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Boyno G, Rezaee Danesh Y, Demir S, Teniz N, Mulet JM, Porcel R. The Complex Interplay between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Strigolactone: Mechanisms, Sinergies, Applications and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16774. [PMID: 38069097 PMCID: PMC10706366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, the cornerstone of life on Earth, are constantly struggling with a number of challenges arising from both biotic and abiotic stressors. To overcome these adverse factors, plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms involving both a number of cell signaling pathways and a complex network of interactions with microorganisms. Among these interactions, the relationship between symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and strigolactones (SLs) stands as an important interplay that has a significant impact on increased resistance to environmental stresses and improved nutrient uptake and the subsequent enhanced plant growth. AMF establishes mutualistic partnerships with plants by colonizing root systems, and offers a range of benefits, such as increased nutrient absorption, improved water uptake and increased resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. SLs play a fundamental role in shaping root architecture, promoting the growth of lateral roots and regulating plant defense responses. AMF can promote the production and release of SLs by plants, which in turn promote symbiotic interactions due to their role as signaling molecules with the ability to attract beneficial microbes. The complete knowledge of this synergy has the potential to develop applications to optimize agricultural practices, improve nutrient use efficiency and ultimately increase crop yields. This review explores the roles played by AMF and SLs in plant development and stress tolerance, highlighting their individual contributions and the synergistic nature of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Boyno
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
| | - Younes Rezaee Danesh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Semra Demir
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
| | - Necmettin Teniz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
| | - José M. Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Porcel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Burkle LA, Zabinski CA. Mycorrhizae influence plant vegetative and floral traits and intraspecific trait variation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16099. [PMID: 36371729 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can strongly influence host plant vegetative growth, but less is known about AMF effects on other plant traits, the relative impacts of AMF on vegetative growth versus floral traits, or AMF-induced intraspecific variation in traits. METHODS In an experimental greenhouse study, we inoculated seven species of wildflowers with six species of AMF in a factorial design. We assessed how the AMF-forb combinations influenced plant survival, vegetative biomass, and floral traits and whether AMF effects on floral traits were similar in magnitude and direction to effects on vegetative biomass. For one forb species, we investigated intraspecific plant trait variation within and across AMF treatments. RESULTS AMF species varied from negative to positive in their effects on host plants. AMF often had inconsistent effects on vegetative biomass versus floral traits, and therefore, quantifying one or the other may provide a misleading representation of potential AMF effects. AMF treatments generated key variation in plant traits, especially floral traits, with potential consequences for plant-pollinator interactions. Given increased intraspecific trait variation in Linum lewisii plants across AMF species compared to uninoculated individuals or single AMF treatments, local AMF diversity and their host plant associations may scale up to influence community-wide patterns of trait variation and species interactions. CONCLUSIONS These results have implications for predicting how aboveground communities are affected by belowground communities. Including AMF effects on not just host plant biomass but also functional traits and trait variation will deepen our understanding of community structure and function, including pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Catherine A Zabinski
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
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Kaur S, Campbell BJ, Suseela V. Root metabolome of plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis mirrors the mutualistic or parasitic mycorrhizal phenotype. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:672-687. [PMID: 35088406 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with plants, the most ancient and widespread association, exhibits phenotypes that range from mutualism to parasitism. However, we still lack an understanding of the cellular-level mechanisms that differentiate and regulate these phenotypes. We assessed the modulation in growth parameters and root metabolome of two sorghum accessions inoculated with two AMF species (Rhizophagus irregularis, Gigaspora gigantea), alone and in a mixture under phosphorus (P) limiting conditions. Rhizophagus irregularis exhibited a mutualistic phenotype with increased P uptake and plant growth. This positive outcome was associated with a facilitatory metabolic response including higher abundance of organic acids and specialized metabolites critical to maintaining a functional symbiosis. However, G. gigantea exhibited a parasitic phenotype that led to plant growth depression and resulted in inhibitory plant metabolic responses including the higher abundance of p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime with antifungal properties. These findings suggest that the differential outcome of plant-AMF symbiosis could be regulated by or reflected in changes in the root metabolome that arises from the interaction of the plant species with the specific AMF species. A mutualistic symbiotic association prevailed when the host plants were exposed to a mixture of AMF. Our results provide a metabolome-level landscape of plant-AMF symbiosis and highlight the importance of the identity of both AMF and crop genotypes in facilitating a mutualistic AMF symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Barbara J Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Guo X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Wang P, Li Y, Ji B. Host-Specific Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Two Caragana Species in Desert Grassland. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121077. [PMID: 34947059 PMCID: PMC8708327 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which form symbioses with most land plants, could benefit their hosts and potentially play important roles in revegetation of degraded lands. However, their application in revegetation of desert grasslands still faces challenges and uncertainties due to the unclear specificity of AMF-plant interactions. Here, Caragana korshinskii and Caragana microphylla were inoculated with either conspecific (home) or heterospecific (away) AM fungal communities from the rhizosphere of three common plant species (C. korshinskii, C. microphylla and Hedysarum laeve) in Kubuqi Desert, China. AMF communities of the inocula and their home and away effects on growth and nutrition status of two Caragana species were examined. Results showed that AMF communities of the three inocula from C. korshinskii, H. laeve and C. microphylla were significantly different, and were characterized by high abundance of Diversispora, Archaeospora, and Glomus, respectively. The shoot biomass, photosynthetic rate, foliar N and P contents of C. korshinskii only significantly increased under home AMF inoculation by 167.10%, 73.55%, 9.24%, and 23.87%, respectively. However, no significant effects of AMF on C. microphylla growth were found, regardless of home or away AMF. Positive correlations between C. korshinskii biomass and the abundance of AMF genus Diversispora were found. Our study showed strong home advantage of using native AMF community to enhance C. korshinskii growth in the desert and presented a potentially efficient way to use native AMF in restoration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China;
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ping Wang
- Command Center for Integrated Natural Resource Survey, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100055, China;
| | - Yaoming Li
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.G.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (B.J.)
