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da Silva H, Juniastuti, Amin M, Soares J, Soares M, Malik H, Ximenes A, Bela M, Fernandes B. Genotypes, subtypes, and genetic variability of hepatitis B virus from blood donors in Timor-Leste. Arch Virol 2025; 170:119. [PMID: 40310552 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-025-06305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Timor-Leste experiences high hepatitis B endemicity; however, information about hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants in Timor-Leste is still limited. In this study, we determined genotypes and subtypes and identified mutations in the surface (S), polymerase (P), basal core promoter (BCP), precore (PC), and core (C) genes of HBV isolates from blood donors in Timor-Leste. Sera were examined using serological tests and PCR sequencing. Out of 127 sera tested, 38 (30%) were positive for the hepatitis B S antigen (HBsAg). Thirty-eight sequences of the S and P genes, 22 sequences of the BCP and PC regions, and 23 sequences of C genes were determined and analyzed. The most common genotype/subtype was C/adrq+, followed by B/ayw1, B/adw2, and C/adw2. Several mutations in the S protein that are associated with vaccine escape were identified in samples of genotype C (I110L, S113T, T126I, T143S, Y161F) and B (K122R), some of which might have been from vaccinated individuals. None of the healthy carriers had taken anti-HBV drugs, but one was infected with a virus with a mutation in the P gene associated with anti-HBV drug resistance (Y141F). The mutations A1762T and G1764A in BCP were detected in 18.1-22.7% of the samples. In the PC region, the mutation C1858T was the most frequent, followed by G1896A and G1899A. In the C gene, 13 mutations (P5T, T67N, E77Q, P79Q/A, E83D, V91T, I97L/F, L116I, and P130I/P/T) associated with severe liver disease were identified. Viruses obtained from four healthy carriers who were later found to have died of hepatocellular carcinoma also showed those mutations. In conclusion, among blood donors in Timor-Leste, HBV genotype/subtype C/adrq+ and several mutations in the S and C genes were prevalent. Routine implementation of a national immunization program and monitoring of disease progression in healthy carriers should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendriketa da Silva
- Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Postgraduation and Research Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidade Nacional Timor-Loro sae, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Juniastuti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mayjen. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya, East Java, 60131, Indonesia.
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Mochamad Amin
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Miguel Soares
- Hospital Nacional Guido Valadares, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Hitler Malik
- Hospital Nacional Guido Valadares, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | | | - Maria Bela
- Hospital Nacional Guido Valadares, Dili, Timor-Leste
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Girsang RT, Rusmil K, Fadlyana E, Kartasasmita CB, Dwi Putra MG, Setiabudiawan B. Correlation Between Vitamin D Status and HBsAg Antibody Levels in Indonesian Adolescents Immunised Against Hepatitis B. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:5183-5192. [PMID: 38021059 PMCID: PMC10640812 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s434290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem. Anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels increase along with vitamin D levels in adults. However, few studies have examined this relationship in adolescents. Few studies have examined the relationship between vitamin D and HBsAg antibody levels, especially in Indonesia. Methods This cross-sectional study examined vitamin D and anti-HBsAg levels before and after hepatitis B immunisation. All subjects blood was taken to check for vitamin D level. This study was part of the Safety and Preliminary of Immunogenicity Following Recombinant Hepatitis B (Bio Farma) Vaccine in Adults and Children Phase I trial. Results This study found that 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status was primarily deficient based on endocrine criteria. The children's hepatitis B antibody response was mostly <10 mIU/mL before and ≥10 mIU/mL after vaccination. There was a relationship between sex and 25(OH)D status, with median 25(OH)D levels higher in females (18.2 ng/mL) than in males (9.8 ng/mL). However, the relationship between vitamin 25(OH)D status and anti-HBsAg levels pre- and post-vaccination was not significant. Discussion However, some research found that vitamin D supplementation after immunisation did not impact vaccine response, several studies have reported that vitamin D can decrease HBV replication through various mechanisms, including reducing viral transcription and interfering with viral protein synthesis. Conclusion There was no relationship between 25(OH)D status and anti-HBsAg levels. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and establish optimal treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodman Tarigan Girsang
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Kusnandi Rusmil
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Eddy Fadlyana
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Cissy B Kartasasmita
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Gilang Dwi Putra
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Budi Setiabudiawan
- Department of Child Health, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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Chen J, Li L, Yin Q, Shen T. A review of epidemiology and clinical relevance of Hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2023; 47:102180. [PMID: 37479136 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health burden, affecting nearly 300 million people around the world. Due to HBV population is considered to be represented as a viral quasispecies with genetic diversity, some reports showed that different genotypes of HBV have different viral effects, though the emergence of antiviral drugs that effectively inhibit viral replication, however, HBV infection has still not been eradicated and further research is needed. SUMMARY HBV has been classified into at least ten genotypes (A-J) and more than 40 subgenotypes based on an intergroup or intragroup nucleotide difference across the whole genome, respectively. Inter genotypic recombinants were also observed during the HBV evolution. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes have distinct ethno-geographical distributions, as well as evident differences in their biological characteristics. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes also have close association with disease severity, long-term clinical outcomes, and response to antiviral therapy. KEYMESSAGES In this review, we up-dated the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features and prognosis of HBV infection with dissimilar genotype/subgenotypes, to better understanding and developing individualized prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Medical school, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Qi Yin
- Medical school, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Tao Shen
- Medical school, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, PR China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatic Disease, Yunnan Province Innovation Team of Intestinal Microecology Related Disease Research and Technological Transformation, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, PR China.
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Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Kato CD, Wampande E, Walusansa A, Kajumbula H, Kateete D, Ssenku JE, Sendagire H. Mapping hepatitis B virus genotypes on the African continent from 1997 to 2021: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5723. [PMID: 37029173 PMCID: PMC10082212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has ten genotypes (A-J) and over 40 sub-genotypes based on the divergence of ≥ 8% and 4 to < 8% in the complete genome respectively. These genotypes and sub-genotypes influence the disease prognosis, response to therapy and route of viral transmission. Besides, infection with mixed genotypes and recombinant genotypes has also been reported. This study aimed at mapping the de novo genotypes and correlate them with the immigration trends in order to inform future research on the underlying reasons for the relative distribution of HBV genotypes from a large sample size pooled from many primary studies. Data was extracted from 59 full research articles obtained from Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, Willy library, African Journal Online (AJOL) and Google Scholar. Studies that investigated the genotypes, sub-genotypes, mixed genotypes and recombinant were included. The Z-test and regression were used for the analysis. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42022300220. Overall, genotype E had the highest pooled prevalence significantly higher than all the other genotypes (P < 0.001). By region, genotype A posted the highest pooled prevalence in eastern and southern Africa, E in west Africa and D in north Africa (P < 0.0001). Regarding the emerging genotypes B and C on the African continent, genotype B was significantly higher in south Africa than C (P < 0.001). In contrast, genotype C was significantly higher in east Africa than west Africa (P < 0.0001). The A1 and D/E were the most diverse sub-genotypes and genotype mixtures respectively. Finally, we observed a general progressive decrease in the prevalence of predominant genotypes but a progressive increase in the less dominant by region. Historical and recent continental and intercontinental migrations can provide a plausible explanation for the HBV genotype distribution pattern on the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mukasa Kafeero
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Dorothy Ndagire
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ponsiano Ocama
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eddie Wampande
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abdul Walusansa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Kateete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jamilu E Ssenku
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hakim Sendagire
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda
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Febinia CA, Malik SG, Djuwita R, Weta IW, Wihandani DM, Maulida R, Sudoyo H, Holmes AJ. Distinctive Microbiome Type Distribution in a Young Adult Balinese Cohort May Reflect Environmental Changes Associated with Modernization. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:798-810. [PMID: 34105009 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An important public health question is understanding how changes in human environments can drive changes in the gut microbiota that influence risks associated with human health and wellbeing. It is well-documented that the modernization of societies is strongly correlated with intergenerational change in the frequency of nutrition-related chronic diseases in which microbial dysbiosis is implicated. The population of Bali, Indonesia, is well-positioned to study the interconnection between a changing food environment and microbiome patterns in its early stages, because of a recent history of modernization. Here, we characterize the fecal microbiota and diet history of the young adult women in Bali, Indonesia (n = 41) in order to compare microbial patterns in this generation with those of other populations with different histories of a modern food environment (industrialized supply chain). We found strong support for two distinct fecal microbiota community types in our study cohort at similar frequency: a Prevotella-rich (Type-P) and a Bacteroides-rich (Type-B) community (p < 0.001, analysis of similarity, Wilcoxon test). Although Type-P individuals had lower alpha diversity (p < 0.001, Shannon) and higher incidence of obesity, multivariate analyses with diet data showed that community types significantly influenced associations with BMI. In a multi-country dataset (n = 257), we confirmed that microbial beta diversity across subsistent and industrial populations was significantly associated with Prevotella and Bacteroides abundance (p < 0.001, generalized additive model) and that the prevalence of community types differs between societies. The young adult Balinese microbiota was distinctive in having an equal prevalence of two community types. Collectively, our study showed that the incorporation of community types as an explanatory factor into study design or modeling improved the ability to identify microbiome associations with diet and health metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Febinia
