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Cocco C, Manai AL, Manca E, Noli B. Brain-Biomarker Changes in Body Fluids of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10932. [PMID: 37446110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is rarely diagnosed at an early stage. Although the understanding of PD-related mechanisms has greatly improved over the last decade, the diagnosis of PD is still based on neurological examination through the identification of motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and resting tremor. The early phase of PD is characterized by subtle symptoms with a misdiagnosis rate of approximately 16-20%. The difficulty in recognizing early PD has implications for the potential use of novel therapeutic approaches. For this reason, it is important to discover PD brain biomarkers that can indicate early dopaminergic dysfunction through their changes in body fluids, such as saliva, urine, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For the CFS-based test, the invasiveness of sampling is a major limitation, whereas the other body fluids are easier to obtain and could also allow population screening. Following the identification of the crucial role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the pathology of PD, a very large number of studies have summarized its changes in body fluids. However, methodological problems have led to the poor diagnostic/prognostic value of this protein and alternative biomarkers are currently being investigated. The aim of this paper is therefore to summarize studies on protein biomarkers that are alternatives to α-syn, particularly those that change in nigrostriatal areas and in biofluids, with a focus on blood, and, eventually, saliva and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Luigi Manai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Elias Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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2
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JA. An Update on the Neurochemistry of Essential Tremor. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1690-1710. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181112094330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The pathophysiology and neurochemical mechanisms of essential
tremor (ET) are not fully understood, because only a few post-mortem studies have been reported,
and there is a lack of good experimental model for this disease.
Objective:
The main aim of this review is to update data regarding the neurochemical features
of ET. Alterations of certain catecholamine systems, the dopaminergic, serotonergic,
GABAergic, noradrenergic, and adrenergic systems have been described, and are the object of
this revision.
Methods:
For this purpose, we performed a literature review on alterations of the neurotransmitter
or neuromodulator systems (catecholamines, gammaaminobutyric acid or GABA,
excitatory amino acids, adenosine, T-type calcium channels) in ET patients (both post-mortem
or in vivo) or in experimental models resembling ET.
Results and Conclusion:
The most consistent data regarding neurochemistry of ET are related
with the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, with a lesser contribution of adenosine
and dopaminergic and adrenergic systems, while there is not enough evidence of a definite
role of other neurotransmitter systems in ET. The improvement of harmaline-induced tremor
in rodent models achieved with T-type calcium channel antagonists, cannabinoid 1 receptor,
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists, and gap-junction blockers, suggests a potential
role of these structures in the pathogenesis of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UNEx. ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Caceres, Spain
| | - José A.G. Agúndez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UNEx. ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Caceres, Spain
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3
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Xu DJ, Wei LY, Li HF, Zhang WQ. Serum levels of chromogranins and secretogranins correlate with the progress and severity of Parkinson's disease. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:146-150. [PMID: 30887724 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the relevance of chromogranins (Cgs) and secretogranins (Sgs) in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we determined serum levels of CgA, CgB, and SgII in PD patients and assessed their association with disease severity. PD patients were recruited, identified, and classified as having early (n = 14), intermediate (n = 18), or late (n = 4) stage disease according to Hoehn-Yahr scores. The serum concentrations of CgA, CgB, and SgII in patients with well-defined PD (n = 36) and in healthy controls (n = 52) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Compared with controls, serum CgA levels were significantly elevated and serum SgII levels were significantly reduced in PD patients (both P < 0.05). There was no difference in serum CgB levels between the two groups. Both serum CgA and SgII levels changed progressively over time from early to intermediate to late stage (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that serum CgA and SgII levels correlated with Hoehn-Yahr and UPDRS scores (P < 0.001). These results indicate that changes in serum levels of CgA and SgII may be closely related to the severity of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Juan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lian-Yan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Fei Li
- Department of Neurology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Petrella C, Di Certo MG, Barbato C, Gabanella F, Ralli M, Greco A, Possenti R, Severini C. Neuropeptides in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:544-558. