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Pineda VJ, González KA, Perea M, Rigg C, Calzada JE, Chaves LF, Vásquez V, Samudio F, Gottdenker N, Saldaña A. Surveillance and genotype characterization of zoonotic trypanosomatidae in Didelphis marsupialis in two endemic sites of rural Panama. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:20-25. [PMID: 34917470 PMCID: PMC8668424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Didelphis marsupialis has been reported as a competent reservoir for trypanosomatid parasites infections. The aim of this study was to measure Trypanosoma cruzi, T. rangeli, and Leishmania spp. infection rates and to characterize discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi in D. marsupialis from two Chagas disease endemic sites in Panama. Blood from 57 wild-caught D. marsupialis were examined from two rural communities, Las Pavas (N = 18) and Trinidad de las Minas (N = 39). Twenty-two (38.60%) opossums were positive for flagellates by general hemoculture. T. cruzi infection was confirmed by positive hemoculture and/or kDNA based PCR performed in 31/57 (54.39%) blood samples from opossums. T. rangeli infection was confirmed by hemoculture and/or TrF/R2-Primer PCR assay applied on 12/57 (21.05%) blood samples. Nine (15.79%) D. marsupialis harbored T. cruzi/T. rangeli coinfections. All opossums tested negative for Leishmania spp. by PCR assays based on kDNA and HSP70 gene amplification. There was a significant association between T. cruzi infection and site (Fisher exact test, p = 0.02), with a higher proportion of T. cruzi infected opossums in Las Pavas (77.78%, n = 14/18) compared to Trinidad de las Minas (43.59%, n = 17/39). A significant association was found between habitat type and T. cruzi infection in opossums across both communities, (X2 = 6.91, p = 0.01, df = 1), with a higher proportion of T. cruzi infection in opossums captured in forest remnants (76%, 19/25) compared to peridomestic areas (37.5%, 12/32). T. rangeli detection, but not T. cruzi detection, may be improved by culture followed by PCR. TcI was the only DTU detected in 22 T. cruzi samples using conventional and real-time PCR. Eight T. rangeli positive samples were characterized as KP1(-)/lineage C. Trypanosome infection data from this common synanthropic mammal provides important information for improved surveillance and management of Chagas disease in endemic regions of Panama. Trypanosoma cruzi infection is common in Didelphis marsupialis from the studied sites. T. rangeli infection was confirmed in many opossums. All opossums tested negative for Leishmania infection. A higher proportion of T. cruzi infected opossums came from forest remnants. T. cruzi parasites were characterized as TcI and T. rangeli as KP1(-)/lineage C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J. Pineda
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Kadir A. González
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Milixa Perea
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - José E. Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Luis F. Chaves
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Franklyn Samudio
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
- Corresponding author. Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Avenida Justo Arosemena, Calle 35, Calidonia, 0816-02593, Panama.
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Calzada JE, Samudio F, de Juncá C, Pineda V, Burleigh BA, Saldaña A. Genetic Diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi in Panama Inferred by Multi-locus Sequence Typing of Mitochondrial Genes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020287. [PMID: 35208746 PMCID: PMC8879757 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to provide information on Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity among isolates obtained from different biological sources circulating in endemic areas of Panama. Initial discrete typing units (DTUs) assignment was performed evaluating three single locus molecular markers (mini-exon, heat shock protein 60 and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase genes). Further diversity within TcI lineages was explored using a multi-locus sequence typing approach with six maxicircle genes. Haplotype network analysis and evolutionary divergency estimations were conducted to investigate the genetic relatedness between Panamanian TcI isolates and isolates from different endemic regions in the Americas. Our molecular approach validated that TcI is the predominant DTU circulating in Panama across different hosts and vector species, but also confirmed the presence of TcIII and TcVI circulating in the country. The phylogenetic tree topography for most Panamanian TcI isolates displayed a high level of genetic homogeneity between them. The haplotype network analysis inferred a higher genetic diversity within Panamanian TcI isolates, displaying eight different haplotypes circulating in endemic regions of the country, and revealed geographical structuring among TcI from different endemic regions in the Americas. This study adds novelty on the genetic diversity of T. cruzi circulating in Panama and complements regional phylogeographic studies regarding intra-TcI variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E. Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama 0816, Panama; (J.E.C.); (F.S.); (V.P.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Apartado 3366, Panama
| | - Franklyn Samudio
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama 0816, Panama; (J.E.C.); (F.S.); (V.P.)
