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Perez RE, Eckerdt F, Platanias LC. Schlafens: Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1805. [PMID: 38791884 PMCID: PMC11119473 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) family of immunomodulatory cytokines has been a focus of cancer research for over 50 years with direct and indirect implications in cancer therapy due to their properties to inhibit malignant cell proliferation and modulate immune responses. Among the transcriptional targets of the IFNs is a family of genes referred to as Schlafens. The products of these genes, Schlafen proteins, exert important roles in modulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, viral replication, and chemosensitivity of malignant cells. Studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression of various Schlafens contributes to the pathophysiology of various cancers. Schlafens are now emerging as promising biomarkers and potentially attractive targets for drug development in cancer research. Here, we highlight research suggesting the use of Schlafens as cancer biomarkers and the rationale for the development of specific drugs targeting Schlafen proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E. Perez
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (R.E.P.); (F.E.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Frank Eckerdt
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (R.E.P.); (F.E.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (R.E.P.); (F.E.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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2
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Zannikou M, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Signaling by Type I Interferons in Immune Cells: Disease Consequences. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1600. [PMID: 38672681 PMCID: PMC11049350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review addresses interferon (IFN) signaling in immune cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) and examines how this affects cancer progression. The data reveal that IFNs exert dual roles in cancers, dependent on the TME, exhibiting both anti-tumor activity and promoting cancer progression. We discuss the abnormal IFN signaling induced by cancerous cells that alters immune responses to permit their survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markella Zannikou
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eleanor N. Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2M1, Canada;
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 S. Damen Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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3
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Wang S, Li L, Wang W. Knockdown of Slfn5 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced pneumonia by regulating Janus kinase/signal transduction and activator of transcription pathway. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:6708-6720. [PMID: 38249884 PMCID: PMC10797344 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Background In recent years, the incidence of pneumonia has been increasing, which is the main cause of death and morbidity of children and the elderly in the world. Slfn5 is implicated in multiple cancers, and Slfn5 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in lung cancer. However, the influences of Slfn5 in pneumonia have not yet been completely cleared. Herein, we aimed to explore the underlying effects and regulatory mechanisms of Slfn5 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pneumonia in mice and A549 cells. Methods Mice were intratracheally administered 5 mg/kg LPS to construct pneumonia model. In vitro, A549 cells were treated with 10 µg/mL LPS to construct cellular pneumonia model. Slfn5 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Haematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated deoxyuridine triphosphate‑biotin nick end‑labelling), and western blotting were performed to assess pathological injury and inflammation. MTT [3(4,5‑dimethyl‑2‑thiazolyl)‑2,5‑diphenyl‑2‑H‑tetrazolium bromide], flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis were performed to analyze cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammation. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to explore the mechanism of Slfn5 in pneumonia. Results Slfn5 expression was upregulated in LPS-induced pneumonia in mice and A549 cells. In mice, knockdown of Slfn5 weakened LPS-induced lung injury and inflammation and decreased the expression of p-JAK2, p-JAK3, and p-STAT3. In LPS-stimulated A549 cells, downregulation of Slfn5 expression increased and Slfn5 overexpression decreased cell viability. Downregulation of Slfn5 expression decreased and Slfn5 overexpression increased cell apoptosis, inflammation and the expression of p-JAK2, p-JAK3, and p-STAT3. AG490, an inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway, reversed the damaging effects of Slfn5 overexpression. Conclusions In the LPS-induced pneumonia model, Slfn5 knockdown alleviated LPS-induced lung injury by regulating the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunying Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Department of Cadre Health Section, Jinan City People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
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4
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Tu T, Yuan Y, Liu X, Liang X, Yang X, Yang Y. Progress in investigating the relationship between Schlafen5 genes and malignant tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1248825. [PMID: 37771431 PMCID: PMC10523568 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1248825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Schlafen5(SLFN5)gene belongs to the third group of the Schlafen protein family. As a tumor suppressor gene, SLFN5 plays a pivotal role in inhibiting tumor growth, orchestrating cell cycle regulation, and modulating the extent of cancer cell infiltration and metastasis in various malignancies. However, the high expression of SLFN 5 in some tumors was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and tumor grade. This article endeavors to elucidate the reciprocal relationship between the SLFN5 gene and malignant tumors, thereby enhancing our comprehension of the intricate mechanisms underlying the SLFN5 gene and its implications for the progression, invasive potential, and metastatic behavior of malignant tumors. At the same time, this paper summarizes the basis of SLFN 5 as a new biomarker of tumor diagnosis and prognosis, and provides new ideas for the target treatment of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Tu
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- The 1st Clinical Medical College, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
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5
