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Qu Z, Li Y, Li W, Zhang N, Olajide JS, Mi X, Fu B. Global profiling of protein S-palmitoylation in the second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:190. [PMID: 38647704 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Eimeria tenella is responsible for avian coccidiosis which is characterized by host intestinal damage. During developmental cycle, E. tenella undergoes versatile transitional stages such as oocyst, sporozoites, merozoites, and gametocytes. These developmental transitions involve changes in cell shape and cell size requiring cytoskeletal remodeling and changes in membrane proteins, which may require transcriptional and translational regulations as well as post-translational modification of proteins. Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) of protein that orchestrates protein targeting, folding, stability, regulated enzymatic activity and even epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Previous research revealed that protein palmitoylation play essential role in Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trichomonas vaginalis, and several Plasmodium parasites. Until now, there is little information on the enzymes related to palmitoylation and role of protein acylation or palmitoylation in E. tenella. Therefore, palmitome of the second-generation merozoite of E. tenella was investigated. We identified a total of 2569 palmitoyl-sites that were assigned to 2145 palmitoyl-peptides belonging to 1561 protein-groups that participated in biological processes including parasite morphology, motility and host cell invasion. In addition, RNA biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, folding, proteasome-ubiquitin degradation, and enzymes involved in PTMs, carbohydrate metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as vesicle trafficking were identified. The study allowed us to decipher the broad influence of palmitoylation in E. tenella biology, and its potential roles in the pathobiology of E. tenella infection. Raw data are publicly available at iProX with the dataset identifier PXD045061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Li
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianzhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua Seun Olajide
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Mi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Liang S, Zhu S, Wang Q, Zhao Q, Dong H, Huang B, Yu Y, Han H. Eimeria tenella pyrroline -5-carboxylate reductase is a secreted protein and involved in host cell invasion. Exp Parasitol 2024; 259:108712. [PMID: 38336093 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis, which caused by Eimeria spp, is a parasitic protozoal disease. At present, control measures of this disease depend mainly on anticoccidial drugs and live vaccines. But these control strategies have drawbacks such as drug resistance and limitations in live vaccines production. Therefore, novel control approaches are urgently need to study to control this disease effectively. In this study, the function and characteristics of the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase of Eimeria tenella (EtPYCR) protein were preliminary analyzed. The transcription and translation level were analyzed by using qPCR and Western blot. The results showed that the mRNA transcription and translation levels of EtPYCR were higher in unsporulated oocysts (UO) and second generation merozoites (Mrz) than that in sporulated oocysts (SO) and sporozoites. Enzyme activity showed that the enzyme activity of EtPYCR was also higher in the UO and Mrz than that in the SO and sporozoites. Immunofluorescence localization showed EtPYCR was mainly located on the top of sporozoites and the whole cytoplasm and surface of Mrz. The secretion assay indicated that EtPYCR was secretion protein, but not from micronemes. Invasion inhibition assay showed that rabbit anti-rEtPYCR polyclonal antibodies can effectively inhibit sporozoite invasion of DF-1 cells. These results showed that EtPYCR possess several important roles that separate and distinct from its conversion 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) into proline and maybe involved in the host cell invasion and development of parasites in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China; Tangshan Food and Drug Comprehensive Testing Center, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shaanxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xian, 710016, China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Zhang L, Song Z, Li P, Song X, Tang X, Hu D. Molecular characterization and immune protective efficacy of 3 Eimeria tenella antigens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103234. [PMID: 37980744 PMCID: PMC10685023 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis caused by Eimeria is a serious parasitic disease that poses a threat to the poultry industry. Currently, prevention and treatment mainly rely on the administration of anticoccidials and live oocyst vaccines. However, the prevalence of drug resistance and the inherent limitations of live vaccines have driven the development of novel vaccines. In this study, the surface protein (Et-SAG14), a previously annotated rhoptry protein (Eten5-B), and a gametocyte phosphoglucomutase (Et-PGM1) were characterized and the vaccine potential of the recombinant proteins were evaluated. Et-SAG14 was dispersed in the form of particles in the sporozoite and merozoite stages, whereas Et-PGM1 was distributed in the apical part of the sporozoite and merozoite stages. The previously annotated rhoptry Eten5-B was found not to be located in the rhoptry but distributed in the cytoplasm of sporozoites and merozoites. Immunization with rEten5-B significantly elevated host interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) transcript levels and exhibited moderate anticoccidial effects with an anticoccidial index (ACI) of 161. Unexpectedly, both recombinant Et-SAG14 and Et-PGM1 immunization significantly reduced host IFN-γ and IL-10 transcription levels, and did not show protection against E. tenella challenge (ACI < 80). These results suggest that the rEten5-B protein can trigger immune protection against E. tenella and may be a potential and effective subunit vaccine for the control of coccidiosis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhixuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xingju Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China.