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Apartado 3366, Panama
| | - Corina de Juncá
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Apartado 3366, Panama;
| | - Vanessa Pineda
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama 0816, Panama; (J.E.C.); (F.S.); (V.P.)
| | - Barbara A. Burleigh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (B.A.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama 0816, Panama; (J.E.C.); (F.S.); (V.P.)
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Apartado 3366, Panama;
- Correspondence: (B.A.B.); (A.S.)
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Ledezma AP, Blandon R, Schijman AG, Benatar A, Saldaña A, Osuna A. Mixed infections by different Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units among Chagas disease patients in an endemic community in Panama. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241921. [PMID: 33180799 PMCID: PMC7660484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi, the hemoparasite that causes Chagas disease, is divided into six Discrete Typing Units or DTUs: TcI-TcVI plus Tcbat. This genetic diversity is based on ecobiological and clinical characteristics associated with particular populations of the parasite. The main objective of this study was the identification of DTUs in patients with chronic chagasic infections from a mountainous rural community in the eastern region of Panama. Methods A total of 106 patients were tested for Chagas disease with three serological tests (ELISA, rapid test, and Western blot). Molecular diagnosis and DTU typing were carried out by conventional PCRs and qPCR targeting different genomic markers, respectively. As a control sample for the typing, 28 patients suspected to be chagasic from the metropolitan area of Panama City were included. Results Results showed a positivity in the evaluated patients of 42.3% (33/78); high compared to other endemic regions in the country. In the control group, 20/28 (71.43%) patients presented positive serology. The typing of samples from rural patients showed that 78.78% (26/33) corresponded to TcI, while 9.09% (3/33) were mixed infections (TcI plus TcII/V/VI). Seventy-five percent (15/20) of the patients in the control group presented TcI, and in five samples it was not possible to typify the T. cruzi genotype involved. Conclusions These results confirm that TcI is the main DTU of T. cruzi present in chronic chagasic patients from Panama. However, the circulation of other genotypes (TcII/V/VI) in this country is described for the first time. The eco-epidemiological characteristics that condition the circulation of TcII/V/VI, as well as the immune and clinical impact of mixed infections in this remote mountainous region should be investigated, which will help local action programs in the surveillance, prevention, and management of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Prescilla Ledezma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Center for Research and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases (CIDEP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama, Panama
| | | | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease, Institute of Research in Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology "Dr Héctor Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Benatar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease, Institute of Research in Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology "Dr Héctor Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Center for Research and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases (CIDEP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama, Panama.,Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies (ICGES), Panama, Panama
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Caballero E Z, Correa R, Nascimento MS, Villarreal A, Llanes A, Kesper N. High sensitivity and reproducibility of in-house ELISAs using different genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12627. [PMID: 30908676 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The adequate choice of Trypanosoma cruzi strains as antigen source for the diagnosis of Chagas disease is still controversial due to differences in terms of accuracy reported between different diagnostic tests. In this study was determined if the genetic variability between different genotypes of T. cruzi (TcI, TcII and TcIV) affect the final diagnosis of Chagas disease. The sensitivity and specificity index of in-house ELISA tests prepared with different T. cruzi strains were evaluated with chagasic and non-chagasic control sera and using the TESA-blot as a reference test. The results of this study revealed that the sensitivity index did not vary, with percentages of 100% for all strains in both tests. However, the specificity index for ELISA tests showed differences between 92% and 98%, but were reduced to 78%-89% when Leishmania-positive sera were included. All ELISAs and TESA-blot prepared with different antigens and the recombinant Wiener test were challenged in an endemic community for Chagas disease in Panama. Both ELISAs and TESA-blot recognized the same positive sera, corroborating the sensitivity indexes (100%) found with the control sera. The TESA-blot maintained the specificity index of 100% and did not display false positives. However, the recombinant Wiener test decreased its sensitivity to 81.25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleima Caballero E
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panamá, República of Panamá.,Sistema Nacional de Investigación - Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Ricardo Correa