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Fischietti M, Eckerdt F, Perez RE, Guillen Magaña JN, Mazewski C, Ho S, Gonzalez C, Streich LD, Beauchamp EM, Heimberger AB, Baran AH, Yue F, James CD, Platanias LC. SLFN11 Negatively Regulates Noncanonical NFκB Signaling to Promote Glioblastoma Progression. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:966-978. [PMID: 36382088 PMCID: PMC9648417 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable brain tumor in nearly all instances, whose disease progression is driven in part by the glioma stem cell (GSC) subpopulation. Here, we explored the effects of Schlafen family member 11 (SLFN11) in the molecular, cellular, and tumor biology of GBM. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SLFN11 inhibited GBM cell proliferation and neurosphere growth and was associated with reduced expression of progenitor/stem cell marker genes, such as NES, SOX2, and CD44. Loss of SLFN11 stimulated expression of NFκB target genes, consistent with a negative regulatory role for SLFN11 on the NFκB pathway. Furthermore, our studies identify p21 as a direct transcriptional target of NFκB2 in GBM whose expression was stimulated by loss of SLFN11. Genetic disruption of SLFN11 blocked GBM growth and significantly extended survival in an orthotopic patient-derived xenograft model. Together, our results identify SLFN11 as a novel component of signaling pathways that contribute to GBM and GSC with implications for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Significance:
We identify a negative regulatory role for SLFN11 in noncanonical NFκB signaling that results in suppression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21. We provide evidence that SLFN11 contributes to regulation of stem cell markers in GBM, promoting the malignant phenotype. In addition, SLFN11 targeting triggers p21 expression and antitumor responses. Our studies define a highly novel function for SLFN11 and identify it as a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafausta Fischietti
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Frank Eckerdt
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ricardo E. Perez
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Candice Mazewski
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sang Ho
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher Gonzalez
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lukas D. Streich
- 4Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elspeth M. Beauchamp
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 5Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aneta H. Baran
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 5Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Feng Yue
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - C. David James
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- 5Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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6
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Xu J, Chen S, Liang J, Hao T, Wang H, Liu G, Jin X, Li H, Zhang J, Zhang C, He Y. Schlafen family is a prognostic biomarker and corresponds with immune infiltration in gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922138. [PMID: 36090985 PMCID: PMC9452737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schlafen (SLFN) gene family plays an important role in immune cell differentiation and immune regulation. Previous studies have found that the increased SLFN5 expression in patients with intestinal metaplasia correlates with gastric cancer (GC) progression. However, no investigation has been conducted on the SLFN family in GC. Therefore, we systematically explore the expression and prognostic value of SLFN family members in patients with GC, elucidating their possible biological function and its correlation with tumor immune cells infiltration. TCGA database results indicated that the SLFN5, SLFN11, SLFN12, SLFN12L, and SLFN13 expression was significantly higher in GC. The UALCAN and KM plotter databases indicated that enhanced the SLFN family expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and tumor grade and predicted an adverse prognosis. cBioportal database revealed that the SLFN family had a high frequency of genetic alterations in GC (about 12%), including mutations and amplification. The GeneMANIA and STRING databases identified 20 interacting genes and 16 interacting proteins that act as potential targets of the SLFN family. SLFN5, SLFN11, SLFN12, SLFN12L, and SLFN14 may be implicated in the immunological response, according to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Additionally, Timer and TISIDB databases indicate that SLFN5, SLFN11, SLFN12, SLFN12L, and SLFN14 are involved in the immune response. Furthermore, Timer, TCGA, and TISIDB databases suggested that the SLFN5, SLFN11, SLFN12, SLFN12L, and SLFN14 expression in GC is highly linked with immune cell infiltration levels, immune checkpoint, and the many immune cell marker sets expression. We isolated three samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and activated T cells; the results showed the expression of SLFN family members decreased significantly when T cell active. In conclusion, the SLFN family of proteins may act as a prognostic indicator of GC and is associated with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression in GC. Additionally, it may be involved in tumor immune evasion by regulating T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Xu
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songyao Chen
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianming Liang
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tengfei Hao
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huabin Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangyao Liu
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinghan Jin
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Li
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junchang Zhang
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Changhua Zhang, ; Yulong He,
| | - Yulong He
- Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Center of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Changhua Zhang, ; Yulong He,
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The Long Noncoding RNA MEG3 Retains Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Sponging miR-146b-5p to Regulate SLFN5 Expression in Breast Cancer Cells. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1824166. [PMID: 36033389 PMCID: PMC9411926 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1824166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in malignant tumors. The lncRNA MEG3 serves as a crucial molecule in breast cancer development, but the specific molecular mechanism needs to be further explored. We previously reported that Schlafen family member 5 (SLFN5) inhibits breast cancer malignant development by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and proliferation/apoptosis. Herein, we demonstrated that MEG3 was downregulated in pan-cancers and correlated with SLFN5 expression positively in breast cancer by bioinformatics analysis of TCGA and UCSC Xena data. Intervention with MEG3 positively affected SLFN5 expression in breast cancer cells. MEG3 repressed EMT and migration/invasion, similar to our previously reported functions of SLFN5 in breast cancer. Through bioinformatics analysis of starBase and LncBase data, 12 miRNAs were found to regulate both SLFN5 and MEG3, in which miR-146b-5p was confirmed to be regulated by MEG3 using MEG3 siRNA and overexpression method. MiR-146b-5p could bind to both SLFN5 3′UTR and MEG3, and inhibit their expression in a competing endogenous RNA mechanism, assayed by luciferase reporter and RNA pull down methods. Therefore, we conclude that MEG3 positively modulates SLFN5 expression by sponging miR-146b-5p and inhibits breast cancer development.