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Wang F, Zhang A, Fan X, Feng Q, Zhang Z, Liu D, Su S, Hou Z, Xu J, Kang X, Pan Z, Hu H, Tao J. Expression of a SAG protein with a CAP domain from Eimeria necatrix and its role in invasion and immunoprotection. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110060. [PMID: 37931477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Eimeria necatrix is a high pathogenic pathogen, which seriously endangers the poultry industry. The surface antigens (SAGs) of Apicomplexa are a kind of membrane protein anchored on the surface of the parasites through its carboxyl terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) structure. However, little is known about GPI-linked surface proteins in E. necatrix. In the present work, the E. necatrix sag gene (Ensag-CAP) was amplified and cloned for expression of the recombinant protein (rEnSAG-CAP). The full length Ensag-CAP gene was 813 bp, coding 270 amino acids with a predicated molecular weight of 28.86 kDa and contained a CAP domain with four sequence motifs CAP1, CAP2, CAP3 and CAP4. The rEnSAG-CAP was about 32 kDa and mainly expressed in a soluble form. Western blot analysis indicated that the rEnSAG-CAP could be recognized by anti-rEnSAG-CAP monoclonal antibody (anti-rEnSAG-CAP McAb) and the convalescent serum of chicken infected with E. necatrix. Native protein of EnSAG-CAP was detected in second-generation merozoites (MZ-2) using anti-rEnSAG-CAP polyclonal antibody (anti-rEnSAG-CAP pAb). The findings from the indirect immunofluorescence assay and enzyme digestion utilizing Bacillus cereus phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) revealed that EnSAG-CAP predominantly localized at the surfaces of SZ and MZ-2 via a GPI anchor. It was observed that EnSAG-CAP can be cleaved from MZ-2 by PI-PLC. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that transcript levels of Ensag-CAP in MZ-2 was significantly higher than that in SZ (P < 0.05). The anti-rEnSAG-CAP McAb in vitro could significantly inhibit the sporozoite invasion into MDBK cells (P < 0.01), which suggests that the protein might participate in sporozoite invasion into MDBK cells. rEnSAG-CAP afforded an immune protection against E. necatrix. The ACI value was 164.99 in the chickens immunized with 200 µg rEnSAG-CAP. Chickens immunized with rEnSAG-CAP had a significantly higher antigen-specific serum IgY response (P < 0.0001). The data indicates that EnSAG-CAP could serve as a potential candidate antigen for the development of a recombinant coccidiosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Amin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuelian Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianqian Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhizhi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shijie Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaofeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinjun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Suqian University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Hunjie Hu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Xiao K, Zhao Q, Wang H, Zhu S, Dong H, Huang B, Han H. Molecular characterization of methionine aminopeptidase1 from Eimeria tenella. Eur J Protistol 2023; 90:126012. [PMID: 37557059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2023.126012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, a serious intestinal parasitic disease caused by Eimeria spp., can result in huge annual economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. At present, coccidiosis is mainly controlled by anticoccidial drugs. However, drug resistance has developed in Eimeria because of the long-term and unreasonable use of the drugs currently available. In our previous study, RNA-seq showed that the expression of methionine aminopeptidase1 (EtMetAP1) was up-regulated in diclazuril-resistant (DZR) and maduramicin-resistant (MRR) strains compared to drug-sensitive (DS) strain of Eimeria tenella. In this study, EtMetAP1 was cloned and expressed, and the function and characteristics of the EtMetAP1 protein were analyzed. The transcription and translation levels of EtMetAP1 in DS strain of E. tenella at different developmental stages were analyzed by qPCR and western blotting. We found that the transcription and translation levels of EtMetAP1 in second-generation merozoites (SM) were higher than those of the other three stages (unsporulated oocyst, sporulated oocyst, and sporozoites). Simultaneously, qPCR was used to analyze the mRNA transcription levels of EtMetAP1 in DS, DZR, MRR, and salinomycin-resistant (SMR) strain. The results showed that compared to the sensitive strain, the transcription levels of EtMetAP1 in DZR and MRR were up-regulated. There was no significant difference in transcription level in SMR. Indirect immunofluorescence localization showed that the protein was mainly localised in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of sporozoites and SM. An invasion inhibition test showed that anti-rEtMetAP1 polyclonal antibody could effectively inhibit the sporozoite invasion of host cells. These results suggest that the protein may be involved in the growth and development of parasites in host cells, the generation of drug resistance, and host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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Britez JD, Rodriguez AE, Di Ciaccio L, Marugán-Hernandez V, Tomazic ML. What Do We Know about Surface Proteins of Chicken Parasites Eimeria? