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Del Río MC, Martín S, Quílez J, Molina JM, Ferrer O, Molina JA, Melián A, Ruiz A. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis on Lamb and Goat Kid Farms in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (Spain). Microorganisms 2025; 13:644. [PMID: 40142536 PMCID: PMC11946421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2025] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse and characterise Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats in Gran Canaria (Spain) and to identify the risks and economic factors related to the disease. During sampling, a semi-structured survey was conducted with farmers, and faecal samples were collected from lambs, goat kids, sheep, and adult goats from a total of 30 farms. Adult samples were examined microscopically for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, with only three positive samples being found in sheep and one in goats. The PCR of the SSU rRNA gene was performed on all juvenile and adult samples, and positive samples from lambs (8.3%), sheep (6.9%), goat kids (23.3%), and goats (2.5%) were subjected to sequencing, detecting three of the most important species in small ruminants: C. parvum, C. xiaoi, and C. ubiquitum. By sequencing the GP60 PCR products, two subtypes of C. parvum belonging to the IId family were identified, IIdA16G1 and IIdA23G1, with the latter being the most frequent. Although the prevalence of the disease was not very high, the zoonotic potential of C. parvum and the limited awareness of the parasite among farmers make surveillance and health education focused on the control of this member of Apicomplexa necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina Del Río
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.C.D.R.)
| | - Sergio Martín
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.C.D.R.)
| | - Joaquín Quílez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Manuel Molina
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.C.D.R.)
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.C.D.R.)
| | - José Adrián Molina
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.C.D.R.)
| | - Adrián Melián
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain; (M.C.D.R.)
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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Louro M, Bexiga R, da Fonseca IP, Gomes J. Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves in Lisbon and Tagus Valley, Portugal. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100964. [PMID: 38199683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution, infecting a wide range of hosts with some zoonotic species. Calves have been identified as one of the most common reservoirs of this parasite. However, little is known about the genetics of Cryptosporidium in calves in Portugal. This study aimed to molecularly characterize infections of Cryptosporidium in pre-weaned calves from the Lisbon and Tagus Valley (LTV) in Portugal. Fifty-two samples were collected from calves from eight dairy and two beef farms in LTV, Portugal. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected by Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining (MZN) and direct immunofluorescent assay (DFA). MZN and DFA revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in 40.4% (21/52) and 67.3% (35/52) samples, respectively. Positive samples were analyzed by PCR-RFLP of the 18 s rRNA gene for species identification. DNA amplification of the 18S rRNA gene was successful for 88.6% (31/35) of samples. Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in 96.8% (30/31) of the samples, and from one sample Cryptosporidium bovis was identified. Cryptosporidium parvum positive samples were subtyped by sequencing the PCR product of a partial fragment of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Subtype analysis of the C. parvum isolates revealed that all isolates belonged to subtype family IIa. Four subtypes were recognized within this subtype family, including the hyper-transmissible IIaA15G2R1 subtype that is the most frequently reported worldwide (27/30), IIaA14G2R1 (1/30), IIaA16G2R1 (1/30) and IIaA19G2R1 (1/30). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. bovis, and C. parvum subtypes IIaA14G2R1 and IIaA19G2R1 in cattle in LTV, Portugal. The presence of the zoonotic C. parvum subtype in this study suggests that pre-weaned calves are likely to be a significant reservoir of zoonotic C. parvum, highlighting the importance of animal-to-human infection transmission risk. Further molecular studies are required to better understand the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Louro
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Ricardo Bexiga
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal.
| | - Jacinto Gomes
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal; Agrarian School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portugal
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Zhao L, Wang M, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Chai H, Fan W, Yi C, Ding Y, Wang J, Sulijid J, Liu Y. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy and beef cattle in Shanxi, China. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:8. [PMID: 38052995 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are key gastrointestinal protists in humans and animals worldwide. Infected cattle are considered the main source of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in humans. However, little is known about the genetic makeup of Cryptosporidium populations in Shanxi province, China. We analyzed 858 fecal samples collected from farms in Shanxi. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. was determined via polymerase chain reaction and subsequent sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene as well as restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Cryptosporidium parvum was subtyped following sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60). The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in cattle was 11.19%, with a prevalence of 13.30% and 8.67% in Lingqiu and Yingxian, respectively. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in dairy and beef cattle was 10.78% and 11.50%, respectively. Cryptosporidium infection was detected across all analyzed age groups. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in diarrhea and nondiarrhea samples was 18.24% and 9.72%, respectively, whereas that in intensively farmed and free-range cattle was 17.40% and 3.41%, respectively. We identified five Cryptosporidium species, with C. andersoni being the dominant species. Further, two cases of mixed infections of Cryptosporidium species were detected. All identified C. parvum isolates belonged to the subtype IIdA17G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhansheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hailiang Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wenjun Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chao Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yulin Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Jirintai Sulijid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China.
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Figueiredo AM, Köster PC, Dashti A, Torres RT, Fonseca C, Mysterud A, Bailo B, Carvalho J, Ferreira E, Hipólito D, Fernandes J, Lino A, Palmeira JD, Sarmento P, Neves N, Carrapato C, Calero-Bernal R, Carmena D. Molecular Detection and Distribution of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. Infections in Wild and Domestic Animals in Portugal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023; 2023:5849842. [PMID: 40303765 PMCID: PMC12017001 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5849842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Enteric protozoan parasites Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and, to a lesser extent, the ciliate Balantioides coli are responsible for severe human and animal intestinal disorders globally. However, limited information is available on the occurrence and epidemiology of these parasites in domestic, but especially wild species in Portugal. To fill this gap of knowledge, we have investigated G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and B. coli occurrence, distribution, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential by analyzing 756 fecal samples from several wild carnivores (n = 288), wild ungulates (n = 242), and domestic species (n = 226) collected across different areas of mainland Portugal. Overall, infection rates were 16.1% (122/756; 95% CI: 13.59-18.96) for G. duodenalis and 2.7% (20/756; CI: 1.62-4.06) for Cryptosporidium spp., while no ungulate sample analyzed yielded positive results for B. coli. Giardia duodenalis was found across a wide range of hosts and sampling areas, being most prevalent in the Iberian lynx (26.7%), the Iberian wolf (24.0%), and the domestic dog (23.9%). Cryptosporidium spp. was only identified in wild boar (8.4%), red fox (3.4%), Iberian lynx (3.3%), red deer (3.1%), and Iberian wolf (2.5%). Sequence analysis of G. duodenalis determined zoonotic assemblage A (subassemblage AI) in one roe deer sample, canine-specific assemblages C and D in Iberian wolf, red fox, and domestic dog, and ungulate-specific assemblage E in wild boar, sheep, cattle, and horse. Six Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. scrofarum in wild boar, C. canis in the Iberian wolf and red fox, C. ubiquitum in red deer and wild boar, C. felis in the Iberian lynx, and both C. ryanae and C. occultus in red deer. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. coinfections were observed in 0.7% (5/756) of the samples. This is the first, most comprehensive, and largest molecular-based epidemiology study of its kind carried out in Portugal, covering a wide range of wild and domestic hosts and sampling areas. The detection of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis subassemblage AI demonstrates the role of wild and domestic host species in the transmission of these agents while representing a potential source of environmental contamination for other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Figueiredo
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1066 Blindern, NO-316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita T. Torres
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
- ForestWISE – Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001–801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1066 Blindern, NO-316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - João Carvalho
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ferreira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dário Hipólito
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Veterinary Biology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Lino
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Josman D. Palmeira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sarmento
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, Direção Regional do Alentejo, Centro Polivalente da Casa do Lanternim, Rua D. Sancho II., n15 7750–350 Mértola, Portugal
| | - Nuno Neves
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, Direção Regional do Alentejo, Centro Polivalente da Casa do Lanternim, Rua D. Sancho II., n15 7750–350 Mértola, Portugal
| | - Carlos Carrapato
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, Direção Regional do Alentejo, Centro Polivalente da Casa do Lanternim, Rua D. Sancho II., n15 7750–350 Mértola, Portugal