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Abstract
Like most solid tumours, the microenvironment of epithelial-derived gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) consists of a variety of stromal cell types, including fibroblasts, and neuronal, endothelial and immune cells. In this article, we review the role of the immune microenvironment in the progression of chronic inflammation to GAC, primarily the immune microenvironment driven by the gram-negative bacterial species Helicobacter pylori. The infection-driven nature of most GACs has renewed awareness of the immune microenvironment and its effect on tumour development and progression. About 75-90% of GACs are associated with prior H. pylori infection and 5-10% with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Although 50% of the world's population is infected with H. pylori, only 1-3% will progress to GAC, with progression the result of a combination of the H. pylori strain, host susceptibility and composition of the chronic inflammatory response. Other environmental risk factors include exposure to a high-salt diet and nitrates. Genetically, chromosome instability occurs in ~50% of GACs and 21% of GACs are microsatellite instability-high tumours. Here, we review the timeline and pathogenesis of the events triggered by H. pylori that can create an immunosuppressive microenvironment by modulating the host's innate and adaptive immune responses, and subsequently favour GAC development.
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Ding J, Wang S, Wang Z, Chen S, Zhao J, Solomon M, Liu Z, Guo F, Ma L, Wen J, Li X, Liang C, Cen S. Schlafen 5 suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription by commandeering cellular epigenetic machinery. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6137-6153. [PMID: 35687115 PMCID: PMC9226525 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schlafen-5 (SLFN5) is an interferon-induced protein of the Schlafen family, which are involved in immune responses and oncogenesis. To date, little is known regarding its anti-HIV-1 function. Here, the authors report that overexpression of SLFN5 inhibits HIV-1 replication and reduces viral mRNA levels, whereas depletion of endogenous SLFN5 promotes HIV-1 replication. Moreover, they show that SLFN5 markedly decreases the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) via binding to two sequences in the U5-R region, which consequently represses the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the transcription initiation site. Mutagenesis studies show the importance of nuclear localization and the N-terminal 1-570 amino acids fragment in the inhibition of HIV-1. Further mechanistic studies demonstrate that SLFN5 interacts with components of the PRC2 complex, G9a and Histone H3, thereby promoting H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 modification leading to silencing HIV-1 transcription. In concert with this, they find that SLFN5 blocks the activation of latent HIV-1. Altogether, their findings demonstrate that SLFN5 is a transcriptional repressor of HIV-1 through epigenetic modulation and a potential determinant of HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shumin Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Magan Solomon
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Structural, molecular, and functional insights into Schlafen proteins. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:730-738. [PMID: 35768579 PMCID: PMC9256597 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Schlafen (SLFN) genes belong to a vertebrate gene family encoding proteins with high sequence homology. However, each SLFN is functionally divergent and differentially expressed in various tissues and species, showing a wide range of expression in cancer and normal cells. SLFNs are involved in various cellular and tissue-specific processes, including DNA replication, proliferation, immune and interferon responses, viral infections, and sensitivity to DNA-targeted anticancer agents. The fundamental molecular characteristics of SLFNs and their structures are beginning to be elucidated. Here, we review recent structural insights into the N-terminal, middle and C-terminal domains (N-, M-, and C-domains, respectively) of human SLFNs and discuss the current understanding of their biological roles. We review the distinct molecular activities of SLFN11, SLFN5, and SLFN12 and the relevance of SLFN11 as a predictive biomarker in oncology. The diverse roles that Schlafen family proteins play in cell proliferation, immune modulation, and other biological processes make them promising targets for treating and tracking diseases, especially cancer. Ukhyun Jo and Yves Pommier from the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, USA, review the molecular characteristics and structural features of Schlafen proteins. These proteins take their name from the German word for “sleep”, as the first described Schlafen proteins caused cells to stop dividing, although later reports found that related members of the same protein family serve myriad cellular functions, including in the regulation of DNA replication. A better understanding of Schlafen proteins could open up new avenues in cancer management, for instance, diagnostics that monitor activity levels of one such protein, SLFN11, could help oncologists predict how well patients might respond to anti-cancer therapies.
