active components such as polyphenols, flavonoids, oligomeric procyanidines. However, the role of NLE in breast cancer therapy is poorly understood. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY The purpose of this study was to identify the hypothesis that NLE can suppress tumor angiogenesis and metastasis through CTGF (connective tissue growth factor), which has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and progression in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. RESULTS We examined the effects of NLE on angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. The data showed that NLE could reduce the chorionic plexus at day 17 in CAM and the duration of this inhibition was dose-dependent. In Xenograft model, NLE treatment significantly reduced tumor weight and CD31 (capillary density) over control, respectively. We examined the role of angiogenesis involved restructuring of endothelium using human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) in Matrigel angiogenesis model. The results indicated that vascular-like structure formation was further blocked by NLE treatment. Moreover, knockdown of CTGF expression markedly reduced the expression of MMP2 as well as VEGF, and attenuated PI3K-AKT-ERK activation, indication that these signaling pathways are crucial in mediating CTGF function. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that NLE might be useful for treatment in therapy-resistance triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung-Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jiankuo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tsz Ou
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung-Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jiankuo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung-Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jiankuo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chou Huang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jiankuo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectum, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung-Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jiankuo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
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15
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Abstract
IL-11 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines. While it was discovered over 20 years ago, we have very little understanding of the role of IL-11 during normal homeostasis and disease. Recently, IL-11 has gained interest for its newly recognized role in the pathogenesis of diseases that are attributed to deregulated mucosal homeostasis, including gastrointestinal cancers. IL-11 can increase the tumorigenic capacity of cells, including survival of the cell or origin, proliferation of cancerous cells and survival of metastatic cells at distant organs. Here we outline our current understanding of IL-11 biology and recent advances in our understanding of its role in cancer. We advocate that inhibition of IL-11 signaling may represent an emerging therapeutic opportunity for numerous cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Putoczki
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research & Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
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16
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Targeting Interleukin-11 Receptor-α Impairs Human Endometrial Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion In Vitro and Reduces Tumor Growth and Metastasis In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:720-30. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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IL-11 induces differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells through activation of STAT3 signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13650. [PMID: 28781374 PMCID: PMC4642551 DOI: 10.1038/srep13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immune negative regulators in the tumour microenvironment. Interleukin (IL)-11, a member of IL-6 family cytokines, functions through the unique receptor IL-11 receptor α coupled with the common signal transducer gp130. IL-11-gp130 signalling causes activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway. IL-11 is highly upregulated in many types of cancers and one of the most important cytokines during tumourigenesis and metastasis. However, the precise effect of IL-11 on differentiation into MDSCs is still unknown. Here, we found that CD11b+CD14+ monocytic MDSCs were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors in the presence of IL-11. IL-11-conditioned PBMCs induced higher expression of immunosuppressive molecules such as arginase-1. A reduction of T-cell proliferation was observed when MDSCs generated in the presence of IL-11 were co-cultured with CD3/CD28-stimulated, autologous T cells of healthy donors. Culture of normal PBMCs with IL-11 led to STAT3 phosphorylation and differentiation into MDSCs via STAT3 activation. We confirmed expressions of both IL-11 and phosphorylated STAT3 in tumour tissues of colorectal cancer patients. These findings suggest that monocytic MDSCs may be induced by IL-11 in the tumour microenvironment. Thus, IL-11-mediated regulation in functional differentiation of MDSCs may serve as a possible target for cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Ahmad A, Askari S, Befekadu R, Hahn-Strömberg V. Investigating the association between polymorphisms in connective tissue growth factor and susceptibility to colon carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2493-503. [PMID: 25502877 PMCID: PMC4337474 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been numerous studies on the gene expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in colorectal cancer, however very few have investigated polymorphisms in this gene. The present study aimed to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTGF gene are associated with a higher susceptibility to colon cancer and/or an invasive tumor growth pattern. The CTGF gene was genotyped for seven SNPs (rs6918698, rs1931002, rs9493150, rs12526196, rs12527705, rs9399005 and rs12527379) by pyrosequencing. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples (n=112) from patients diagnosed with colon carcinoma, and an equal number of blood samples from healthy controls, were selected for genomic DNA extraction. The complexity index was measured using images of tumor samples (n=64) stained for cytokeratin-8. The images were analyzed and correlated with the identified CTGF SNPs and clinicopathological parameters of the patients, including age, gender, tumor penetration, lymph node metastasis, systemic metastasis, differentiation and localization of tumor. It was demonstrated that the frequency of the SNP rs6918698 GG genotype was significantly associated (P=0.05) with an increased risk of colon cancer, as compared with the GC and CC genotypes. The other six SNPs (rs1931002, rs9493150, rs12526196, rs12527705, rs9399005 and rs12527379) exhibited no significant difference in the genotype and allele frequencies between patients diagnosed with colon carcinoma and the normal healthy population. A trend was observed between genotype variation at rs6918698 and the complexity index (P=0.052). The complexity index and genotypes for any of the studied SNPs were not significantly correlated with clinical or pathological parameters of the patients. These results indicate that the rs6918698 GG genotype is associated with an increased risk of developing colon carcinoma, and genetic variations at the rs6918698 are associated with the growth pattern of the tumor. The present results may facilitate the identification of potential biomarkers of the disease in addition to drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro 701 81, Sweden