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190503152555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small proteins broadly expressed throughout the central nervous system, which act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neuroregulators. Growing evidence has demonstrated the involvement of many neuropeptides in both neurophysiological functions and neuropathological conditions, among which is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The role exerted by neuropeptides in AD is endorsed by the evidence that they are mainly neuroprotective and widely distributed in brain areas responsible for learning and memory processes. Confirming this point, it has been demonstrated that numerous neuropeptide-containing neurons are pathologically altered in brain areas of both AD patients and AD animal models. Furthermore, the levels of various neuropeptides have been found altered in both Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and blood of AD patients, getting insights into their potential role in the pathophysiology of AD and offering the possibility to identify novel additional biomarkers for this pathology. We summarized the available information about brain distribution, neuroprotective and cognitive functions of some neuropeptides involved in AD. The main focus of the current review was directed towards the description of clinical data reporting alterations in neuropeptides content in both AD patients and AD pre-clinical animal models. In particular, we explored the involvement in the AD of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART), Cholecystokinin (CCK), bradykinin and chromogranin/secretogranin family, discussing their potential role as a biomarker or therapeutic target, leaving the dissertation of other neuropeptides to previous reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Petrella
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Di Certo
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gabanella
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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5
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Kroksveen AC, Jaffe JD, Aasebø E, Barsnes H, Bjørlykke Y, Franciotta D, Keshishian H, Myhr KM, Opsahl JA, van Pesch V, Teunissen CE, Torkildsen Ø, Ulvik RJ, Vethe H, Carr SA, Berven FS. Quantitative proteomics suggests decrease in the secretogranin-1 cerebrospinal fluid levels during the disease course of multiple sclerosis. Proteomics 2015; 15:3361-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann C. Kroksveen
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-research; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE); Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Jacob D. Jaffe
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; 7 Cambridge Center; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Elise Aasebø
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE); Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Harald Barsnes
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE); Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Yngvild Bjørlykke
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE); Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Science; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Diego Franciotta
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology; “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute; Pavia Italy
| | - Hasmik Keshishian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; 7 Cambridge Center; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-research; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Jill A. Opsahl
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-research; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE); Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Neurochemistry Unit; Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank; Department of Clinical Chemistry; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-research; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Rune J. Ulvik
- Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Heidrun Vethe
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE); Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Science; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Steven A. Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; 7 Cambridge Center; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Frode S. Berven
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-research; Department of Clinical Medicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE); Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre; Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
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6
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Laurens B, Constantinescu R, Freeman R, Gerhard A, Jellinger K, Jeromin A, Krismer F, Mollenhauer B, Schlossmacher MG, Shaw LM, Verbeek MM, Wenning GK, Winge K, Zhang J, Meissner WG. Fluid biomarkers in multiple system atrophy: A review of the MSA Biomarker Initiative. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 80:29-41. [PMID: 25982836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite growing research efforts, no reliable biomarker currently exists for the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA). Such biomarkers are urgently needed to improve diagnostic accuracy, prognostic guidance and also to serve as efficacy measures or surrogates of target engagement for future clinical trials. We here review candidate fluid biomarkers for MSA and provide considerations for further developments and harmonization of standard operating procedures. A PubMed search was performed until April 24, 2015 to review the literature with regard to candidate blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for MSA. Abstracts of 1760 studies were retrieved and screened for eligibility. The final list included 60 studies assessing fluid biomarkers in patients with MSA. Most studies have focused on alpha-synuclein, markers of axonal degeneration or catecholamines. Their results suggest that combining several CSF fluid biomarkers may be more successful than using single markers, at least for the diagnosis. Currently, the clinically most useful markers may comprise a combination of the light chain of neurofilament (which is consistently elevated in MSA compared to controls and Parkinson's disease), metabolites of the catecholamine pathway and proteins such as α-synuclein, DJ-1 and total-tau. Beyond future efforts in biomarker discovery, the harmonization of standard operating procedures will be crucial for future success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laurens
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Radu Constantinescu
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Roy Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Heath, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kurt Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse 18, A-1070 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Florian Krismer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany and Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Program in Neuroscience, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Parkinson Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kristian Winge
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of WA, Seattle, USA
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; Centre de référence atrophie multisystématisée, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.