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Kim AY, Alkathiri B, Lee S, Min KD, Kim S, Lee SM, Lee WK, Kwak D, Lee SH. Outbreak of severe diarrhea due to zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and C. xiaoi in goat kids in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2045-2054. [PMID: 37347287 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe diarrhea was reported in goat kids in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, from 2021 to 2023, and Cryptosporidium infection was suspected. To confirm the cause of this outbreak, fecal samples were collected from goat farms where diarrhea had been reported and analyzed for Cryptosporidium infection using a molecular assay. A total of 65 fecal samples, including 37 from goats with diarrhea and 28 from goats without diarrhea, were collected from six goat farms. Forty-eight of the goats were kids (<2 months) and 17 were adults (>1 year). Cryptosporidium was identified in 53.8% (35/65) of total samples. Overall, 86.5% (32/37) of the diarrheic fecal samples tested positive; however, Cryptosporidium was not detected in any fecal sample from non-diarrheic adult goats. Therefore, cryptosporidiosis was significantly associated with diarrhea in goat kids, and adult goats were not responsible for transmission of Cryptosporidium to them. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization revealed two Cryptosporidium species, namely, C. parvum (n = 28) and C. xiaoi (n = 7). In the C. parvum-positive samples, gp60 gene analysis revealed three zoonotic subtypes-IIaA18G3R1, IIdA15G1, and IIdA16G1. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to identify C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 and IIdA16G1 in goats, as well as the first to identify C. xiaoi in goats in Korea. These results suggest that goat kids play an important role as reservoir hosts for different Cryptosporidium species and that continuous monitoring with biosecurity measures is necessary to control cryptosporidiosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Kim
- Animal Quarantine Division, Agricultural Policy Bureau, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Badriah Alkathiri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Subin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Soochong Kim
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Lee
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
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Multilocus Sequence Typing as a Useful Tool for the Study of the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cryptosporidium Spp. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2023-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
One of the most important aquatic parasites in industrialized countries, Cryptosporidium spp., is a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans and animals worldwide. The contingent evolution of cryptosporidia with hosts, host adaptation, and geographic variation contributed to the creation of species subtypes, thereby shaping their population genetic structures. Multilocus typing tools for population genetic characterizations of transmission dynamics and delineation of mechanisms for the emergence of virulent subtypes have played an important role in improving our understanding of the transmission of this parasite. However, to better understand the significance of different subtypes with clinical disease manifestations and transmission risks, a large number of samples and preferably from different geographical areas need to be analyzed. This review provides an analysis of genetic variation through multilocus sequence typing, provides an overview of subtypes, typing gene markers for Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium muris and Cryptosporidium andersoni genotypes and an overview of the hosts of these parasites.
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Lang J, Han H, Dong H, Qin Z, Fu Y, Qin H, Zhang J, Zhao J, Li X, Zhao G, Li J, Zhang L. Molecular characterization and prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats in western Inner Mongolia, China. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:537-545. [PMID: 36526925 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are zoonotic intestinal parasites that infect fish, birds, reptiles and mammals. Cryptosporidium spp. are common cause of diarrhea. In this study, a total of 1032 fecal samples were collected from the rectums of sheep and goats. The samples were analyzed using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. The average infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 2.23% (n = 23), and three Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (8/23), Cryptosporidium andersoni (5/23) and Cryptosporidium xiaoi (10/23). Subtyping of C. ubiquitum and C. xiaoi was carried out by DNA sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Eight C. ubiquitum isolates were identified as zoonotic subtype XIIa. Nine C. xiaoi isolates were identified as subtypes XXIIIc (n = 1), XXIIIf (n = 3) and XXIIIg (n = 5). Subtype XXIIIg was first found in Chinese sheep. C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa was found in both sheep and goats, suggesting that sheep and goats are important sources of C. ubiquitum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Han
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Heping Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ziyang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huikai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China.
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9
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Diverse Genotypes of Cryptosporidium in Sheep in California, USA. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091023. [PMID: 36145455 PMCID: PMC9504958 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is a parasite that can infect a wide variety of vertebrate species. The parasite has been detected in sheep worldwide with diverse species and genotypes of various levels of zoonotic potential and public health concern. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of genotypes of Cryptosporidium in sheep in California, USA. Microscopic positive samples from individual sheep from central and northern California ranches were genotyped by sequencing a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene and BLAST analysis. Eighty-eight (63.8%) of the microscopic positive samples were genotyped, and multiple genotypes of Cryptosporidium were identified from sheep in the enrolled ranches. Approximately 89% of isolates (n = 78) were C. xiaoi or C. bovis, 10% of isolates (n = 9) were C. ubiquitum, and 1% of isolates (n = 1) were C. parvum. The C. parvum and C. ubiquitum isolates were detected only from lambs and limited to four farms. Given that the majority of Cryptosporidium species (i.e., C. xiaoi and C. bovis) were of minor zoonotic concern, the results of this study suggest that sheep are not a reservoir of major zoonotic Cryptosporidium in California ranches.
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Moratal S, Dea-Ayuela MA, Martí-Marco A, Puigcercós S, Marco-Hirs NM, Doménech C, Corcuera E, Cardells J, Lizana V, López-Ramon J. Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Cultivated and Wild Marine Fishes from Western Mediterranean with the First Detection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1052. [PMID: 35565479 PMCID: PMC9104342 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish not only harbor host-specific species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, but also species like zoonotic C. parvum or anthroponotic C. hominis, which can pose a risk for fish consumers. This study aims to investigate fish cryptosporidiosis in an important aquaculture and fishery area of the Western Mediterranean (Comunidad Valenciana, Spain). We analyzed 404 specimens belonging to the following three groups: cultivated fish (N = 147), wild synanthropic fish (N = 147) and wild fish from extractive fisheries (N = 110). Nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, were performed. Positive isolates were also amplified at the actin gene locus. An overall prevalence of 4.2% was detected, with the highest prevalence in the synanthropic group (6.1%). C. molnari was identified in thirteen specimens from seven different host species. Zoonotic C. ubiquitum was detected in two European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). One isolate similar to C. scophthalmi was detected in a cultivated meagre (Argyrosomus regius), and one isolate, highly divergent from all the Cryptosporidium species/genotypes described, was identified from a synanthropic round sardinella (Sardinella aurita). This study contributes to increasing the molecular data on fish cryptosporidiosis, expanding the range of known hosts for C. molnari and identifying, for the first time, zoonotic C. ubiquitum in edible marine fishes, pointing out a potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Moratal
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Pharmacy Department, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Santiago Ramón y Cajal Street, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Martí-Marco
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Silvia Puigcercós
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Naima María Marco-Hirs
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Candela Doménech
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Elena Corcuera
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
| | - Jesús Cardells
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi López-Ramon
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (S.M.); (A.M.-M.); (S.P.); (N.M.M.-H.); (C.D.); (E.C.); (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.L.-R.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Delling C, Daugschies A. Literature Review: Coinfection in Young Ruminant Livestock- Cryptosporidium spp. and Its Companions. Pathogens 2022; 11:103. [PMID: 35056051 PMCID: PMC8777864 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causative pathogens of diarrhoea in young ruminants; therefore, it causes economic losses and impairs animal welfare. Besides C. parvum, there are many other non-infectious and infectious factors, such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and Giardia duodenalis, which may lead to diarrhoeic disease in young livestock. Often, more than one infectious agent is detected in affected animals. Little is known about the interactions bet-ween simultaneously occurring pathogens and their potential effects on the course of disease. In this review, a brief overview about pathogens associated with diarrhoea in young ruminants is presented. Furthermore, information about coinfections involving Cryptosporidium is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Delling
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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12