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
- School of Life and Environmental Science and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Safarina G Malik
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Djuwita
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Weta
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine / Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Desak Made Wihandani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Rizka Maulida
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Herawati Sudoyo
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andrew J Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Science and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Mokaya J, Vasylyeva TI, Barnes E, Ansari MA, Pybus OG, Matthews PC. Global prevalence and phylogeny of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine resistance mutations. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:1110-1120. [PMID: 33893696 PMCID: PMC8581767 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination and anti-viral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) are key approaches to reducing the morbidity, mortality and transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the efficacy of these interventions may be reduced by the emergence of drug resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) and/or vaccine escape mutations (VEMs). We have assimilated data on the global prevalence and distribution of HBV RAMs/VEMs from publicly available data and explored the evolution of these mutations. We analysed sequences downloaded from the HBV Database and calculated prevalence of 41 RAMs and 38 VEMs catalogued from published studies. We generated maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees and used treeBreaker to investigate the distribution and estimated the age of selected mutations across tree branches. RAM M204I/V had the highest prevalence, occurring in 3.8% (109/2838) of all HBV sequences in our data set, and a significantly higher rate in genotype C at 5.4% (60/1102, p = 0.0007). VEMs had an overall prevalence of 1.3% (37/2837) and had the highest prevalence in genotype C and in Asia at 2.2% (24/1102; p = 0.002) and 1.6% (34/2109; p = 0.009), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that RAM/VEMs can arise independently of treatment/vaccine exposure. In conclusion, HBV RAMs/VEMs have been found globally and across genotypes, with the highest prevalence observed in genotype C. Screening for genotype and for resistance-associated mutations may help to improve stratified patient treatment. As NAs and HBV vaccines are increasingly being deployed for HBV prevention and treatment, monitoring for resistance and advocating for better treatment regimens for HBV remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetyana I. Vasylyeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public HealthDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of MedicineOxfordUK
- Department of HepatologyOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- National Institutes of Health Research Health Informatics CollaborativeNIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - M. Azim Ansari
- Nuffield Department of MedicineOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsOxfordUK
| | | | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of MedicineOxfordUK
- National Institutes of Health Research Health Informatics CollaborativeNIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
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Gao J, Zuo R, Wang J, Shen T. Characteristics and evolutionary history of hepatitis B virus quasi-subgenotype B3 in Southeast Asia. Virus Res 2019; 273:197762. [PMID: 31541667 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasi-subgenotype B3 characters and molecular evolution in Southeast Asia, 411 serum samples with HBsAg positive were collected from Xishuangbanna, China. After DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing, a total of 183 HBV full-length genomes were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed 139 stains (76.0%) were genotype B, 41 strains were genotype C (22.4%) and 3 strains were genotype I (1.6%). Among genotype B, 34 sequences were identified as quasi-subgenotype B3. Quasi-subgenotype B3 sequences from this study and quasi-subgenotype B3 sequences from the GenBank (total of 141 complete genome sequences) were grouped into quasi-subgenotype B3 (B3, formerly B5, Chinese B6 and B7-9). Sixteen peculiar nucleotides distributed in quasi-subgenotype B3 were identified, which were differ from B1, B2, B4 and B5(formerly B6) (nt93 T, nt100C, nt355 G, nt843 T, nt861C, nt912C, nt929 T, nt930 G, nt1023 T, nt1041 T, nt2651C, nt2693 T, nt2970C, nt3054A, nt3087A and nt3171 G). Then Evolutionary dynamics analysis of HBV quasi-subgenotype B3 was performed. The mean rate of nucleotide substitution for HBV quasi-subgenotype B3 was estimated to be around 5.556-5.660 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year. Estimated time to most recent ancestor of quasi-subgenotype B3 was around the 1847-1945(95%HPD), and Yunnan strains might be the parental strains. The Bayesian sky plot showed a steady spreading of HBV quasi-genotype B3 from early of 1940s to 90 s. In summary, HBV quasi-subgenotype B3 infection is prevalent in Southeast Asia based on the current reports and still with a high prevalence rate based on the evolutionary dynamics analysis. Current vaccine and nucleotide analogues might have effective prevention and treatment for HBV quasi-subgenotype B3 based on the rare clinically relevant mutation sites included in quasi-subgenotype B3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Gao
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Rongxia Zuo
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.
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8
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Yin Y, He K, Wu B, Xu M, Du L, Liu W, Liao P, Liu Y, He M. A systematic genotype and subgenotype re-ranking of hepatitis B virus under a novel classification standard. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02556. [PMID: 31687483 PMCID: PMC6820102 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim It is commonly noticed that chaotic and inefficient subgenotyping are universally used academically and clinically, a standardized HBV genotype/subgenotype classification criterion is urgently acquired. Sequence similarity, which was commonly used for the last three decades, should be upgraded by phylogenetic analysis in genotyping of recombinant-free HBV strains. Methods In this study, 4,429 HBV whole-genome sequences were employed to reconstruct the phylogeny of HBV using Bayesian inference. After excluding recombinant sequences, calculating partitioned evolutionary models, excluding recombinant sequences, reconstructing phylogenetic trees, and performing a correlation analysis of genetic distances, geographical distribution and serotypes, we systematically redefined the genotypes and subgenotypes of HBV. Results Compared to previous taxonomy, fourteen subgenotypes (A5-A7; B5-B9; C2-C4, C7; and D6-D7) were revised in the new standard. Now the HBV is divided into ten genotypes (A-J) and 24 subgenotypes (A1-A3; B1-B5; C1-C6; D1-D6; and F1-F4). Conclusion Our robust genotype/subgenotype new taxonomy has objectively re-molded the current shape of HBV classification. We believe that all future hepatitis B related researches or diagnosis will be benefited under the new HBV genotyping/subgenotyping standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Yin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Kai He
- The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Bingting Wu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Lianming Du
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science & Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Pu Liao
- Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
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10
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Mijočević H, Karimzadeh H, Seebach J, Usman Z, Al-Mahtab M, Bazinet M, Vaillant A, Roggendorf M. Variants of hepatitis B virus surface antigen observed during therapy with nucleic acid polymer REP 2139-Ca have no influence on treatment outcome and its detection by diagnostic assays. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:485-495. [PMID: 30450662 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of patients suffering from HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B with REP 2139-Ca resulted in potent reductions in HBsAg and HBV DNA, seroconversion to anti-HBs and the establishment of functional control of infection. In this cohort of 12 patients, we investigated whether differences between HBsAg sequences might explain the lack of response to REP 2139-Ca observed in 3 of 12 patients. We also assessed if the reduction or complete loss of HBsAg in serum observed during therapy were caused by mutations in the "a" determinant preventing the detection of HBsAg by standard diagnostic assays. The complete pre-S/S open reading frame (ORF) was sequenced and pre-S1, pre-S2 and S amino acid sequences were analysed. We found no major differences between pre-S1, pre-S2 and S sequences in responders and nonresponders correlated with low reduction in HBsAg. In addition, we found no mutations in the "a" determinant that would significantly affect the reactivity of HBsAg in diagnostic assays. These results demonstrate that the amino acid sequence of complete pre-S/S ORF has no direct influence on response to REP 2139-Ca therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hadi Karimzadeh
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Seebach
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zainab Usman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Mamun Al-Mahtab
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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11
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Caballero A, Tabernero D, Buti M, Rodriguez-Frias F. Hepatitis B virus: The challenge of an ancient virus with multiple faces and a remarkable replication strategy. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:34-44. [PMID: 30059722 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype member of the Hepadnaviridae, an ancient family of hepatotropic DNA viruses, which may have originated from 360 to 430 million years ago and with evidence of endogenization in reptilian genomes >200 million years ago. The virus is currently estimated to infect more than 250 million humans. The extremely successful spread of this pathogen among the human population is explained by its multiple particulate forms, effective transmission strategies (particularly perinatal transmission), long induction period and low associated mortality. These characteristics confer selective advantages, enabling the virus to persist in small, disperse populations and spread worldwide, with high prevalence rates in many countries. The HBV replication strategy is remarkably complex and includes a multiplicity of particulate structures. In addition to the common virions containing DNA in a relaxed circular (rcDNA) or double-stranded linear (dslDNA) forms, the viral population includes virion-like particles containing RNA or "empty" (viral envelopes and capsids without genomes), subviral particles (only an envelope) and even naked capsids. Consequently, several forms of the genome coexist in a single infection: (i) the "traveler" forms found in serum, including rcDNA and dslDNA, which originate from retrotranscription of a messenger RNA (the pregenomic RNA, another form of the viral genome itself) and (ii) forms confined to the host cell nucleus, including covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which leads to a minichromosome form associated with histones and viral proteins, and double-stranded DNA integrated into the host genome. This complex composition lends HBV a kind of "multiple personality". Are these additional particles and genomic forms simple intermediaries/artifacts or do they play a role in the viral life cycle?
