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Zhan T, Betge J, Schulte N, Dreikhausen L, Hirth M, Li M, Weidner P, Leipertz A, Teufel A, Ebert MP. Digestive cancers: mechanisms, therapeutics and management. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2025; 10:24. [PMID: 39809756 PMCID: PMC11733248 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-02097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 10/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the digestive system are major contributors to global cancer-associated morbidity and mortality, accounting for 35% of annual cases of cancer deaths. The etiologies, molecular features, and therapeutic management of these cancer entities are highly heterogeneous and complex. Over the last decade, genomic and functional studies have provided unprecedented insights into the biology of digestive cancers, identifying genetic drivers of tumor progression and key interaction points of tumor cells with the immune system. This knowledge is continuously translated into novel treatment concepts and targets, which are dynamically reshaping the therapeutic landscape of these tumors. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the etiology and molecular pathology of the six most common cancers of the digestive system, including esophageal, gastric, biliary tract, pancreatic, hepatocellular, and colorectal cancers. We comprehensively describe the current stage-dependent pharmacological management of these malignancies, including chemo-, targeted, and immunotherapy. For each cancer entity, we provide an overview of recent therapeutic advancements and research progress. Finally, we describe how novel insights into tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion deepen our understanding of therapy resistance and provide an outlook on innovative therapeutic strategies that will shape the future management of digestive cancers, including CAR-T cell therapy, novel antibody-drug conjugates and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzuo Zhan
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Cancer Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Betge
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Cancer Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Junior Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology and Preclinical Models, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Schulte
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Cancer Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lena Dreikhausen
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hirth
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Moying Li
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philip Weidner
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antonia Leipertz
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
- Mannheim Cancer Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Kinzler MN, Bankov K, Bein J, Döring C, Schulze F, Reis H, Mahmoudi S, Koch V, Grünewald LD, Stehle A, Walter D, Finkelmeier F, Zeuzem S, Wild PJ, Vogl TJ, Bernatz S. CXCL1 and CXCL6 Are Potential Predictors for HCC Response to TACE. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:3516-3528. [PMID: 36975480 PMCID: PMC10046993 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct immune patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may have prognostic implications in the response to transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Thus, we aimed to exploratively analyze tumor tissue of HCC patients who do or do not respond to TACE, and to identify novel prognostic biomarkers predictive of response to TACE. We retrospectively included 15 HCC patients who had three consecutive TACE between January 2019 and November 2019. Eight patients had a response while seven patients had no response to TACE. All patients had measurable disease according to mRECIST. Corresponding tumor tissue samples were processed for differential expression profiling using NanoString nCounter® PanCancer immune profiling panel. Immune-related pathways were broadly upregulated in TACE responders. The top differentially regulated genes were the upregulated CXCL1 (log2fc 4.98, Benjamini-Hochberg (BH)-p < 0.001), CXCL6 (log2fc 4.43, BH-p = 0.016) and the downregulated MME (log2fc -4.33, BH-p 0.001). CD8/T-regs was highly increased in responders, whereas the relative number of T-regs to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) was highly decreased. We preliminary identified CXCL1 and CXCL6 as candidate genes that might have the potential to serve as therapeutically relevant biomarkers in HCC patients. This might pave the way to improve patient selection for TACE in HCC patients beyond expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian N. Kinzler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University-Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Bankov
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Bein
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Falko Schulze
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Scherwin Mahmoudi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vitali Koch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leon D. Grünewald
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angelika Stehle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University-Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Walter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University-Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabian Finkelmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University-Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University-Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter J. Wild
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Vogl
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simon Bernatz
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Machida K. HCV and tumor-initiating stem-like cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:903302. [PMID: 36187761 PMCID: PMC9520593 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.903302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplasms contain tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that are characterized by increased drug resistance. The incidence of many cancer types have trended downward except for few cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore mechanism of HCC development and therapy resistance needs to be understood. These multiple hits by hepatitis C virus (HCV) eventually promotes transformation and TIC genesis, leading to HCC development. This review article describes links between HCV-associated HCC and TICs. This review discusses 1) how HCV promotes genesis of TICs and HCC development; 2) how this process avails itself as a novel therapeutic target for HCC treatment; and 3) ten hall marks of TIC oncogenesis and HCC development as targets for novel therapeutic modalities.
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Zhou X, Lei S, Li L, Xu T, Gu W, Ma F, Yang R. [Peripheral blood EMR3 gene methylation level is correlated with breast cancer in Chinese women]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1456-1463. [PMID: 34755660 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association of methylation levels of C19orf57, MAP9, EMR3, NEK6 and PCOLCE2 genes in peripheral blood with breast cancer (BC) in Chinese women. METHODS We collected peripheral blood samples from 258 early-stage BC patients and 272 healthy women. Agena matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was utilized to quantitatively measure the methylation levels of CpG sites in the genes. The association between DNA methylation and BC was analyzed using a logistic regression model adjusted for covariants. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to analyze the association between the gene methylation levels and age. The methylation levels of the genes in the BC patients with different clinical characteristics were investigated using non-parametric tests. RESULTS In stead of EMR3 gene hypermethylation as found in BC patients as found in the Caucasian population, EMR3 gene hypomethylation was found to correlate with BC in Chinese women, but this correlation was significant only in women beyond the age of 50 years (for every 10% reduction of the methylation level, EMR3_CpG_1: OR=1.40; EMR3_CpG_2: OR=2.31; EMR3_CpG_3: OR=2.76, P < 0.05). EMR3 methylation was not or was only weakly correlated with tumor stage, size, lymphatic metastasis, ER, PR, HER2, or Ki67. Our data did not show a correlation between C19orf57 methylation and BC. CONCLUSION Peripheral blood EMR3 gene hypomethylation is associated with BC in Chinese women, especially in those at an old age and in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - S Lei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - T Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - W Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - F Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - R Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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5
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Wurm MJ, Rathouz PJ, Hanlon BM. Regularized Ordinal Regression and the ordinalNet R Package. J Stat Softw 2021; 99:10.18637/jss.v099.i06. [PMID: 34512213 PMCID: PMC8432594 DOI: 10.18637/jss.v099.i06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regularization techniques such as the lasso (Tibshirani 1996) and elastic net (Zou and Hastie 2005) can be used to improve regression model coefficient estimation and prediction accuracy, as well as to perform variable selection. Ordinal regression models are widely used in applications where the use of regularization could be beneficial; however, these models are not included in many popular software packages for regularized regression. We propose a coordinate descent algorithm to fit a broad class of ordinal regression models with an elastic net penalty. Furthermore, we demonstrate that each model in this class generalizes to a more flexible form, that can be used to model either ordered or unordered categorical response data. We call this the elementwise link multinomial-ordinal (ELMO) class, and it includes widely used models such as multinomial logistic regression (which also has an ordinal form) and ordinal logistic regression (which also has an unordered multinomial form). We introduce an elastic net penalty class that applies to either model form, and additionally, this penalty can be used to shrink a non-ordinal model toward its ordinal counterpart. Finally, we introduce the R package ordinalNet, which implements the algorithm for this model class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wurm
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
| | - Paul J Rathouz
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin,
| | - Bret M Hanlon
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue Madison, WI 53792,
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Gözen D, Kahraman DC, Narci K, Shehwana H, Konu Ö, Çetin-Atalay R. Transcriptome profiles associated with selenium-deficiency-dependent oxidative stress identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in liver cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 45:149-161. [PMID: 33907497 PMCID: PMC8068766 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2009-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer types with high mortality rates and displays increased resistance to various stress conditions such as oxidative stress. Conventional therapies have low efficacies due to resistance and off-target effects in HCC. Here we aimed to analyze oxidative stress-related gene expression profiles of HCC cells and identify genes that could be crucial for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. To identify important genes that cause resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), a model of oxidative stress upon selenium (Se) deficiency was utilized. The results of transcriptome-wide gene expression data were analyzed in which the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between HCC cell lines that are either resistant or sensitive to Se-deficiency-dependent oxidative stress. These DEGs were further investigated for their importance in oxidative stress resistance by network analysis methods, and 27 genes were defined to have key roles; 16 of which were previously shown to have impact on liver cancer patient survival. These genes might have Se-deficiency-dependent roles in hepatocarcinogenesis and could be further exploited for their potentials as novel targets for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Gözen
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Deniz Cansen Kahraman
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Kübra Narci
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Huma Shehwana
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Özlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Rengül Çetin-Atalay
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
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7