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11
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Koulis A, Di Costanzo N, Mitchell C, Lade S, Goode D, Busuttil RA, Boussioutas A. CD10 and Das1: a biomarker study using immunohistochemistry to subtype gastric intestinal metaplasia. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:197. [PMID: 35448971 PMCID: PMC9026694 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is considered a key pivot point in the Correa model of gastric cancer (GC). It is histologically subtyped into the complete and incomplete subtypes, the latter being associated with a greater risk of progression. However, the clinical utility of IM subtyping remains unclear, partially due to the absence of reliable defining biomarkers. Methods Based on gene expression data and existing literature, we selected CD10 and Das1 as candidate biomarkers to distinguish complete and incomplete IM glands in tissues from patients without GC (IM-GC) and patients with GC (IM + GC). Immunohistochemical staining of individually subtyped IM glands was scored after blinding by two researchers using tissue belonging to both IM-GC and IM + GC patients. Whole tissue Das1 staining was further assessed using digital image quantification (cellSens Dimension, Olympus). Results Across both cohorts CD10 stained the IM brush border and was shown to have a high sensitivity (87.5% and 94.9% in IM-GC and IM + GC patients respectively) and specificity (100.0% and 96.7% respectively) with an overall AUROC of 0.944 for complete IM glands. By contrast Das1 stained mainly goblet cells and the apical membrane of epithelial cells, mostly of incomplete IM glands with a low sensitivity (28.6% and 29.3% in IM-GC and IM + GC patients respectively) but high specificity (98.3% and 85.1% respectively) and an overall AUROC of 0.603 for incomplete IM glands. A combined logistic regression model showed a significant increase in AUROC for detecting complete IM glands (0.955 vs 0.970). Whole tissue digital quantification of Das1 staining showed a significant association with incomplete IM compared to complete IM, both in IM-GC and in IM + GC patients (p = 0.016 and p = 0.009 respectively, Mann–Whitney test and unpaired t test used). Additionally, complete IM in IM + GC patients exhibited significantly more Das1 staining than in IM-GC patients (p = 0.019, Mann–Whitney test). Conclusions These findings suggest that CD10 is an outstanding biomarker for complete IM and Das1 may be useful as a secondary biomarker for IM glands at greater risk of progression irrespective of IM subtype. Overall, the clinical use of these biomarkers could lead to improved patient stratification and targeted surveillance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-022-02268-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Koulis
- Upper Gastrointestinal Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natasha Di Costanzo
- Upper Gastrointestinal Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Lade
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Goode
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rita A Busuttil
- Upper Gastrointestinal Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Boussioutas
- Upper Gastrointestinal Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. .,Upper Gastrointestinal Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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12
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Schlafens Can Put Viruses to Sleep. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020442. [PMID: 35216035 PMCID: PMC8875196 DOI: 10.3390/v14020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schlafen gene family encodes for proteins involved in various biological tasks, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and T cell development. Schlafens were initially discovered in mice, and have been studied in the context of cancer biology, as well as their role in protecting cells during viral infection. This protein family provides antiviral barriers via direct and indirect effects on virus infection. Schlafens can inhibit the replication of viruses with both RNA and DNA genomes. In this review, we summarize the cellular functions and the emerging relationship between Schlafens and innate immunity. We also discuss the functions and distinctions of this emerging family of proteins as host restriction factors against viral infection. Further research into Schlafen protein function will provide insight into their mechanisms that contribute to intrinsic and innate host immunity.
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13
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Metzner FJ, Huber E, Hopfner KP, Lammens K. Structural and biochemical characterization of human Schlafen 5. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:1147-1161. [PMID: 35037067 PMCID: PMC8789055 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schlafen family belongs to the interferon-stimulated genes and its members are involved in cell cycle regulation, T cell quiescence, inhibition of viral replication, DNA-repair and tRNA processing. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of full-length human Schlafen 5 (SLFN5) and the high-resolution crystal structure of the highly conserved N-terminal core domain. We show that the core domain does not resemble an ATPase-like fold and neither binds nor hydrolyzes ATP. SLFN5 binds tRNA as well as single- and double-stranded DNA, suggesting a potential role in transcriptional regulation. Unlike rat Slfn13 or human SLFN11, human SLFN5 did not cleave tRNA. Based on the structure, we identified two residues in proximity to the zinc finger motif that decreased DNA binding when mutated. These results indicate that Schlafen proteins have divergent enzymatic functions and provide a structural platform for future biochemical and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Metzner
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Huber
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Katja Lammens
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany
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14
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Schlafens: Emerging Proteins in Cancer Cell Biology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092238. [PMID: 34571887 PMCID: PMC8465726 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schlafens (SLFN) are a family of genes widely expressed in mammals, including humans and rodents. These intriguing proteins play different roles in regulating cell proliferation, cell differentiation, immune cell growth and maturation, and inhibiting viral replication. The emerging evidence is implicating Schlafens in cancer biology and chemosensitivity. Although Schlafens share common domains and a high degree of homology, different Schlafens act differently. In particular, they show specific and occasionally opposing effects in some cancer types. This review will briefly summarize the history, structure, and non-malignant biological functions of Schlafens. The roles of human and mouse Schlafens in different cancer types will then be outlined. Finally, we will discuss the implication of Schlafens in the anti-tumor effect of interferons and the use of Schlafens as predictors of chemosensitivity.