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caballero
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 119-129 Passeig Vall d'Hebron, Clinical Laboratories, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Tabernero
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 119-129 Passeig Vall d'Hebron, Clinical Laboratories, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 3-5 Avenida Monforte de Lemos, pavilion 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Buti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 3-5 Avenida Monforte de Lemos, pavilion 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 119-129 Passeig Vall d'Hebron, General Hospital, Internal Medicine 2, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Frias
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 119-129 Passeig Vall d'Hebron, Clinical Laboratories, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 3-5 Avenida Monforte de Lemos, pavilion 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Kostaki EG, Karamitros T, Stefanou G, Mamais I, Angelis K, Hatzakis A, Kramvis A, Paraskevis D. Unravelling the history of hepatitis B virus genotypes A and D infection using a full-genome phylogenetic and phylogeographic approach. eLife 2018; 7:36709. [PMID: 30082021 PMCID: PMC6118819 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection constitutes a global public health problem. In order to establish how HBV was disseminated across different geographic regions, we estimated the levels of regional clustering for genotypes D and A. We used 916 HBV-D and 493 HBV-A full-length sequences to reconstruct their global phylogeny. Phylogeographic analysis was conducted by the reconstruction of ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony. The putative origin of genotype D was in North Africa/Middle East. HBV-D sequences form low levels of regional clustering for the Middle East and Southern Europe. In contrast, HBV-A sequences form two major clusters, the first including sequences mostly from sub-Saharan Africa, and the second including sequences mostly from Western and Central Europe. Conclusion: We observed considerable differences in the global dissemination patterns of HBV-D and HBV-A and different levels of monophyletic clustering in relation to the regions of prevalence of each genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia-Georgia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Timokratis Karamitros
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Garyfallia Stefanou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Ioannis Mamais
- Department of Health Sciences, School of SciencesEuropean University of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Konstantinos Angelis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
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13
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Agustiningsih A, Trimarsanto H, Restuadi R, Artika IM, Hellard M, Muljono DH. Evolutionary study and phylodynamic pattern of human influenza A/H3N2 virus in Indonesia from 2008 to 2010. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201427. [PMID: 30067808 PMCID: PMC6070282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are by nature unstable with high levels of mutations. The sequential accumulation of mutations in the surface glycoproteins allows the virus to evade the neutralizing antibodies. The consideration of the tropics as the influenza reservoir where viral genetic and antigenic diversity are continually generated and reintroduced into temperate countries makes the study of influenza virus evolution in Indonesia essential. A total of 100 complete coding sequences (CDS) of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) genes of H3N2 virus were obtained from archived samples of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) surveillance collected from 2008 to 2010. Our evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses provide insight into the dynamic changes of Indonesian H3N2 virus from 2008 to 2010. Obvious antigenic drift with typical ‘ladder-like’ phylogeny was observed with multiple lineages found in each year, suggesting co-circulation of H3N2 strains at different time periods. The mutational pattern of the Indonesian H3N2 virus was not geographically related as relatively low levels of mutations with similar pattern of relative genetic diversity were observed in various geographical origins. This study reaffirms that the existence of a particular lineage is most likely the result of adaptation or competitive exclusion among different host populations and combination of stochastic ecological factors, rather than its geographical origin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - I. Made Artika
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - David Handojo Muljono
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail: ,
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14
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Yamani LN, Yano Y, Utsumi T, Wasityastuti W, Rinonce HT, Widasari DI, Juniastuti, Lusida MI, Soetjipto, Hayashi Y. Profile of Mutations in the Reverse Transcriptase and Overlapping Surface Genes of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Treatment-Naïve Indonesian HBV Carriers. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 70:647-655. [PMID: 29093313 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome are an important factor in low therapeutic effectiveness. Nonetheless, the prevalence of these mutations in HBV strains isolated previously in Indonesia has not been systematically examined. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the profile of mutations in the RT region and the associations of these mutations with amino acid changes in the surface protein in the virus of treatment-naïve Indonesian HBV carriers. Overall, 96 sequences of the full-length Indonesian HBV genomes (genotype B, n = 54; genotype C, n = 42) were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Naturally occurring primary and/or compensatory drug resistance mutations were found in 6/54 (11.1%) genotype B strains and in 1/42 (2.4%) genotype C strains. The potential mutations underlying resistance to a nucleos(t)ide analog and/or pretreatment mutations were more frequent in both genotypes but more frequent in genotype C strains than in genotype B strains. The A-B interdomain region in the RT gene was more frequently mutated in genotype C than in genotype B (3.51 ± 2.53 vs. 1.08 ± 1.52, P < 0.001). Knowledge about the mutational profiles of the RT gene and changes in the surface protein may help clinicians to select the most appropriate antiviral drug and vaccination or HBV immunoglobulin regimen for management of HBV infection in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshihiko Yano
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takako Utsumi
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Hanggoro Tri Rinonce
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Gadjah Mada University
| | - Dewiyani Indah Widasari
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Gadjah Mada University
| | - Juniastuti
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University
| | | | - Soetjipto
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University
| | - Yoshitake Hayashi
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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15
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide, and its incidence has been increasing in the last decade largely in parallel to the incidence and duration of exposure to hepatitis B and C. The widespread implementation of hepatitis B vaccine, hepatitis B antivirals, and the introduction of direct antiviral therapies for hepatitis C virus may have a substantial impact in reducing the incidence of HCC. This report reviews the risk factors and underlying mechanisms associated with the development of HCC in hepatitis B, along with advances in the diagnosis, imaging, and management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Hemming
- Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9300 Campus Point Drive, # 7745 La Jolla, CA 92037-1300, USA.
| | - Jennifer Berumen
- Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9300 Campus Point Drive, # 7745 La Jolla, CA 92037-1300, USA
| | - Kristin Mekeel
- Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9300 Campus Point Drive, # 7745 La Jolla, CA 92037-1300, USA
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16
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Gunardi H, Iskandar MY, Turyadi, Ie SI, Dwipoerwantoro PG, Gani RA, Muljono DH. Hepatitis B virus infection in children of HBV-related chronic liver disease patients: a study of intra-familial HBV transmission. Hepatol Int 2016; 11:96-104. [PMID: 27624502 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-016-9764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HBV-infected patients are potential sources of intra-familial transmission. We studied HBV transmission and molecular characteristics within families of HBV-related chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. METHODS Family members [index cases (ICs), spouses, and 1-18-year-old children] of HBV-related CLD patients were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs. HBsAg-positive subjects were tested for HBeAg/anti-HBe. Anti-HBc-positive children together with their family members were further investigated for HBV DNA. Sequences of positive isolates were analyzed over surface, precore (PC) and basal core promoter (BCP) regions. RESULTS Among 94 children of 46 ICs, the prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs was 10 (10.6 %), 19 (20.2 %), and 46 (48.9 %), respectively. Thirty-eight (40.4 %) children were seronegative, indicating susceptibility to HBV infection. HBV DNA was identified in all ICs, 4 spouses, and 16 children. Having both parents with HBsAg positive and at least two HBV carriers in the households were significant risk factors of intra-familial transmission. HBV genotype/subtype distributions were comparable between children and ICs/spouses, with predominance of genotype B. The majority of HBV DNA sequences found in children were identical to their corresponding ICs-particularly mothers-including mutation patterns in the surface, PC, and BCP regions. Recognized mutations associated with HBsAg detection and/or vaccination failure, T140I, T143S/M, G145R, and Y161F, were identified in 20 subjects; while mutations linked to HBeAg-defective variants, PC G1896A and BCP A1762T/G1764A, were found in 7 and 11 subjects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Children of HBV-related CLD patients were at increased risk of HBV infection through multi-modal transmission routes despite negative parental HBsAg and HBeAg status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartono Gunardi
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Melanie Y Iskandar
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Turyadi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Susan I Ie