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7
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Cerebrospinal fluid biochemical studies in patients with Parkinson's disease: toward a potential search for biomarkers for this disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:369. [PMID: 25426023 PMCID: PMC4227512 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier supplies brain tissues with nutrients and filters certain compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream. In several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), there are disruptions of the blood-brain barrier. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been widely investigated in PD and in other parkinsonian syndromes with the aim of establishing useful biomarkers for an accurate differential diagnosis among these syndromes. This review article summarizes the studies reported on CSF levels of many potential biomarkers of PD. The most consistent findings are: (a) the possible role of CSF urate on the progression of the disease; (b) the possible relations of CSF total tau and phosphotau protein with the progression of PD and with the preservation of cognitive function in PD patients; (c) the possible value of CSF beta-amyloid 1-42 as a useful marker of further cognitive decline in PD patients, and (d) the potential usefulness of CSF neurofilament (NFL) protein levels in the differential diagnosis between PD and other parkinsonian syndromes. Future multicentric, longitudinal, prospective studies with long-term follow-up and neuropathological confirmation would be useful in establishing appropriate biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain
- AMGenomicsCáceres, Spain
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- AMGenomicsCáceres, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain
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8
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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of chromogranin A in the treatment-naïve early stage Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1559-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Li F, Tian X, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Wang B, Ding M, Pang H. Dysregulated expression of secretogranin III is involved in neurotoxin-induced dopaminergic neuron apoptosis. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2237-46. [PMID: 22987761 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxins paraquat (PQ) and dopamine (DA or 6-OHDA) cause apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), reproducing an important pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Secretogranin III (SCG3), a member of the multifunctional granin family, plays a key role in neurotransmitter storage and transport and in secretory granule biogenesis, which involves the uptake of exogenous toxins and endogenous "toxins" in neuroendocrine cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin-induced apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons and the role of SCG3-associated signaling pathways in neuroendocrine regulation are unclear. To address this, we used PQ- and DA-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y human dopaminergic cells as an in vitro model to investigate the association between SCG3 expression level and apoptosis. SCG3 was highly expressed in SH-SY5Y cells, and SCG3 mRNA and protein levels were dramatically decreased after PQ treatment. Apoptosis induced by PQ is associated with caspase activation and decreased SCG3 expression, and restoration of SCG3 expression is observed after treatment with caspase inhibitors. Overexpressed SCG3 in nonneuronal cells and endogenous SCG3 in SH-SY5Y cells are cleaved into specific fragments by recombinant caspase-3 and -7, but the fragments were not detected in PQ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, SCG3 may be involved in apoptosis signal transduction as a caspase substrate, leading to loss of its original biological functions. In addition, SCG3 may be a pivotal component of the neuroendocrine pathway and play an important role in neuronal communication and neurotransmitter release, possibly representing a new potential target in the course of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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10
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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11
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Canosa L, Lopez G, Scharrig E, Lesaux-Farmer K, Somoza G, Kah O, Trudeau V. Forebrain mapping of secretoneurin-like immunoreactivity and its colocalization with isotocin in the preoptic nucleus and pituitary gland of goldfish. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:3748-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Willis M, Leitner I, Jellinger KA, Marksteiner J. Chromogranin peptides in brain diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:727-35. [PMID: 21533607 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic disturbances may play a key role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. In this article, we review immunohistological findings of chromogranin peptides in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, with particular emphasis on Alzheimer's disease, the disorder chromogranins have been studied most extensively. Data was collected from existing and new experimental data and medline research. This review focuses on synaptic changes elicited by chromogranin peptides immunoreactivity in Alzheimer's disease, as well in schizophrenia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). An imbalanced availability of chromogranin peptides may be responsible for impaired neurotransmission and a reduced functioning of dense core vesicles. Since chromogranin A was postulated as a potent proinflammatory agent, we focused on chromogranin A in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and ALS. Further understanding of role and function of chromogranin peptides in neuropathological conditions is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Willis