| | - Baoming Ji
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.G.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (B.J.)
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Effects of Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators (SNP and GA3) on Phytoextraction by Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Grown in Lead (Pb) Contaminated Soil. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131910866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil lead (Pb) contamination is a major environmental and public health risk. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a second-generation biofuel crop, is potentially useful for the long-term phytoremediation and phytoextraction of Pb contaminated soils. We evaluated the efficacy of a coordinated foliar application of plant growth regulators and soil fungicide and a chelator in order to optimize phytoextraction. Plants were grown in soil culture under controlled conditions. First, three exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donors were evaluated at multiple concentrations: (1) S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP); (2) sodium nitroprusside (SNP); and (3) S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Second, the effect of SNP (0.5 μM) was examined further with the model chelate EDTA and the soil fungicide propicanazole. Third, a combined foliar application of SNP and gibberellic acid (GA3) was examined with EDTA and propicanazole. The soil application of propiconazole (a broad-spectrum fungicides) reduced AMF colonization and allowed greater Pb phytoextraction. The foliar application of SNP resulted in similar concentrations of Pb (roots and foliage) to plants that were challenged with chelates and soil fungicides. The combined foliar application of SNP and GA3 resulted in significantly greater average Pb concentration (243 mg kg−1) in plant foliage in comparison to control plants (182 mg kg−1) and plants treated with GA3 alone (202 mg kg−1). The combined foliar application of SNP and GA3 resulted in the greatest phytoextraction efficiency and could therefore potentially improve phytoextraction by switchgrass grown in Pb contaminated soils.
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van't Padje A, Werner GDA, Kiers ET. Mycorrhizal fungi control phosphorus value in trade symbiosis with host roots when exposed to abrupt 'crashes' and 'booms' of resource availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2933-2944. [PMID: 33124078 PMCID: PMC7898638 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological market theory provides a conceptual framework to analyse trade strategies in symbiotic partnerships. A key prediction of biological market theory is that individuals can influence resource value - meaning the amount a partner is willing to pay for it - by mediating where and when it is traded. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, characterised by roots and fungi trading phosphorus and carbon, shows many features of a biological market. However, it is unknown if or how fungi can control phosphorus value when exposed to abrupt changes in their trade environment. We mimicked an economic 'crash', manually severing part of the fungal network (Rhizophagus irregularis) to restrict resource access, and an economic 'boom' through phosphorus additions. We quantified trading strategies over a 3-wk period using a recently developed technique that allowed us to tag rock phosphate with fluorescing quantum dots of three different colours. We found that the fungus: compensated for resource loss in the 'crash' treatment by transferring phosphorus from alternative pools closer to the host root (Daucus carota); and stored the surplus nutrients in the 'boom' treatment until root demand increased. By mediating from where, when and how much phosphorus was transferred to the host, the fungus successfully controlled resource value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van't Padje
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological SciencesFaculty of Earth and Life SciencesVrije Universiteitde Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert D. A. Werner
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PSUK
- Netherlands Scientific Council for Government PolicyBuitenhof 34The Hague2513 AHthe Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological SciencesFaculty of Earth and Life SciencesVrije Universiteitde Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
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Van't Padje A, Oyarte Galvez L, Klein M, Hink MA, Postma M, Shimizu T, Kiers ET. Temporal tracking of quantum-dot apatite across in vitro mycorrhizal networks shows how host demand can influence fungal nutrient transfer strategies. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:435-449. [PMID: 32989245 PMCID: PMC8027207 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi function as conduits for underground nutrient transport. While the fungal partner is dependent on the plant host for its carbon (C) needs, the amount of nutrients that the fungus allocates to hosts can vary with context. Because fungal allocation patterns to hosts can change over time, they have historically been difficult to quantify accurately. We developed a technique to tag rock phosphorus (P) apatite with fluorescent quantum-dot (QD) nanoparticles of three different colors, allowing us to study nutrient transfer in an in vitro fungal network formed between two host roots of different ages and different P demands over a 3-week period. Using confocal microscopy and raster image correlation spectroscopy, we could distinguish between P transfer from the hyphae to the roots and P retention in the hyphae. By tracking QD-apatite from its point of origin, we found that the P demands of the younger root influenced both: (1) how the fungus distributed nutrients among different root hosts and (2) the storage patterns in the fungus itself. Our work highlights that fungal trade strategies are highly dynamic over time to local conditions, and stresses the need for precise measurements of symbiotic nutrient transfer across both space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Van't Padje
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Loreto Oyarte Galvez
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hink
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Shimizu