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | | | - Rino A Gani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - David H Muljono
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia. .,Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Mulyanto. Viral Hepatitis in Indonesia: Past, Present, and Future. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2016; 6:65-69. [PMID: 29201730 PMCID: PMC5578564 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Indonesia is a huge archipelago country, the prevalence of hepatitis virus infection highly varies among islands. In average the prevalence of clinical hepatitis in Indonesia was 0.6% in the year 2007. Of 82 clinical acute hepatitis patients treated in hospitals in several cities, acute hepatitis A accounted for 28.0%, acute hepatitis B 13.4%, and acute hepatitis C 1.2%; 35.4% patients were infected by unknown etiology. In 1980s, the prevalence of anti-HAV in the age group 10- to 14-years was almost 100% in smaller towns and 45 to 60% in big cities. About 30 years later, anti-HAV prevalence decreased to around 13% in the same smaller town. Outbreaks of hepatitis A were reported between 2006 and 2009 in several cities in Java island. The prevalence of HBsAg in the islands other than Java island (8.5%) was significantly higher than in Java island (4.9%). In 1,409 viremic subjects, 4 genotypes of HBV were found, i.e., genotype B (60%), followed by genotype C (33%), genotype D (7%), and genotype A (0.3%). In contrast, the prevalence of hepatitis C was much higher in Java island compared to other islands. In blood donors in Java island, the prevalence of anti-HCV and HCV RNA were 1.5 and 1.1% respectively, while in other islands, the prevalence were only 0.7 and 0.2% respectively. Hepatitis D was very rare in Indonesia, and so was hepatitis E. Outbreaks of hepatitis E were reported between 1989 and 1993 in West Kalimantan. Afterward, the incidence of hepatitis E was reported sporadically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulyanto
- Faculty of Medicine, West Nusa Tenggara Hepatitis Laboratory, Mataram and Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Mataram, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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18
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Sukowati CHC, El-Khobar KE, Ie SI, Anfuso B, Muljono DH, Tiribelli C. Significance of hepatitis virus infection in the oncogenic initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1497-1512. [PMID: 26819517 PMCID: PMC4721983 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor in the development of the HCC, independently from excessive alcohol abuse and metabolic disease. Since the biology of HBV and HCV is different, their oncogenic effect may go through different mechanisms, direct and/or indirect. Viral hepatitis infection is associated with cellular inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, that may lead to subsequent hepatic injuries such as chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally HCC. Direct oncogenic properties of these viruses are related with their genotypic characteristics and the ability of viral proteins to interact with host proteins, thus altering the molecular pathways balance of the cells. In addition, the integration of HBV DNA, especially the gene S and X, in a particular site of the host genome can disrupt chromosomal stability and may activate various oncogenic mechanisms, including those in hematopoietic cells. Recently, several studies also had demonstrated that viral hepatitis could trigger the population of hepatic cancer stem cells. This review summarize available pre-clinical and clinical data in literature regarding oncogenic properties of HBV and HCV in the early initiation of HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genotype
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/virology
- Oncogenes
- Risk Factors
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Zhang ZH, Wu CC, Chen XW, Li X, Li J, Lu MJ. Genetic variation of hepatitis B virus and its significance for pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:126-144. [PMID: 26755865 PMCID: PMC4698480 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in many populations. Due to its unique life cycle which requires an error-prone reverse transcriptase for replication, it constantly evolves, resulting in tremendous genetic variation in the form of genotypes, sub-genotypes, and mutations. In recent years, there has been considerable research on the relationship between HBV genetic variation and HBV-related pathogenesis, which has profound implications in the natural history of HBV infection, viral detection, immune prevention, drug treatment and prognosis. In this review, we attempted to provide a brief account of the influence of HBV genotype on the pathogenesis of HBV infection and summarize our current knowledge on the effects of HBV mutations in different regions on HBV-associated pathogenesis, with an emphasis on mutations in the preS/S proteins in immune evasion, occult HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mutations in polymerase in relation to drug resistance, mutations in HBV core and e antigen in immune evasion, chronicalization of infection and hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure, and finally mutations in HBV x proteins in HCC.
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ARTARINI ANITA, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, GEBY JESSICA HANARY, RINI KARTIKASARI RADEN, RIANI CATUR, SOEFIE RETNONINGRUM DEBBIE, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia. Detection of Hepatitis B Virus X Gene Mutation from Local Clinical Samples. MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2016. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.10.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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21
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MEILANI MEILANI, Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mayjen Prof Dr Moestopo 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia, UTSUMI TAKAKO, JUNIASTUTI JUNIASTUTI, AMIN MOCHAMAD, SOETJIPTO SOETJIPTO, HAYASHI YOSHITAKE, INGE LUSIDA MARIA, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan, Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mayjen Prof Dr Moestopo 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia, Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases,Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia, Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases,Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan, Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mayjen Prof Dr Moestopo 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia. High Prevalence of Occult Hepatitis B Infection (OBI) and its Molecular Characteristics among Pregnant Women in Surabaya, Indonesia. MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2016. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.10.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Analysis of hepatitis B virus genotypes by restriction fragment length polymorphism. BIOMEDICA 2015; 36:79-88. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> Se han descrito diez genotipos (A-J) del virus de la hepatitis B (HBV) que están distribuidos en todos los continentes. Una de las técnicas utilizadas para determinar el genotipo viral es el análisis del polimorfismo de longitud de los fragmentos de restricción, un método simple y económico, pero con algunas limitaciones.<br /><strong>Objetivo.</strong> El objetivo inicial del estudio fue identificar el genotipo del HBV mediante RFLP en muestras de suero obtenidas de pacientes y donantes de sangre. Sin embargo, por las discrepancias observadas en los patrones de RFLP fue necesario realizar análisis filogenéticos y un análisis in silico de secuencias del HBV.<br /><strong>Materiales y métodos.</strong> Se obtuvieron 56 muestras de suero. Tras la extracción de ADN, se amplificó un fragmento del ORF S del HBV mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, cuyos productos se analizaron por RFLP con las enzimas <em>AlwI</em>, <em>BsrI</em>, <em>CfrI</em>, <em>HpaII</em> y <em>StyI</em>, y algunos se secuenciaron. Los patrones obtenidos se compararon con los reportados previamente. Se efectuó un análisis<em> in silico</em> de RFLP en consideración de las diferencias entre los patrones esperados y los observados.<br /><strong>Resultados.</strong> Se identificaron los genotipos A y F, subgenotipo F3, en las muestras. Este resultado coincide con lo descrito en estudios previos en los que se ha demostrado que el genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, es prevalente en la población de la región andina del país, en tanto que el genotipo A predomina en el occidente (departamento del Chocó). Con base en el análisis <em>in silico</em> de 229 secuencias virales obtenidas del GenBank y las 11 secuencias de este estudio, se caracterizó un nuevo patrón de RFLP específico para el genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, y se describieron algunas modificaciones en el patrón de RFLP del genotipo A, subgenotipo A1.<br /><strong>Conclusiones.</strong> Se caracterizó el patrón de genotipificación del genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, del HBV mediante RFLP, análisis in silico y secuenciación. Se requieren nuevos análisis in silico con un número mayor de secuencias para validar los patrones de RFLP de los genotipos y subgenotipos del VHB.</p>
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Shen YY, Hou W, Yang ZQ, Xiao W. Hepatitis B virus infection and genotype in asymptomatic people from 10 ethnic groups in Yunnan, China. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12586-12592. [PMID: 26640334 PMCID: PMC4658612 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i44.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the infection and genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in ethnic groups in Yunnan, China.
METHODS: Two thousand five hundred and eighty-four asymptomatic local people from 10 ethnic groups were investigated in Yunnan, China. Infection and genotype distribution were evaluated by serological and genetic methods. Genotyping was verified by sequencing. Ethnic genotype distribution was compared by proportion test.
RESULTS: Four types of infection model based on HBV serum markers were identified, and the average HBV infection rate was 5.7% in those asymptomatic local people. The genotype prevalence was 59.6% for B, 21.1% for C and 19.3% BC; subgenotypes Ba, Cs and Ce were identified in this study. Hepatitis B surface antigen-positive rate and the proportion of genotype B were significantly lower in ethnic groups with a northern origin compared to those with a southern origin (50% vs 73.9%, P = 0.037; 4.2% vs 10.5%, P = 0.000).
CONCLUSION: Genotype B is dominant and genotype BC has high occurrence in asymptomatic local ethnic groups in Yunnan. HBV infection status and genotype distribution may associate with ethnic origin.