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Pires Teixeira WF, de Oliveira ML, de Faria Peres PH, Miranda Oliveira BC, Nagata WB, da Silva Vieira D, de Andrade Junior AM, Domingos Ferrari E, Barbanti Duarte JM, Vasconcelos Meireles M, Zanetti Lopes WD, Saraiva Bresciani KD. FIRST REPORT OF GENUS Cryptosporidium IN CERVIDS SPECIES: Mazama americana, Mazama nana AND Blastocerus dichotomus. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:49-58. [PMID: 34499298 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples of wild cervids (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Blastocerus dichotomus, Mazama nana, Mazama americana, and Mazama bororo) from many Brazilian regions, a fact unprecedented in the literature. Sniffer dogs were used to collect 936 fecal samples of cervids from 14 Brazilian localities. Cervids species were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed from genomic DNA extracted from 563 fecal samples of Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Blastocerus dichotomus, Mazama nana, Mazama americana, and Mazama bororo. Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst screening was performed using malachite green negative staining. Nested PCR (nPCR) protocols targeting the 18S rRNA and GP60 genes followed by genetic sequencing were performed for Cryptosporidium spp. detection and Cryptosporidium parvum subtyping, respectively. Nested PCR targeting actin gene and genetic sequencing were performed in samples with non-identified Cryptosporidium species by 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The association between the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and the presence of bovines in the same locality was evaluated using Fisher's exact test. The positivity rates of diagnostic methods were compared by McNemar test and the Kappa correlation coefficient. The prevalence rates of Cryptosporidium spp. in cervids were 1.42% (8/563) and 0.36% (2/563) by nPCR and malachite green negative staining, respectively. C. parvum IIaA16G3R1 isolate was identified in three fecal samples from M. americana, two from M. nana and one from B. dichotomus. Cryptosporidium ryanae were found in one sample from B. dichotomus. We identified a new Cryptosporidium genotype, named Cryptosporidium deer genotype BR, from one M. americana fecal sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Márcio Leite de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique de Faria Peres
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Miranda Oliveira
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Bertequini Nagata
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dielson da Silva Vieira
- Department of Clinic, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Elis Domingos Ferrari
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Maurício Barbanti Duarte
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles
- Department of Clinic, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Hailu AW, Degarege A, Adamu H, Costa D, Villier V, Mouhajir A, Favennec L, Razakandrainibe R, Petros B. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from humans in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253186. [PMID: 34115820 PMCID: PMC8195372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the distribution and genotype of Cryptosporidium species is limited in Ethiopia. This study examined the presence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species circulating in Ethiopian human population. Stool samples collected from patients who visited rural (n = 94) and urban (n = 93) health centers in Wurgissa and Hawassa district, respectively, were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy, nested PCR and real-time PCR. To detect infection with PCR, analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA was performed. Subtyping was performed by sequencing a fragment of GP60 gene. The overall prevalence of infection was 46% (n = 86) by microscope and PCR. When 48 (out of 86) PCR positive samples were genotyped, two species were identified: C. parvum (n = 40) and C. hominis (n = 8). When 15 of the 40 C. parvum isolates were subtyped, zoonotic subtypes of IIaA14G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA15G2R1 (n = 1), IIaA16G1R1 (n = 2), IIaA16G3R1 (n = 2), IIaA17G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA19G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA20G1R1 (n = 3), IIaA22G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA22G2R1 (n = 1), IIdA23G1 (n = 1) and IIdA24G1 (n = 1) were identified. When 6 of the 8 C. hominis isolates were subtyped, subtypes IaA20 (n = 5), and IdA21(n = 1) were identified. This study suggests that C. parvum and C. hominis are causes of cryptosporidiosis in human in the Wurgissa district and Hawassa in Ethiopia. Zoonotic transmission might be the main route of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambachew W. Hailu
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Sciences Stream Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Haileeyesus Adamu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Damien Costa
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Venceslas Villier
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Abdelmounaim Mouhajir
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Loic Favennec
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Sciences Stream Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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14
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Small ruminants and zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4189-4198. [PMID: 33712929 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sheep and goats are commonly infected with three Cryptosporidium species, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, and Cryptosporidium xiaoi, which differ from each in prevalence, geographic distribution, and public health importance. While C. parvum appears to be a dominant species in small ruminants in European countries, its occurrence in most African, Asian, and American countries appear to be limited. As a result, zoonotic infections due to contact with lambs and goat kids are common in European countries, leading to frequent reports of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis on petting farms. In contrast, C. xiaoi is the dominant species elsewhere, and mostly does not infect humans. While C. ubiquitum is another zoonotic species, it occurs in sheep and goats at much lower frequency. Host adaptation appears to be present in both C. parvum and C. ubiquitum, consisting of several subtype families with different host preference. The host-adapted nature of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum has allowed the use of subtyping tools in tracking infection sources. This has led to the identification of geographic differences in the importance of small ruminants in epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis. These tools have also been used effectively in linking zoonotic transmission of C. parvum between outbreak cases and the suspected animals. Further studies should be directly elucidating the reasons for differences in the distribution and public health importance of major Cryptosporidium species in sheep and goats.
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Utaaker KS, Chaudhary S, Kifleyohannes T, Robertson LJ. Global Goat! Is the Expanding Goat Population an Important Reservoir of Cryptosporidium? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:648500. [PMID: 33748221 PMCID: PMC7977713 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.648500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats are a primary or additional income source for many families in resource-poor areas. Although often considered inferior to other livestock, the resilience of goats and their ability to thrive in a range of environments means that that they are of particular value. Furthermore, goats emit less methane than other livestock species. In these same areas, it is well-documented that cryptosporidiosis has a substantial impact on infant morbidity and mortality, as well as reducing child growth and development. As Cryptosporidium also causes diarrheal disease in goats, the question arises whether goats may represent a reservoir of infection to humans. Epidemiological studies regarding the potential for transmission of Cryptosporidium between goats and humans have largely concluded that Cryptosporidium species infecting goats are not zoonotic. However, these studies are mostly from developed countries, where goat husbandry is smaller, management routines differ greatly from those of developing countries, contact between goats and their owners is more limited, and cryptosporidiosis has less impact on human health. In this article, background information on goat husbandry in different countries is provided, along with information on Cryptosporidium prevalence among goats, at both the species and sub-species levels, and the potential for zoonotic transmission. The intention is to indicate data gaps that should be filled and to increase awareness of the role of goats as providers for low-income families, often living in areas where cryptosporidiosis is endemic and where appropriate baseline interventions could have a positive impact, regardless of species of goat or parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Veterinary Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Lucy Jane Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Díaz P, Navarro E, Remesar S, García-Dios D, Martínez-Calabuig N, Prieto A, López-Lorenzo G, López CM, Panadero R, Fernández G, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. The Age-Related Cryptosporidium Species Distribution in Asymptomatic Cattle from North-Western SPAIN. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020256. [PMID: 33498538 PMCID: PMC7909547 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An age-related distribution of Cryptosporidium species has been reported in cattle, with the pathogenic and zoonotic C. parvum being predominant in suckling calves, C. bovis and C. ryanae being predominant in post-weaned calves and C. andersoni being predominant in adults. However, variants to this pattern have recently been reported. Unravelling the age-related species distribution pattern in cattle from a particular region will allow determining those age classes posing a higher risk to public and animal health. Thus, fecal samples from asymptomatic cattle were collected in north-western Spain. Cryptosporidium detection and species identification was performed by molecular methods. Cryptosporidium prevalence was 16.7%; it significantly decreased with age. Cryptosporidium andersoni, C. bovis, C. occultus, C. parvum, C. ryanae and C. xiaoi were identified. Cryptosporidium parvum was predominant in calves younger than 1 month and C. bovis was predominant in the rest of the age groups. The presence of C. parvum in all age groups implies animal and public health concerns. The predominance of C. bovis in cattle older than 1 month supports the idea that the age-related pattern of Cryptosporidium species described in cattle is not fully consistent, and thus further studies are needed to identify those factors determining the species distribution. Abstract An age-related distribution of Cryptosporidium species has been reported in cattle, with C. parvum being predominant in suckling calves, C. bovis and C. ryanae being predominant in post-weaned calves and C. andersoni being predominant in adults. However, variants to this pattern have recently been reported. Thus, fecal samples (n = 594) from asymptomatic cattle were collected in north-western Spain. Animals were classified as <1 month (G1), 1–2 months (G2), 2–12 months (G3), 12–24 months (G4) and >2 years (G5). Cryptosporidium detection and species identification were performed by SSU rRNA PCR. Individual Cryptosporidium prevalence was 16.7%; it significantly decreased with age. Cryptosporidium parvum was predominant in G1 and C. bovis was predominant in the rest of the age classes; C. bovis and C. ryanae were especially prevalent in G2 and G3. Cryptosporidium occultus was not found in suckling calves. Finally, C. andersoni and C. xiaoi were occasionally detected in G5. The presence of C. parvum in all age classes implies significant animal and public health concerns. The predominance of C. bovis in cattle older than 1 month supports the idea that the age-related pattern of Cryptosporidium species described in cattle is not fully consistent, and thus further studies are still needed to identify those factors determining the species distribution.