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1295. [PMID: 37374079 DOI: 10.3390/life13061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry is the first source of animal protein for human consumption. In a changing world, this sector is facing new challenges, such as a projected increase in demand, higher standards of food quality and safety, and reduction of environmental impact. Chicken coccidiosis is a highly widespread enteric disease caused by Eimeria spp. which causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide; however, the impact on family poultry holders or backyard production-which plays a key role in food security in small communities and involves mainly rural women-has been little explored. Coccidiosis disease is controlled by good husbandry measures, chemoprophylaxis, and/or live vaccination. The first live vaccines against chicken coccidiosis were developed in the 1950s; however, after more than seven decades, none has reached the market. Current limitations on their use have led to research in next-generation vaccines based on recombinant or live-vectored vaccines. Next-generation vaccines are required to control this complex parasitic disease, and for this purpose, protective antigens need to be identified. In this review, we have scrutinised surface proteins identified so far in Eimeria spp. affecting chickens. Most of these surface proteins are anchored to the parasite membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) molecule. The biosynthesis of GPIs, as well as the role of currently identified surface proteins and interest as vaccine candidates has been summarised. The potential role of surface proteins in drug resistance and immune escape and how these could limit the efficacy of control strategies was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica Daiana Britez
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVET, INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Anabel Elisa Rodriguez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, IPVET, INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Lucía Di Ciaccio
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVET, INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | | | - Mariela Luján Tomazic
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVET, INTA-CONICET, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
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Pu J, Xiao J, Bai X, Chen H, Zheng R, Gu X, Xie Y, He R, Xu J, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Prokaryotic Expression of Eimeria magna SAG10 and SAG11 Genes and the Preliminary Evaluation of the Effect of the Recombinant Protein on Immune Protection in Rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810942. [PMID: 36142854 PMCID: PMC9506328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria magna is a common coccidia in the intestines of rabbits, causing anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, and bloody stools. This study cloned and determined the expression levels of four Eimeria surface antigens (EmSAGs) at different developmental stages and showed that EmSAG10 and EmSAG11 are highly expressed at the merozoite stage. Rabbits were immunized with rEmSAG10 and rEmSAG11, and then challenged with E. magna after 2 weeks. Serum-specific antibodies and cytokine levels were detected using ELISA. Immune protection was evaluated based on the rate of the oocysts decrease, the output of oocysts (p < 0.05), the average weight gain, and the feed: meat ratio. Our results showed that rabbits immunized with rEmSAG10 and rEmSAG11 had a higher average weight gain (62.7%, 61.1%), feed; meat ratio (3.8:1, 4.5:1), and the oocysts decrease rate (70.8%, 81.2%) than those in the control group, and also significantly reduced intestinal lesions. The specific IgG level increased one week after the first rEmSAG10 and rEmSAG11 immunization and was maintained until two weeks after the challenge (p < 0.05). The TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-10 levels in the serum increased significantly after the secondary immunization with rEmSAG10 and rEmSAG11, while the IL-2 levels increased significantly after the secondary immunization with rEmSAG11 (both p < 0.05), suggesting that rEmSAG10 can induce a humoral and cellular immunity, while rEmSAG11 can only induce a humoral immunity. Therefore, rEmSAG10 is a candidate antigen for E. magna recombinant subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Pu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Bai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ruoyu Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Apicomplexans are important pathogens that cause severe infections in humans and animals. The biology and pathogeneses of these parasites have shown that proteins are intrinsically modulated during developmental transitions, physiological processes and disease progression. Also, proteins are integral components of parasite structural elements and organelles. Among apicomplexan parasites, Eimeria species are an important disease aetiology for economically important animals wherein identification and characterisation of proteins have been long-winded. Nonetheless, this review seeks to give a comprehensive overview of constitutively expressed Eimeria proteins. These molecules are discussed across developmental stages, organelles and sub-cellular components vis-à-vis their biological functions. In addition, hindsight and suggestions are offered with intention to summarise the existing trend of eimerian protein characterisation and to provide a baseline for future studies.