- AMOLF Institute, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liu H, Wu M, Chen J, Gao Y, Ren A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus identity modulates growth effects of endophyte-infected grasses on neighboring plants. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:663-670. [PMID: 32613351 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes of grasses have been reported to affect the colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) not only of their dual host plant but also of neighboring non-endophyte-infected plants. However, studies investigating the impact of AMF identity on the effects of endophyte-infected grasses on neighboring plants are rare. In this study, we investigated the influence of Leymus chinensis litter type (NL, no litter; E-, endophyte-free litter; E-E+, half E+ and half E- litter; E+, endophyte-infected litter) on Stipa krylovii growth with different AMF species (Claroideoglomus etunicatum, CE; Funneliformis mosseae, FM; Claroideoglomus claroideum, CC; Rhizophagus intraradices, RI). The results showed that the root biomass of S. krylovii tended to decrease with the increase of E+ litter in the mycorrhiza-free treatment. With AMF inoculation, the effects of E+ litter on the AMF colonization rate and root biomass of S. krylovii varied with AMF species. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed E+ litter could modulate the growth of S. krylovii indirectly via changes in AMF colonization rate, but this effect was related to AMF species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Nankai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Man Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Nankai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Nankai, China
| | - Yubao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Nankai, China
| | - Anzhi Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Nankai, China.
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Cheeke TE, Zheng C, Koziol L, Gurholt CR, Bever JD. Sensitivity to AMF species is greater in late-successional than early-successional native or nonnative grassland plants. Ecology 2019; 100:e02855. [PMID: 31359432 PMCID: PMC6916349 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity of plant species to individual arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species is of primary importance to understanding the role of AM fungal diversity and composition in plant ecology. Currently, we do not have a predictive framework for understanding which plant species are sensitive to different AM fungal species. In two greenhouse studies, we tested for differences in plant sensitivity to different AM fungal species and mycorrhizal responsiveness across 17 grassland plant species of North America that varied in successional stage, native status, and plant family by growing plants with different AM fungal treatments including eight single AM fungal isolates, diverse mixtures of AM fungi, and non-inoculated controls. We found that late successional grassland plant species were highly responsive to AM fungi and exhibited stronger sensitivity in their response to individual AM fungal taxa compared to nonnative or early successional native grassland plant species. We confirmed these results using a meta-analysis that included 13 experiments, 37 plant species, and 40 fungal isolates (from nine publications and two greenhouse experiments presented herein). Mycorrhizal responsiveness and sensitivity of response (i.e., variation in plant biomass response to different AM fungal taxa) did not differ by the source of fungal inocula (i.e., local or not local) or plant family. Sensitivity of plant response to AM fungal species was consistently correlated with the average mycorrhizal response of that plant species. This study identifies that AM fungal identity is more important to the growth of late successional plant species than early successional or nonnative plant species, thereby predicting that AM fungal composition will be more important to plant community dynamics in late successional communities than in early successional or invaded plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E. Cheeke
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State University2710 Crimson WayRichlandWashington99354USA
| | - Chaoyuan Zheng
- College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityNo. 15 Shangxiadian RoadFuzhou350002China
| | - Liz Koziol
- Kansas Biological Station2101 Constant AvenueLawrenceKansas66044USA
| | - Carli R. Gurholt
- Wisconsin School of Professional Psychology9120 W. Hampton AvenueMilwaukeeWisconsin53225USA
| | - James D. Bever
- Kansas Biological Station and Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas66047USA
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Sheldrake M, Rosenstock NP, Revillini D, Olsson PA, Mangan S, Sayer EJ, Wallander H, Turner BL, Tanner EVJ. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition is altered by long-term litter removal but not litter addition in a lowland tropical forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:455-467. [PMID: 28042878 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forest productivity is sustained by the cycling of nutrients through decomposing organic matter. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a key role in the nutrition of tropical trees, yet there has been little experimental investigation into the role of AM fungi in nutrient cycling via decomposing organic material in tropical forests. We evaluated the responses of AM fungi in a long-term leaf litter addition and removal experiment in a tropical forest in Panama. We described AM fungal communities using 454-pyrosequencing, quantified the proportion of root length colonised by AM fungi using microscopy, and estimated AM fungal biomass using a lipid biomarker. AM fungal community composition was altered by litter removal but not litter addition. Root colonisation was substantially greater in the superficial organic layer compared with the mineral soil. Overall colonisation was lower in the litter removal treatment, which lacked an organic layer. There was no effect of litter manipulation on the concentration of the AM fungal lipid biomarker in the mineral soil. We hypothesise that reductions in organic matter brought about by litter removal may lead to AM fungi obtaining nutrients from recalcitrant organic or mineral sources in the soil, besides increasing fungal competition for progressively limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Sheldrake
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Nicholas P Rosenstock
- Center for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Daniel Revillini
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, PO BOX 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | | | - Scott Mangan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Emma J Sayer