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Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is recognized as being a significant cause of gastrointestinal illness due to its wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. Infection with Cryptosporidium spp. is especially common in young domestic ruminants (calves, lambs and goat kids) and has been associated with economic losses worldwide. In contrast to cattle, to date, detailed studies on Cryptosporidium infections in sheep from Europe are still limited; thus, their importance as reservoirs of Cryptosporidium species with implications on animal and public health still needs to be clarified. This study evaluates the prevalence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep farms in Italy. A total of 915 individual faecal samples divided into three different animal categories were collected from 61 sheep farms. Each sample was examined by microscopy of faecal smears stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen and by biomolecular techniques. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 10.1% of the animals examined and in 34.4% of the farms. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was significantly higher (χ2 = 51.854; P < 0.001) in diarrhoeic samples than in pasty or normal faeces. Genotype analyses showed the presence of two Cryptosporidium species: C. parvum and C. ubiquitum. Subtyping analysis of C. parvum isolates revealed the presence of subtypes IIa15G2R1 and IIdA20G1 and of subtype XIIa for C. ubiquitum. These findings have public health implications since both Cryptosporidium species identified are considered zoonotic, and C. parvum is the second-most common Cryptosporidium species infecting humans. Our data reveal that lambs, especially those excreting diarrhoeic faeces, may be important reservoirs of Cryptosporidium. We also highlight the need to establish adequate control and monitoring programmes for the control of this infection in sheep farms primarily through coprological monitoring.
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18
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Bordes L, Houert P, Costa D, Favennec L, Vial-Novella C, Fidelle F, Grisez C, Prévot F, Jacquiet P, Razakandrainibe R. Asymptomatic Cryptosporidium infections in ewes and lambs are a source of environmental contamination with zoonotic genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:57. [PMID: 33141660 PMCID: PMC7608980 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Cryptosporidium genus cause severe cryptosporidiosis in newborn lambs. However, asymptomatic infections also occur frequently in lambs and ewes. In sheep, the most commonly detected Cryptosporidium species are C. ubiquitum, C. xiaoi and C. parvum. Due to a lack of relevant information about such infections in France, we investigated the situation on five dairy sheep farms in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques Department in south-western France in December 2017. Individual fecal samples were collected from 79 female lambs (5–17 days old) and their mothers (72 ewes). Oocysts were screened using Heine staining before and after Bailenger concentrations. Cryptosporidium species identification and genotyping were performed using real-time PCR and gp60 gene sequencing. No cases of clinical cryptosporidiosis were observed in the 79 lambs. Microscopically, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were observed in only one lamb on one farm (prevalence 1.3%) and one ewe on another farm (prevalence 1.4%). By contrast, Cryptosporidium spp. DNA was detected in 17 ewes (prevalence ranging from 10.5% to 50% depending on the farm) and in 36 lambs (prevalence ranging from 0% to 77.8% depending on the farm). Only zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum IId and IIa genotypes were identified when genotyping was possible. Cryptosporidium ubiquitum and C. xiaoi were detected on one and three farms, respectively. We conclude that healthy young lambs and their mothers during the peripartum period could be a source of environmental contamination with oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Bordes
- IHAP, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Houert
- IHAP, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Damien Costa
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Centre National de Référence - Laboratoire Expert des Cryptosporidioses, 76031 Rouen, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Centre National de Référence - Laboratoire Expert des Cryptosporidioses, 76031 Rouen, France
| | - Corinne Vial-Novella
- Centre Départemental pour l'Elevage Ovin, Quartier Ahetzia, 64130 Ordiarp, France
| | - Francis Fidelle
- Centre Départemental pour l'Elevage Ovin, Quartier Ahetzia, 64130 Ordiarp, France
| | - Christelle Grisez
- IHAP, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Prévot
- IHAP, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- IHAP, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Centre National de Référence - Laboratoire Expert des Cryptosporidioses, 76031 Rouen, France
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Teixeira WFP, De Oliveira ML, de Faria Peres PH, Nagata WB, Santana BN, Oliveira BCM, Duarte JMB, Cardoso TC, Lopes WDZ, Bresciani KDS. Cryptosporidium parvum in brown brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) from Brazil: First report of the subtype IIaA16G3R1 in cervids. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102216. [PMID: 33137502 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research had as objective to evaluate the occurrence and to characterize genetically the infections by Cryptosporidium in Mazama gouazoubira. By a non-invasive harvest methodology using trained sniffer dogs to locate fecal samples of cervids, 642 fecal samples were obtained from six Brazilian localities. The cervids species responsible for the excretion of each fecal sample were identified by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), using the mitochondrial cytochrome b target gene (cyst b) and the restriction enzymes Sspl, AflIII and BstN. From this identification, 437 fecal samples of M. gouazoubira were selected for research of Cryptosporidium spp. performed through negative staining with malachite green and polymerase chain reaction (nPCR), with the subunit of 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing the amplified products. In the samples that were diagnosed the presence of parasite species with zoonotic potential, genotyping was also performed using nPCR with the subunit of GP60 gene. Statistical analysis consisted of the Fisher exact test to verify the association of the presence of the enteroparasite in relation to the presence of cattle in each locality, and the McNemar tests and Kappa correlation coefficient used to compare the results obtained between the two diagnostic techniques. In the fecal samples of M. gouazoubira the occurrences of Cryptosporidium were diagnosed in 1.6% (7/437) and 1.1% (5/437), respectively, through nPCR and microscopy. Cryptosporidium. parvum was diagnosed in 100% (7/7) of the samples submitted to sequencing (18S gene). The IIaA16G3R1 subtype was diagnosed in five of the C. parvum samples submitted to genotyping (GP60 gene). This is the first world report of C. parvum in M. gouazoubira and subtype IIaA16G3R1 in cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslen Fabricio Pires Teixeira
- Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba. Clóvis Pestana, number 793, CEP: 16050-680, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Márcio Leite De Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Bertequini Nagata
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba. Clóvis Pestana, number 793, CEP: 16050-680, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Nicoleti Santana
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba. Clóvis Pestana, number 793, CEP: 16050-680, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Miranda Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba. Clóvis Pestana, number 793, CEP: 16050-680, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Tereza Cristina Cardoso
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba. Clóvis Pestana, number 793, CEP: 16050-680, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba. Clóvis Pestana, number 793, CEP: 16050-680, Araçatuba, Brazil.
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Dahmani H, Ouchene N, Dahmani A, Ouchene-Khelifi NA, Oumouna M. First report on Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus in neonatal lambs from north-center region, Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101567. [PMID: 33157428 PMCID: PMC7580686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of neonatal diarrhea is multifactorial and remains one of the biggest problems in ruminant livestock farming. This study represent the first report in Algeria on Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus in the etiology of neonatal diarrhea in lambs. Faecal samples from 559 neonatal lambs aged less than 30 days from 30 sheepfolds were screened with pathogen-specific antigen ELISA for C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus, and coronavirus. The prevalence of C. parvum was the highest compared to other enteric pathogens. In various combinations, mixed infections were detected only with C. parvum.