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Gao Y, Suding Z, Wang L, Liu D, Su S, Xu J, Hu J, Tao J. Full-length transcriptome sequence analysis of Eimeria necatrix unsporulated oocysts and sporozoites identifies genes involved in cellular invasion. Vet Parasitol 2021; 296:109480. [PMID: 34120030 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria necatrix is one of the most pathogenic chicken coccidia and causes avian coccidiosis, an enteric disease of major economic importance worldwide. Eimeria parasites have complex developmental life cycles, with an exogenous phase in the environment and an endogenous phase in the chicken intestine. Oocysts excreted by chickens rapidly undergo meiosis and cell division to form eight haploid sporozoites (SZ). SZ liberated from sporocysts in the chicken intestine migrate to their preferred site of development to initiate cellular invasion. To date, almost nothing is known about the proteins that mediate parasite invasion in E. necatrix. In order to discover genes with functions involved in cellular invasion, the transcriptome profiles of E. necatrix unsporulated oocysts (UO) and SZ were analyzed using a combination of third-generation single-molecule real-time sequencing (TGS) and second-generation sequencing (SGS) followed by qRT-PCR validation. Correction of TGS long reads by SGS short reads resulted in 34,932 (UO) and 23,040 (SZ) consensus isoforms. After subsequent assembly, a total of 4949 and 4254 genes were identified from UO and SZ libraries, respectively. A total of 8376 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SZ and UO. Compared to UO, 4057 genes were upregulated and 4319 genes were downregulated in SZ. Approximately 1399 and 1758 genes were defined as stage-specific genes in SZ and UO, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that 2978 upregulated SZ genes were clustered into 29 GO terms, and 857 upregulated SZ genes were associated with 26 KEGG pathways. We also predicted a further 50 upregulated SZ genes and 73 upregulated UO genes encoding microneme proteins, apical membrane antigens, rhoptry neck proteins, rhoptry proteins, dense granule proteins, heat shock proteins, calcium-dependent protein kinases, cyclin-dependent kinases, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored surface antigens. Our data reveal new features of the E. necatrix transcriptional landscape and provide resources for the development of novel vaccine candidates against E. necatrix infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Zeyang Suding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Shijie Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Jinjun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Junjie Hu
- Biology Department, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Liang S, Dong H, Zhu S, Zhao Q, Huang B, Yu Y, Wang Q, Wang H, Yu S, Han H. Eimeria tenella Translation Initiation Factor eIF-5A That Interacts With Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 4 Is Involved in Host Cell Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:602049. [PMID: 33553005 PMCID: PMC7862772 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.602049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an apicomplexan, parasitic protozoan known to infect poultry worldwide. An important calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) has been identified in plants, green algae, ciliates and apicomplexan, such as E. tenella. CDPKs are effector molecules involved in calcium signaling pathways, which control important physiological processes such as gliding motility, reproduction, and host cell invasion. Given that CDPKs are not found in the host, studying the functions of CDPKs in E. tenella may serve as a basis for developing new therapeutic drugs and vaccines. To assess the function of CDPK4 in E. tenella (EtCDPK4), a putative interactor, translation initiation factor eIF-5A (EteIF-5A), was screened by both co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and His pull-down assays followed by mass spectrometry. The interaction between EteIF-5A and EtCDPK4 was determined by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), GST pull-down, and co-IP. The molecular characteristics of EteIF-5A were then analyzed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to determine the transcription and protein levels of EteIF-5A in the different developmental stages of E. tenella. The results showed that the transcription level of EteIF-5A mRNA was highest in second-generation merozoites, and the protein expression level was highest in unsporulated oocysts. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that the EteIF-5A protein was found throughout the cytoplasm of sporozoites, but not in the refractile body. As the invasion of DF-1 cells progressed, EteIF-5A fluorescence intensity increased in trophozoites, decreased in immature schizonts, and increased in mature schizonts. The secretion assay results, analyzed by western blotting, indicated that EteIF-5A was a secreted protein but not from micronemes. The results of invasion inhibition assays showed that rabbit anti-rEteIF-5A polyclonal antibodies effectively inhibited cell invasion by sporozoites, with an inhibition rate of 48%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuilan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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