- Department of General Psychiatry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Perrin RJ, Craig-Schapiro R, Malone JP, Shah AR, Gilmore P, Davis AE, Roe CM, Peskind ER, Li G, Galasko DR, Clark CM, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Morris JC, Holtzman DM, Townsend RR, Fagan AM. Identification and validation of novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for staging early Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16032. [PMID: 21264269 PMCID: PMC3020224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideally, disease modifying therapies for Alzheimer disease (AD) will be applied during the 'preclinical' stage (pathology present with cognition intact) before severe neuronal damage occurs, or upon recognizing very mild cognitive impairment. Developing and judiciously administering such therapies will require biomarker panels to identify early AD pathology, classify disease stage, monitor pathological progression, and predict cognitive decline. To discover such biomarkers, we measured AD-associated changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome. METHODS AND FINDINGS CSF samples from individuals with mild AD (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 1) (n = 24) and cognitively normal controls (CDR 0) (n = 24) were subjected to two-dimensional difference-in-gel electrophoresis. Within 119 differentially-abundant gel features, mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 47 proteins. For validation, eleven proteins were re-evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Six of these assays (NrCAM, YKL-40, chromogranin A, carnosinase I, transthyretin, cystatin C) distinguished CDR 1 and CDR 0 groups and were subsequently applied (with tau, p-tau181 and Aβ42 ELISAs) to a larger independent cohort (n = 292) that included individuals with very mild dementia (CDR 0.5). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses using stepwise logistic regression yielded optimal biomarker combinations to distinguish CDR 0 from CDR>0 (tau, YKL-40, NrCAM) and CDR 1 from CDR<1 (tau, chromogranin A, carnosinase I) with areas under the curve of 0.90 (0.85-0.94 95% confidence interval [CI]) and 0.88 (0.81-0.94 CI), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Four novel CSF biomarkers for AD (NrCAM, YKL-40, chromogranin A, carnosinase I) can improve the diagnostic accuracy of Aβ42 and tau. Together, these six markers describe six clinicopathological stages from cognitive normalcy to mild dementia, including stages defined by increased risk of cognitive decline. Such a panel might improve clinical trial efficiency by guiding subject enrollment and monitoring disease progression. Further studies will be required to validate this panel and evaluate its potential for distinguishing AD from other dementing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Perrin
- Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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14
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Constantinescu R, Andreasson U, Li S, Podust VN, Mattsson N, Anckarsäter R, Anckarsäter H, Rosengren L, Holmberg B, Blennow K, Wikkelsö C, Rüetschi U, Zetterberg H. Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid in parkinsonian disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:545-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Lapeire LD, Tansens A, Lemmens GMD, Van Belle SJ. Carcinoid encephalopathy: A single entity or a spectrum of different disorders? Acta Oncol 2009; 49:268-70. [PMID: 20001498 DOI: 10.3109/02841860903413640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lore D Lapeire
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Ghent, Gent, Belgium
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16
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Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C. Neurochemical biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of movement disorders. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1411-26. [PMID: 19412961 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the neurochemical analysis of neuronal proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has become increasingly accepted for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementia diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. CSF surrounds the central nervous system, and in the composition of CSF proteins one finds brain-specific proteins that are prioritized from blood-derived proteins. Levels of specific CSF proteins could be very promising biomarkers for central nervous system diseases. We need the development of more easily accessible biomarkers, in the blood. In neurodegenerative diseases with and without dementia, studies on CSF and blood proteins have investigated the usefulness of biomarkers in differential diagnosis. The clinical diagnoses of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration still rely mainly on clinical symptoms as defined by international classification criteria. In this article, we review CSF biomarkers in these movement disorders and discuss recent published reports on the neurochemical intra vitam diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders (including recent CSF alpha-synuclein findings).