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Zhang Y, Archer KJ. Bayesian penalized cumulative logit model for high-dimensional data with an ordinal response. Stat Med 2020; 40:1453-1481. [PMID: 33336826 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Many previous studies have identified associations between gene expression, measured using high-throughput genomic platforms, and quantitative or dichotomous traits. However, we note that health outcome and disease status measurements frequently appear on an ordinal scale, that is, the outcome is categorical but has inherent ordering. Identification of important genes may be useful for developing novel diagnostic and prognostic tools to predict or classify stage of disease. Gene expression data are usually high-dimensional, meaning that the number of genes is much larger than the sample size or number of patients. Herein we describe some existing frequentist methods for modeling an ordinal response in a high-dimensional predictor space. Following Tibshirani (1996), who described the LASSO estimate as the Bayesian posterior mode when the regression coefficients have independent Laplace priors, we propose a new approach for high-dimensional data with an ordinal response that is rooted in the Bayesian paradigm. We show that our proposed Bayesian approach outperforms existing frequentist methods through simulation studies. We then compare the performance of frequentist and Bayesian approaches using a study evaluating progression to hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhang
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kellie J Archer
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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8
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Roy N, Raj U, Rai S, Varadwaj PK. Deciphering the Novel Target Genes Involved in the Epigenetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Graph Theory Approach. Curr Genomics 2020; 20:545-555. [PMID: 32581643 PMCID: PMC7290056 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921666191227100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even after decades of research, cancer, by and large, remains a challenge and is one of the major causes of death worldwide. For a very long time, it was believed that cancer is simply an outcome of changes at the genetic level but today, it has become a well-established fact that both genetics and epigenetics work together resulting in the transformation of normal cells to cancerous cells. Objective In the present scenario, researchers are focusing on targeting epigenetic machinery. The main advantage of targeting epigenetic mechanisms is their reversibility. Thus, cells can be reprogrammed to their normal state. Graph theory is a powerful gift of mathematics which allows us to understand complex networks. Methodology In this study, graph theory was utilized for quantitative analysis of the epigenetic network of hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC) and subsequently finding out the important vertices in the network thus obtained. Secondly, this network was utilized to locate novel targets for hepato-cellular carcinoma epigenetic therapy. Results The vertices represent the genes involved in the epigenetic mechanism of HCC. Topological parameters like clustering coefficient, eccentricity, degree, etc. have been evaluated for the assessment of the essentiality of the node in the epigenetic network. Conclusion The top ten novel epigenetic target genes involved in HCC reported in this study are cdk6, cdk4, cdkn2a, smad7, smad3, ccnd1, e2f1, sf3b1, ctnnb1, and tgfb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Roy
- 1Department of Bioinformatics and Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, Rajasthan, India; 3Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Utkarsh Raj
- 1Department of Bioinformatics and Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, Rajasthan, India; 3Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneha Rai
- 1Department of Bioinformatics and Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, Rajasthan, India; 3Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pritish K Varadwaj
- 1Department of Bioinformatics and Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, NIIT University, Neemrana, Rajasthan, India; 3Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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9
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Dash S, Aydin Y, Widmer KE, Nayak L. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mechanisms Associated with Chronic HCV Infection and the Impact of Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:45-76. [PMID: 32346535 PMCID: PMC7167284 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s221187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms of HCC initiation, growth, and metastasis appear to be highly complex due to the decade-long interactions between the virus, immune system, and overlapping bystander effects of host metabolic liver disease. The lack of a readily accessible animal model system for HCV is a significant obstacle to understand the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis. Traditionally, the primary prevention strategy of HCC has been to eliminate infection by antiviral therapy. The success of virus elimination by antiviral treatment is determined by the SVR when the HCV is no longer detectable in serum. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and its analogs, pegylated IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α) alone with ribavirin (RBV), have been the primary antiviral treatment of HCV for many years with a low cure rate. The cloning and sequencing of HCV have allowed the development of cell culture models, which accelerated antiviral drug discovery. It resulted in the selection of highly effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based combination therapy that now offers incredible success in curing HCV infection in more than 95% of all patients, including those with cirrhosis. However, several emerging recent publications claim that patients who have liver cirrhosis at the time of DAAs treatment face the risk of HCC occurrence and recurrence after viral cure. This remains a substantial challenge while addressing the long-term benefit of antiviral medicine. The host-related mechanisms that drive the risk of HCC in the absence of the virus are unknown. This review describes the multifaceted mechanisms that create a tumorigenic environment during chronic HCV infection. In addition to the potential oncogenic programming that drives HCC after viral clearance by DAAs, the current status of a biomarker development for early prediction of cirrhosis regression and HCC detection post viral treatment is discussed. Since DAAs treatment does not provide full protection against reinfection or viral transmission to other individuals, the recent studies for a vaccine development are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Kyle E Widmer
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
| | - Leela Nayak
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
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10
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Fu H, Archer KJ. High-dimensional variable selection for ordinal outcomes with error control. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:334-345. [PMID: 32031572 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many high-throughput genomic applications involve a large set of potential covariates and a response which is frequently measured on an ordinal scale, and it is crucial to identify which variables are truly associated with the response. Effectively controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) without sacrificing power has been a major challenge in variable selection research. This study reviews two existing variable selection frameworks, model-X knockoffs and a modified version of reference distribution variable selection (RDVS), both of which utilize artificial variables as benchmarks for decision making. Model-X knockoffs constructs a 'knockoff' variable for each covariate to mimic the covariance structure, while RDVS generates only one null variable and forms a reference distribution by performing multiple runs of model fitting. Herein, we describe how different importance measures for ordinal responses can be constructed that fit into these two selection frameworks, using either penalized regression or machine learning techniques. We compared these measures in terms of the FDR and power using simulated data. Moreover, we applied these two frameworks to high-throughput methylation data for identifying features associated with the progression from normal liver tissue to hepatocellular carcinoma to further compare and contrast their performances.
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11
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Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
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12
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Linares A, Assou S, Lapierre M, Thouennon E, Duraffourd C, Fromaget C, Boulahtouf A, Tian G, Ji J, Sahin O, Badia E, Boulle N, Cavaillès V. Increased expression of the HDAC9 gene is associated with antiestrogen resistance of breast cancers. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1534-1547. [PMID: 31099456 PMCID: PMC6599838 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play a pivotal role in breast cancer etiology, and endocrine therapy remains the main first line treatment for estrogen receptor‐alpha (ERα)‐positive breast cancer. ER are transcription factors whose activity is finely regulated by various regulatory complexes, including histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we investigated the role of HDAC9 in ERα signaling and response to antiestrogens in breast cancer cells. Various Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF7) breast cancer cell lines that overexpress class IIa HDAC9 or that are resistant to the partial antiestrogen 4‐hydroxy‐tamoxifen (OHTam) were used to study phenotypic changes in response to ER ligands by using transcriptomic and gene set enrichment analyses. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed using public transcriptomic datasets from human breast cancer biopsies. In MCF7 breast cancer cells, HDAC9 decreased ERα mRNA and protein expression and inhibited its transcriptional activity. Conversely, HDAC9 mRNA was strongly overexpressed in OHTam‐resistant MCF7 cells and in ERα‐negative breast tumor cell lines. Moreover, HDAC9‐overexpressing cells were less sensitive to OHTam antiproliferative effects compared with parental MCF7 cells. Several genes (including MUC1, SMC3 and S100P) were similarly deregulated in OHTam‐resistant and in HDAC9‐overexpressing MCF7 cells. Finally, HDAC9 expression was positively associated with genes upregulated in endocrine therapy‐resistant breast cancers and high HDAC9 levels were associated with worse prognosis in patients treated with OHTam. These results demonstrate the complex interactions of class IIa HDAC9 with ERα signaling in breast cancer cells and its effect on the response to hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Linares
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Said Assou
- Université Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Lapierre
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Erwan Thouennon
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Duraffourd
- Laboratoire de Biopathologie des Tumeurs, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Fromaget
- Laboratoire de Biopathologie des Tumeurs, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelhay Boulahtouf
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Gao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Eric Badia
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Boulle
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire de Biopathologie des Tumeurs, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
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13
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Sharma G, Raheja H, Das S. Hepatitis C virus: Enslavement of host factors. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:41-49. [PMID: 29281185 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected over 170 million people world-wide. This infection causes severe liver damage that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma leading to death of the infected patients. Development of a cell culture model system for the study of HCV infection in the recent past has helped the researchers world-wide to understand the biology of this virus. Studies over the past decade have revealed the tricks played by the virus to sustain itself, for as long as 40 years, in the host setup without being eliminated by the immune system. Today we understand that the host organelles and different cellular proteins are affected during HCV infection. This cytoplasmic virus has all the cellular organelles at its disposal to successfully replicate, from ribosomes and intracellular membranous structures to the nucleus. It modulates these organelles at both the structural and the functional levels. The vast knowledge about the viral genome and viral proteins has also helped in the development of drugs against the virus. Despite the achieved success rate to cure the infected patients, we struggle to eliminate the cases of recurrence and the non-responders. Such cases might emerge owing to the property of the viral genome to accumulate mutations during its succeeding replication cycles which favours its survival. The current situation calls an urgent need for alternate therapeutic strategies to counter this major problem of human health. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 70(1):41-49, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Harsha Raheja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