The etiology of neonatal diarrhea is multifactorial and remains one of the greatest health problems in sheep livestock farming. Faecal samples from 559 neonatal lambs aged less than 30 days from 30 sheepfolds located in the north-center region of Algeria were screened with pathogen-specific antigen ELISA for Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus, and coronavirus. Of the 559 lambs, 312 (58.81 %), 155 (27.72 %), 72 (12.88 %) and 20 (3.57 %) were positives for C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus antigens, respectively. The prevalence of C. parvum was the highest (p < 0.0001). C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus were observed in 23 (76.66 %), 17 (56.66 %), 9 (30 %) and 3 (10 %) sheepfolds, respectively. Compared to age, the prevalence of C. parvum was highest during the second and third week of age (p < 0.001). In contrast, other pathogens were found to be more frequent in lambs aged ≤7 days (p < 0.001). The number of lambs with diarrhea was 280 (50.09 %) of which 280 (100 %), 127 (45.35 %), 52 (18.57 %) and 10 (3.57 %) were found to be infected with C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus, respectively (p < 0.0001). In various combinations, mixed infections were detected only with C. parvum. This is the first report of C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus, and coronavirus in ≤30-days old neonatal lambs in Algeria. Special attention should be given to the first colostrum feeding, hygiene of the farm, prevention and control measures for a better prevention of neonatal diarrhea in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab- Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria
| | - Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab- Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria.
| | - Ali Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab- Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria
| | - Nadjet Amina Ouchene-Khelifi
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab- Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Oumouna
- Yahia Fares University of Medea, Faculty of Sciences, Medea, 26000, Algeria
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Zahedi A, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium – An update with an emphasis on foodborne and waterborne transmission. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:500-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kabir MHB, Ceylan O, Ceylan C, Shehata AA, Bando H, Essa MI, Xuan X, Sevinc F, Kato K. Molecular detection of genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium infection in diarrheic calves, lambs, and goat kids from Turkey. Parasitol Int 2020; 79:102163. [PMID: 32589940 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The studies on Cryptosporidium infections of animals in Turkey mostly rely on microscopic observation. Few data are available regarding the prevalence of Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes infection. The aim of this study is to analyse the detection of Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes from young ruminants. A total of 415 diarrheic fecal specimens from young ruminants were examined for the Cryptosporidium detection by use of nested PCR of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene and the highly polymorphic 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene followed by sequence analyses. The results of this study revealed that 25.6% (106 of 415) of the specimens were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. infection. We identified 27.4% (91/333), 19.4% (13/67), and 13.4% (2/15) of positivity in calves, lambs and goat kids, respectively. Genotyping of the SSU rRNA indicated that almost all positive specimens were of C. parvum, except for one calf which was of C. bovis. Sequence analysis of the gp60 gene revealed the most common zoonotic subtypes (IIa and IId) of C. parvum. We detected 11 subtypes (IIaA11G2R1, IIaA11G3R1, IIaA12G3R1, IIaA13G2R1, IIaA13G4R1, IIaA14G1R1, IIaA14G3R1, IIaA15G2R1, IIdA16G1, IIdA18G1, IIdA22G1); three of them (IIaA12G3R1, IIaA11G3R1 and IIaA13G4R1) was novel subtypes found in calves and lambs. Additionally, three subtypes (IIaA11G2R1, IIaA14G3R1, and IIdA16G1) were detected in young ruminants for the first time in Turkey. These results indicate the high infection of Cryptosporidium in Turkey and propose that young ruminants are likely a major reservoir of C. parvum and a potential source of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hazzaz Bin Kabir
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Onur Ceylan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, 42042 Konya, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Ceylan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, 42042 Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayman Ahmed Shehata
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan; Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Shohada, Moawwad, Qesm Awel AZ, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Hironori Bando
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Essa
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Shohada, Moawwad, Qesm Awel AZ, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ferda Sevinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, 42042 Konya, Turkey.
| | - Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan.
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ubiquitous protozoan parasites that infect a broad range of vertebrate hosts, including domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Both parasites are of medical and veterinary importance. Infections with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in ruminants are associated with diarrhea outbreaks, mainly in young animals. Ruminants are potential sources of infection for humans because some species of Cryptosporidium and assemblages of Giardia duodenalis have been isolated from both ruminants and humans. Knowledge of these parasites has greatly expanded in the last 2 decades from simple microscopic observations of organisms to the knowledge acquired from molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, BARC-East, Building 173, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Mammeri M, Cartou L, Chevillot A, Thomas M, Julien C, Vallée I, Polack B, Follet J, Adjou KT. First identification of Cryptosporidium parvum zoonotic subtype IIaA15G2R1 in diarrheal lambs in France. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100355. [PMID: 31796189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To date, no information is available about the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in French sheep, nor their potential role as zoonotic reservoirs. A total of 23 fecal samples were collected from diarrheic lambs (<11 days old) from seven randomly selected farms. Cryptosporidium-oocysts were detected microscopically with Direct Immunofluorescence Assays (DFA) in 23/23 (100%) of fecal samples. PCR-RFLP of the 18S rRNA gene was used to determine species in all samples, and only Cryptosporidium parvum was identified. Isolates were subtyped by sequencing the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Two zoonotic subtypes within the IIa subtype family were identified, including IIaA15G2R1 (22/23) and IIaA16G3R1 (1/23). This study reports for the first time the identification and genotyping of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes from lambs in France. Sheep could thus play an important role as potential reservoirs for this zoonotic protist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mammeri
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, INRA, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France; Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, 137 rue Gabriel Péri, 59 700 Marcq-en-Barœul, France
| | - Lara Cartou
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, INRA, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Aurélie Chevillot
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Myriam Thomas
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Christine Julien
- Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, 137 rue Gabriel Péri, 59 700 Marcq-en-Barœul, France
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Bruno Polack
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, INRA, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Jérôme Follet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520- IEMN, Lille 59000, France; ISA-YNCREA Hauts de France, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Karim Tarik Adjou
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, INRA, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France.
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First report of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum GP60 subtypes IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA16G3R1 in wild ponies from the northern Iberian Peninsula. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:249-254. [PMID: 31758296 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. affecting feral horses are scarce. The highland areas of the northern Iberian Peninsula are home to a large population of wild ponies which generally roam free in the ancient natural range and are subjected to a traditional exploitation regime. In the present study, a total of 79 non-diarrhoeal faecal samples from the wild ponies were collected from the ground immediately after defecation. Cryptosporidium was detected in 10 of the samples (12.6%) by a direct immunofluorescence antibody test and DNA amplification and sequencing. Analysis of partial sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) and heat shock protein (hsp70) loci revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum. In addition, amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) locus identified C. parvum subtypes IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA16G3R1. This study reports, for the first time, the occurrence of C. parvum in wild ponies in Europe, specifically in the northern Iberian Peninsula. Identification of the common subtype IIaA15G2R1 and also subtype IIaA16G3R1 (first description) indicates that these hosts may play a role in the sylvatic transmission of C. parvum and that they may act as a reservoir of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis.
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Hatam-Nahavandi K, Ahmadpour E, Carmena D, Spotin A, Bangoura B, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium infections in terrestrial ungulates with focus on livestock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:453. [PMID: 31521186 PMCID: PMC6744657 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. are causative agents of gastrointestinal diseases in a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. Mortality resulting from the disease is low in livestock, although severe cryptosporidiosis has been associated with fatality in young animals. Methods The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review the prevalence and molecular data on Cryptosporidium infections in selected terrestrial domestic and wild ungulates of the families Bovidae (bison, buffalo, cattle, goat, impala, mouflon sheep, sheep, yak), Cervidae (red deer, roe deer, white-tailed deer), Camelidae (alpaca, camel), Suidae (boar, pig), Giraffidae (giraffes) and Equidae (horses). Data collection was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Cochran databases, with 429 papers being included in this systematic analysis. Results The results show that overall 18.9% of ungulates from the investigated species were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. Considering livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and buffaloes), analysis revealed higher Cryptosporidium infection prevalence in ungulates of the Cetartiodactyla than in those of the Perissodactyla, with cattle (29%) being the most commonly infected farm animal. Conclusions Overall, the investigated domestic ungulates are considered potential sources of Cryptosporidium contamination in the environment. Control measures should be developed to reduce the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in these animals. Furthermore, literature on wild populations of the named ungulate species revealed a widespread presence and potential reservoir function of wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Molecular characterization of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis pathogens in Algerian sheep. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100280. [PMID: 31027593 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Algerian sheep, nor their potential role as zoonotic reservoirs. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of these two protists in lambs. A total of 83 fecal samples were collected from lambs (< 40 days old) from 14 different farms. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis presence using immunofluorescent techniques (IF). Nested PCR of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequence analyses were used to identify Cryptosporidium species. C. parvum was further subtyped by sequencing the highly polymorphic 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. For G. duodenalis, nested PCR of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes was performed and then PCR-RFLP was used to identify G. duodenalis assemblages. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected in 36/83 (43%) and 23/83 (28%) of fecal samples, respectively. Of the 21/36 (58%) Cryptosporidium samples that were positive with IF, 16/21 (76%) were identified as C. parvum, and 5/21 (24%) as C. ubiquitum. From 15C. parvum isolates, 2 subtypes were identified within the IIa subtype family, including IIaA21G2R1 (3/15) and IIaA13G2R1 (1/15), while IIdA16G1 (11/15) was the only subtype identified from the IId subtype family. Of the 16/23 (69%) G. duodenalis IF-positive samples, the most frequent assemblage was ruminant-specific assemblage E (10/16), followed by assemblage D (4/16), and A + E mixed assemblages (2/16). This study is the first to identify and genotype both Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Algerian lambs, and is also the first to describe G. duodenalis assemblage D in small ruminants. The presence of zoonotic C. parvum subtype families (IIa, IId), C. ubiquitum, as well as G. duodenalis assemblage A + E, indicates that sheep could play an important role as a potential reservoir for protists.