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15
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Fischietti M, Eckerdt F, Blyth GT, Arslan AD, Mati WM, Oku CV, Perez RE, Lee-Chang C, Kosciuczuk EM, Saleiro D, Beauchamp EM, Lesniak MS, Verzella D, Sun L, Fish EN, Yang GY, Qiang W, Platanias LC. Schlafen 5 as a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:3273-3286. [PMID: 33846574 PMCID: PMC8106654 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We provide evidence that a member of the human Schlafen (SLFN) family of proteins, SLFN5, is overexpressed in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Targeted deletion of SLFN5 results in decreased PDAC cell proliferation and suppresses PDAC tumorigenesis in in vivo PDAC models. Importantly, high expression levels of SLFN5 correlate with worse outcomes in PDAC patients, implicating SLFN5 in the pathophysiology of PDAC that leads to poor outcomes. Our studies establish novel regulatory effects of SLFN5 on cell cycle progression through binding/blocking of the transcriptional repressor E2F7, promoting transcription of key genes that stimulate S phase progression. Together, our studies suggest an essential role for SLFN5 in PDAC and support the potential for developing new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pancreatic cancer through SLFN5 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafausta Fischietti
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank Eckerdt
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gavin T Blyth
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahmet D Arslan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William M Mati
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chidera V Oku
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ricardo E Perez
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ewa M Kosciuczuk
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elspeth M Beauchamp
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Leyu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wenan Qiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Farshidpour M, Ahmed M, Junna S, Merchant JL. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in gastrointestinal cancers: A systemic review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1-11. [PMID: 33510845 PMCID: PMC7805271 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are one of the most common malignancies worldwide, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). MDSCs facilitate the transformation of premalignant cells and play roles in tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, in patients with GI malignancies, MDSCs can lead to the suppression of T cells and natural killer cells. Accordingly, a better understanding of the role and mechanism of action of MDSCs in the TME will aid in the development of novel immune-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Farshidpour
- Inpatient Medicine, Banner University of Medical Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Monjur Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Shilpa Junna
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Banner University of Medical Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Banner University of Medical Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States
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17
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Gu X, Wan G, Yang Y, Liu Y, Yang X, Zheng Y, Jiang L, Zhang P, Liu D, Zhao W, Huang G, Lu C. SLFN5 influences proliferation and apoptosis by upregulating PTEN transcription via ZEB1 and inhibits the purine metabolic pathway in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2832-2850. [PMID: 33042620 PMCID: PMC7539779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Schlafen-5 (SLFN5) is aberrantly involved in tumorigenesis in several types of cancer. However, its implications in breast cancer (BRCA) are unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that SLFN5 expression is negatively associated with the tumour growth of human BRCA using GEO database analysis and clinical sample immunostaining. Lentiviral overexpression of SLFN5 in BRCA cell lines suppressed tumourigenicity in nude mice. Knockdown and overexpression of SLFN5 in BRCA cell lines proved that SLFN5 can inhibit cell proliferation and colony formation and promote apoptosis by upregulating the transcription of a known cancer suppressor gene (the phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome 10, PTEN), resulting in molecular changes in the downstream AKT pathway and in proliferation/apoptosis. Lentiviral knockdown and overexpression of ZEB1 blocked the changes in the PTEN and AKT pathways and in the colony formation ability caused by SLFN5 knockdown and overexpression, respectively. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that ZEB1 can inhibit the PTEN promoter activity in MCF7 cells by binding to a motif in the PTEN promoter. Metabonomics analysis showed that SLFN5 influences many metabolic pathways and especially decreases purine metabolites, including inosine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. In conclusion, our findings suggest that SLFN5 may be an important protective factor against BRCA, as it regulates PTEN transcription, the AKT pathway, and proliferation/apoptosis via ZEB1 mediation and inhibits the purine metabolic pathway. Thus, SLFN5 may be a potential therapeutic target for BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Gu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science Affiliated Zhoupu HospitalShanghai, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science Affiliated Zhoupu HospitalShanghai, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Pathology, Mudanjiang Medical UniversityMudanjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yihao Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMCBeijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Xintong Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Zheng
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science Affiliated Zhoupu HospitalShanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liying Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dingsheng Liu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science Affiliated Zhoupu HospitalShanghai, P. R. China
| | | | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
| | - Changlian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, P. R. China
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18
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The Role of Gastric Mucosal Immunity in Gastric Diseases. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7927054. [PMID: 32775468 PMCID: PMC7396052 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7927054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric mucosa plays its immune function through innate and adaptive immunity by recruiting immune cells and releasing corresponding cytokines, which have an inseparable relationship with gastric diseases. Whether infective gastric diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus or other microbe, noninfective gastric diseases, or gastric cancer, gastric mucosal immunity plays an important role in the occurrence and development of the disease. Understanding the unique immune-related tissue structure of the gastric mucosa and its role in immune responses can help prevent gastric diseases or treat them through immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the basic feature of gastric mucosal immunity and its relationship with gastric diseases to track the latest progress of gastric mucosal immunity, update relevant knowledge and provide theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of gastric diseases based on the gastric mucosal immunity.