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17
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Stoop MP, Dekker LJ, Titulaer MK, Lamers RJAN, Burgers PC, Sillevis Smitt PAE, van Gool AJ, Luider TM, Hintzen RQ. Quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) peptide profiling and identification of multiple-sclerosis-related proteins. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1404-14. [PMID: 19159215 DOI: 10.1021/pr8010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) method for quantitative peptide profiling, using peak height as a measure for abundance. Relative standard deviations in peak height of peptides spiked over 3 orders of magnitude in concentration were below 10% and allowed for accurate comparisons between multiple sclerosis and controls. Application on a set of 163 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples showed significantly differential abundant peptides, which were subsequently identified into proteins (e.g., chromogranin A, clusterin, and complement C3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel P Stoop
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
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18
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Nilsson A, Fälth M, Zhang X, Kultima K, Sköld K, Svenningsson P, Andrén PE. Striatal alterations of secretogranin-1, somatostatin, prodynorphin, and cholecystokinin peptides in an experimental mouse model of Parkinson disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1094-104. [PMID: 19131325 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800454-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal causative pathology of Parkinson disease is the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta projecting to the striatum in the brain. The information regarding the expression of neuropeptides in parkinsonism is very limited. Here we have elucidated striatal neuropeptide mechanisms in experimental parkinsonism using the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine model to degenerate dopamine neurons. A thoroughly controlled sample preparation technique together with a peptidomics approach and targeted neuropeptide sequence collections enabled sensitive detection, identification, and relative quantitation of a great number of endogenous neuropeptides. Previously not recognized alterations in neuropeptide levels were identified in the unilateral lesioned mice with or without subchronic 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine administration, the conventional treatment of Parkinson disease. Several of these peptides originated from the same precursor such as secretogranin-1, somatostatin, prodynorphin, and cholecystokinin. Disease-related biotransformation of precursors into individual peptides was observed in the experimental model of Parkinson disease. Several previously unreported potentially biologically active peptides were also identified from the striatal samples. This study provides further evidence that neuropeptides take part in mediating the central nervous system failure associated with Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Prasad P, Yanagihara AA, Small-Howard AL, Turner H, Stokes AJ. Secretogranin III directs secretory vesicle biogenesis in mast cells in a manner dependent upon interaction with chromogranin A. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5024-34. [PMID: 18802106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are granular immunocytes that reside in the body's barrier tissues. These cells orchestrate inflammatory responses. Proinflammatory mediators are stored in granular structures within the mast cell cytosol. Control of mast cell granule exocytosis is a major therapeutic goal for allergic and inflammatory diseases. However, the proteins that control granule biogenesis and abundance in mast cells have not been elucidated. In neuroendocrine cells, whose dense core granules are strikingly similar to mast cell granules, granin proteins regulate granulogenesis. Our studies suggest that the Secretogranin III (SgIII) protein is involved in secretory granule biogenesis in mast cells. SgIII is abundant in mast cells, and is organized into vesicular structures. Our results show that over-expression of SgIII in mast cells is sufficient to cause an expansion of a granular compartment in these cells. These novel granules store inflammatory mediators that are released in response to physiological stimuli, indicating that they function as bona fide secretory vesicles. In mast cells, as in neuroendocrine cells, we show that SgIII is complexed with Chromogranin A (CgA). CgA is granulogenic when complexed with SgIII. Our data show that a novel non-granulogenic truncation mutant of SgIII (1-210) lacks the ability to interact with CgA. Thus, in mast cells, a CgA-SgIII complex may play a key role in secretory granule biogenesis. SgIII function in mast cells is unlikely to be limited to its partnership with CgA, as our interaction trap analysis suggests that SgIII has multiple binding partners, including the mast cell ion channel TRPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Prasad