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Edmund V J Tanner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Ceulemans T, Bodé S, Bollyn J, Harpole S, Coorevits K, Peeters G, Van Acker K, Smolders E, Boeckx P, Honnay O. Phosphorus resource partitioning shapes phosphorus acquisition and plant species abundance in grasslands. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:16224. [PMID: 28134925 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Species diversity is commonly hypothesized to result from trade-offs for different limiting resources, providing separate niches for coexisting species1-4. As soil nutrients occur in multiple chemical forms, plant differences in acquisition of the same element derived from different compounds may represent unique niche dimensions5,6. Because plant productivity of ecosystems is often limited by phosphorus7, and because plants have evolved diverse adaptations to acquire soil phosphorus6,8, a promising yet untested hypothesis is phosphorus resource partitioning6,9,10. Here, we provided two different chemical forms of phosphorus to sown grassland mesocosms to investigate phosphorus acquisition of eight plant species that are common in European grasslands, and to identify subsequent patterns of plant abundance. For the first time, we show that the relative abundance of grassland plant species can be influenced by soil phosphorus forms, as higher abundance was linked to higher acquisition of a specific form of phosphorus. These results were supported by a subsequent isotope dilution experiment using intact grassland sods that were treated with different inorganic or organic phosphorus forms. Here, 5 out of 14 species showed greater phosphorus acquisition in the inorganic phosphorus treatment, and 4 in the organic phosphorus treatments. Furthermore, for the species used in both experiments we found similar acquisition patterns. Our results support the hypothesis of phosphorus resource partitioning and may provide a new mechanistic framework to explain high plant diversity in phosphorus-poor ecosystems6,11-13. As world biodiversity hotspots are almost invariably related to phosphorus limitation8,11,12, our results may thus also be key to understanding biodiversity loss in an era of ever-increasing nutrient enrichment14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ceulemans
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jessica Bollyn
- Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kristin Coorevits
- Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Peeters
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kasper Van Acker
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Smolders
- Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Bever JD. Preferential allocation, physio-evolutionary feedbacks, and the stability and environmental patterns of mutualism between plants and their root symbionts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1503-1514. [PMID: 25561086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The common occurrence of mutualistic interactions between plants and root symbionts is problematic. As the delivery of benefit to hosts involves costs to symbionts, symbionts that provide reduced benefit to their host are expected to increase in frequency. Plants have been shown to allocate preferentially to the most efficient symbiont and this preferential allocation may stabilize the mutualism. I construct a general model of the interactive feedbacks of host preferential allocation and the dynamics of root symbiont populations to evaluate the stability of nutritional mutualisms. Preferential allocation can promote the evolution of mutualism even when the cost to the symbiont is very large. Moreover, the physiological plasticity of preferential allocation likely leads to coexistence of beneficial and nonbeneficial symbionts. For arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which facilitate plant uptake of phosphorus (P), the model predicts greater P transfer from these fungi per unit carbon invested with decreasing concentrations of soil P and with increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 , patterns that have been observed in laboratory and field studies. This framework connects physiological plasticity in plant allocation to population processes that determine mutualism stability and, as such, represents a significant step in understanding the stability and environmental patterns in mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Bever
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Hodge A. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic material substrates. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 89:47-99. [PMID: 25131400 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800259-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations are widespread and form between ca. two-thirds of all land plants and fungi in the phylum Glomeromycota. The association is a mutualistic symbiosis with the fungi enhancing nutrient capture for the plant while obtaining carbon in return. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) lack any substantial saprophytic capability they do preferentially associate with various organic substrates and respond by hyphal proliferation, indicating the fungus derives a benefit from the organic substrate. AMF may also enhance decomposition of the organic material. The benefit to the host plant of this hyphal proliferation is not always apparent, particularly regarding nitrogen (N) transfer, and there may be circumstances under which both symbionts compete for the N released given both have a large demand for N. The results of various studies examining AMF responses to organic substrates and the interactions with other members of the soil community will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
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Steidinger BS, Turner BL, Corrales A, Dalling JW. Variability in potential to exploit different soil organic phosphorus compounds among tropical montane tree species. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Steidinger
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Indiana University Bloomington Indiana47405 USA
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Adriana Corrales
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - James W. Dalling
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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15
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Ehinger M, Mohr TJ, Starcevich JB, Sachs JL, Porter SS, Simms EL. Specialization-generalization trade-off in a Bradyrhizobium symbiosis with wild legume hosts. BMC Ecol 2014; 14:8. [PMID: 24641813 PMCID: PMC4021497 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-14-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialized interactions help structure communities, but persistence of specialized organisms is puzzling because a generalist can occupy more environments and partake in more beneficial interactions. The "Jack-of-all-trades is a master of none" hypothesis asserts that specialists persist because the fitness of a generalist utilizing a particular habitat is lower than that of a specialist adapted to that habitat. Yet, there are many reasons to expect that mutualists will generalize on partners.Plant-soil feedbacks help to structure plant and microbial communities, but how frequently are soil-based symbiotic mutualistic interactions sufficiently specialized to influence species distributions and community