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panamá, República of Panamá.,Sistema Nacional de Investigación - Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Marilda S Nascimento
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo (IMT-USP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alcibiades Villarreal
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación - Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Alejandro Llanes
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panamá, República of Panamá
| | - Norival Kesper
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo (IMT-USP), São Paulo, Brasil
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Rodríguez IG, Saldaña A, González K, Pineda V, Perea M, Santamaría AM, de Junca CC, Chaves LF, Calzada JE. Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Rhodnius pallescens (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) Infesting Coyol Palms in the Dry Arch of Panamá. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:691-700. [PMID: 29425363 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecoepidemiological scenarios for Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas transmission are partially shaped by kissing bug vector ecology. The presence of Attalea butyracea Kunth, the 'royal palm', is a major risk factor for Chagas disease transmission in Panamá given their frequent infestations by Rhodnius pallescens Barber, a major neotropical T. cruzi vector. It was assumed that in Panamá this relationship was very close and unique, limiting the niche of R. pallescens to that of Att. butyracea. However, here we present observations about T. cruzi-infected R. pallescens infesting coyol palms, Acrocomia aculeata Jacquin, in Pedasí district, Los Santos Province, Panamá. Between May 2015 and August 2016, we sampled kissing bugs from 83 coyol palms using mice-baited traps placed at the crown of each palm during the dry and wet season. We collected 62 R. pallescens and one Eratyrus cuspidatus Stål kissing bugs. Using logistic regression, we found that the probability of kissing bug infestation in coyol palms increased during the rainy season, with infructescence number and palm height. We examined adult R. pallescens bugs (n = 30) and found T. cruzi in 67% of the samples. We were able to isolate and characterize T. cruzi from parasites present in the feces from R. pallescens, all parasites belonging to the TC I lineage. We found that green fronds number and house proximity increased T. cruzi infection probability in kissing bugs collected in coyol palms. These results highlight coyol palms as a potential risk factor for Chagas disease transmission in the dry arch of Panamá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra G Rodríguez
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Kadir González
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Vanessa Pineda
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Milixa Perea
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Ana M Santamaría
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Carmen C de Junca
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Luis F Chaves
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - José E Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
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Roman F, das Chagas Xavier S, Messenger LA, Pavan MG, Miles MA, Jansen AM, Yeo M. Dissecting the phyloepidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi I (TcI) in Brazil by the use of high resolution genetic markers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006466. [PMID: 29782493 PMCID: PMC5983858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, is monophyletic but genetically heterogeneous. It is currently represented by six genetic lineages (Discrete Typing Units, DTUs) designated TcI-TcVI. TcI is the most geographically widespread and genetically heterogeneous lineage, this as is evidenced by a wide range of genetic markers applied to isolates spanning a vast geographic range in Latin America. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In total, 78 TcI isolated from hosts and vectors distributed in 5 different biomes of Brazil, were analyzed using 6 nuclear housekeeping genes, 25 microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial marker. Nuclear markers reveal substantial genetic diversity, significant gene flow between biomes, incongruence in phylogenies, and haplotypic analysis indicative of intra-DTU genetic exchange. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on mitochondrial and nuclear loci were incongruent, and consistent with introgression. Structure analysis of microsatellite data reveals that, amongst biomes, the Amazon is the most genetically diverse and experiences the lowest level of gene flow. Investigation of population structure based on the host species/genus, indicated that Didelphis marsupialis might play a role as the main disperser of TcI. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present work considers a large TcI sample from different hosts and vectors spanning multiple ecologically diverse biomes in Brazil. Importantly, we combine fast and slow evolving markers to contribute to the epizootiological understanding of TcI in five distinct Brazilian biomes. This constitutes the first instance in which MLST analysis was combined with the use of MLMT and maxicircle markers to evaluate the genetic diversity of TcI isolates in Brazil. Our results demonstrate the existence of substantial genetic diversity and the occurrence of introgression events. We provide evidence of genetic exchange in TcI isolates from Brazil and of the relative isolation of TcI in the Amazon biome. We observe the absence of strict associations with TcI genotypes to geographic areas and/or host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Roman