- Center for Biomedical Research at The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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20
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Shi M, Caudle WM, Zhang J. Biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases: a proteomic approach. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 35:157-64. [PMID: 18938247 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders are essential to facilitate disease diagnosis, ideally at early stages, monitor disease progression, and assess response to existing and future treatments. Application of proteomics to the human brain, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma has greatly hastened the unbiased and high-throughput searches for novel biomarkers. There are many steps critical to biomarker discovery, whether for neurodegenerative or other diseases, including sample preparation, protein/peptide separation and identification, as well as independent confirmation and validation. In this review we have summarized current proteomics technologies involved in discovery of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, practical considerations and limitations of several major aspects, as well as the current status of candidate biomarkers revealed by proteomics for Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, HMC Box 359635, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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21
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Choe L, D'Ascenzo M, Relkin NR, Pappin D, Ross P, Williamson B, Guertin S, Pribil P, Lee KH. 8-plex quantitation of changes in cerebrospinal fluid protein expression in subjects undergoing intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Proteomics 2007; 7:3651-60. [PMID: 17880003 PMCID: PMC3594777 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An 8-plex version of an isobaric reagent for the quantitation of proteins using shotgun methods is presented. The 8-plex version of the reagent relies on amine-labeling chemistry of peptides similar to 4-plex reagents. MS/MS reporter ions at 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, and 121 m/z are used to quantify protein expression. This technology which was first applied to a test mixture consisting of eight proteins and resulted in accurate quantitation, has the potential to increase throughput of analysis for quantitative shotgun proteomics experiments when compared to 2- and 4-plex methods. The technology was subsequently applied to a longitudinal study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins from subjects undergoing intravenous Ig treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Results from this study identify a number of protein expression changes that occur in CSF after 3 and 6 months of treatment compared to a baseline and compared to a drug washout period. A visualization tool was developed for this dataset and is presented. The tool can aid in the identification of key peptides and measurements. One conclusion aided by the visualization tool is that there are differences in considering peptide-based observations versus protein-based observations from quantitative shotgun proteomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Choe
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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22
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Mattsson N, Rüetschi U, Podust VN, Stridsberg M, Li S, Andersen O, Haghighi S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of peptides derived from chromogranin B and secretogranin II are decreased in multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1932-9. [PMID: 17953655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS) could improve diagnosis and provide clues to pathogenesis. In this study surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze protein expression in CSF from 46 MS patients, 46 healthy siblings to the patients, and 50 unrelated healthy controls. Twenty-four proteins in the mass range 2-10 kDa were expressed at significantly different levels (p < 0.01) in a robust manner when comparing the three groups. Identities of three proteins were determined using biochemical purification followed by tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the identities for two peptides derived from chromogranin B (m/z 6252) and from secretogranin II (m/z 3679). These peptides were all decreased in MS when compared with siblings or controls. Radioimmunoassays specific for each peptide confirmed these differences. The lowered concentrations did not correlate to the axonal damage marker neurofilament light protein and may thus reflect functional changes rather than neurodegeneration. Further studies will investigate the involvement of these peptides in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson
- Department of Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Mölndal, Sweden.