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Liu Y, Zhu H, Zhang Z, Tu C, Yao D, Wen B, Jiang R, Li X, Yi P, Zhan J, Hu J, Ding J, Jiang L, Zhang F. Effects of a single transient transfection of Ten-eleven translocation 1 catalytic domain on hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207139. [PMID: 30551127 PMCID: PMC6294611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), including Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1), are hypermethylated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TET1 catalytic domain (TET1-CD) induces genome-wide DNA demethylation to activate TSGs, but so far, anticancer effects of TET1-CD are unclear. Here we showed that after HCC cells were transiently transfected with TET1-CD, the methylation levels of TSGs, namely APC, p16, RASSF1A, SOCS1 and TET1, were distinctly reduced, and their mRNA levels were significantly increased and HCC cells proliferation, migration and invasion were suppressed, but the methylation and mRNA levels of oncogenes, namely C-myc, Bmi1, EMS1, Kpna2 and c-fos, were not significantly change. Strikingly, HCC subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice remained to be significantly repressed even 54 days after transient transfection of TET1-CD. So, transient transfection of TET1-CD may be a great advance in HCC treatment due to its activation of multiple TSGs and persistent anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxue Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Changchun Tu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Dongyuan Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Ru Jiang
- Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Yi
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiejie Zhan
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiaping Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jianwu Ding
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Liping Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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García-Solano J, Turpin MC, Torres-Moreno D, Huertas-López F, Tuomisto A, Mäkinen MJ, Conesa A, Conesa-Zamora P. Two histologically colorectal carcinomas subsets from the serrated pathway show different methylome signatures and diagnostic biomarkers. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:141. [PMID: 30413173 PMCID: PMC6230233 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered methylation patterns are driving forces in colorectal carcinogenesis. The serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) and sporadic colorectal carcinoma showing histological and molecular features of microsatellite instability (hmMSI-H) are two endpoints of the so-called serrated pathological route sharing some characteristics but displaying a totally different immune response and clinical outcome. However, there are no studies comparing the methylome of these two subtypes of colorectal carcinomas. The methylation status of 450,000 CpG sites using the Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip array was investigated in 48 colorectal specimens, including 39 SACs and 9 matched hmMSI-H. RESULTS Microarray data comparing SAC and hmMSI-H showed an enrichment in functions related to morphogenesis, neurogenesis, cytoskeleton, metabolism, vesicle transport and immune response and also significant differential methylation of 1540 genes, including CD14 and HLA-DOA which were more methylated in hmMSI-H than in SAC and subsequently validated at the CpG, mRNA and protein level using pyrosequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate particular epigenetic regulation patterns in SAC which may help to define key molecules responsible for the characteristic weak immune response of SAC and identify potential targets for treating SAC, which lacks molecular targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García-Solano
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202, Cartagena, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biosanitarias (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - María C Turpin
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km. 1.800 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Torres-Moreno
- Department of Pathology, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Francisco Huertas-López
- Microbiology and Cell Sciences Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anne Tuomisto
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Department of Pathology, and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Department of Pathology, and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Sciences Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Genomics of Gene Expression Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Genetics Institute, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain. .,Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biosanitarias (IMIB), Murcia, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Santa Lucía General University Hospital (HGUSL), C/Mezquita s/n, 30202, Cartagena, Spain.
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16
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Bhat V, Srinathan S, Pasini E, Angeli M, Chen E, Baciu C, Bhat M. Epigenetic basis of hepatocellular carcinoma: A network-based integrative meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:155-165. [PMID: 29399289 PMCID: PMC5787679 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i1.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify the key epigenetically modulated genes and pathways in HCC by performing an integrative meta-analysis of all major, well-annotated and publicly available methylation datasets using tools of network analysis.
METHODS PubMed and Gene Expression Omnibus were searched for genome-wide DNA methylation datasets. Patient clinical and demographic characteristics were obtained. DNA methylation data were integrated using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, a software package for visualizing and analyzing biological networks. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using IPA, which also provides literature-driven and computationally-predicted annotations for significant association of genes to curated molecular pathways.
RESULTS From an initial 928 potential abstracts, we identified and analyzed 11 eligible high-throughput methylation datasets representing 354 patients. A significant proportion of studies did not provide concomitant clinical data. In the promoter region, HIST1H2AJ and SPDYA were the most commonly methylated, whereas HRNBP3 gene was the most commonly hypomethylated. ESR1 and ERK were central genes in the principal networks. The pathways most associated with the frequently methylated genes were G-protein coupled receptor and cAMP-mediated signalling.
CONCLUSION Using an integrative network-based analysis approach of genome-wide DNA methylation data of both the promoter and body of genes, we identified G-protein coupled receptor signalling as the most highly associated with HCC. This encompasses a diverse range of cancer pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK pathways, and is therefore supportive of previous literature on gene expression in HCC. However, there are novel targetable genes such as HIST1H2AJ that are epigenetically modified, suggesting their potential as biomarkers and for therapeutic targeting of the HCC epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Bhat
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto M5G2N2, Canada
| | - Sujitha Srinathan
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto M5G2N2, Canada
| | - Elisa Pasini
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto M5G2N2, Canada
| | - Marc Angeli
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto M5G2N2, Canada
| | - Emily Chen
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto M5G2N2, Canada
| | - Cristina Baciu
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto M5G2N2, Canada
| | - Mamatha Bhat
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto M5G2N2, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto M5G2N2, Canada
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17
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Fan XP, Dou CY, Fan YC, Cao CJ, Zhao ZH, Wang K. Methylation status of the estrogen receptor 1 promoter predicts poor prognosis of acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2017; 109:818-827. [PMID: 29082740 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2017.4426/2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure (ACHBLF) is an acute deteriorating liver disease and rapidly progresses to multiple organ failure. There is currently no adequate accurate predictive models of ACHBLF prognosis. AIMS To identify the methylation frequency of the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) promoter in ACHBLF and analyze the associated prognostic significance. METHODS Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to determine the methylation frequency of the ESR1 promoter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a training and validation cohort of patients. The training cohort included 113 patients with ACHBLF, 73 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 40 healthy controls (HCs). The validation cohort consisted of 37 patients with ACHBLF. Another 18 patients with pre-ACHBLF who progressed to ACHBLF were used to dynamically evaluate ESR1 promoter methylation changes associated with a severe clinical condition. RESULTS Death from ACHBLF was associated with hyperbilirubinemia, a higher score in the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), a higher incidence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and an increased frequency of ESR1 promoter methylation during the 28 day follow-up. HE, MELD score and ESR1 promoter methylation were the independent risk factors associated with 28-day mortality from ACHBLF. The frequency of ESR1 promoter methylation was significantly higher than in patients with CHB and HCs. Albumin and the MELD score were significantly associated with ESR1 promoter methylation. Moreover, ESR1 promoter methylation frequency increased with ACHBLF progression. More importantly, ESR1 promoter methylation was an independent risk factor and had a high value to predict 28-day mortality from ACHBLF. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal ESR1 methylation could be a prognostic biomarker for ACHBLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Fan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Cheng-Yun Dou
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Yu-Chen Fan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University;Hepatology Institute of Shandong University
| | - Chuang-Jie Cao
- Department of Pathology, the first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-san University
| | - Ze-Hua Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China
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18
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Cheng Y, Ping J, Chen J. Identification of Potential Gene Network Associated with HCV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Microarray Analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:507-514. [PMID: 28669080 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify potential specific gene networks of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed, which may provide an insight into the potential mechanism of the HCC development. HCV-related HCC and normal sample data were downloaded from GEO, T test of limma package was used to screen different expression genes (DEGs); KEGG pathway was used to analyze related biochemical pathways, and WGCNA was used to construct clustering trees and screen hub genes in the HCC-specific modules. A total of 1151 DEGs were authenticated between the HCC and normal liver tissue samples, including 433 upregulated and 718 downregulated genes. Among these genes, three specific modules of HCC were constructed, including Tan, Yellow and Cyan, but only Yellow module had a significant enrichment score in substance combination module with three hub genes: SLA2547, EFNA4 and MME. Although Tan and Cyan separately had four and three hub genes, but the bio-functions of them did not have significant enrichment scores (score < 2). SLA2547, EFNA4 and MME may play important roles in the substance combination of HCV-related HCC, so studying the function of this gene network may provide us a deeper understanding of HCV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Department of Liver Disease, Hospital for Infectious Diseases of Pudong New Area, No.46 Nong 3018, East Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201299, People's Republic of China.,Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ping
- Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjie Chen