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Ie SI, Turyadi, Sidarta E, Sadhewa A, Purnomo GA, Soedarmono YSM, Pattiiha MZ, Thedja MD, Harahap AR, Muljono DH. High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Young Adults in Ternate, Eastern Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1349-55. [PMID: 26392157 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been declining thanks to the universal hepatitis B infant immunization program. Nevertheless, young adults born before the program implementation might have acquired HBV in early childhood or remain susceptible to infection. This study aimed to evaluate hepatitis B epidemiology in asymptomatic young adult population in Ternate, eastern Indonesia. Serum samples of 376 subjects (aged 17-25, mean 19.82 ± 1.69 years; male/female 138/238) were screened for HBV parameters serologically (HBV surface antigen [HBsAg]; its antibody [anti-HBs]; anti-core antigen [anti-HBc]), and molecularly (HBV DNA). HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and HBV DNA prevalence were 15.7%, 36.2%, 24.2%, and 27.9%, respectively, with male predominance. Of all subjects, 13.0% were HBsAg negative with detectable HBV DNA (occult hepatitis B [OHB]), and 56.4% showed negativity for all seromarkers. This population showed high hepatitis B prevalence with substantial occurrence of OHB. However, a high percentage of the population were still susceptible and at risk of HBV infection. This study emphasizes the necessity to improve prevention strategies to screen and manage HBV carriers, including the adoption of catch-up or booster vaccination targeted to young adult populations. Investigations on the roles of host-virus interactions associated with OHB and its implications are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Irawati Ie
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Turyadi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erick Sidarta
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arkasha Sadhewa
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gludhug Ariyo Purnomo
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuyun S M Soedarmono
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mochtar Zein Pattiiha
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meta Dewi Thedja
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alida R Harahap
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David H Muljono
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia; Central Blood Center, Indonesian Red Cross, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Ternate General Hospital, Ternate, Maluku, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ultradeep Sequencing for Detection of Quasispecies Variants in the Major Hydrophilic Region of Hepatitis B Virus in Indonesian Patients. J Clin Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26202119 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00602-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quasispecies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with variations in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) can evolve during infection, allowing HBV to evade neutralizing antibodies. These escape variants may contribute to chronic infections. In this study, we looked for MHR variants in HBV quasispecies using ultradeep sequencing and evaluated the relationship between these variants and clinical manifestations in infected patients. We enrolled 30 Indonesian patients with hepatitis B infection (11 with chronic hepatitis and 19 with advanced liver disease). The most common subgenotype/subtype of HBV was B3/adw (97%). The HBsAg titer was lower in patients with advanced liver disease than that in patients with chronic hepatitis. The MHR variants were grouped based on the percentage of the viral population affected: major, ≥20% of the total population; intermediate, 5% to <20%; and minor, 1% to <5%. The rates of MHR variation that were present in the major and intermediate viral population were significantly greater in patients with advanced liver disease than those in chronic patients. The most frequent MHR variants related to immune evasion in the major and intermediate populations were P120Q/T, T123A, P127T, Q129H/R, M133L/T, and G145R. The major population of MHR variants causing impaired of HBsAg secretion (e.g., G119R, Q129R, T140I, and G145R) was detected only in advanced liver disease patients. This is the first study to use ultradeep sequencing for the detection of MHR variants of HBV quasispecies in Indonesian patients. We found that a greater number of MHR variations was related to disease severity and reduced likelihood of HBsAg titer.
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Thedja MD, Muljono DH, Ie SI, Sidarta E, Turyadi, Verhoef J, Marzuki S. Genogeography and Immune Epitope Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype C Reveals Two Distinct Types: Asian and Papua-Pacific. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132533. [PMID: 26162099 PMCID: PMC4498642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes/subgenotypes is geographically and ethnologically specific. In the Indonesian archipelago, HBV genotype C (HBV/C) is prevalent with high genome variability, reflected by the presence of 13 of currently existing 16 subgenotypes. We investigated the association between HBV/C molecular characteristics with host ethnicity and geographical distribution by examining various subgenotypes of HBV/C isolates from the Asia and Pacific region, with further analysis on the immune epitope characteristics of the core and surface proteins. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on complete HBV/C genome sequences from Asia and Pacific region, and genetic distance between isolates was also examined. HBV/C surface and core immune epitopes were analyzed and grouped by comparing the amino acid residue characteristics and geographical origins. Based on phylogenetic tree and geographical origins of isolates, two major groups of HBV/C isolates—East-Southeast Asia and Papua-Pacific—were identified. Analysis of core and surface immune epitopes supported these findings with several amino acid substitutions distinguishing the East-Southeast Asia isolates from the Papua-Pacific isolates. A west-to-east gradient of HBsAg subtype distribution was observed with adrq+ prominent in the East and Southeast Asia and adrq- in the Pacific, with several adrq-indeterminate subtypes observed in Papua and Papua New Guinea (PNG). This study indicates that HBV/C isolates can be classified into two types, the Asian and the Papua-Pacific, based on the virus genome diversity, immune epitope characteristics, and geographical distribution, with Papua and PNG as the molecular evolutionary admixture region in the switching from adrq+ to adrq-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Dewi Thedja
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Eijkman Winkler Institute, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David Handojo Muljono
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Erick Sidarta
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Turyadi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jan Verhoef
- Eijkman Winkler Institute, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sangkot Marzuki
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Li HM, Wang JQ, Wang R, Zhao Q, Li L, Zhang JP, Shen T. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and genome characteristics in China. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6684-6697. [PMID: 26074707 PMCID: PMC4458779 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i21.6684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the hepatitis B virus (HBV) characters in China, as well as the correlation between several HBV mutation and hepatitis symptoms. METHODS A total of 1148 HBV genome sequences from patients throughout China were collected via the National Center For Biotechnology Information database (information including: genotype, territory and clinical status). HBV genotypes were classified by a direct reference from the Genbank sequence annotation, phylogenetic tree and online software analysis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genotyping/formpage.cgi). The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the neighbor-joining method by MEGA5.0 software. HBV sequences were grouped based on phylogenetic tree and the distance between the groups was calculated by using the computer between group mean distance methods. Seven hundred and twelve HBV sequences with clear annotation of clinical symptoms were selected to analyses the correlation of mutation and clinical symptoms. Characteristics of sequences were analyzed by using DNAStar and BioEdit software packages. The codon usage bias and RNA secondary structures analysis were performed by RNAdraw software. Recombination analysis was performed by using Simplot software. RESULTS In China, HBV genotype C was the predominant in Northeastern, genotype B was predominant in Central Southern areas, genotype B and C were both dominant in Southwestern areas, and the recombinant genotype C/D was predominant in Northwestern areas. C2 and B2 were identified as the two major sub-genotypes, FJ386674 might be a putative sub-genotype as B10. The basal core promoter double mutation and pre-C mutation showed various significant differences between hepatitis symptoms. In addition to ATG, many other HBV initiation codons also exist. HBV has codon usage bias; the termination codon of X, C and P open reading frames (ORF) were TAA, TAG, and TGA, respectively. The major stop codons of S-ORF were TAA (96.45%) and TGA (83.60%) in B2 and C2 subtype, respectively. CONCLUSION This study recapitulated the epidemiology of HBV in China, and the information might be meaningful critical for the future prevention and therapy of HBV infections.
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Qian Z, Jianqiong W, Hongmei L, Rong Z, Li L, Jinping Z, Tao S. Distribution and epidemiologic trends of HBV genotypes and subtypes in 14 countries neighboring china. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e24422. [PMID: 26045702 PMCID: PMC4451280 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.15(5)2015.24422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of cases of HBV infection reported by the WHO for each district and country is positively correlated with the number of HBV sequences in the database isolated from the corresponding district and country. OBJECTIVES This study determined distribution characteristics of HBV genotypes and subtypes in 14 countries neighboring China. The progress made in genomic research involving HBV was also reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine hundred fifty-one complete genome sequences of HBV from 14 countries neighboring China were selected from NCBI. The sequence-related information was analyzed and recorded. One hundred seventy-two sequences of HBV genotype B were screened for alignment using DNA star and MEGA 5.1. RESULTS Dominant HBV genotypes in the countries neighboring China were genotypes B, C and D and dominant subtypes were adw2 and adrq+. The association between genotype and serotype of HBV in these countries was shown to differ from previous research results. As shown by sequence alignment, the sequence divergence between five subgenotypes (B3, B5, B7, B8 and B9) was below 4%. The B subgenotypes shared six common specific amino acid sites in the S region. CONCLUSIONS The B3, B5, B7, B8 and B9 subgenotypes can be clustered into quasi-sub-genotype B3 and the open reading frame of HBV has a start codon preference; however, whether a mutation in the start codon in the pre-S2 region has an impact on survival and replication of HBV remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qian
- Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Science and Technology University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wang Jianqiong
- Clinical Laboratory, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li Hongmei
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Science and Technology University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Kunming Science and Technology University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zeng Rong
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Science and Technology University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Science and Technology University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhang Jinping
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Science and Technology University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shen Tao
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Science and Technology University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Gallego F, Pisano MB, Torres C, Caeiro L, Martínez Wassaf M, Balangero M, Campos R, Ré V. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Córdoba, Argentina. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:204-10. [PMID: 25066884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of the genomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) identifies phylogenetic variants called genotypes, which may lead to distinct biological and clinical behaviors. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the current molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of HBV in Córdoba, Argentina. STUDY DESIGN A total of 52 HBV samples, 40 from HBV mono-infected and 12 from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-HBV co-infected patients, were sequenced in the S gene and in the basal core promoter-precore (BCP-pC) region. RESULTS Presence of subgenotypes F1b (35%) and F4 (17.5%), subgenotype A2 (37.5%), C (5.0%) (subgenotype could not be defined) and D (5.0%) (subgenotype D2, and the other could not be defined) were observed among mono-infected patients. The co-infected individuals displayed a different genotype distribution: sub-genotype A2 was the most common (75.0%), followed by subgenotype F1b (25.0%). CONCLUSIONS These results showed two epidemiologic scenarios: the mono-infected population may represent the ethnic composition of the current human population of Córdoba, where the Amerindian (genotype F) and European origins (subgenotype A2) account for the 90% of the samples; for the co-infected patients, the high prevalence of subgenotype A2 resemble previous analyses from Buenos Aires. In addition, mutations in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), polymerase and BCP-pC regions were identified, mainly in chronic or co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gallego
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5016 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5016 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Carolina Torres
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 4° piso, C1113AAD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luciana Caeiro
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5016 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Maribel Martínez Wassaf
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos Especializados-LACE, Vélez Sársfield 528, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Marcos Balangero
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5016 Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Rodolfo Campos
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 4° piso, C1113AAD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Viviana Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5016 Córdoba, Argentina.