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23
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Choe CU, Ehrlich BE. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and its regulators: sometimes good and sometimes bad teamwork. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2006:re15. [PMID: 17132820 DOI: 10.1126/stke.3632006re15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In both nonexcitable and excitable cells, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R) is the primary cytosolic target responsible for the initiation of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling. To fulfill this function, the IP(3)R depends on interaction with accessory subunits and regulatory proteins. These include proteins that reside in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such as chromogranin A and B and ERp44, and cytosolic proteins, such as neuronal Ca(2+) sensor 1, huntingtin, cytochrome c, IP(3)R-binding protein released with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, Homer, and 4.1N. Specific interactions between these modulatory proteins and the IP(3)R have been described, making it clear that the controlled modulation of the IP(3)R by its binding partners is necessary for physiological cell regulation. The functional coupling of these modulators with the IP(3)R can control apoptosis, intracellular pH, the initiation and regulation of neuronal Ca(2+) signaling, exocytosis, and gene expression. The pathophysiological relevance of IP(3)R modulation is apparent when the functional interaction of these proteins is enhanced or abolished by mutation or overexpression. The subsequent deregulation of the IP(3)R leads to pathological changes in Ca(2+) signaling, signal initiation, the amplitude and frequency of Ca(2+) signals, and the duration of the Ca(2+) elevation. Consequences of this deregulation include abnormal growth and apoptosis. Complex regulation of Ca(2+) signaling is required for the cell to live and function, and this difficult task can only be managed when the IP(3)R teams up and acts properly with its numerous binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Un Choe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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24
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Stridsberg M, Eriksson B, Oberg K, Janson ET. A panel of 13 region-specific radioimmunoassays for measurements of human chromogranin B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 125:193-9. [PMID: 15582732 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primary structure of human chromogranin B (CgB) contains 15 pairs of basic amino acids, which are potential cleavage sites for specific endogenous proteases, but also other sites in the molecule can be subjected to cleavage. Several CgB-related peptides have been identified in tissue extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peptides homologous to defined parts of the human CgB molecule were selected and synthesized. Antibodies were raised and 13 specific radioimmunoassays were developed. Plasma samples from 19 patients with neuroendocrine tumors were collected and measured in all assays. RESULTS All region-specific assays measured circulating levels of CgB-related peptides. Only five of the assays measured high concentrations of circulating CgB and two of them correlated with that of intact chromogranin A (CgA). CONCLUSION The assays presented allow measurements of defined regions of CgB and will thus become important tools for further studies of the processing of CgB. One of the assays merit further investigations as a new marker for neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Stridsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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25
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Choe CU, Harrison KD, Grant W, Ehrlich BE. Functional Coupling of Chromogranin with the Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Shapes Calcium Signaling. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35551-6. [PMID: 15194698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311261200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranins A and B are high capacity, low affinity calcium (Ca(2+)) storage proteins that bind to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated receptor (InsP(3) R). Although most commonly associated with secretory granules of neuroendocrine cells, chromogranins have also been found in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of many cell types. To investigate the functional consequences of the interaction between the InsP(3) R and the chromogranins, we disrupted the interaction between the two proteins by adding a chromogranin fragment, which competed with chromogranin for its binding site on the InsP(3)R. Responses were monitored at the single channel level and in intact cells. When using InsP(3) R type I incorporated into planar lipid bilayers and activated by cytoplasmic InsP(3) and luminal chromogranin, the addition of the fragment reversed the enhancing effect of chromogranin. Moreover, the expression of the fragment in the ER of neuronally differentiated PC12 cells attenuated agonist-induced intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. These results show that the InsP(3)R/chromogranin interaction amplifies Ca(2+) release from the ER and that chromogranin is an essential component of this intracellular channel complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Un Choe
- Department of Pharmacology and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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26
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Zurdo JM, Hernanz A, Medina-Acebrón S, de Bustos F, Barcenilla B, Sayed Y, Ayuso-Peralta L. Tau protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 106:351-4. [PMID: 12460140 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.01370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED FUNDAMENTALS AND OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype of demyelinating disease, but recently, it has been shown that the existence of axonal lesions contribute to irreversible central nervous system damage in this disease. Tau proteins are considered to be important for maintaining the stability of axonal microtubules involved in the mediation of fast axonal transport of synaptic constituents. There have been reports of increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau concentrations in patients with MS, and it has been suggested that this could be a marker of axonal damage. The objective of the present study was to elucidate whether CSF tau levels could be a marker of MS activity. PATIENT AND METHODS We measured tau concentrations in the CSF of 20 patients with MS (nine in the first, seven in the second, one in the fourth exacerbation, and three patients with chronic progressive course) and 32 age- and sex-matched controls, using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS The CSF tau concentrations of patients with MS did not differ from those of controls, and they were not correlated with age at onset and duration of the disease. CONCLUSION CSF tau concentrations are not a marker of MS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Jiménez-Jiménez
- Department of Neurology Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares-Madrid, Spain.