| | - Shlear Askari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro 701 81, Sweden
| | - Rahel Befekadu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Transfusion Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro 701 85, Sweden
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19
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Lim JH. Inhibition of the Interleukin-11-STAT3 Axis Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Migration and Invasion in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:391-6. [PMID: 25352758 PMCID: PMC4211122 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.5.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although interleukin-11 (IL-11) has been reported to be elevated in hypoxic tumors and has been associated with a poor prognosis in various cancers, little is known about its precise role in promoting metastasis in hypoxic tumors. In the present study, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of IL-11 on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells migration and invasion in relation to metastasis under hypoxic conditions has been defined. Inhibition of IL-11 expression or function using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a neutralizing antibody attenuated hypoxic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migration and invasion through down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related gene expression. In addition, hypoxia-induced IL-11 increased STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 knockdown suppressed hypoxic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell invasion due to reduced MMP levels and reprogrammed EMT-related gene expression. These results suggest that one of the hypoxic metastasis pathways and the regulation of this pathway could be a potential target for novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Lim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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20
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Ren C, Chen Y, Han C, Fu D, Chen H. Plasma interleukin-11 (IL-11) levels have diagnostic and prognostic roles in patients with pancreatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11467-72. [PMID: 25123265 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) affects inflammation, motility, and invasion in cancer. Here, we investigated the clinical significance of plasma IL-11 (IL-11p) levels in patients with pancreatic cancer. We enrolled 44 patients with pathologically confirmed diagnoses of pancreatic cancer into this study (median age at diagnosis, 68 years; range, 42-86 years), along with 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and 3 patients with pancreatitis complicated with pancreatic cysts and 15 patients with early pancreatitis. Median baseline IL-11p levels of patients with pancreatic cancer were significantly higher than that of the healthy controls (P < 0.001), as were those of the 15 patients with early pancreatitis. IL-11p levels presented high diagnostic accuracy for pancreatic cancer (area under the curve (AUC), 0.901; sensitivity, 97.7%; specificity, 70.0%). Age, sex, lesion site, disease stage, serum dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin levels did not correlate with IL-11p concentrations (P>0.05), but patients with distant metastases had lower median IL-11p values than did patients without distant metastases (P=0.043). Patients with IL-11p higher than the median level (43.2 pg/mL) had better prognoses than those with lower values (P=0.004), particularly as IL-11p concentration increased to ≥ 50 pg/mL (P=0.001). IL-11p concentration correlated with overall survival (≥ median IL-11p, 10 months; <median IL-11p, 4.0 months; P=0.004). In conclusion, IL-11p has diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic applications for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Ren
- Clinical Medical Testing Laboratory, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
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21
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Increased expression of CCN2, epithelial membrane antigen, and fibroblast activation protein in hepatocellular carcinoma with fibrous stroma showing aggressive behavior. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105094. [PMID: 25126747 PMCID: PMC4134271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor behavior is affected by the tumor microenvironment, composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Meanwhile, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) with fibrous stroma reportedly exhibit aggressive behavior suggestive of tumor-stroma interaction. However, evidence of the crosstalk remains unclear. In this study, CCN2, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and keratin 19 (K19) expression was studied in 314 HCCs (cohort 1), 42 scirrhous HCCs (cohort 2), and 36 chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis specimens by immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathological parameters were analyzed according to the expressions of these markers. In tumor epithelial cells from cohort 1, CCN2 and EMA were expressed in 15.3% and 17.2%, respectively, and their expressions were more frequent in HCCs with fibrous stroma (≥5% of tumor area) than those without (P<0.05 for all); CCN2 expression was well correlated with K19 and EMA expression. In tumor stromal cells, FAP expression was found in 6.7%. In cohort 2, CCN2, EMA, and FAP expression was noted in 40.5%, 40.5%, and 66.7%, respectively, which was more frequent than that in cohort 1 (P<0.05 for all). Additionally, EMA expression was associated with the expression of K19, CCN2, and FAP (P<0.05 for all); EMA expressing tumor epithelial cells showed a topographic closeness to FAP-expressing CAFs. Analysis of disease-free survival revealed CCN2 expression to be a worse prognostic factor in both cohort 1 (P = 0.005) and cohort 2 (P = 0.023), as well as EMA as a worse prognostic factor in cohort 2 (P = 0.048). In conclusion, expression of CCN2, EMA, and FAP may be involved in the activation of CAFs in HCC, giving rise to aggressive behavior. Significant correlation between EMA-expressing tumor cells and FAP-expressing CAFs and their topographic closeness suggests possible cross-talk between tumor epithelial cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment of HCC.
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22
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Fazilaty H, Mehdipour P. Genetics of breast cancer bone metastasis: a sequential multistep pattern. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:595-612. [PMID: 24493024 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Taniguchi K, Karin M. IL-6 and related cytokines as the critical lynchpins between inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:54-74. [PMID: 24552665 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play pivotal roles in cancer development, including tumor initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis. Cytokines are now recognized as important mediators linking inflammation and cancer, and are therefore potential therapeutic and preventive targets as well as prognostic factors. The interleukin (IL)-6 family of cytokines, especially IL-6 and IL-11, is highly up-regulated in many cancers and considered as one of the most important cytokine families during tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review discusses molecular mechanisms linking the IL-6 cytokine family to solid malignancies and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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