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Pourkarim MR, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Kurbanov F, Van Ranst M, Tacke F. Molecular identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes: revised classification hurdles and updated resolutions. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7152-68. [PMID: 24966586 PMCID: PMC4064061 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course of infections with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) substantially varies between individuals, as a consequence of a complex interplay between viral, host, environmental and other factors. Due to the high genetic variability of HBV, the virus can be categorized into different HBV genotypes and subgenotypes, which considerably differ with respect to geographical distribution, transmission routes, disease progression, responses to antiviral therapy or vaccination, and clinical outcome measures such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. However, HBV (sub)genotyping has caused some controversies in the past due to misclassifications and incorrect interpretations of different genotyping methods. Thus, an accurate, holistic and dynamic classification system is essential. In this review article, we aimed at highlighting potential pitfalls in genetic and phylogenetic analyses of HBV and suggest novel terms for HBV classification. Analyzing full-length genome sequences when classifying genotypes and subgenotypes is the foremost prerequisite of this classification system. Careful attention must be paid to all aspects of phylogenetic analysis, such as bootstrapping values and meeting the necessary thresholds for (sub)genotyping. Quasi-subgenotype refers to subgenotypes that were incorrectly suggested to be novel. As many of these strains were misclassified due to genetic differences resulting from recombination, we propose the term "recombino-subgenotype". Moreover, immigration is an important confounding facet of global HBV distribution and substantially changes the geographic pattern of HBV (sub)genotypes. We therefore suggest the term "immigro-subgenotype" to distinguish exotic (sub)genotypes from native ones. We are strongly convinced that applying these two proposed terms in HBV classification will help harmonize this rapidly progressing field and allow for improved prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment.
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Utsumi T, Yano Y, Hotta H. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Asia. World J Med Genet 2014; 4:19-26. [DOI: 10.5496/wjmg.v4.i2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although safe and effective vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been available for three decades, HBV infection remains the leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide, especially in Asian countries. HBV has been classified into at least 9 genotypes according to the molecular evolutionary analysis of the genomic DNA sequence and shown to have a distinct geographical distribution. Novel HBV genotypes/subgenotypes have been reported, especially from Southeast Asian countries. The clinical characteristics and therapeutic effectiveness of interferon (IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogues vary among different HBV genotypes. Mutations at T1653C in subgenotype C2 from Japan and South Korea, C/A1753T and C1858T in subgenotype C1 from Vietnam, and C1638T and T1753V in subgenotype B3 from Indonesia were reported to be associated with advanced liver diseases including HCC. Genotype distribution in Japan has been changed by an increasing ratio of subgenotype A2 in chronic hepatitis B. While a large number of epidemiological and clinical studies have been reported from Asian countries, most of the studies were conducted in developed countries such as Taiwan, China, South Korea and Japan. In this review, the most recent publications on the geographical distribution of genetic variants of HBV and related issues such as disease progression and therapy in Asia are updated and summarized.
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Rinonce HT, Yano Y, Utsumi T, Heriyanto DS, Anggorowati N, Widasari DI, Lusida MI, Soetjipto, Prasanto H, Hotta H, Hayashi Y. Hepatitis B and C virus infection among hemodialysis patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Prevalence and molecular evidence for nosocomial transmission. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1348-61. [PMID: 23919229 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemodialysis patients are at an increased risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the prevalence of hepatitis viral infection and its genotype distribution among hemodialysis patients in Indonesia are unclear. In order to investigate these issues and the possibility of nosocomial transmission, 161 hemodialysis patients and 35 staff members at one of the hemodialysis unit in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were tested for serological and virological markers of both viruses. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 18 patients (11.2%) and in two staff members (5.7%). Anti-HCV was detected in 130 patients (80.7%) but not in any staff members. Occult HBV and HCV infection were detected in 21 (14.7%) and 4 (12.9%) patients, respectively. The overall prevalence rates of HBV and HCV infection among patients were 24.2% and 83.2%, respectively. HCV infection was independently associated with hemodialysis duration and the number of blood transfusions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 23 of 39 tested HBV strains (59%) were genotype B, 11 (28.2%) were genotype C, and 5 (12.8%) were genotype A. HCV genotype 1a was dominant (95%) among 100 tested HCV strains. Nosocomial transmission was suspected because the genotype distribution differed from that of the general population in Indonesia, and because the viral genomes of several strains were identical. These findings suggest that HBV and HCV infection is common among hemodialysis patients in Yogyakarta, and probably occurs through nosocomial infection. Implementation of strict infection-control programs is necessary in hemodialysis units in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanggoro Tri Rinonce
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Li GJ, Hue S, Harrison TJ, Yang JY, Chen QY, Wang XY, Fang ZL. Hepatitis B virus candidate subgenotype I1 varies in distribution throughout Guangxi, China and may have originated in Long An county, Guangxi. J Med Virol 2013; 85:799-807. [PMID: 23508905 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing of the complete hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes from Vietnam, China and Laos led to the identification of a complex recombinant, referred to initially as an aberrant genotype and later proposed to be a new genotype, I. However, epidemiological data regarding this new genotype are lacking. A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of HBV candidate genotype I in Guangxi, China using stratified, random cluster sampling. Four thousand five hundred thirteen subjects were recruited from five counties within Guangxi. Three genotypes, B, C, and I, were identified with a prevalence of 32.6% (114/350), 64% (224/350), and 3.4% (12/350), respectively. All the genotype I isolates belong to candidate subgenotype I1 and were found in Bing Yang (15.3%, 9/59) and Na Po (5.0%, 3/60) counties only. The prevalence of this subgenotype is significantly higher in males (5.1%, 10/195) than in females (1.3%, 2/155; X(2) = 3.959, P < 0.05) but does not differ significantly with age. It was found in the Han (4.5%, 9/201) and Zhuang (3.1%, 3/97) ethnic populations only. There is no significant difference from other genotypes in the prevalence of HBV serological markers. Phylogeographic analysis revealed that genotype I1 likely arose in Long An county, then spread later to Bing Yang, Na Po counties and elsewhere in southeast Asia. In conclusion, the distribution of candidate genotype I within Guangxi is not even and it is highly endemic in some counties. Its prevalence is associated with gender and ethnicity. Subgenotype I1 likely originated in Long An county.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jian Li
- Department of Public Health, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Hepatitis B virus subgenotyping: history, effects of recombination, misclassifications, and corrections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:355-61. [PMID: 23538336 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has evolved into phylogenetically separable genotypes and subgenotypes. Accurately assigning the subgenotype for an HBV strain is of clinical and epidemiological significance. In this paper, we review the recommendations currently employed for HBV subgenotyping, the history of HBV subgenotyping, the effects of recombination on HBV subgenotyping, misclassifications in HBV subgenotyping, and suggestions are made to correct the misclassifications. Finally, proposals are made to guide future HBV subgenotyping.