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19
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A multi-omics analysis reveals the unfolded protein response regulon and stress-induced resistance to folate-based antimetabolites. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2936. [PMID: 32522993 PMCID: PMC7287054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress response pathways are critical for cellular homeostasis, promoting survival through adaptive changes in gene expression and metabolism. They play key roles in numerous diseases and are implicated in cancer progression and chemoresistance. However, the underlying mechanisms are only poorly understood. We have employed a multi-omics approach to monitor changes to gene expression after induction of a stress response pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), probing in parallel the transcriptome, the proteome, and changes to translation. Stringent filtering reveals the induction of 267 genes, many of which have not previously been implicated in stress response pathways. We experimentally demonstrate that UPR‐mediated translational control induces the expression of enzymes involved in a pathway that diverts intermediate metabolites from glycolysis to fuel mitochondrial one‐carbon metabolism. Concomitantly, the cells become resistant to the folate-based antimetabolites Methotrexate and Pemetrexed, establishing a direct link between UPR‐driven changes to gene expression and resistance to pharmacological treatment. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response pathway implicated in numerous diseases and chemotherapy resistance. Here, the authors define the UPR regulon with a multi-omics strategy, uncovering changes to mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and concomitant resistance to folate-based therapeutics.
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20
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Saleiro D, Platanias LC. Interferon signaling in cancer. Non-canonical pathways and control of intracellular immune checkpoints. Semin Immunol 2020; 43:101299. [PMID: 31771762 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are cytokines with important antineoplastic and immune modulatory effects. These cytokines have been conserved through evolution as important elements of the immune surveillance against cancer. Despite this, defining their precise and specific roles in the generation of antitumor responses remains challenging. Emerging evidence suggests the existence of previously unknown roles for IFNs in the control of the immune response against cancer that may redefine our understanding on how these cytokines function. Beyond the engagement of classical JAK-STAT signaling pathways that promote transcription and expression of gene products, the IFNs engage multiple other signaling cascades to generate products that mediate biological responses and outcomes. There is recent emerging evidence indicating that IFNs control the expression of both traditional immune checkpoints like the PD-L1/PD1 axis, but also less well understood "intracellular" immune checkpoints whose targeting may define new approaches for the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 S. Damen Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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21
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DKK1 is epigenetically downregulated by promoter methylation and inhibits bile acid-induced gastric intestinal metaplasia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:780-786. [PMID: 31952791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) is essential to gastric cancer as an inhibitor of Wnt signaling. Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is an important precancerous lesion of gastric cancer that can be activated by bile acid reflux and chronic inflammation. However, the exact mechanism of DKK1 in bile acid-induced GIM has not been completely elucidated. We aimed to explore the epigenetic alterations and biological functions of DKK1 in the development of GIM. In the present study, bile acid was found to induce the expression of intestinal markers in gastric epithelial cells, whereas DKK1 was downregulated in response to bile acid stimulation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of DKK1 were decreased in GIM tissues as evidenced by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Surprisingly, the methylation of the DKK1 promoter increased in GIM tissues, and we discovered 28 differential methylation sites of the DKK1 promoter in GIM tissues. Bile acid was able to induce the partial methylation of the DKK1 promoter, while 5-aza could increase DKK1 expression as well as decrease intestinal markers expression in gastric epithelial cells. In conclusion, the promoter methylation and downregulation of DKK1 might play important roles in the development of GIM, especially bile acid-induced GIM.
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22
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Silenced ZNF154 Is Associated with Longer Survival in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215437. [PMID: 31683647 PMCID: PMC6862440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has become the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the Western world despite advances in therapy of other cancerous lesions. Late diagnosis due to a lack of symptoms during early disease allows metastatic spread of the tumor. Most patients are considered incurable because of metastasized disease. On a cellular level, pancreatic cancer proves to be rather resistant to chemotherapy. Hence, early detection and new therapeutic targets might improve outcomes. The detection of DNA promoter hypermethylation has been described as a method to identify putative genes of interest in cancer entities. These genes might serve as either biomarkers or might lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. We checked tumor specimens from 80 patients who had undergone pancreatic resection for promoter hypermethylation of the zinc finger protein ZNF154. Then, we further characterized the effects of ZNF154 on cell viability and gene expression by in vitro experiments. We found a significant association between ZNF154 hypermethylation and better survival in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Moreover, we suspect that the cell growth suppressor SLFN5 might be linked to a silenced ZNF154 in pancreatic cancer.