- Department of Liver Disease, Hospital for Infectious Diseases of Pudong New Area, No.46 Nong 3018, East Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201299, People's Republic of China. .,Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Chang WL, Lai WW, Kuo IY, Lin CY, Lu PJ, Sheu BS, Wang YC. A six-CpG panel with DNA methylation biomarkers predicting treatment response of chemoradiation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:705-714. [PMID: 27671002 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients remains poor, and the chemoradiotherapy (CRT) applied to ESCC patients often failed. Therefore, development of biomarkers to predict CRT response is immensely important for choosing the best treatment strategy of an individual patient. METHODS The methylation array and pyrosequencing methylation assay were performed in pre-treatment endoscopic biopsies to identify probes with differential CpG methylation levels between good and poor CRT responders in a cohort of 12 ESCC patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to build the risk score equation of selected CpG probes in another cohort of 91 ESCC patients to predict CRT response. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate progression-free survival or time-to-progression of patients predicted with good and poor CRT responses. RESULTS Nine differentially methylated CpG probes were identified to be associated with CRT response. A risk score equation comprising six CpG probes located in IFNGR2, KCNK4, NOTCH4, NPY, PAX6, and SOX17 genes were built. The risk score was derived from the sum of each probe multiplied by its corresponding coefficient. Such a risk score has a good prediction performance in discriminating poor CRT responders from good responders (AUC: 0.930). Moreover, poor CRT responders predicted by risk score significantly had poorer prognosis in terms of shorter progression-free survival and time-to-progression (p = 0.004-0.008). CONCLUSION We established a proof-of-concept CRT response prediction panel consisting of six-CpG methylation biomarkers in identifying ESCC patients who are at high risk of CRT failure and need intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Wei Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - I-Ying Kuo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyang Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, 700, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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20
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Wijetunga NA, Pascual M, Tozour J, Delahaye F, Alani M, Adeyeye M, Wolkoff AW, Verma A, Greally JM. A pre-neoplastic epigenetic field defect in HCV-infected liver at transcription factor binding sites and polycomb targets. Oncogene 2017; 36:2030-2044. [PMID: 27721404 PMCID: PMC5383522 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The predisposition of patients with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involves components of viral infection, inflammation and time. The development of multifocal, genetically distinct tumours is suggestive of a field defect affecting the entire liver. The molecular susceptibility mediating such a field defect is not understood. One potential mediator of long-term cellular reprogramming is heritable (epigenetic) regulation of transcription, exemplified by DNA methylation. We studied epigenetic and transcriptional changes in HCV-infected livers in comparison with control, uninfected livers and HCC, allowing us to identify pre-neoplastic epigenetic and transcriptional events. We find the HCV-infected liver to have a pattern of acquisition of DNA methylation targeted to candidate enhancers active in liver cells, enriched for the binding sites of the FOXA1, FOXA2 and HNF4A transcription factors. These enhancers can be subdivided into those proximal to genes implicated in liver cancer or to genes involved in stem cell development, the latter distinguished by increased CG dinucleotide density and polycomb-mediated repression, manifested by the additional acquisition of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Transcriptional studies on our samples showed that the increased DNA methylation at enhancers was associated with decreased local gene expression, results validated in independent samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Pharmacological depletion of H3K27me3 using the EZH2 inhibitor GSK343 in HepG2 cells suppressed cell growth and also revealed that local acquired DNA methylation was not dependent upon the presence of polycomb-mediated repression. The results support a model of HCV infection influencing the binding of transcription factors to cognate sites in the genome, with consequent local acquisition of DNA methylation, and the added repressive influence of polycomb at a subset of CG-dense cis-regulatory sequences. These epigenetic events occur before neoplastic transformation, resulting in what may be a pharmacologically reversible epigenetic field defect in HCV-infected liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Wijetunga
- Department of Genetics and Center for Epigenomics, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Pascual
- Department of Genetics and Center for Epigenomics, Bronx, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, Oncohematology Department, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Tozour
- Department of Genetics and Center for Epigenomics, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - F Delahaye
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Alani
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases), Bronx, NY, USA
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Adeyeye
- Department of Genetics and Center for Epigenomics, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - A W Wolkoff
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases), Bronx, NY, USA
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - A Verma
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J M Greally
- Department of Genetics and Center for Epigenomics, Bronx, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461, USA. E-mail:
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Kavoosi F, Dastjerdi MN, Valiani A, Esfandiari E, Sanaei M, Hakemi MG. Genistein potentiates the effect of 17-beta estradiol on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:133. [PMID: 27656602 PMCID: PMC5025906 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.187395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. This cancer may be due to a multistep process with an accumulation of epigenetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), leading to hypermethylation of the genes. Hypermethylation of TSGs is associated with silencing and inactivation of them. It is well-known that DNA hypomethylation is the initial epigenetic abnormality recognized in human tumors. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is one of the TSGs which modulates gene transcription and its hypermethylation is because of overactivity of DNA methyltransferases. Fortunately, epigenetic changes especially hypermethylation can be reversed by pharmacological compounds such as genistein (GE) and 17-beta estradiol (E2) which involve in preventing the development of certain cancers by maintaining a protective DNA methylation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of GE on ERα and DNMT1 genes expression and also apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of GE and E2 on HCC. Materials and Methods: Cells were treated with various concentrations of GE and E2 and the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay was used. Furthermore, cells were treated with single dose of GE and E2 (25 μM) and flow cytometry assay was performed. The expression level of the genes was determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: GE increased ERα and decreased DNMT1 genes expression, GE and E2 inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis significantly. Conclusion: GE can epigenetically increase ERα expression by inhibition of DNMT1 expression which in turn increases apoptotic effect of E2. Furthermore, a combination of GE and E2 can induce apoptosis more significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nikbakht Dastjerdi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Valiani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masumeh Sanaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani Hakemi
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Yu M, Carter KT, Makar KW, Vickers K, Ulrich CM, Schoen RE, Brenner D, Markowitz SD, Grady WM. MethyLight droplet digital PCR for detection and absolute quantification of infrequently methylated alleles. Epigenetics 2015; 10:803-9. [PMID: 26186366 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1068490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a common epigenetic alteration found in colorectal adenomas and cancers and plays a role in cancer initiation and progression. Aberrantly methylated DNA loci can also be found infrequently present in normal colon tissue, where they seem to have potential to be used as colorectal cancer (CRC) risk biomarkers. However, detection and precise quantification of the infrequent methylation events seen in normal colon is likely beyond the capability of commonly used PCR technologies. To determine the potential for methylated DNA loci as CRC risk biomarkers, we developed MethyLight droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays and compared their performance to the widely used conventional MethyLight PCR. Our analyses demonstrated the capacity of MethyLight ddPCR to detect a single methylated NTRK3 allele from among more than 3125 unmethylated alleles, 25-fold more sensitive than conventional MethyLight PCR. The MethyLight ddPCR assay detected as little as 19 and 38 haploid genome equivalents of methylated EVL and methylated NTRK3, respectively, which far exceeded conventional MethyLight PCR (379 haploid genome equivalents for both genes). When assessing methylated EVL levels in CRC tissue samples, MethyLight ddPCR reduced coefficients of variation (CV) to 6-65% of CVs seen with conventional MethyLight PCR. Importantly, we showed the ability of MethyLight ddPCR to detect infrequently methylated EVL alleles in normal colon mucosa samples that could not be detected by conventional MethyLight PCR. This study suggests that the sensitivity and precision of methylation detection by MethyLight ddPCR enhances the potential of methylated alleles for use as CRC risk biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- a Clinical Research Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center ; Seattle , WA USA
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23
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Ramadan RA, Zaki MA, Awad AM, El-Ghalid LA. Aberrant methylation of promoter region of SPINT2/HAI-2 gene: an epigenetic mechanism in hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:399-404. [PMID: 26030814 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, are recognized as one of the potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AIMS We aimed to study the methylation status of the promoter region of Serine peptidase inhibitor/hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 2 (SPINT2/HAI-2) tumor suppressor gene in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected cirrhotic patients with and without HCC. METHODS Methyl-specific polymerase (MSP) chain reaction was used to detect CpG methylation of the SPINT2/HAI-2 gene promoter in peripheral blood samples of 30 HCC and 50 HCV cirrhotic cases, along with 50 normal individuals. RESULTS Aberrant methylation showed a stepwise increase in frequency from 40% in controls to 64% in HCV cirrhotics, and 66.7% in HCC cases with a significant difference among the studied groups (p=0.021). The combined patient groups had an increased risk of aberrant methylation with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.52, a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.23-5.14, and a p-value of 0.05 that became more statistically significant after adjusting for age (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.13-5.26, p-value=0.012), thereby confirming the association between HCV infection and aberrant methylation. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the role of promoter hypermethylation in the multistep process of hepatocarcinogenesis, providing potential clinical applications in diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa A Ramadan
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Moyassar A Zaki
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Awad
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A El-Ghalid
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
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24
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Kuo CC, Shih YL, Su HY, Yan MD, Hsieh CB, Liu CY, Huang WT, Yu MH, Lin YW. Methylation of IRAK3 is a novel prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3960-3969. [PMID: 25852282 PMCID: PMC4385544 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the methylation levels of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) and GLOXD1 and their potential clinical applications in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: mRNA expression and promoter methylation of IRAK3 and GLOXD1 in HCC cells were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP), respectively. Using pyrosequencing results, we further established a quantitative MSP (Q-MSP) system for the evaluation of IRAK3 and GLOXD1 methylation in 29 normal controls and 160 paired HCC tissues and their adjacent nontumor tissues. We also calculated Kaplan-Meier survival curves to determine the applications of gene methylation in the prognosis of HCC.