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Paraskevis D, Magiorkinis G, Magiorkinis E, Ho SYW, Belshaw R, Allain JP, Hatzakis A. Dating the origin and dispersal of hepatitis B virus infection in humans and primates. Hepatology 2013; 57:908-16. [PMID: 22987324 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The origin of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans and other primates remains largely unresolved. Understanding the origin of HBV is crucial because it provides a framework for studying the burden, and subsequently the evolution, of HBV pathogenicity with respect to changes in human population size and life expectancy. To investigate this controversy we examined the relationship between HBV phylogeny and genetic diversity of modern humans, investigated the timescale of global HBV dispersal, and tested the hypothesis of HBV-human co-divergence. We find that the global distribution of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes are consistent with the major prehistoric modern human migrations. We calibrate the HBV molecular clock using the divergence times of different indigenous human populations based on archaeological and genetic evidence and show that HBV jumped into humans around 33,600 years ago; 95% higher posterior density (HPD): 22,000-47,100 years ago (estimated substitution rate: 2.2 × 10(-6) ; 95% HPD: 1.5-3.0 × 10(-6) substitutions/site/year). This coincides with the origin of modern non-African humans. Crucially, the most pronounced increase in the HBV pandemic correlates with the global population increase over the last 5,000 years. We also show that the non-human HBV clades in orangutans and gibbons resulted from cross-species transmission events from humans that occurred no earlier than 6,100 years ago. CONCLUSION Our study provides, for the first time, an estimated timescale for the HBV epidemic that closely coincides with dates of human dispersals, supporting the hypothesis that HBV has been co-expanding and co-migrating with human populations for the last 40,000 years. (HEPATOLOGY 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Hakami A, Ali A, Hakami A. Effects of hepatitis B virus mutations on its replication and liver disease severity. Open Virol J 2013; 7:12-8. [PMID: 23400390 PMCID: PMC3565227 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901307010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), nowadays, is one of the major human pathogens worldwide. Approximately, 400 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection. Only 5% of persons infected during adulthood develop chronic infection. The reverse is true for those infected at birth or in early childhood, i.e. more than 90% of these persons progress to chronic infection. Currently, eight different genotypes o f HBV have been identified, differing in nucleotide sequence by greater than 8%. In addition, numerous subgenotypes have a l s o been recognized based on the nucleotide sequence variability of 4- 8%. It has invariably been found that these genotypes and mutations play a pivotal role in the liver disease aggravation and virus replication. The precore mutations (G1896A) and the double mutation (T1762/A1764) in the basal core promoter are important mutations that alter expression of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). The HBeAg is important for establishing viral persistence. The precore G1896A mutation abrogates the expression of HBeAg. Numerous other mutations alter the disease severity and progression. It is predictive that the infected patient has high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma if the genotype C is incriminated or if HBV possesses basal core promoter double mutation. Association of the remaining genotypes have been noted but with less degree than genotype C. Phenotypic assays of the different HBV protein markers with different molecular techniques illustrate the replication efficiency of the virus in cell lines. This review will discuss various mutations into their association with liver disease severity and progression as well as virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahim Hakami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelwahid Ali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hakami
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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Siburian MD, Utama A, Dhenni R, Arnelis N, Fanany I, Intan MDB, Kurniasih TS, Andriani F, Afadlal S, Julianto EB, Rasman WS, Zubir N, Mathew G. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus genotype C/C1 in the Minangkabau ethnic group in Indonesia. Virol J 2013; 10:27. [PMID: 23336976 PMCID: PMC3583810 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Minangkabau is one of the major ethnic groups in Indonesia. Previous studies with a limited number of samples have shown a different prevalence of HBV/C in the Minangkabau compared to the Indonesian population in general. The aim of this study was to assess the HBV genotype distribution pattern and the prevalence of pre-S, T1753V and A1762T/G1764A mutations among the Minangkabau HBV carriers. The samples were collected from Padang, West Sumatera and from western Java. Mixed primers for specific genotypes were used to determine the HBV genotype. Pre-S or S genes were amplified, sequenced and aligned with reference sequences from GenBank to derive a phylogenetic tree for subgenotyping. Pre-S genes were also analyzed for mutations. The basal core promoter (BCP) region was amplified and directly sequenced to analyze T1753V and A1762T/G1764A mutations. Results The predominant HBV genotype among the Minangkabau HBV carriers (n=117) was C (72.6%) followed by B (24.8%) and co-infection with B and C (2.6%). The prevalence of pre-S mutations, including both the pre-S deletion and pre-S2 start codon mutation, was 41.0%, and the T1753V and A1762T/G1764A mutations were found in 51.9% and 71.2% respectively. HBV/C1 was the predominant HBV subgenotype in the Minangkabau HBV carriers, and was found in 66.2%, followed by B3, B7, C8, B2, B9, C2, and C10 (18.3%, 7.0%, 2.8%, 1.4%, 1.4%, 1.4%, and 1.4% respectively). From samples that were found to be co-infected with HBV B and C, two samples were successfully cloned and subgenotyped, including one with mixed subgenotypes of B3 and C1, and another one with mixed subgenotypes of B7, C1, putative intergenotypic of B/A, and C/A. Furthermore, three samples from donors of non-Minangkabau ethnicity from Padang were found to be infected with an intragenotypic recombination form, including a putative recombinant of B8/B3 and B9/B7. Conclusion HBV/C with subgenotype C1 was the predominant HBV genotype among HBV carriers of Minangkabau ethnicity. The prevalence of pre-S, A1762T/G1764A, and T1753V mutations was higher among the Minangkabau compared to Indonesian HBV carriers in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlinang D Siburian
- Molecular Epidemiology Division, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia
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Datta S, Chatterjee S, Veer V, Chakravarty R. Molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus for clinicians. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2012; 2:353-65. [PMID: 25755457 PMCID: PMC3940099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major global health problems, especially in economically under-developed or developing countries. HBV infection can lead to a number of clinical outcomes including chronic infection, cirrhosis and liver cancer. It ranks among the top 10 causes of death, being responsible for around 1 million deaths every year. Despite the availability of a highly efficient vaccine and potent antiviral agents, HBV infection still remains a significant clinical problem, particularly in those high endemicity areas where vaccination of large populations has not been possible due to economic reasons. Although HBV is among the smallest viruses in terms of virion and genome size, it has numerous unique features that make it completely distinct from other DNA viruses. It has a partially double stranded DNA with highly complex genome organization, life cycle and natural history. Remarkably distinct from other DNA viruses, it uses an RNA intermediate called pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and reverse transcriptase for its genome replication. Genome replication is accomplished by a complex mechanism of primer shifting facilitated by direct repeat sequences encoded in the genome. Further, the genome has evolved in such a manner that every single nucleotide of the genome is used for either coding viral proteins or used as regulatory regions or both. Moreover, it utilizes internal in-frame translation initiation codons, as well as different reading frames from the same RNA to generate different proteins with diverse functions. HBV also shows considerable genetic variability which has been related with clinical outcomes, replication potential, therapeutic response etc. This review aims at reviewing fundamental events of the viral life cycle including viral replication, transcription and translation, from the molecular standpoint, as well as, highlights the clinical relevance of genetic variability of HBV.
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Key Words
- AUG, translation start codon
- BCP, basal core promoter
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B infection
- DR, direct repeat
- EBP, enhancer binding protein
- EN, enhancer
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBsAg
- HCC, hepatocellular cancer
- Hepadnavirus
- IL, interleukin
- LEF, liver enriched factors
- LHB, large envelope protein
- MHBs, middle hepatitis B surface antigen
- MHR, major hydrophilic region
- ORF, open reading frames
- PC, precore
- RT, reverse transcriptase
- SHBs, small hepatitis B surface antigen
- TGF-α, transforming growth factor-α
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TP, terminal protein
- WHV, woodchuck hepatitis virus
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular
- dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate
- genotype
- pHSA, poly-human serum albumin
- pgRNA
- pgRNA, pregenomic RNA
- rcDNA
- rcDNA, relaxed circular DNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijay Veer
- Defence Research Laboratory Tezpur, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Shi W, Zhu C, Zheng W, Zheng W, Ling C, Carr MJ, Higgins DG, Zhang Z. Subgenotyping of genotype C hepatitis B virus: correcting misclassifications and identifying a novel subgenotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47271. [PMID: 23077582 PMCID: PMC3471840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than ten subgenotypes of genotype C Hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been reported, including C1 to C16 and two C/D recombinant subgenotypes (CD1 and CD2), however, inconsistent designations of these subgenotypes still exist. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed a phylogenetic analysis of all full-length genotype C HBV genome sequences to correct the misclassifications of HBV subgenotypes and to study the influence of recombination on HBV subgenotyping. Our results showed that although inclusion of the recombinant sequences changed the topology of the phylogenetic tree, it did not affect the subgenotyping of the non-recombinant sequences, except subgenotype C2. In addition, most of the subgenotypes have been properly designated. However, several misclassifications of HBV subgenotypes have been identified and corrected. For example, C11 proposed by Utsumi and colleagues in 2011 was found to be grouped with C12 proposed by Mulyanto and colleagues. Two sequences, GQ358157 and GU721029, previously designated as C6 have been re-designated as C12 and C7, respectively. Moreover, a quasi-subgenotype C2 was proposed, which included the old C2, several previously unclassified sequences and previously designated C14. In particular, we identified a novel subgenotype, tentative C14, which was well supported by phylogenetic analysis and sequence divergence of >4%. Conclusions/Significance A number of misclassifications in the subgenotyping of genotype C HBV have been identified in this study. After correcting the misclassifications, we proposed a better classification for the subgenotyping of genotype C HBV, in which a novel quasi-subgenotype C2 and a novel subgenotype, tentative C14, were described. Based on this large-scale analysis, we propose that a novel subgenotype should only be reported after a complete comparison of all relevant sequences rather than a few representative sequences only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Shi
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (WS); (ZZ)
| | - Chaodong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Zheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Ling
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael J. Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Desmond G. Higgins
- The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (WS); (ZZ)
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Shi W, Zhu C, Zheng W, Carr MJ, Higgins DG, Zhang Z. Subgenotype reclassification of genotype B hepatitis B virus. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:116. [PMID: 22925657 PMCID: PMC3523008 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nine subgenotypes from genotype B have been identified for hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, these subgenotypes were less conclusive as they were often designated based on a few representative strains. In addition, subgenotype B6 was designated twice for viruses of different origin. Methods All complete genome sequences of genotype B HBV were phylogenetically analyzed. Sequence divergences between different potential subgenotypes were also assessed. Results Both phylogenetic and sequence divergence analyses supported the designation of subgenotypes B1, B2, B4, and B6 (from Arctic). However, sequence divergences between previously designated B3, B5, B7, B8, B9 and another B6 (from China) were mostly less than 4%. In addition, subgenotype B3 did not form a monophyly. Conclusion Current evidence failed to classify original B5, B7, B8, B9, and B6 (from China) as subgenotypes. Instead, they could be considered as a quasi-subgenotype B3 of Southeast Asian and Chinese origin. In addition, previously designated B6 (from Arctic) should be renamed as B5 for continuous numbering. This novel classification is well supported by both the phylogeny and sequence divergence of > 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Shi
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nansha, 511458, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic DNA virus. The HBV genome is prone to variations. Based on genomic variations, HBV is divided into ten genotypes, many subgenotypes and quasispecies. These genotypes, subgenotypes and quasispecies have distinct race and geographic distribution and have been associated with outcome of HBV infection, disease progression and treatment.