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23
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Takaya H, Namisaki T, Kitade M, Kaji K, Nakanishi K, Tsuji Y, Shimozato N, Moriya K, Seki K, Sawada Y, Saikawa S, Sato S, Kawaratani H, Akahane T, Noguchi R, Matsumoto M, Yoshiji H. VWF/ADAMTS13 ratio as a potential biomarker for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:167. [PMID: 31638892 PMCID: PMC6802329 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the von Willebrand factor to ADAMTS13 ratio as a potential biomarker for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhosis. Methods Serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein, des-γ-carboxy prothrombin, Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-fetoprotein-L3%), vascular endothelial growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, as well as the plasma levels of von Willebrand factor antigen (von Willebrand factor: Ag) and ADAMTS13 activity (ADAMTS13:AC), were evaluated in 41 cirrhotic patients with HCC undergoing radiofrequency ablation and in 20 cirrhotic patients without HCC. The diagnostic accuracy of each biomarker was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results The von Willebrand factor: Ag and von Willebrand factor: Ag/ADAMTS13:AC ratios were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients with HCC than in those without HCC (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), whereas ADAMTS13:AC was significantly lower in those with HCC than those without HCC (p < 0.05). However, no relationship was observed between the von Willebrand factor: Ag/ADAMTS13:AC ratio and serum tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, des-γ-carboxy prothrombin, and alpha-fetoprotein-L3%. Multivariate regression analysis identified von Willebrand factor: Ag/ADAMTS13:AC ratio and alpha-fetoprotein-L3% as significant factors of HCC development. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the von Willebrand factor: Ag/ADAMTS13:AC ratio and alpha-fetoprotein-L3% had a better performance than alpha-fetoprotein, des-γ-carboxy prothrombin, alpha-fetoprotein-L3%, vascular endothelial growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, von Willebrand factor: Ag, and ADAMTS13:AC. The von Willebrand factor: Ag/ADAMTS13:AC ratio was exclusively correlated with tumor volume and stage as well as serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Conclusions The von Willebrand factor: Ag/ADAMTS13:AC ratio can potentially serve as a novel biomarker for early diagnosis of HCC in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takaya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Mitsuteru Kitade
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakanishi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Naotaka Shimozato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Seki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sawada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Soichiro Saikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Noguchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsumoto
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
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24
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Li W, Viengkhou B, Denyer G, West PK, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. Microglia have a more extensive and divergent response to interferon-α compared with astrocytes. Glia 2018; 66:2058-2078. [PMID: 30051922 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are crucial for effective antimicrobial defense in the central nervous system (CNS) but also can cause severe neurological disease (termed cerebral interferonopathy) as exemplified by Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome. In the CNS, microglia and astrocytes have essential roles in host responses to infection and injury, with both cell types responding to IFN-I. While the IFN-I signaling pathways are the same in astrocytes and microglia, the extent to which the IFN-I responses of these cells differ, if at all, is unknown. Here we determined the global transcriptional responses of astrocytes and microglia to the IFN-I, IFN-α. We found that under basal conditions, each cell type has a unique gene expression pattern reflective of its developmental origin and biological function. Following stimulation with IFN-α, astrocytes and microglia also displayed a common core response that was characterized by the increased expression of genes required for pathogen detection and elimination. Compared with astrocytes, microglia had a more extensive and diverse response to IFN-α with significantly more genes with expression upregulated (282 vs. 141) and downregulated (81 vs. 3). Further validation was documented for selected IFN-I-regulated genes in a murine model of cerebral interferonopathy. In all, the findings highlight not only overlapping but importantly divergent responses to IFN-I by astrocytes versus microglia. This suggests specialized roles for these cells in host defense and in the development of cerebral interferonopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gareth Denyer
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillip K West
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iain L Campbell
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Seong RK, Seo SW, Kim JA, Fletcher SJ, Morgan NV, Kumar M, Choi YK, Shin OS. Schlafen 14 (SLFN14) is a novel antiviral factor involved in the control of viral replication. Immunobiology 2017; 222:979-988. [PMID: 28734654 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schlafen (SLFN) proteins have been suggested to play important functions in cell proliferation and immune cell development. In this study, we determined the antiviral activities of putative RNA-helicase domain-containing SLFN14. Murine SLFN14 expression was specifically induced by TLR3-mediated pathways and type I interferon (IFN) in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. To examine the role of SLFN during viral infection, cells were infected with either wild-type PR8 or delNS1/PR8 virus. SLFN14 expression was specifically induced following influenza virus infection. Overexpression of SLFN14 in A549 cells reduced viral replication, whereas knockdown of SLFN14 in RAW264.7 cells enhanced viral titers. Furthermore, SLFN14 promoted the delay in viral NP translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus and enhanced RIG-I-mediated IFN-β signaling. In addition, SLFN14 overexpression promoted antiviral activity against varicella zoster virus (VZV), a DNA virus. In conclusion, our data suggest that SLFN14 is a novel antiviral factor for both DNA and RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rak-Kyun Seong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah J Fletcher