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Stark M, Danielsson O, Griffiths WJ, Jörnvall H, Johansson J. Peptide repertoire of human cerebrospinal fluid: novel proteolytic fragments of neuroendocrine proteins. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:357-67. [PMID: 11339279 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), isolated by phase separation in chloroform-methanol-water and reversed-phase HPLC, were characterised by sequence analysis and mass spectrometry. This identified the presence of peptide fragments of testican, neuroendocrine specific protein VGF, neuroendocrine protein 7B2, chromogranin B/secretogranin I, chromogranin A, osteopontin, IGF-II E-peptide and proenkephalin. The majority of these fragments were generated by proteolysis at dibasic sites, suggesting that they are derived by activities related to prohormone convertase(s). Several of the fragments have previously not been detected, and their functions in CSF or elsewhere are unknown. A characteristic feature of all these fragments is a very high content of acidic residues, in particular glutamic acid. In addition to the fragments of neuroendocrine proteins, endothelin-binding receptor-like protein 2, ribonuclease 1, IGF-binding protein 6, albumin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein 1, prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase, apolipoprotein A1, transthyretin, beta2-microglobulin, ubiquitin, fibrinopeptide A, and C4A anaphylatoxin were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Ciesielski-Treska J, Ulrich G, Chasserot-Golaz S, Zwiller J, Revel MO, Aunis D, Bader MF. Mechanisms underlying neuronal death induced by chromogranin A-activated microglia. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:13113-20. [PMID: 11124958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009711200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxic effects of activated microglia in neurodegenerative diseases are well established. We recently provided evidence that chromogranin A (CGA), a multifunctional protein localized in dystrophic neurites and in senile plaques, induces an activated phenotype and secretion of neurotoxins by rat microglia in culture. In the present study, we focused on the mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration triggered by CGA-activated microglia. We found that neuronal death exhibits apoptotic features, characterized by the externalization of phosphatidylserine and the fragmentation of DNA. Microglial neurotoxins markedly stimulate the phosphorylation and activity of neuronal p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and provoke the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, which precedes apoptosis. Inhibition of p38 kinase with SB 203580 partially protects neurons from death induced by CGA-activated microglia. Furthermore, neurons are also protected by Fas-Fc, which antagonizes the interactions between the death receptor Fas and its ligand FasL and by cell-permeable peptides that inhibit caspases 8 and 3. Thus, CGA triggers the release of microglial neurotoxins that mobilize several death-signaling pathways in neurons. Our results further support the idea that CGA, which is up-regulated in many neuropathologies, represents a potent endogeneous inflammatory factor possibly responsible for neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ciesielski-Treska
- Unité INSERM U-338 de Biologie de la Communication Cellulaire, Centre de Neurochimie, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Abstract
Chromogranins belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins that serve as neuropeptide pro-proteins, besides having other functions. The secretogranin-II-derived peptide secretoneurin is a 33-amino-acid polypeptide generated by proteolytic cleavage at paired dibasic sequences that exerts its effect by binding to specific receptors. Secretoneurin receptors have been kinetically and functionally characterized indicating that they are G-protein linked. Localization of secretoneurin and functional studies have helped to elucidate roles for secretoneurin, ranging from effects in the central nervous system to the modulation of the inflammatory response in the periphery. It has been shown that secretoneurin possesses biologic activities such as stimulation of dopamine release from striatal neurons and activation of monocyte migration, suggesting that the peptide may modulate both neurotransmission and inflammatory response. With an array of actions as diverse as that seen with other sensory neuropeptides, there is scope for numerous studies and therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Wiedermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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