11
|
Breuer DK, Yashar BM, Filippova E, Hiriyanna S, Lyons RH, Mears AJ, Asaye B, Acar C, Vervoort R, Wright AF, Musarella MA, Wheeler P, MacDonald I, Iannaccone A, Birch D, Hoffman DR, Fishman GA, Heckenlively JR, Jacobson SG, Sieving PA, Swaroop A. A comprehensive mutation analysis of RP2 and RPGR in a North American cohort of families with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:1545-54. [PMID: 11992260 PMCID: PMC379141 DOI: 10.1086/340848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2002] [Accepted: 03/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous degenerative disease of the retina. At least five loci have been mapped for XLRP; of these, RP2 and RP3 account for 10%-20% and 70%-90% of genetically identifiable disease, respectively. However, mutations in the respective genes, RP2 and RPGR, were detected in only 10% and 20% of families with XLRP. Mutations in an alternatively spliced RPGR exon, ORF15, have recently been shown to account for 60% of XLRP in a European cohort of 47 families. We have performed, in a North American cohort of 234 families with RP, a comprehensive screen of the RP2 and RPGR (including ORF15) genes and their 5' upstream regions. Of these families, 91 (39%) show definitive X-linked inheritance, an additional 88 (38%) reveal a pattern consistent with X-linked disease, and the remaining 55 (23%) are simplex male patients with RP who had an early onset and/or severe disease. In agreement with the previous studies, we show that mutations in the RP2 gene and in the original 19 RPGR exons are detected in <10% and approximately 20% of XLRP probands, respectively. Our studies have revealed RPGR-ORF15 mutations in an additional 30% of 91 well-documented families with X-linked recessive inheritance and in 22% of the total 234 probands analyzed. We suggest that mutations in an as-yet-uncharacterized RPGR exon(s), intronic changes, or another gene in the region might be responsible for the disease in the remainder of this North American cohort. We also discuss the implications of our studies for genetic diagnosis, genotype-phenotype correlations, and gene-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra K. Breuer
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Beverly M. Yashar
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elena Filippova
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Suja Hiriyanna
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert H. Lyons
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan J. Mears
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bersabell Asaye
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ceren Acar
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raf Vervoort
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maria A. Musarella
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patricia Wheeler
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ian MacDonald
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alessandro Iannaccone
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - David Birch
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dennis R. Hoffman
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gerald A. Fishman
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - John R. Heckenlively
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Samuel G. Jacobson
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul A. Sieving
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Departments of Human Genetics, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Biological Chemistry and Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; New England Medical Center, Boston; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago; Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|