RESULTS: IRAK3 and GLOXD1 expression was partially restored in several HCC cell lines after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; 5DAC). A partial decrease in the methylated band was also observed in the HCC cell lines after 5DAC treatment. Using GLOXD1 as an example, we found a significant correlation between the data obtained from the methylation array and from pyrosequencing. The methylation frequency of IRAK3 and GLOXD1 in HCC tissues was 46.9% and 63.8%, respectively. Methylation of IRAK3 was statistically associated with tumor stage. Moreover, HCC patients with IRAK3 methylation had a trend toward poor 3-year disease-free survival (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: IRAK3 and GLOXD1 were frequently methylated in HCC tissues compared to normal controls and nontumor tissues. IRAK3 methylation was associated with tumor stage and poor prognosis of patients. These data suggest that IRAK3 methylation is a novel prognostic marker in HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Base Sequence
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- DNA Methylation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases/genetics
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Staging
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Retrospective Studies
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a complex, multistep process. It is now recognized that HCC is a both genetic and epigenetic disease; genetic and epigenetic components cooperate at all stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Epigenetic changes involve aberrant DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications and aberrant expression of microRNAs all of which can affect the expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and other tumor-related genes and alter the pathways in cancer development. Several risk factors for HCC, including hepatitis B and C virus infections and exposure to the chemical carcinogen aflatoxin B1 have been found to influence epigenetic changes. Their interactions could play an important role in the initiation and progression of HCC. Discovery and detection of biomarkers for epigenetic changes is a promising area for early diagnosis and risk prediction of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health and Cancer Center of Columbia University, Room 1608, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA,
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26
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Archer KJ, Hou J, Zhou Q, Ferber K, Layne JG, Gentry AE. ordinalgmifs: An R Package for Ordinal Regression in High-dimensional Data Settings. Cancer Inform 2014; 13:187-95. [PMID: 25574124 PMCID: PMC4266195 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s20806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput genomic assays are performed using tissue samples with the goal of classifying the samples as normal < pre-malignant < malignant or by stage of cancer using a small set of molecular features. In such cases, molecular features monotonically associated with the ordinal response may be important to disease development; that is, an increase in the phenotypic level (stage of cancer) may be mechanistically linked through a monotonic association with gene expression or methylation levels. Though traditional ordinal response modeling methods exist, they assume independence among the predictor variables and require the number of samples (n) to exceed the number of covariates (P) included in the model. In this paper, we describe our ordinalgmifs R package, available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network, which can fit a variety of ordinal response models when the number of predictors (P) exceeds the sample size (n). R code illustrating usage is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie J Archer
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jiayi Hou
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kyle Ferber
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - John G Layne
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amanda E Gentry
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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27
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Chatterjee TK, Basford JE, Yiew KH, Stepp DW, Hui DY, Weintraub NL. Role of histone deacetylase 9 in regulating adipogenic differentiation and high fat diet-induced metabolic disease. Adipocyte 2014; 3:333-8. [PMID: 26317058 DOI: 10.4161/adip.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue serves as both a storage site for excess calories and as an endocrine organ, secreting hormones such as adiponectin that promote metabolic homeostasis. In obesity, adipose tissue expands primarily by hypertrophy (enlargement of existing adipocytes) rather than hyperplasia (generation of new adipocytes via adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes). Progressive adipocyte hypertrophy leads to inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and ectopic lipid deposition, the hallmark characteristics of metabolic disease. We demonstrate that during chronic high fat feeding in mice, adipogenic differentiation is impaired due to the actions of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9), a member of the class II family of HDACs. Mechanistically, upregulated HDAC9 expression blocks the adipogenic differentiation program during chronic high fat feeding, leading to accumulation of improperly differentiated adipocytes with diminished expression of adiponectin. These adipocytes are inefficient at storing lipid, resulting in ectopic lipid deposition in the liver. HDAC9 gene deletion prevents the detrimental effects of chronic high fat feeding on adipogenic differentiation, increases adiponectin expression, and enhances energy expenditure by promoting beige adipogenesis, thus leading to reduced body mass and improved metabolic homeostasis. HDAC9 is therefore emerging as a critical regulator of adipose tissue health and a novel therapeutic target for obesity-related disease.
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28
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Mah WC, Thurnherr T, Chow PKH, Chung AYF, Ooi LLPJ, Toh HC, Teh BT, Saunthararajah Y, Lee CGL. Methylation profiles reveal distinct subgroup of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with poor prognosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104158. [PMID: 25093504 PMCID: PMC4122406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. However, the role of epigenetic changes such as aberrant DNA methylation in hepatocarcinogenesis remains largely unclear. In this study, we examined the methylation profiles of 59 HCC patients. Using consensus hierarchical clustering with feature selection, we identified three tumor subgroups based on their methylation profiles and correlated these subgroups with clinicopathological parameters. Interestingly, one tumor subgroup is different from the other 2 subgroups and the methylation profile of this subgroup is the most distinctly different from the non-tumorous liver tissues. Significantly, this subgroup of patients was found to be associated with poor overall as well as disease-free survival. To further understand the pathways modulated by the deregulation of methylation in HCC patients, we integrated data from both the methylation as well as the gene expression profiles of these 59 HCC patients. In these patients, while 4416 CpG sites were differentially methylated between the tumors compared to the adjacent non-tumorous tissues, only 536 of these CpG sites were associated with differences in the expression of their associated genes. Pathway analysis revealed that forty-four percent of the most significant upstream regulators of these 536 genes were involved in inflammation-related NFκB pathway. These data suggest that inflammation via the NFκB pathway play an important role in modulating gene expression of HCC patients through methylation. Overall, our analysis provides an understanding on aberrant methylation profile in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Way-Champ Mah
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Thurnherr
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pierce K. H. Chow
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - London L. P. J. Ooi
- Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Caroline G. L. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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29
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Utsunomiya T, Shimada M, Morine Y, Tajima A, Imoto I. Specific molecular signatures of non-tumor liver tissue may predict a risk of hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:749-54. [PMID: 24766251 PMCID: PMC4317917 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common human cancers and a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The bleak outcomes of HCC patients even after curative treatment have been, at least partially, attributed to its multicentric origin. Therefore, it is necessary to examine not only tumor tissue but also non-tumor liver tissue to investigate the molecular mechanisms operating during hepatocarcinogenesis based on the concept of "field cancerization". Several studies previously investigated the association of molecular alterations in non-tumor liver tissue with clinical features and prognosis in HCC patients on a genome-wide scale. In particular, specific alterations of DNA methylation profiles have been confirmed in non-tumor liver tissue. This review focuses on the possible clinical value of array-based comprehensive analyses of molecular alterations, especially aberrant DNA methylation, in non-tumor liver tissue to clarify the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenetic risk estimation based on specific methylation signatures may be advantageous for close follow-up of patients who are at high risk of HCC development. Furthermore, epigenetic therapies for patients with chronic liver diseases may be helpful to reduce the risk of HCC development because epigenetic alterations are potentially reversible, and thus provide promising molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Utsunomiya
- Department of Surgery, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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30
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Wentzensen N, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Killian JK, Sampson J, Guido R, Glass A, Adams L, Luhn P, Brinton LA, Rush B, d'Ambrosio L, Gunja M, Yang HP, Garcia-Closas M, Lacey JV, Lissowska J, Podratz K, Meltzer P, Shridhar V, Sherman ME. Discovery and validation of methylation markers for endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1860-8. [PMID: 24623538 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of endometrial cancer is strongly associated with stage at diagnosis, suggesting that early detection may reduce mortality. Women who are diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma often have a lengthy history of vaginal bleeding, which offers an opportunity for early diagnosis and curative treatment. We performed DNA methylation profiling on population-based endometrial cancers to identify early detection biomarkers and replicated top candidates in two independent studies. We compared DNA methylation values of 1,500 probes representing 807 genes in 148 population-based endometrial carcinoma samples and 23 benign endometrial tissues. Markers were replicated in another set of 69 carcinomas and 40 benign tissues profiled on the same platform. Further replication was conducted in The Cancer Genome Atlas and in prospectively collected endometrial brushings from women with and without endometrial carcinomas. We identified 114 CpG sites showing methylation differences with p values of ≤ 10(-7) between endometrial carcinoma and normal endometrium. Eight genes (ADCYAP1, ASCL2, HS3ST2, HTR1B, MME, NPY and SOX1) were selected for further replication. Age-adjusted odds ratios for endometrial cancer ranged from 3.44 (95%-CI: 1.33-8.91) for ASCL2 to 18.61 (95%-CI: 5.50-62.97) for HTR1B. An area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93 was achieved for discriminating carcinoma from benign endometrium. Replication in The Cancer Genome Atlas and in endometrial brushings from an independent study confirmed the candidate markers. This study demonstrates that methylation markers may be used to evaluate women with abnormal vaginal bleeding to distinguish women with endometrial carcinoma from the majority of women without malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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31
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DNA methylation: potential biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomark Res 2014; 2:5. [PMID: 24635883 PMCID: PMC4022334 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world and it is often associated with poor prognosis. Liver transplantation and resection are two currently available curative therapies. However, most patients cannot be treated with such therapies due to late diagnosis. This underscores the urgent need to identify potential markers that ensure early diagnosis of HCC. As more evidences are suggesting that epigenetic changes contribute hepatocarcinogenesis, DNA methylation was poised as one promising biomarker. Indeed, genome wide profiling reveals that aberrant methylation is frequent event in HCC. Many studies showed that differentially methylated genes and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status in HCC were associated with clinicopathological data. Some commonly studied hypermethylated genes include p16, SOCS1, GSTP1 and CDH1. In addition, studies have also revealed that methylation markers could be detected in patient blood samples and associated with poor prognosis of the disease. Undeniably, increasing number of methylation markers are being discovered through high throughput genome wide data in recent years. Proper and systematic validation of these candidate markers in prospective cohort is required so that their actual prognostication and surveillance value could be accurately determined. It is hope that in near future, methylation marker could be translate into clinical use, where patients at risk could be diagnosed early and that the progression of disease could be more correctly assessed.