composition? To address this question, we quantified realized partner richness and phylogenetic breadth of four wild-grown native legumes (Lupinus bicolor, L. arboreus, Acmispon strigosus and A. heermannii) and performed inoculation trials to test the ability of two hosts (L. bicolor and A. strigosus) to nodulate (fundamental partner richness), benefit from (response specificity), and provide benefit to (effect specificity) 31 Bradyrhizobium genotypes. RESULTS In the wild, each Lupinus species hosted a broader genetic range of Bradyrhizobium than did either Acmispon species, suggesting that Acmispon species are more specialized. In the greenhouse, however, L. bicolor and A. strigosus did not differ in fundamental association specificity: all inoculated genotypes nodulated both hosts. Nevertheless, A. strigosus exhibited more specificity, i.e., greater variation in its response to, and effect on, Bradyrhizobium genotypes. Lupinus bicolor benefited from a broader range of genotypes but averaged less benefit from each. Both hosts obtained more fitness benefit from symbionts isolated from conspecific hosts; those symbionts in turn gained greater fitness benefit from hosts of the same species from which they were isolated. CONCLUSIONS This study affirmed two important tenets of evolutionary theory. First, as predicted by the Jack-of-all-trades is a master of none hypothesis, specialist A. strigosus obtained greater benefit from its beneficial symbionts than did generalist L. bicolor. Second, as predicted by coevolutionary theory, each test species performed better with partner genotypes isolated from conspecifics. Finally, positive fitness feedback between the tested hosts and symbionts suggests that positive plant-soil feedback could contribute to their patchy distributions in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Ehinger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Toni J Mohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Joel L Sachs
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Institute of Integrative Genomic Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie S Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ellen L Simms
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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De Roissart A, Peña EDL, Van Oyen L, Van Leeuwen T, Ballhorn DJ, Bonte D. The presence of root-feeding nematodes – Not AMF – Affects an herbivore dispersal strategy. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Boza G, Kun A, Scheuring I, Dieckmann U. Strategy diversity stabilizes mutualism through investment cycles, phase polymorphism, and spatial bubbles. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002660. [PMID: 23166478 PMCID: PMC3499242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is continuing interest in understanding factors that facilitate the evolution and stability of cooperation within and between species. Such interactions will often involve plasticity in investment behavior, in response to the interacting partner's investments. Our aim here is to investigate the evolution and stability of reciprocal investment behavior in interspecific interactions, a key phenomenon strongly supported by experimental observations. In particular, we present a comprehensive analysis of a continuous reciprocal investment game between mutualists, both in well-mixed and spatially structured populations, and we demonstrate a series of novel mechanisms for maintaining interspecific mutualism. We demonstrate that mutualistic partners invariably follow investment cycles, during which mutualism first increases, before both partners eventually reduce their investments to zero, so that these cycles always conclude with full defection. We show that the key mechanism for stabilizing mutualism is phase polymorphism along the investment cycle. Although mutualistic partners perpetually change their strategies, the community-level distribution of investment levels becomes stationary. In spatially structured populations, the maintenance of polymorphism is further facilitated by dynamic mosaic structures, in which mutualistic partners form expanding and collapsing spatial bubbles or clusters. Additionally, we reveal strategy-diversity thresholds, both for well-mixed and spatially structured mutualistic communities, and discuss factors for meeting these thresholds, and thus maintaining mutualism. Our results demonstrate that interspecific mutualism, when considered as plastic investment behavior, can be unstable, and, in agreement with empirical observations, may involve a polymorphism of investment levels, varying both in space and in time. Identifying the mechanisms maintaining such polymorphism, and hence mutualism in natural communities, provides a significant step towards understanding the coevolution and population dynamics of mutualistic interactions. Mutualistic interactions between species are often best understood as gradually adjustable reciprocal investments made continuously or iteratively between participants. Prime examples are the mycorrhizal and rhizobial mutualisms so strongly affecting the productivity of plants. When such interactions are described by continuous reciprocal investment games, participants adjust their investments plastically in response to their mutualistic partner's most recent investment. Although common sense suggests that such conditional or reactive behavior provides a potent defense against exploitation, our comprehensive model analysis reveals that the coevolution of investment strategies will often instead induce instability and decay of mutualistic interactions. We also identify several factors that can prevent this decay. First, mutualisms can be stably maintained if the investment strategies of participants are sufficiently diverse. Second, if participants are limited in their movements, the formation of dynamic spatial mosaic structures promotes strategy diversity and thereby facilitates the maintenance of mutualism. These ecological and evolutionary dynamics result in communities with a diversity of interaction types, ranging from mutually beneficial to exploitative, and varying both in space and in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Boza
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