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Couso-Pérez S, Ares-Mazás E, Gómez-Couso H. First Report of Cryptosporidium Molnari-Like Genotype and Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonotic Subtypes (IIaA15G2R1 And IIaA18G3R1) in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/18-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seila Couso-Pérez
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elvira Ares-Mazás
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Baroudi D, Hakem A, Adamu H, Amer S, Khelef D, Adjou K, Dahmani H, Chen X, Roellig D, Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in lambs and goat kids in Algeria. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:582. [PMID: 30400983 PMCID: PMC6219180 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known on the occurrence and identity of Cryptosporidium species in sheep and goats in Algeria. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species in lambs and goat kids younger than 4 weeks. METHODS A total of 154 fecal samples (62 from lambs and 92 from kid goats) were collected from 13 sheep flocks in Médea, Algeria and 18 goat flocks across Algiers and Boumerdes. They were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by nested-PCR analysis of a fragment of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses to determine the Cryptosporidium species present. Cryptosporidium parvum and C. ubiquitum were further subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene. RESULTS Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 17 fecal samples (11.0%): 9 from lambs (14.5%) and 8 from goat kids (8.7%). The species identified included C. parvum in 3 lambs, C. xiaoi in 6 lambs and 6 goat kids, and C. ubiquitum in 2 goat kids. Cryptosporidium infections were detected mostly in animals during the first two weeks of life (7/8 for goat kids and 7/9 for lambs) and in association with diarrhea occurrence (7/17 or 41.2% goat kids and 7/10 or 70.0% lambs with diarrhea were positive for Cryptosporidium spp.). Subtyping of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum isolates identified the zoonotic IIaA13G2R1 and XIIa subtype families, respectively. Minor differences in the SSU rRNA gene sequences were observed between C. xiaoi from sheep and goats. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that three Cryptosporidium species occur in lambs and goat kids in Algeria, including zoonotic C. parvum and C. ubiquitum. They are associated with the occurrence of neonatal diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamel Baroudi
- École Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Rue Issaad Abbes, El Alia, Alger, Algérie
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Ahcene Hakem
- Laboratoire exploration et valorisation des écosystèmes steppique, Université Ziane Achor, 17000 Djelfa, Algérie
| | - Haileeyesus Adamu
- Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Said Amer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Djamel Khelef
- École Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Rue Issaad Abbes, El Alia, Alger, Algérie
| | - Karim Adjou
- UMR-BIPAR, ANSES-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France
| | | | - Xiaohua Chen
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Dawn Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Mi R, Wang X, Huang Y, Mu G, Zhang Y, Jia H, Zhang X, Yang H, Wang X, Han X, Chen Z. Sheep as a Potential Source of Zoonotic Cryptosporidiosis in China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00868-18. [PMID: 30006394 PMCID: PMC6121973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00868-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium in sheep from 10 provinces in China. Fecal samples from 1,035 sheep originating from 16 farms were collected, and 295 (28.5%) were found to be Cryptosporidium positive by nested PCR. Cryptosporidium was detected at all farms, with infection rates between 5.7% and 50.0%. Three Cryptosporidium species were identified, including Cryptosporidium xiaoi (73.2%, 216/295), Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (21.7%, 64/295), and Cryptosporidium parvum (5.1%, 15/295). The distribution of Cryptosporidium species differed by province and by farm. All three species were detected in lambs and adult sheep but the highest infection rate was found in postweaned lambs. All three species were detected in all four seasons, with the highest prevalence found in autumn. Four C. parvum subtypes (IIaA15G2R1, IIaA17G2R1, IIdA18G1, and IIdA19G1) and one C. ubiquitum subtype (XIIa) were identified. For most provinces in this study, we are not aware of a previously published description or molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium infections in sheep. This information will improve our knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in China.IMPORTANCECryptosporidium is an important zoonotic parasite that causes diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Previous studies suggested geographic differences in the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in sheep. However, molecular characterization studies of Cryptosporidium species in sheep have been carried out in only a few provinces in China, and the limited data available do not reflect the real situation. In this study, five districts, covering most areas where sheep are bred in China, were selected for examination of Cryptosporidium species, and Cryptosporidium infections were detected at all farms assessed, suggesting that Cryptosporidium is widespread in sheep in China. We also found geographic differences in the distribution of Cryptosporidium species but did not detect any differences between sheep age groups or seasons. Subtyping analyses showed that all of the subtypes identified in this study have been reported in humans, suggesting that sheep may be a potential source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Mu
- Jilin Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Yehua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Jacobson C, Al-Habsi K, Ryan U, Williams A, Anderson F, Yang R, Abraham S, Miller D. Cryptosporidium infection is associated with reduced growth and diarrhoea in goats beyond weaning. Vet Parasitol 2018; 260:30-37. [PMID: 30197010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are common parasites of ruminant livestock worldwide. These parasites are associated with diarrhoea outbreaks in young goats (pre-weaning), but the impacts on health and productivity for older goats (post-weaning) are not well understood. Here we show Cryptosporidium faecal shedding is associated with reduced growth and diarrhoea in goats aged approximately 9-15 months. Goats were sampled four times at one-month intervals. Faecal shedding for a range of pathogens were determined using quantitative PCR and sequencing (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Eimeria, Salmonella, Campylobacter), and microscopy (trichostrongylid nematode worm egg count and Entamoeba). Cryptosporidium faecal shedding was associated with 1.5 kg lower growth for the one-month period following sampling. Specifically, C. xiaoi was associated with 1.9 kg lower growth in the following month. This is the first report of production impacts associated with C. xiaoi in ruminants older than 3 months of age. Cryptosporidium shedding was associated with an over 4-fold increase in risk of diarrhoea, with C. parvum associated with 10-fold and C. ubiquitum associated with 16-fold increase in risk of diarrhoea. Notably, C. xiaoi shedding was not associated with increased risk of diarrhoea. Giardia shedding was associated with looser faecal consistency, but not diarrhoea. Higher Eimeria oocyst counts were weakly associated with lower live weight, poorer body condition and looser faecal consistency. Shedding of other enteric pathogens were not associated with impacts on live weight, growth or diarrhoea risk. This study challenges the two notions that Cryptosporidium infections only impact health and productivity of goats during the pre-weaning period, and that Cryptosporidium (and specifically C. xiaoi) infections in the absence of diarrhoea are asymptomatic. Recognising the potential for impacts of Cryptosporidium infection on growth rates in the absence of diarrhoea will support improved design for experiments testing impacts of Cryptosporidium on ruminant health and production. Improved understanding of the role of protozoan infections on animal health has implications for the management of goats in order to reduce adverse impacts on farm profitability, animal welfare and public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Khalid Al-Habsi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Williams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Fiona Anderson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - David Miller
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic lambs and goat kids in northern Greece. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:472-475. [PMID: 29698792 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inconsistent data exist on the distribution of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in sheep and goats in European countries, and few such data are available from Greece. In this study, 280 fecal specimens were collected from 132 diarrheic lambs and 148 diarrheic goat kids aged 4 to 15 days on 15 farms in northern Greece, and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy of Ziehl-Neelsen-stained fecal smears. Cryptosporidium spp. in 80 microscopy-positive fecal specimens (39 from lambs and 41 from goat kids) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene and subtyped by sequence analysis the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene. Among the 33 specimens successfully genotyped, C. parvum was found in 32 and C. xiaoi in one. Seven subtypes belonging to two subtype families (IIa and IId) were identified among the 29 C. parvum specimens successfully subtyped, including IIaA14G2R1 (1/29), IIaA15G2R1 (6/29), IIaA20G1R1 (7/29), IIdA14G2 (1/29), IIdA15G1 (9/29), IIdA16G1 (3/29), and IIdA23G1 (2/29). Lambs were more commonly infected with C. parvum IIa subtypes, whereas goat kids were more with IId subtypes. The results illustrate that C. parvum is prevalent in diarrheic lambs and goat kids in northern Greece and these animals could potentially play a role in epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis.