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32
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Hou X, Peng JX, Hao XY, Cai JP, Liang LJ, Zhai JM, Zhang KS, Lai JM, Yin XY. DNA methylation profiling identifies EYA4 gene as a prognostic molecular marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:3891-9. [PMID: 24306662 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA hypermethylation plays important roles in carcinogenesis by silencing key genes. This study aims to identify pivotal genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by DNA methylation microarray and to assess their prognostic values. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA methylation microarray was performed in 45 pairs of HCC and adjacent nontumorous tissues and six normal liver tissues to identify hypermethylated genes in HCC. Potential prognosis-related genes were selected among hypermethylated genes by analyzing influences of methylation levels on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in 45 patients. Their prognostic values were validated in 154 patients with HCC (including the initial 45 patients) to determine the independent prognostic gene. RESULTS Altogether, 54 CpG islands in 44 genes were hypermethylated in HCC compared with liver tissues. Among them, methylation levels of ERG and HOXA11 were inversely associated with DFS (both P < 0.050), and methylation levels of EYA4 were inversely related to DFS and OS (both P < 0.050). EYA4 expression was inversely related to tumor size (P < 0.050). Lower EYA4 expression and larger tumor size were independent predictors of both shorter DFS and OS, and higher Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging was an independent predictor of shorter OS (all P < 0.050). CONCLUSIONS EYA4 functions as a prognostic molecular marker in HCC. Its aberrant hypermethylation and subsequent down-regulation may promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Hou
- Departments of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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33
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Cordero P, Campion J, Milagro FI, Martinez JA. Transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in early liver steatosis associated to obesity: effect of dietary methyl donor supplementation. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:388-95. [PMID: 24084163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a primary hepatic manifestation of obesity and an important adverse metabolic syndrome trait. Animal models of diet-induced obesity promote liver fat accumulation putatively associated with alterations in epigenetic profile. Dietary methyl donor-supplementation may protect against this disturbance during early developmental stages affecting the molecular basis of gene regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptomic and epigenetic mechanisms implicated in liver fat accumulation as a result of an obesogenic diet and the putative preventive role of dietary methyl donors. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were assigned into four dietary groups for 8 weeks; control, control methyl-donor-supplemented with a dietary cocktail containing betaine, choline, vitamin B12 and folic acid, high-fat-sucrose and high-fat-sucrose methyl-donor-supplemented. Liver fat accumulation induced by a HFS diet was prevented by methyl donor supplementation in HFS-fed animals. A liver mRNA microarray, subsequently validated by real time-qPCR, showed modifications in some biologically relevant genes involved in obesity development and lipid metabolism (Lepr, Srebf2, Agpat3 and Esr1). Liver global DNA methylation was decreased by methyl donor supplementation in control-fed animals. Methylation levels of specific CpG sites from Srebf2, Agpat3 and Esr1 promoter regions showed changes due to the obesogenic diet and the supplementation with methyl donors. Interestingly, Srebf2 CpG23_24 methylation levels (-167 bp and -156 bp with respect to the transcriptional start site) correlated with HDLc plasma levels, whereas Esr1 CpG14 (-2623 bp) methylation levels were associated with body and liver weights and fat content. Furthermore HFS diet-induced liver fat accumulation was prevented by methyl donor supplementation. In conclusion, both obesogenic diet and methyl donor supplementation modified the mRNA hepatic profile as well as the methylation of specific gene promoters and total DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cordero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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34
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Hishida M, Nomoto S, Inokawa Y, Hayashi M, Kanda M, Okamura Y, Nishikawa Y, Tanaka C, Kobayashi D, Yamada S, Nakayama G, Fujii T, Sugimoto H, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Takeda S, Kodera Y. Estrogen receptor 1 gene as a tumor suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma detected by triple-combination array analysis. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:88-94. [PMID: 23695389 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the top five causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recent developments in the treatment of HCC remain insufficient to cure unresectable disease or to prevent HCC. Consistent efforts are, therefore, needed to deepen understanding of pathogenesis of the disease. Genome-wide gene expression profile analyses can now detect various candidate genes that are modified by HCC. We have developed a new technique to identify tumor suppressor genes, triple-combination array analysis, which combines gene expression profiles, single nucleotide polymorphism and methylation arrays to identify genes with altered expression. Using HCC tissue samples, triple-combination array analysis was performed to identify a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Subsequently, samples from 48 HCC patients were subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and methylation-specific PCR to further elucidate clinical relevance of the gene. Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) was detected as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Of the 48 clinical samples, 40 (83.3%) showed ESR1 promoter hypermethylation. In 24 (50%) HCC samples, the expression levels of the ESR1 gene was decreased by >90%. The decreased expression was significantly related to high liver damage score, pathological invasion of the intrahepatic portal vein, the size of tumor (>3 cm in diameter) and hepatitis B virus infection. The present study represents another example that triple-combination array is a convenient technique for detecting genes with altered expression in disease. The ESR1 gene was identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in HCC and further validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Hishida
- Gastroenterological Surgery (Department of Surgery II), Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Mirbahai L, Southam AD, Sommer U, Williams TD, Bignell JP, Lyons BP, Viant MR, Chipman JK. Disruption of DNA Methylation via S-Adenosylhomocysteine Is a Key Process in High Incidence Liver Carcinogenesis in Fish. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2895-904. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400195u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leda Mirbahai
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Southam
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Ulf Sommer
- NERC Biomolecular
Analysis Facility
− Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Williams
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - John P. Bignell
- Cefas, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Brett P. Lyons
- Cefas, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Viant
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
- NERC Biomolecular
Analysis Facility
− Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
| | - James K. Chipman
- School of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United
Kingdom
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Zekri ARN, Bahnasy AA, Shoeab FEM, Mohamed WS, El-Dahshan DH, Ali FT, Sabry GM, Dasgupta N, Daoud SS. Methylation of multiple genes in hepatitis C virus associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Adv Res 2013; 5:27-40. [PMID: 25685469 PMCID: PMC4294722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied promoter methylation (PM) of 11 genes in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (PBLs) and tissues of hepatitis C virus (HCV) associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic hepatitis (CH) Egyptian patients. The present study included 31 HCC with their ANT, 38 CH and 13 normal hepatic tissue (NHT) samples. In all groups, PM of APC, FHIT, p15, p73, p14, p16, DAPK1, CDH1, RARβ, RASSF1A, O6MGMT was assessed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). APC and O6-MGMT protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the studied HCC and CH (20 samples each) as well as in a different HCC and CH set for confirmation of MSP results. PM was associated with progression from CH to HCC. Most genes showed high methylation frequency (MF) and the methylation index (MI) increased with disease progression. MF of p14, p73, RASSF1A, CDH1 and O6MGMT was significantly higher in HCC and their ANT. MF of APC was higher in CH. We reported high concordance between MF in HCC and their ANT, MF in PBL and CH tissues as well as between PM and protein expression of APC and O6MGMT. A panel of 4 genes (APC, p73, p14, O6MGMT) classifies the cases independently into HCC and CH with high accuracy (89.9%), sensitivity (83.9%) and specificity (94.7%). HCV infection may contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis through enhancing PM of multiple genes. PM of APC occurs early in the cascade while PM of p14, p73, RASSF1A, RARB, CDH1 and O6MGMT are late changes. A panel of APC, p73, p14, O6-MGMT could be used in monitoring CH patients for early detection of HCC. Also, we found that, the methylation status is not significantly affected by whether the tissue was from the liver or PBL, indicating the possibility of use PBL as indicator to genetic profile instead of liver tissue regardless the stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Bahnasy
- Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Waleed S Mohamed
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Fahmey T Ali
- Faculty of Science, Ain Shams, University, Egypt
| | | | - Nairajana Dasgupta
- Center for Integrated Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sayed S Daoud