- Laboratório de Bleiologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Samanta das Chagas Xavier
- Laboratório de Bleiologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Louisa A. Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Márcio G. Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael A. Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana María Jansen
- Laboratório de Bleiologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Matthew Yeo
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Roman F, Iñiguez AM, Yeo M, Jansen AM. Multilocus sequence typing: genetic diversity in Trypanosoma cruzi I (TcI) isolates from Brazilian didelphids. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:107. [PMID: 29471851 PMCID: PMC5824584 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity. There are currently six recognised, genetically distinct, monophyletic clades designated discrete typing units (DTUs). TcI has the broadest geographical range and most genetic diversity evidenced by a wide range of genetic markers applied to isolates spanning a vast geographical range across Latin America. However, little is known of the diversity of TcI that exists within sylvatic mammals across the geographical expanse of Brazil. RESULTS Twenty-nine sylvatic TcI isolates spanning multiple ecologically diverse biomes across Brazil were analyzed by the application of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using four nuclear housekeeping genes. Results revealed extensive genetic diversity and also incongruence among individual gene trees. There was no association of intralineage genotype with geography or with any particular biome, with the exception of isolates from Caatinga that formed a single cluster. However, haplotypic analyses of METIII and LYT1 constitutive markers provided evidence of recombination events in two isolates derived from Didelphis marsupialis and D. albiventris, respectively. For diversity studies all possible combinations of markers were assessed with the objective of selecting the combination of gene targets that are most resolutive using the minimum number of genes. A panel of just three gene fragments (DHFR-TS, LYT1 and METIII) discriminated 26 out of 35 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS These findings showed geographical association of genotypes clustering in Caatinga but more characteristically TcI genotypes widely distributed without specific association to geographical areas or biomes. Importantly, we detected the signature of recombination events at the nuclear level evidenced by haplotypic analysis and incongruence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Roman
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alena M Iñiguez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Matthew Yeo
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ana M Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rodriguez IG, Loaiza JR. American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, in Panama: a chronological synopsis of ecological and epidemiological research. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:459. [PMID: 29017584 PMCID: PMC5634828 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is a growing public health problem in Panama, and further forest degradation due to human population growth is expected to worsen the situation. Most people infected with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi are silently ill, and their life expectancy is severely compromised, which contributes to further deterioration of living conditions in endemic regions. Here, we review the outcomes of nearly 100 years of ecological and epidemiological investigation about Chagas disease in Panama, in an attempt to highlight progress, identify needs, and re-orient future efforts. Rhodnius pallescens and Triatoma dimidiata are both primary vectors of T. cruzi in Panama, but R. pallescens seems more efficient in human-altered forest ecosystems due to a greater degree of association with Attalea butyracea. In contrast, T. dimidiata transmits T. cruzi efficiently under more sylvatic conditions (e.g. settlements inside old-growth or secondary forest patches), where its populations reach considerable numbers irrespective of the absence of A. butyracea. A trend of increasing forest degradation, suburbanization, and development of tourism in Panama favoring the establishment of A. butyracea and other palm tree species (Acrocomia sp.) suggests that a colonist species like R. pallescens will continue to play a more prominent role in the transmission of T. cruzi than a forest specialist like T. dimidiata. However, studies about the taxonomic status and ecology of these vectors are still needed in Panama to address their transmission potential fully. The implementation of an active surveillance system and education programs could greatly minimize the risk of Chagas disease transmission in Panama, preventing fatal infections in children from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra G Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas & Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá.,Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jose R Loaiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas & Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá. .,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama. .,Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá.