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Díaz P, Navarro E, Prieto A, Pérez-Creo A, Viña M, Díaz-Cao J, López C, Panadero R, Fernández G, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. Cryptosporidium species in post-weaned and adult sheep and goats from N.W. Spain: Public and animal health significance. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Majeed QAH, El-Azazy OME, Abdou NEMI, Al-Aal ZA, El-Kabbany AI, Tahrani LMA, AlAzemi MS, Wang Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Epidemiological observations on cryptosporidiosis and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats in Kuwait. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1631-1636. [PMID: 29594423 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular epidemiological analysis of cryptosporidiosis in Middle Eastern countries suggests that small ruminants could play a major role in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. to humans, with a dominance of Cryptosporidium parvum, especially its IId subtypes. However, little information is available on the epidemiology and risk factors of cryptosporidiosis as well the distribution of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and subtypes in small ruminants in this area, including Kuwait. In the present study, 47 farms from several areas in Kuwait were visited once during October 2014 to September 2015 to collect data on risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection. Fecal samples from 334 sheep and 222 goats were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts by Ziehl-Neelsen staining (ZN) and antigens by enzymatic immunoassay (EIA). The Cryptosporidium prevalence was higher when samples were examined by EIA than ZN (11.4 and 7.2% in sheep and goats by EIA, compared with 4.2 and 3.6% by ZN, respectively). Young age (less than 3 months) and closed housing system are risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection. A correlation between fecal consistency and the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. was observed; non-formed fecal samples were often found positive. Molecular characterization of 30 ovine and caprine samples using PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene revealed the presence of C. parvum in 23 samples, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in five samples, and Cryptosporidium xiaoi in two samples. Sequence analysis of C. parvum at the 60 KDa glycoprotein gene locus identified two subtypes, IIaA15G2R1 and IIdA20G1, with the latter being more common (in 2 and 20 successfully subtyped samples, respectively). Only one subtype of C. ubiquitum (XIIa) was recorded. Cryptosporidiosis in small ruminants apparently poses public health problem in Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qais A H Majeed
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Osama M E El-Azazy
- Veterinary Laboratories, PAAFR, P.O. Box: 21422, Safat-13075, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Nadra-Elwgoud M I Abdou
- Veterinary Laboratories, PAAFR, P.O. Box: 21422, Safat-13075, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zein A Al-Aal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira I El-Kabbany
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Laila M A Tahrani
- Veterinary Laboratories, PAAFR, P.O. Box: 21422, Safat-13075, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maha S AlAzemi
- Department of Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Kaupke A, Gawor J, Rzeżutka A, Gromadka R. Identification of pig-specific Cryptosporidium species in mixed infections using Illumina sequencing technology. Exp Parasitol 2017; 182:22-25. [PMID: 28939445 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays molecular methods are widely used in epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals. However to gain better understanding of parasite species or genotypes, especially when mixed infections are noticed, highly sensitive tools with adequate resolution power need to be employed. In this article, we report an application of the next generation sequencing method (NGS) for detection and characterisation of Cryptosporidium species concurrently present in pig faeces. A mixture of Cryptosporidium DNA obtained from two faecal samples was amplified at the 18 SSU rRNA gene locus and the resulting amplicons were subsequently used for MiSeq sequencing. Although initial molecular analyses indicated the possible presence of another Cryptosporidium species other than Cryptosporidium scrofarum and Cryptosporidium suis, deep sequencing only confirmed the presence of pig-specific Cryptosporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaupke
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - J Gawor
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - R Gromadka
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Cai M, Guo Y, Pan B, Li N, Wang X, Tang C, Feng Y, Xiao L. Longitudinal monitoring of Cryptosporidium species in pre-weaned dairy calves on five farms in Shanghai, China. Vet Parasitol 2017; 241:14-19. [PMID: 28579024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In pre-weaned dairy calves, the zoonotic and pathogenic species Cryptosporidium parvum is the dominant Cryptosporidium species in most industrialized nations. In several studies in China, however, C. bovis has been the dominant one. To further examine the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in pre-weaned dairy calves in China, 818 fecal specimens were collected from five farms in Shanghai, with repeated samplings (up to five times) on each farm. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene was used to detect and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium parvum was subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60kDa glycoprotein gene. Cryptosporidium occurrence on farms varied between 25.0% (Farm 2) and 55.0% (Farm 4), with a mean infection rate of 37.0%. Three Cryptosporidium species were detected, including C. bovis (193/303 or 63.7%), C. parvum (72/303 or 23.8%) and C. ryanae (32/303 or 10.6%). Concurrent infection of C. bovis and C. ryanae was detected in six (1.9%) animals. During the first two samplings, C. bovis was the dominant species on four farms and C. parvum was detected on only one farm (Farm 1). One of the study farms (Farm 3) started to have C. parvum at the third sampling. C. parvum was associated with the occurrence of moderate or watery diarrhea, while C. bovis was not. All C. parvum were subtype IIdA19G1, which is dominant in China but rare elsewhere. Genotyping and subtyping results indicated that the introduction of C. parvum to Farm 3 was caused by brief housing of several bull calves from another farm. Data from the study suggest that C. parvum is still uncommon in pre-weaned dairy calves in China and measures should be developed to prevent its spread in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chuanxiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Mat Yusof A, Hashim N, Md Isa ML. First molecular identification of Cryptosporidium by 18S rRNA in goats and association with farm management in Terengganu. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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38
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Borba Nunes VH, Alcover JA, Silva VL, Cruz PB, Machado-Silva JR, de Araújo AJG. Paleoparasitological analysis of the extinct Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) from Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean). Parasitol Int 2017; 66:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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39
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Kaupke A, Michalski MM, Rzeżutka A. Diversity of Cryptosporidium species occurring in sheep and goat breeds reared in Poland. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:871-879. [PMID: 28058536 PMCID: PMC5313596 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was molecular identification of Cryptosporidium species and assessment of their prevalence in different breeds of sheep and goat reared in Poland. In addition, the relationship between animal age, breed type, and the frequency of Cryptosporidium infections was determined. Fecal samples from 234 lambs and 105 goat kids aged up to 9 weeks, representing 24 breeds and their cross-breeds were collected from 71 small ruminant farms across Poland. The identification of Cryptosporidium species was performed at the 18 SSU ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and COWP loci followed by subtyping of C. parvum and C. hominis strains at GP60 gene locus. The presence of Cryptosporidium DNA at the 18 SSU rRNA locus was detected in 45/234 (19.2%) lamb feces samples and in 39/105 (37.1%) taken from goats. The following Cryptosporidium species: C. xiaoi, C. bovis, C. ubiquitum, C. parvum, and C. hominis were detected in small ruminants. Infections caused by C. xiaoi were predominant without favoring any tested animal species. Subsequent GP60 subtyping revealed the presence of C. parvum IIaA17G1R1 subtype in sheep and IIdA23G1 subtype in goats. IIdA23G1 subtype was detected in a goat host for the first time. There were no significant differences found in frequency of infections between the age groups (<3 and 3-9 weeks) of lambs (P = 0.14, α > 0.05) or goat kids (P = 0.06, α > 0.05). In addition, there was no correlation observed between the frequency in occurrence of particular parasite species and breed type in relation to native sheep breeds (F = 0.11; P = 0.990 > 0.05). In the case of goats, more breed-related differences in parasite occurrence were found. The results of this study improve our knowledge on the breed-related occurrence of Cryptosporidium infections in the population of small ruminants reared in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaupke
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosław M Michalski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Artur Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
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Comparative genomic analysis of the IId subtype family of Cryptosporidium parvum. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:281-290. [PMID: 28192123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Host adaptation is known to occur in Cryptosporidium parvum, with IIa and IId subtype families preferentially infecting calves and lambs, respectively. To improve our understanding of the genetic basis of host adaptation in Cryptosporidium parvum, we sequenced the genomes of two IId specimens and one IIa specimen from China and Egypt using the Illumina technique and compared them with the published IIa IOWA genome. Sequence data were obtained for >99.3% of the expected genome. Comparative genomic analysis identified differences in numbers of three subtelomeric gene families between sequenced genomes and the reference genome, including those encoding SKSR secretory proteins, the MEDLE family of secretory proteins, and insulinase-like proteases. These gene gains and losses compared with the reference genome were confirmed by PCR analysis. Altogether, 5,191-5,766 single nucleotide variants were seen between genomes sequenced in this study and the reference genome, with most SNVs occurring in subtelomeric regions of chromosomes 1, 4, and 6. The most highly polymorphic genes between IIa and IId encode mainly invasion-associated and immunodominant mucin proteins, and other families of secretory proteins. Further studies are needed to verify the biological significance of these genomic differences.