- Center for Integrated Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Shen J, Wang S, Zhang YJ, Wu HC, Kibriya MG, Jasmine F, Ahsan H, Wu DPH, Siegel AB, Remotti H, Santella RM. Exploring genome-wide DNA methylation profiles altered in hepatocellular carcinoma using Infinium HumanMethylation 450 BeadChips. Epigenetics 2012. [PMID: 23208076 DOI: 10.4161/epi.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence has increased in the US and also has one of the fastest growing death rates of any cancer. The purpose of the current study was to discover novel genome-wide aberrant DNA methylation patterns in HCC tumors that are predominantly HCV-related. Infinium HumanMethylation 450K BeadChip arrays were used to examine genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in 66 pairs of HCC tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues. After Bonferroni adjustment, a total of 130,512 CpG sites significantly differed in methylation level in tumor compared with non-tumor tissues, with 28,017 CpG sites hypermethylated and 102,495 hypomethylated in tumor tissues. Absolute tumor/non-tumor methylation differences ≥ 20% were found in 24.9% of the hypermethylated and 43.1% of the hypomethylated CpG sites; almost 10,000 CpG sites have ≥ 30% DNA methylation differences. Most (60.1%) significantly hypermethylated CpG sites are located in CpG islands, with 21.6% in CpG shores and 3.6% in shelves. In contrast, only a small proportion (8.2%) of significantly hypomethylated CpG sites are situated in islands, while most are found in open sea (60.2%), shore (17.3%) or shelf (14.3%) regions. A total of 2,568 significant CpG sites (2,441 hypermethylated and 127 hypomethylated) covering 589 genes are located within 684 differentially methylated regions defined as regions with at least two significant CpG sites displaying > 20% methylation differences in the same direction within 250-bp. The top 500 significant CpG sites can significantly distinguish HCC tumor from adjacent tissues with one misclassification. Within adjacent non-tumor tissues, we also identified 75 CpG sites significantly associated with gender, 228 with HCV infection, 17,207 with cirrhosis, and 56 with both HCV infection and cirrhosis after multiple comparisons adjustment. Aberrant DNA methylation profiles across the genome were identified in tumor tissues from US HCC cases that are predominantly related to HCV infection. These results demonstrate the significance of aberrant DNA methylation in HCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Patel DA, Rozek LS, Colacino JA, Van Zomeren-Dohm A, Ruffin MT, Unger ER, Dolinoy DC, Swan DC, Onyekwuluje J, DeGraffinreid CR, Paskett ED. Patterns of cellular and HPV 16 methylation as biomarkers for cervical neoplasia. J Virol Methods 2012; 184:84-92. [PMID: 22664184 PMCID: PMC3396790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant promoter methylation of biologically relevant genes in cervical cancer and uneven CpG distribution within the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) enhancer region have been reported. Cervical samples and questionnaires from 151 women screened for cervical cancer in Appalachian Ohio were analyzed. Methylation was measured by bisulfite sequencing in candidate gene sites in ESR1, DCC, p16, and LINE1 elements. Among 89 HPV 16-positive women, CpG sites in the E6 promoter and enhancer regions and the L1 region of the HPV 16 genome were measured. Methylation levels were compared by cervical cytology and HPV 16 status. HPV methylation was low regardless of cytology status, however E6 methylation was significantly higher in women with normal cytology. ESR1 and DCC methylation were significantly higher in HPV 16-positive women. Increased methylation at sites in the E6 promoter region was associated with lower odds of abnormal cytology. Increased methylation in candidate genes was associated with higher odds of abnormal cytology, particularly DCC region 2.4, DCC region 2.6, ESR1 region 3.2, and LINE1 site 1.2. HPV 16 genome CpG methylation was low except for the L1 region. In general, lower HPV 16 methylation and higher candidate gene methylation levels were associated with higher odds of abnormal cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya A. Patel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, FMB 307, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, U.S.A
| | - Laura S. Rozek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory, 6630 Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, U.S.A
| | - Justin A. Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory, 6630 Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, U.S.A
| | - Adrienne Van Zomeren-Dohm
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory, 6630 Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, U.S.A
| | - Mack T. Ruffin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, 1018 Fuller St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104-1213, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth R. Unger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-41, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U.S.A
| | - Dana C. Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory Street, 6638 SPH I Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, U.S.A
| | - David C. Swan
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-41, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U.S.A
| | - Juanita Onyekwuluje
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-41, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, U.S.A
| | - Cecilia R. DeGraffinreid
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, 525 Gateway Building C, 1590 N. High Street, Columbus, Ohio 43201, U.S.A
| | - Electra D. Paskett
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Suite 525, 1590 High Street, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
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Mousa AA, Archer KJ, Cappello R, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Isaacs CR, Strauss JF, Walsh SW. DNA methylation is altered in maternal blood vessels of women with preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:1332-42. [PMID: 22902744 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112450336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed 27,578 CpG sites that map to 14,495 genes in omental arteries of normal pregnant and preeclamptic women for DNA methylation status using the Illumina platform. We found 1685 genes with a significant difference in DNA methylation at a false discovery rate of <10% with many inflammatory genes having reduced methylation. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed natural clustering by diagnosis and methylation status. Of the genes with significant methylation differences, 236 were significant at a false discovery rate of <5%. When data were analyzed more stringently to a false discovery rate of <5% and difference in methylation of >0.10, 65 genes were identified, all of which showed reduced methylation in preeclampsia. When these genes were mapped to gene ontology for molecular functions and biological processes, 75 molecular functions and 149 biological processes were overrepresented in the preeclamptic vessels. These included smooth muscle contraction, thrombosis, inflammation, redox homeostasis, sugar metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. We speculate that reduced methylation may contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and that alterations in DNA methylation resulting from preeclampsia may increase maternal risk of cardiovascular disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Mousa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Role of epigenetic aberrations in the development and progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 342:223-30. [PMID: 22306342 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and prevalent cancers in humans. The molecular mechanisms leading to the development of HCC are extremely complicated and consist of prominent genetic, genomic, and epigenetic alterations. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of epigenetic aberrations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and expression of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC. It also emphasizes that identification of the underlying epigenetic alterations that drive cell transformation and promote development and progression of HCC is crucially important for understanding mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis, its detection, therapeutic intervention, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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Sartor MA, Dolinoy DC, Jones TR, Colacino JA, Prince MEP, Carey TE, Rozek LS. Genome-wide methylation and expression differences in HPV(+) and HPV(-) squamous cell carcinoma cell lines are consistent with divergent mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Epigenetics 2011; 6:777-87. [PMID: 21613826 PMCID: PMC3142368 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.6.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with nearly all cervical cancers and are increasingly important in the etiology of oropharyngeal tumors. HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have distinct risk profiles and appreciate a prognostic advantage compared to HPV-negative HNSCC. Promoter hypermethylation is widely recognized as a mechanism in the progression of HNSCC, but the extent to which this mechanism is consistent between HPV(+) and HPV(-) tumors is unknown. To investigate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in HPV-induced and carcinogen-induced cancers, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression in HPV(+) and HPV(-) SCC cell lines. We used two platforms: the Illumina Infinium Methylation BeadArray and tiling arrays, and confirmed illustrative examples with pyrosequencing and quantitative PCR. These analyses indicate that HPV(+) cell lines have higher DNA methylation in genic and LINE-1 regions than HPV(-) cell lines. Differentially methylated loci between HPV(+) and HPV(-) cell lines significantly correlated with HPV-typed HNSCC primary tumor DNA methylation levels. Novel findings include higher promoter methylation of polycomb repressive complex 2 target genes in HPV(+) cells compared to HPV(-) cells and increased expression of DNMT3A in HPV(+) cells. Additionally, CDKN2A and KRT8 were identified as interaction hubs among genes with higher methylation and lower expression in HPV(-) cells. Conversely, RUNX2, IRS-1 and CCNA1 were major hubs with higher methylation and lower expression in HPV(+) cells. Distinct HPV(+) and HPV(-) epigenetic profiles should provide clues to novel targets for development of individualized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Sartor