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Ferreira KAM, Fajardo EF, Baptista RP, Macedo AM, Lages-Silva E, Ramírez LE, Pedrosa AL. Species-specific markers for the differential diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli and polymorphisms detection in Trypanosoma rangeli. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2199-207. [PMID: 24728520 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli are kinetoplastid parasites which are able to infect humans in Central and South America. Misdiagnosis between these trypanosomes can be avoided by targeting barcoding sequences or genes of each organism. This work aims to analyze the feasibility of using species-specific markers for identification of intraspecific polymorphisms and as target for diagnostic methods by PCR. Accordingly, primers which are able to specifically detect T. cruzi or T. rangeli genomic DNA were characterized. The use of intergenic regions, generally divergent in the trypanosomatids, and the serine carboxypeptidase gene were successful. Using T. rangeli genomic sequences for the identification of group-specific polymorphisms and a polymorphic AT(n) dinucleotide repeat permitted the classification of the strains into two groups, which are entirely coincident with T. rangeli main lineages, KP1 (+) and KP1 (-), previously determined by kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) characterization. The sequences analyzed totalize 622 bp (382 bp represent a hypothetical protein sequence, and 240 bp represent an anonymous sequence), and of these, 581 (93.3%) are conserved sites and 41 bp (6.7%) are polymorphic, with 9 transitions (21.9%), 2 transversions (4.9%), and 30 (73.2%) insertion/deletion events. Taken together, the species-specific markers analyzed may be useful for the development of new strategies for the accurate diagnosis of infections. Furthermore, the identification of T. rangeli polymorphisms has a direct impact in the understanding of the population structure of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Adriana Magalhães Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Avenida Frei Paulino, 30, Bairro Abadia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
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Araújo CA, Waniek PJ, Jansen AM. An Overview of Chagas Disease and the Role of Triatomines on Its Distribution in Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 9:227-34. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina A.C. Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter J. Waniek
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vallejo G, Guhl F, Schaub G. Triatominae-Trypanosoma cruzi/T. rangeli: Vector-parasite interactions. Acta Trop 2009; 110:137-47. [PMID: 18992212 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Of the currently known 140 species in the family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae, those which are most important as vectors of the aetiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, belong to the tribes Triatomini and Rhodniini. The latter not only transmit T. cruzi but also Trypanosoma rangeli, which is considered apathogenic for the mammalian host but can be pathogenic for the vectors. Using different molecular methods, two main lineages of T. cruzi have been classified, T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II. Within T. cruzi II, five subdivisions are recognized, T. cruzi IIa-IIe, according to the variability of the ribosomal subunits 24Salpha rRNA and 18S rRNA. In T. rangeli, differences in the organization of the kinetoplast DNA separate two forms denoted T. rangeli KP1+ and KP1-, although differences in the intergenic mini-exon gene and of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) suggest four subpopulations denoted T. rangeli A, B, C and D. The interactions of these subpopulations of the trypanosomes with different species and populations of Triatominae determine the epidemiology of the human-infecting trypanosomes in Latin America. Often, specific subpopulations of the trypanosomes are transmitted by specific vectors in a particular geographic area. Studies centered on trypanosome-triatomine interaction may allow identification of co-evolutionary processes, which, in turn, could consolidate hypotheses of the evolution and the distribution of T. cruzi/T. rangeli-vectors in America, and they may help to identify the mechanisms that either facilitate or impede the transmission of the parasites in different vector species. Such mechanisms seem to involve intestinal bacteria, especially the symbionts which are needed by the triatomines to complete nymphal development and to produce eggs. Development of the symbionts is regulated by the vector. T. cruzi and T. rangeli interfere with this system and induce the production of antibacterial substances. Whereas T. cruzi is only subpathogenic for the insect host, T. rangeli strongly affects species of the genus Rhodnius and this pathogenicity seems based on a reduction of the number of symbionts.
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