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V Morgan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Arslan AD, Sassano A, Saleiro D, Lisowski P, Kosciuczuk EM, Fischietti M, Eckerdt F, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Human SLFN5 is a transcriptional co-repressor of STAT1-mediated interferon responses and promotes the malignant phenotype in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2017; 36:6006-6019. [PMID: 28671669 PMCID: PMC5821504 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We provide evidence that the IFN-regulated member of the Schlafen (SLFN) family of proteins, SLFN5, promotes the malignant phenotype in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Our studies indicate that SLFN5 expression promotes motility and invasiveness of GBM cells, and that high levels of SLFN5 expression correlate with high grade gliomas and shorter overall survival in patients suffering from GBM. In efforts to uncover the mechanism by which SLFN5 promotes GBM tumorigenesis, we found that this protein is a transcriptional co-repressor of STAT1. Type-I IFN treatment triggers the interaction of STAT1 with SLFN5, and the resulting complex negatively controls STAT1-mediated gene transcription via interferon stimulated response elements (ISRE). Thus, SLFN5 is both an IFN-stimulated response gene and a repressor of IFN-gene transcription, suggesting the existence of a negative-feedback regulatory loop that may account for suppression of antitumor immune responses in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Arslan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Sassano
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P Lisowski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.,iPS Cell-Based Disease Modeling Group, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - E M Kosciuczuk
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Fischietti
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - F Eckerdt
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E N Fish
- Toronto Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Merchant JL, Ding L. Hedgehog Signaling Links Chronic Inflammation to Gastric Cancer Precursor Lesions. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:201-210. [PMID: 28275687 PMCID: PMC5331830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in Drosophila, Hedgehog (HH) signaling has long been associated with foregut development. The mammalian genome expresses 3 HH ligands, with sonic hedgehog (SHH) levels highest in the mucosa of the embryonic foregut. More recently, interest in the pathway has shifted to improving our understanding of its role in gastrointestinal cancers. The use of reporter mice proved instrumental in our ability to probe the expression pattern of SHH ligand and the cell types responding to canonical HH signaling during homeostasis, inflammation, and neoplastic transformation. SHH is highly expressed in parietal cells and is required for these cells to produce gastric acid. Furthermore, myofibroblasts are the predominant cell type responding to HH ligand in the uninfected stomach. Chronic infection caused by Helicobacter pylori and associated inflammation induces parietal cell atrophy and the expansion of metaplastic cell types, a precursor to gastric cancer in human subjects. During Helicobacter infection in mice, canonical HH signaling is required for inflammatory cells to be recruited from the bone marrow to the stomach and for metaplastic development. Specifically, polarization of the invading myeloid cells to myeloid-derived suppressor cells requires the HH-regulated transcription factor GLI1, thereby creating a microenvironment favoring wound healing and neoplastic transformation. In mice, GLI1 mediates the phenotypic shift to gastric myeloid-derived suppressor cells by directly inducing Schlafen 4 (slfn4). However, the human homologs of SLFN4, designated SLFN5 and SLFN12L, also correlate with intestinal metaplasia and could be used as biomarkers to predict the subset of individuals who might progress to gastric cancer and benefit from treatment with HH antagonists.
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Key Words
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DAMPs
- GLI, glioma-associated protein
- GLI1
- Gr-MDSC, granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- HH, hedgehog
- HHIP, hedgehog-interacting protein
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MDSCs
- Metaplasia
- Mo-MDSC, monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- PTCH, Patched
- SHH
- SHH, sonic hedgehog
- SLFN4, Schlafen 4
- SMO, Smoothened
- SP, spasmolytic polypeptide
- SPEM
- SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide–expressing mucosa
- SST, somatostatin
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Juanita L. Merchant, MD, PhD, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200. fax: (734) 763-4686.University of Michigan109 Zina Pitcher PlaceAnn ArborMichigan 48109-2200
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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28
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Ding L, Hayes MM, Photenhauer A, Eaton KA, Li Q, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Merchant JL. Schlafen 4-expressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells are induced during murine gastric metaplasia. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2867-80. [PMID: 27427984 DOI: 10.1172/jci82529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection triggers neoplastic transformation of the gastric mucosa in a small subset of patients, but the risk factors that induce progression to gastric metaplasia have not been identified. Prior to cancer development, the oxyntic gastric glands atrophy and are replaced by metaplastic cells in response to chronic gastritis. Previously, we identified schlafen 4 (Slfn4) as a GLI1 target gene and myeloid differentiation factor that correlates with spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) in mice. Here, we tested the hypothesis that migration of SLFN4-expressing cells from the bone marrow to peripheral organs predicts preneoplastic changes in the gastric microenvironment. Lineage tracing in Helicobacter-infected Slfn4 reporter mice revealed that SLFN4+ cells migrated to the stomach, where they exhibited myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) markers and acquired the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation. SLFN4+ MDSCs were not observed in infected GLI1-deficient mice. Overexpression of sonic hedgehog ligand (SHH) in infected WT mice accelerated the appearance of SLFN4+ MDSCs in the gastric corpus. Similarly, in the stomachs of H. pylori-infected patients, the human SLFN4 ortholog SLFN12L colocalized to cells that expressed MDSC surface markers CD15+CD33+HLA-DRlo. Together, these results indicate that SLFN4 marks a GLI1-dependent population of MDSCs that predict a shift in the gastric mucosa to a metaplastic phenotype.
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