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Hong JJ, Park YS, Bravo A, Bhattarai KK, Daniels DA, Harrison MJ. Diversity of morphology and function in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANTA 2012; 236:851-865. [PMID: 22711284 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a grass species that serves as a useful model for wheat and also for many of the grass species proposed as feedstocks for bioenergy production. Here, we monitored B. distachyon symbioses with five different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and identified symbioses that vary functionally with respect to plant performance. Three symbioses promoted significant increases in shoot phosphorus (P) content and shoot growth of Brachypodium, while two associations were neutral. The Brachypodium/Glomus candidum symbiosis showed a classic 'Paris-type' morphology. In the other four AM symbioses, hyphal growth was exclusively intracellular and linear; hyphal coils were not observed and arbuscules were abundant. Expression of the Brachypodium ortholog of the symbiosis-specific phosphate (Pi) transporter MtPT4 did not differ significantly in these five interactions indicating that the lack of apparent functionality did not result from a failure to express this gene or several other AM symbiosis-associated genes. Analysis of the expression patterns of the complete PHT1 Pi transporter gene family and AMT2 gene family in B. distachyon/G. intraradices mycorrhizal roots identified additional family members induced during symbiosis and again, transcript levels were similar in the different Brachypodium AM symbioses. This initial morphological, molecular and functional characterization provides a framework for future studies of functional diversity in AM symbiosis in B. distachyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeon J Hong
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Pizano C, Mangan SA, Herre EA, Eom AH, Dalling JW. Above- and belowground interactions drive habitat segregation between two cryptic species of tropical trees. Ecology 2011; 92:47-56. [PMID: 21560675 DOI: 10.1890/09-1715.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the lowlands of central Panama, the Neotropical pioneer tree Trema micrantha (sensu lato) exists as two cryptic species: "landslide" Trema is restricted to landslides and road embankments, while "gap" Trema occurs mostly in treefall gaps. In this study, we explored the relative contributions of biotic interactions and physical factors to habitat segregation in T. micrantha. Field surveys showed that soils from landslides were significantly richer in available phosphorus and harbored distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities compared to gap soils. Greenhouse experiments designed to determine the effect of these abiotic and biotic differences showed that: (1) both landslide and gap species performed better in sterilized soil from their own habitat, (2) the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen was limiting in gap and landslide soils, respectively, (3) a standardized AMF inoculum increased performance of both species, but primarily on gap soils, and (4) landslide and gap species performed better when sterilized soils were inoculated with the microbial inoculum from their own habitat. A field experiment confirmed that survival and growth of each species was highest in its corresponding habitat. This experiment also showed that browsing damage significantly decreased survival of gap Trema on landslides. We conclude that belowground interactions with soil microbes and aboveground interactions with herbivores contribute in fundamental ways to processes that may promote and reinforce adaptive speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pizano
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 9100, Box 0948, APO AA 34002, USA.
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20
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Zhang Q, Zhang L, Weiner J, Tang J, Chen X. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter plant allometry and biomass-density relationships. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:407-13. [PMID: 21169608 PMCID: PMC3043928 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant biomass-density relationships during self-thinning are determined mainly by allometry. Both allometry and biomass-density relationship have been shown to vary with abiotic conditions, but the effects of biotic interactions have not been investigated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can promote plant growth and affect plant form. Here experiments were carried out to test whether AMF affect plant allometry and the self-thinning trajectory. METHODS Two experiments were conducted on Medicago sativa L., a leguminous species known to be highly dependent on mycorrhiza. Two mycorrhizal levels were obtained by applying benomyl (low AMF) or not (high AMF). Experiment 1 investigated the effects of AMF on plant growth in the absence of competition. Experiment 2 was a factorial design with two mycorrhizal levels and two plant densities (6000 and 17 500 seeds m(-2)). Shoot biomass, root biomass and canopy radius were measured 30, 60, 90 and 120 d after sowing. The allometric relationships among these aspects of size were estimated by standardized major axis regression on log-transformed data. KEY RESULTS Shoot biomass in the absence of competition was lower under low AMF treatment. In self-thinning populations, the slope of the log (mean shoot biomass) vs. log density relationship was significantly steeper for the high AMF treatment (slope = -1·480) than for the low AMF treatment (-1·133). The canopy radius-biomass allometric exponents were not significantly affected by AMF level, but the root-shoot allometric exponent was higher in the low AMF treatment. With a high level of AMF, the biomass-density exponent can be predicted from the above-ground allometric model of self-thinning, while this was not the case when AMF were reduced by fungicide. CONCLUSIONS AMF affected the importance of below-ground relative to above-ground interactions and changed root vs. shoot allocation. This changed allometric allocation of biomass and altered the self-thinning trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jacob Weiner
- Department of Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jianjun Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Fitzsimons MS, Miller RM. The importance of soil microorganisms for maintaining diverse plant communities in tallgrass prairie. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:1937-43. [PMID: 21616842 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY According to the "Janzen-Connell hypothesis," soil microorganisms have the potential to increase plant community diversity by mediating negative feedback on plant growth. Evidence for such microbe-driven negative feedback has been found in a variety of terrestrial systems. However, it is currently unknown how general this phenomenon is within most plant communities. Also unknown is the role of mutualists in generating such feedback: do they decrease the influence of soil-mediated negative feedback on plant fitness or do they increase its effect by proliferating with plant hosts to which they give the least benefit? • METHODS We investigated soil-microbe-mediated feedback via a series of reciprocal transplant experiments in the greenhouse using soil from a restored tallgrass prairie and native tallgrass prairie plant species. • KEY RESULTS We found that negative feedback was very common but that mutualists (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) influence plant growth in opposition to the overall negative feedback trend. • CONCLUSIONS Widespread microbially mediated negative feedback indicates that plant community diversity and composition in tallgrass prairie are dependent on soil microorganisms. Native soil microorganisms should be considered in restoration efforts of tallgrass prairie and, potentially, other native plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Fitzsimons