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetics is a rapidly evolving field of genetic study applicable to nearly every aspect of genome-related research. The importance of epigenetics has been recognised in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Changes in DNA methylation patterns, including global hypomethylation and promoter hypermethylation, are thought to be early events in hepatocarcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to summarise the role of epigenetics in HCC, to describe the mechanisms of epigenetic changes in HCC and to examine the clinical relevance of epigenetics in HCC. METHODS This review examines the role of CpG-rich regions and DNA methylation, and describes an epigenetic model of cancer, tumour type-specific methylation, the relationships among methylation, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis, and the role of DNA methylation in HCC. The clinical implications of epigenetics in HCC are discussed. RESULTS A multivariate predictor model based on traditional clinical factors and DNA methylation profile may have important applications in the early detection of neoplastic transformation in populations at high risk for HCC. CpG methylation may be valuable in HCC prognostics. DNA methylation profiles may enable clinical prediction in pre-therapy patient biopsies, paraffin-embedded samples or plasma DNA. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic changes and profiles may correlate to the biological behaviour of tumours and clinical outcome of HCC patients. The use of DNA methylation profiles as a surrogate biomarker remains an active area of clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Sceusi
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - David S Loose
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Curtis J Wray
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
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Methylation profile of single hepatocytes derived from hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19862. [PMID: 21625442 PMCID: PMC3100314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the development of high-throughput screening, a variety of genetic alterations has been found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although previous studies on HCC methylation profiles have focused on liver tissue, studies using isolated hepatocytes are rare. The heterogeneity of liver composition may impact the genuine methylation status of HCC; therefore, it is important to clarify the methylation profile of hepatocytes to aid in understanding the process of tumorigenesis. Methods and Findings The global methylation profile of single hepatocytes isolated from liver tissue of hepatitis B virus (HBV) related HCC (HBHC) was analyzed using Illumina Infinium Human Methylation27 BeadChips, and combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and bisulfite sequencing were used to validate the 20 significant hypermethylated genes identified. In this study, we found many noteworthy differences in the genome-wide methylation profiles of single hepatocytes of HBHC. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis showed that hepatocyte methylation profiles could be classified according to three cell types: hepatocytes of HCC, adjacent hepatocytes and normal hepatocytes. Among the 20 most hypermethylated genes in the hepatocytes of HBHC, 7 novel genes (WNK2, EMILIN2, TLX3, TM6SF1, TRIM58, HIST1H4Fand GRASP) were found to be hypermethylated in HBHC and hypomethylated in paired adjacent liver tissues; these findings have not been reported in previous studies on tissue samples. Conclusion The genome-wide methylation profile of purified single hepatocytes of HBHC was aided in understanding the process of tumorigenesis, and a series of novel methylated genes found in this study have the potential to be biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HBHC.
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Moskalev EA, Zavgorodnij MG, Majorova SP, Vorobjev IA, Jandaghi P, Bure IV, Hoheisel JD. Correction of PCR-bias in quantitative DNA methylation studies by means of cubic polynomial regression. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:e77. [PMID: 21486748 PMCID: PMC3113592 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation profiling has become an important aspect of biomedical molecular analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of bisulphite-treated DNA is a processing step that is common to many currently used methods of quantitative methylation analysis. Preferential amplification of unmethylated alleles—known as PCR-bias—may significantly affect the accuracy of quantification. To date, no universal experimental approach has been reported to overcome the problem. This study presents an effective method of correcting biased methylation data. The procedure includes a calibration performed in parallel to the analysis of the samples under investigation. DNA samples with defined degrees of methylation are analysed. The observed deviation of the experimental results from the expected values is used for calculating a regression curve. The equation of the best-fitting curve is then used for correction of the data obtained from the samples of interest. The process can be applied irrespective of the locus interrogated and the number of sites analysed, avoiding an optimization of the amplification conditions for each individual locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Moskalev
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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45
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Mirbahai L, Williams TD, Zhan H, Gong Z, Chipman JK. Comprehensive profiling of zebrafish hepatic proximal promoter CpG island methylation and its modification during chemical carcinogenesis. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:3. [PMID: 21205313 PMCID: PMC3027158 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism associated with regulation of gene expression and it is modulated during chemical carcinogenesis. The zebrafish is increasingly employed as a human disease model; however there is a lack of information on DNA methylation in zebrafish and during fish tumorigenesis. Results A novel CpG island tiling array containing 44,000 probes, in combination with immunoprecipitation of methylated DNA, was used to achieve the first comprehensive methylation profiling of normal adult zebrafish liver. DNA methylation alterations were detected in zebrafish liver tumors induced by the environmental carcinogen 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Genes significantly hypomethylated in tumors were associated particularly with proliferation, glycolysis, transcription, cell cycle, apoptosis, growth and metastasis. Hypermethylated genes included those associated with anti-angiogenesis and cellular adhesion. Of 49 genes that were altered in expression within tumors, and which also had appropriate CpG islands and were co-represented on the tiling array, approximately 45% showed significant changes in both gene expression and methylation. Conclusion The functional pathways containing differentially methylated genes in zebrafish hepatocellular carcinoma have also been reported to be aberrantly methylated during tumorigenesis in humans. These findings increase the confidence in the use of zebrafish as a model for human cancer in addition to providing the first comprehensive mapping of DNA methylation in the normal adult zebrafish liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Mirbahai
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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46
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Kuan PF, Wang S, Zhou X, Chu H. A statistical framework for Illumina DNA methylation arrays. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:2849-55. [PMID: 20880956 PMCID: PMC3025715 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The Illumina BeadArray is a popular platform for profiling DNA methylation, an important epigenetic event associated with gene silencing and chromosomal instability. However, current approaches rely on an arbitrary detection P-value cutoff for excluding probes and samples from subsequent analysis as a quality control step, which results in missing observations and information loss. It is desirable to have an approach that incorporates the whole data, but accounts for the different quality of individual observations. RESULTS We first investigate and propose a statistical framework for removing the source of biases in Illumina Methylation BeadArray based on several positive control samples. We then introduce a weighted model-based clustering called LumiWCluster for Illumina BeadArray that weights each observation according to the detection P-values systematically and avoids discarding subsets of the data. LumiWCluster allows for discovery of distinct methylation patterns and automatic selection of informative CpG loci. We demonstrate the advantages of LumiWCluster on two publicly available Illumina GoldenGate Methylation datasets (ovarian cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma). AVAILABILITY R package LumiWCluster can be downloaded from http://www.unc.edu/∼pfkuan/LumiWCluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Fen Kuan
- Department of Biostatistics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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47
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White CD, Khurana H, Gnatenko DV, Li Z, Odze RD, Sacks DB, Schmidt VA. IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 are reciprocally altered in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:125. [PMID: 20977743 PMCID: PMC2988069 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 are homologous members of the IQGAP family of scaffold proteins. Accumulating evidence implicates IQGAPs in tumorigenesis. We recently reported that IQGAP2 deficiency leads to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. In the current study we extend these findings, and investigate IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 expression in human HCC. Methods IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 protein expression was assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. IQGAP mRNA was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The methylation status of the Iqgap2 promoter was determined by pyrosequencing of bisulfite-treated genomic DNA. Results IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 expression was reciprocally altered in 6/6 liver cancer cell lines. Similarly, immunohistochemical staining of 82 HCC samples showed that IQGAP2 protein expression was reduced in 64/82 (78.0%), while IQGAP1 was present in 69/82 (84.1%). No IQGAP1 staining was detected in 23/28 (82.1%) normal livers, 4/4 (100.0%) hepatic adenomas and 23/23 (100.0%) cirrhosis cases, while IQGAP2 was increased in 22/28 (78.6%), 4/4 (100.0%) and 23/23 (100.0%), respectively. Although the Iqgap2 promoter was not hypermethylated in HCC at any of the 25 CpG sites studied (N = 17), IQGAP2 mRNA levels were significantly lower in HCC specimens (N = 23) than normal livers (N = 6). Conclusions We conclude that increased IQGAP1 and/or decreased IQGAP2 contribute to the pathogenesis of human HCC. Furthermore, downregulation of IQGAP2 in HCC occurs independently of hypermethylation of the Iqgap2 promoter. Immunostaining of IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 may aid in the diagnosis of HCC, and their pharmacologic modulation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D White
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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