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Tang Y, Li N, Song M, Roellig DM, Feng Y, Xiao L. Development of a multilocus sequence typing tool for high-resolution subtyping and genetic structure characterization of Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:256-261. [PMID: 27633152 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium ubiquitum is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in humans. Recently, a subtyping tool targeting the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene was developed for C. ubiquitum, and identified six subtype families (XIIa-XIIf). In this study, we selected five genetic loci known to be polymorphic in C. hominis and C. parvum for the development of a multilocus subtyping tool for C. ubiquitum, including CP47 (cgd6_1590), MSC6-5 (cgd6_4290), cgd6_60, cgd2_3690, and cgd4_370. PCR primers for these targets were designed based on whole genome sequence data from C. ubiquitum. DNA sequence analyses of 24 C. ubiquitum specimens showed the presence of 18, 1, 5, 4, and 5 subtypes at the CP47, MSC6-5, cgd6_60, cgd2_3690, and cgd4_370 loci, respectively. Altogether, 18 multilocus sequence typing (MLST) subtypes were detected among the 19 specimens successfully sequenced at all polymorphic loci. Phylogenetic analyses of the MLST data indicated that the rodent subtype families of XIIe and XIIf were highly divergent from others, and the ruminant XIIa subtype family formed a monophyletic group genetically distant from other rodent subtype families XIIb, XIIc, and XIId. The latter showed no consistent grouping of specimens and formed one large cluster in phylogenetic analysis of concatenated multilocus sequences. This was supported by results of STRUCTURE and FST analyses, which further suggested that XIIa originated from one common ancestor whereas XIIb, XIIc, and XIId contained mixed ancestral types, reflecting a close relatedness of the three subtype families and the likely occurrence of genetic recombination among them. Thus, an MLST tool was developed for high-resolution subtyping of C. ubiquitum and results of preliminary characterizations of specimens from humans and animals supported the conclusion on the existence of ruminant and rodent-adapted C. ubiquitum groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingxin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Taylan-Ozkan A, Yasa-Duru S, Usluca S, Lysen C, Ye J, Roellig DM, Feng Y, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species and Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in dairy calves and goat kids reared under traditional farming systems in Turkey. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:16-20. [PMID: 27373430 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. in ruminants reared under traditional animal management systems are scarce and studies conducted thus far have revealed largely an absence of the pathogenic and zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum in pre-weaned animals. In this study, we examined Cryptosporidium species and subtype distribution in free-range pre-weaned dairy calves and goat kids with diarrhea. Cryptosporidium-positive specimens from pre-weaned calves on 10 farms and goat kids on 4 farms in Ankara, Balikesir, Corum, Kirikkale, and Kirsehir Provinces, Turkey were genotyped by PCR-restriction length polymorphism analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene, which identified C. parvum in 27 calves and 9 goat kids and Cryptosporidium ryanae in 1 calf. Among the C. parvum isolates successfully subtyped by DNA sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene, three subtypes were detected in calves, including IIaA13G2R1 (20/23), IIdA18G1 (2/23), and IIdA20G1b (1/23), and four subtypes were detected in goat kids, including IIaA13G2R1 (3/8), IIaA15G1R1 (2/8), IIdA22G1 (2/8), and IIdA18G1 (1/8). Data of the study suggest that dairy calves reared in a traditional cow-calf system in Turkey are mainly infected with a C. parvum subtype rarely seen elsewhere, whereas goat kids are infected with diverse subtypes. As all five C. parvum subtypes found in this study are known human pathogens, pre-weaned farm animals could play a potential role in the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum 19200, Turkey
| | - Sibel Yasa-Duru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey
| | - Selma Usluca
- National Parasitology Laboratory, Turkish National Public Health Agency, Ankara 16100, Turkey
| | - Colleen Lysen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jianbin Ye
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Ramo A, Monteagudo LV, Del Cacho E, Sánchez-Acedo C, Quílez J. Intra-Species Genetic Diversity and Clonal Structure of Cryptosporidium parvum in Sheep Farms in a Confined Geographical Area in Northeastern Spain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155336. [PMID: 27176718 PMCID: PMC4866762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A multilocus fragment typing approach including eleven variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci and the GP60 gene was used to investigate the intra-farm and intra-host genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium parvum in sheep farms in a confined area in northeastern Spain. Genomic DNA samples of 113 C. parvum isolates from diarrheic pre-weaned lambs collected in 49 meat-type sheep farms were analyzed. Loci exhibited various degrees of polymorphism, the finding of 7–9 alleles in the four most variable and discriminatory markers (ML2, Cgd6_5400, Cgd6_3940, and GP60) being remarkable. The combination of alleles at the twelve loci identified a total of 74 multilocus subtypes (MLTs) and provided a Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index of 0.988 (95% CI, 0.979−0.996). The finding that most MLTs (n = 64) were unique to individual farms evidenced that cryptosporidial infection is mainly transmitted within sheep flocks, with herd-to-herd transmission playing a secondary role. Limited intra- host variability was found, since only five isolates were genotypically mixed. In contrast, a significant intra-farm genetic diversity was seen, with the presence of multiple MLTs on more than a half of the farms (28/46), suggesting frequent mutations or genetic exchange through recombination. Comparison with a previous study in calves in northern Spain using the same 12-loci typing approach showed differences in the identity of major alleles at most loci, with a single MLT being shared between lambs and calves. Analysis of evolutionary descent by the algorithm eBURST indicated a high degree of genetic divergence, with over 41% MLTs appearing as singletons along with a high number of clonal complexes, most of them linking only two MLTs. Bayesian Structure analysis and F statistics also revealed the genetic remoteness of most C. parvum isolates and no ancestral population size was chosen. Linkage analysis evidenced a prevalent pattern of clonality within the parasite population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis V. Monteagudo
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Emilio Del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Caridad Sánchez-Acedo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Quílez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Beijing, China. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:61-5. [PMID: 26921041 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
822 fecal samples from cattle in six areas of Beijing were examined with microscopy for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. The overall infection rates for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis were 2.55% and 1.09%, respectively. Cryptosporidium was only detected in calves and heifers, whereas G. duodenalis was found in all age groups. Cryptosporidium spp. were characterized with a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequence analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Two Cryptosporidium species were identified: Cryptosporidium parvum (n=12) and Cryptosporidium andersoni (n=9). Six C. parvum isolates were successfully subtyped with the gp60 gene and three subtypes were detected: IIdA19G1 (n=1), IIdA17G1 (n=1), and IIdA15G1 (n=4). Subtype IIdA17G1 is reported for the first time in cattle worldwide. Nine G. duodenalis isolates were analyzed by sequencing the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene, and only G. duodenalis assemblage E was identified. Therefore, the predominance of C. parvum detected in calves was identical to that found in the Xinjiang Uyghur and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regions, but differed considerably from that in Henan, Heilongjiang, and Shannxi Provinces. In contrast, the predominance of G. duodenalis assemblage E was more or less similar to its predominance in other areas of China or countries. Our findings confirm the unique character of the C. parvum IId subtypes in China. More systematic studies are required to better understand the transmission of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis in cattle in China.
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