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA
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22
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Sudová R, Rydlová J, Münzbergová Z, Suda J. Ploidy-specific interactions of three host plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Does genome copy number matter? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:1798-1807. [PMID: 21616819 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polyploidy has been shown to affect different plant traits and modulate interactions between plants and other organisms, such as pollinators and herbivores. However, no information is available on whether it can also shape the functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis. • METHODS The mycorrhizal growth response was assessed for three angiosperms with intraspecific ploidy variation. Different cytotypes of Aster amellus, Campanula gentilis, and Pimpinella saxifraga were either left uninoculated or were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a pot experiment. After 3 mo of cultivation in a greenhouse, plant growth, phosphorus concentration in the shoot biomass, and development of the AM symbiosis were evaluated. • KEY RESULTS No significant ploidy-specific differences in AM development were recorded. The inoculation led to consistently greater phosphorus uptake; however, the effect on plant growth differed considerably among plant species, populations, ploidy levels, and AM species. A salient ploidy-specific response was observed in A. amellus. Whereas diploid plants benefited from AM inoculation, the hexaploids consistently showed negative or no-growth responses (depending on the AM species). In contrast to A. amellus, no interactions between inoculation and ploidy were observed in C. gentilis and P. saxifraga. • CONCLUSIONS The first evidence is provided of a ploidy-specific response of a mycotrophic plant to AM fungi. Our results demonstrate the complexity of interaction between plants and associated AM fungi, with the ploidy level of the host plant being one component that may modulate the functioning of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Bever JD, Dickie IA, Facelli E, Facelli JM, Klironomos J, Moora M, Rillig MC, Stock WD, Tibbett M, Zobel M. Rooting theories of plant community ecology in microbial interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2010; 25:468-78. [PMID: 20557974 PMCID: PMC2921684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Predominant frameworks for understanding plant ecology have an aboveground bias that neglects soil micro-organisms. This is inconsistent with recent work illustrating the importance of soil microbes in terrestrial ecology. Microbial effects have been incorporated into plant community dynamics using ideas of niche modification and plant-soil community feedbacks. Here, we expand and integrate qualitative conceptual models of plant niche and feedback to explore implications of microbial interactions for understanding plant community ecology. At the same time we review the empirical evidence for these processes. We also consider common mycorrhizal networks, and propose that these are best interpreted within the feedback framework. Finally, we apply our integrated model of niche and feedback to understanding plant coexistence, monodominance and invasion ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Bever
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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25
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Bonte D, De Roissart A, Vandegehuchte ML, Ballhorn DJ, Van Leeuwen T, de la Peña E. Local adaptation of aboveground herbivores towards plant phenotypes induced by soil biota. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11174. [PMID: 20567507 PMCID: PMC2887358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil biota may trigger strong physiological responses in plants and consequently induce distinct phenotypes. Plant phenotype, in turn, has a strong impact on herbivore performance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that aboveground herbivores are able to adapt to plant phenotypes induced by soil biota. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We bred spider mites for 15 generations on snap beans with three different belowground biotic interactions: (i) no biota (to serve as control), (ii) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and (ii) root-feeding nematodes. Subsequently, we conducted a reciprocal selection experiment using these spider mites, which had been kept on the differently treated plants. Belowground treatments induced changes in plant biomass, nutrient composition and water content. No direct chemical defence through cyanogenesis was detected in any of the plant groups. Growth rates of spider mites were higher on the ecotypes on which they were bred for 15 generations, although the statistical significance disappeared for mites from the nematode treatment when corrected for all multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that belowground biota may indeed impose selection on the aboveground insect herbivores mediated by the host plant. The observed adaptation was driven by variable quantitative changes of the different separately studied life history traits (i.e. fecundity, longevity, sex-ratio, time to maturity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Du J, Yu FH, Alpert P, Dong M. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce effects of physiological integration in Trifolium repens. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:335-44. [PMID: 19493856 PMCID: PMC2710896 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS One of the special properties of clonal plants is the capacity for physiological integration, which can increase plant performance through mechanisms such as resource sharing and co-ordinated phenotypic plasticity when plants grow in microsites with contrasting resource availabilities. However, many clonal plants are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Since AMF are likely to reduce contrasts in effective resource levels, they could also reduce these effects of clonal integration on plasticity and performance in heterogeneous environments. METHODS To test this hypothesis, pairs of connected and disconnected ramets of the stoloniferous herb Trifolium repens were grown. One ramet in a pair was given high light and low nutrients while the other ramet was given high nutrients and low light. The pairs were inoculated with zero, one or five species of AMF. KEY RESULTS Pairs of ramets grown without AMF developed division of labour and benefited from resource sharing, as indicated by effects of connection on allocation to roots, accumulation of mass, and ramet production. Inoculation with five species of AMF significantly reduced these effects of connection, both by inhibiting them in ramets given high nutrients and inducing them in ramets given high light. Inoculation with one species of AMF also reduced some effects of connection, but generally to a lesser degree. CONCLUSIONS The results show that AMF can significantly modify the effects of clonal integration on the plasticity and performance of clonal plants in heterogeneous environments. In particular, AMF may partly replace the effects and benefits of clonal integration in low-nutrient habitats, possibly more so where species richness of AMF is high. This provides the first test of interaction between colonization by AMF and physiological integration in a clonal plant, and a new example of how biotic and abiotic factors could interact to determine the ecological importance of clonal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter Alpert
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9297, USA
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species suppress inducible plant responses and alter defensive strategies following herbivory. Oecologia 2009; 160:771-9. [PMID: 19408016 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In a greenhouse experiment using Plantago lanceolata, plants grown with different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species differed in constitutive levels of chemical defense depending on the species of AM fungi with which they were associated. AM fungal inoculation also modified the induced chemical response following herbivory by the specialist lepidopoteran herbivore Junonia coenia, and fungal species varied in how they affected induced responses. On average, inoculation with AM fungi substantially reduced the induced chemical response as compared with sterile controls, and inoculation with a mixture of AM fungi suppressed the induced response of P. lanceolata to herbivory. These results suggest that AM fungi can exert controlling influence over plant defensive phenotypes, and a portion of the substantial variation among experimental tests of induced chemical responses may be attributable to AM fungi.
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Bever JD, Richardson SC, Lawrence BM, Holmes J, Watson M. Preferential allocation to beneficial symbiont with spatial structure maintains mycorrhizal mutualism. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:13-21. [PMID: 19019195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James D Bever
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Kiers ET, Denison RF. Sanctions, Cooperation, and the Stability of Plant-Rhizosphere Mutualisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Toby Kiers
- Faculteit der Aard – en Levenswetenschappen, De Boelelaan 1085, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - R. Ford Denison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108;
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Wu FY, Ye ZH, Wu SC, Wong MH. Metal accumulation and arbuscular mycorrhizal status in metallicolous and nonmetallicolous populations of Pteris vittata L. and Sedum alfredii Hance. PLANTA 2007; 226:1363-78. [PMID: 17624548 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although Pteris vittata L. and Sedum alfredii Hance have been identified as an As hyperaccumulator and a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator, respectively, for a few years, variations in metal accumulation among populations and their arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status have not been fully explored. Six populations of P. vittata and four populations of S. alfredii from southeast China were investigated. Up to 1,373 As, 680 Pb, 376 Zn, 4.8 Cd, 169 Cu mg kg(-1) in fronds of P. vittata and 358 As, 2,290 Pb, 23,403 Zn, 708 Cd, 342 Cu mg kg(-1 )in shoots of S. alfredii were detected. Constitutive properties of As and Zn hyperaccumulation in metallicolous populations of P. vittata and S. alfredii, respectively, were confirmed. However, Cd hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii varied among populations. The two hyperaccumulators varied in efficiency in taking up other heavy metals. Different metal tolerance strategies adopted by the two hyperaccumulators varied among plant species and metal species. Low to moderate levels of AM colonization in P. vittata (4.2-12.8%) and S. alfredii (8.5-45.8%) were observed at uncontaminated and metal-contaminated sites. The relationship between metal concentrations and AM colonization in the two hyperacumulators was also examined. The abundance of AM fungal spores ranged from 16 to 190 spores per 25 g soil. Glomus microaggregatum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus brohultii and Glomus geosporum were the most common species associated with both P. vittata and S. alfredii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AM fungal status in rhizosphere of P. vittata and S. alfredii.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Wu
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Vogelsang KM, Reynolds HL, Bever JD. Mycorrhizal fungal identity and richness determine the diversity and productivity of a tallgrass prairie system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 172:554-62. [PMID: 17083685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species richness and composition on plant community productivity and diversity, and whether AMF mediate plant species coexistence by promoting niche differentiation in phosphorus use. Our experiment manipulated AMF species richness and identity across a range of P conditions in tallgrass prairie mesocosms. We showed that increasing AMF richness promoted plant diversity and productivity, but that this AMF richness effect was small relative to the effects of individual AMF species. We found little support for AMF-facilitated complementarity in P use. Rather, the AMF richness effect appeared to be caused by the inclusion of particular diversity- and productivity-promoting AMF (a sampling effect). Furthermore, the identity of the diversity-promoting fungi changed with P environment, as did the relationship between the diversity-promoting and productivity-promoting benefits of AMF. Our results suggest that plant diversity and productivity are more responsive to AMF identity than to AMF diversity per se, and that AMF identity and P environment can interact in complex ways to alter community-level properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Vogelsang
- Indiana University Department of Biology, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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