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Bertolini DA, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Guedes de Carvalho-Mello IMV, Carvalho-Mello IMVGD, Saraceni CP, Sitnik R, Grazziotin FG, Laurino JP, Laurindo JP, Fagundes NJR, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Hepatitis B virus genotypes from European origin explains the high endemicity found in some areas from southern Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1295-304. [PMID: 22538208 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Southern Brazil is considered an area of low Hepatitis B endemicity, but some areas of higher endemicity have been described in the Southwest of Paraná and Santa Catarina states. The aim of this study was to evaluate viral genotypes circulating throughout Paraná state. PCR amplification and partial sequencing of the S gene was carried out in 228 samples from HBsAg positive candidate blood donors. Samples have been collected in seven different counties (Cascavel, Curitiba, Foz do Iguaçu, Francisco Beltrão, Maringá, Londrina and Paranaguá). The most common HBV genotype in Paraná state was D (82.9%; 189/228), followed by A (14.1%; 32/228). Genotypes F (1.3%; 3/228), C (1.3%; 3/228) and H (0.4%; 1/228) were also found. Distribution of genotypes was different in the studied counties, but genotype D was the most frequent in all of them. In Francisco Beltrão, all studied samples belonged to genotype D. The high prevalence of HBV genotype D in South of Brazil is explained by the intense migration of settlers from Europeans countries. Subgenotypes A1 and A2 were identified circulating in all cities where HBV/A was found. As observed in other areas of Brazil, HBV/A1 is more frequent than the HBV/A2 in Paraná state and its presence was significantly larger in black and mulatto individuals. Genotype C was found only in individuals with Asian ancestry from Londrina and Maringá. Most HBV/F sequences identified in this study were classified as subgenotype F2a that was previously described in Brazil. The sole case of subgenotype F4 was from Foz do Iguaçu city, near to Northern Argentina, where F4 is highly prevalent. The single genotype H sample was from Curitiba. This is the first case of this genotype described in Brazil. Further studies should be carried out to determine if more genotype H samples can be found in other populations from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Armando Bertolini
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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JINATA CHANDRA, ARIFIN GIRI-RACHMAN ERNAWATI, SOEFIE RETNONINGRUM DEBBIE. Molecular Analysis of Immune-Escape Mutants of Hepatitis B Virus from Local Clinical Samples. MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2012. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.6.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Andernach IE, Jutavijittum P, Samountry B, Yousukh A, Thammavong T, Hübschen JM, Muller CP. A high variability of mixed infections and recent recombinations of hepatitis B virus in Laos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30245. [PMID: 22383959 PMCID: PMC3285149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Lao PDR, where more than 8% of the population are chronic carriers of HBsAg, multiple genotypes and subgenotypes co-circulate and are prone to generate recombinant viruses. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple clones per donor revealed mixed infections of subgenotypes B1, B2, B4, C1, C5, I1 and I2 in almost 6% of HBsAg positive rejected blood donors. Recombination analyses and distance calculations furthermore showed that about 65% (17/26) of the mixed infected donors showed recombinations in the S-gene alone, involving the predominant genotypes B and C. These results suggest that, at least in Laos, hepatitis B virus (HBV) mixed infections lead to frequent recombinations. In many donors with recombinant strains, the recombinant fragment and a non-recombinant strain of the same genotype co-existed (127/185 analysed recombinant fragments). For a large proportion of these (60/127), the most closely related known virus was found, although not always exclusively, in the same donor. Recombinant virus strains are largely distinct. This is reflected in an unexpected diversity in recombination breakpoints and the relatively rare recombinations with identical recombination patterns of the same genotypes in different donors. Recent recombination events would explain the limited spread of each of the recombinants. Using a published mutation rate of 4.2×10−5 mutations per site and year, the observed minimum genetic distances of 0–0.60% between parent strain and recombinant fragment would correspond to 0–71 years of evolution from a most recent common ancestor (MRCA). Thus several lines of evidence are suggestive of recent independent recombination events, a proportion of these even occurring within the same donors. In conclusion, our analyses revealed a high variability of mixed infections as a very probable breeding ground of multiple variable recombination events in Laos that so far have not led to new dominant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E. Andernach
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/National Public Health Laboratory, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Amnat Yousukh
- Department of Pathology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Te Thammavong
- National Blood Transfusion Centre, Lao Red Cross, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Judith M. Hübschen
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/National Public Health Laboratory, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Claude P. Muller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/National Public Health Laboratory, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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Heriyanto DS, Yano Y, Utsumi T, Anggorowati N, Rinonce HT, Lusida MI, Soetjipto, Triwikatmani C, Ratnasari N, Maduseno S, Purnama PB, Nurdjanah S, Hayashi Y. Mutations within enhancer II and BCP regions of hepatitis B virus in relation to advanced liver diseases in patients infected with subgenotype B3 in Indonesia. J Med Virol 2012; 84:44-51. [PMID: 22095534 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the characteristics of mutations within the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome, their roles in the pathogenesis of advanced liver diseases, and the involvement of host properties of HBV-infected individuals have not been conducted in subgenotype B3-infected populations. For addressing this issue, 40 cases with HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive advanced liver diseases, including advanced liver cancer and cirrhosis (male 31, female 9, age 54.4 ± 11.6-year-old), were collected and compared with 109 cases with chronic hepatitis B (male 71, female 38, age 38.0 ± 13.4-year-old). Mutations in enhancer II (Enh II) and basal core promoter (BCP)/precore regions were analyzed by PCR-direct sequencing method. HBV viral load was examined by real-time PCR. For all examined regions, the prevalence of mutation was significantly higher in cases with advanced liver diseases. Multivariate analysis showed that, in patients older than 45 years, C1638T and T1753V mutations constituted independent risk factors for the advancement of liver diseases. The presence of C1638T and T1753V mutations may serve as predictive markers for the progression of liver diseases in Indonesia and other countries, where subgenotype B3 infection is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Setyo Heriyanto
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Mulyanto, Pancawardani P, Depamede SN, Wahyono A, Jirintai S, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. Identification of four novel subgenotypes (C13-C16) and two inter-genotypic recombinants (C12/G and C13/B3) of hepatitis B virus in Papua province, Indonesia. Virus Res 2011; 163:129-40. [PMID: 21925554 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four novel subgenotypes (C6, C11, C12, and D6) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were identified in Papua, a multiethnic province of Indonesia. To characterize the HBV strains in Papua, serum samples collected from 515 indigenous inhabitants (mean age: 26.6±9.6 years) in a previously unexamined area, Nabire, located in northern Papua, were used in the present study. Among 46 samples whose 1.6-kilobase (kb) HBV DNA sequence was amplified, 38 (83%) were typeable into known subgenotypes [B3 (n=4), C1 (n=2), C5, (n=1), C6 (n=5), C12 (n=13), and D6 (n=13)]. An analysis of the full-length sequence of the eight remaining HBV/C isolates whose sequence was either unclassifiable or uncertain within the 1.6-kb sequence showed no significant evidence of recombination in six isolates, and inter-genotypic recombination in two isolates (NAB20 and NAB46). By pairwise comparisons and a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis, six non-recombinant isolates were considered significantly remote from known HBV/C isolates of subgenotypes C1-C12, and were classifiable into four novel subgenotypes (tentatively designated C13-C16). NAB20 and NAB46 were hybrids of C13/B3 and C12/G, respectively, displaying recombination breakpoints in the 5'-terminus of the P gene. Notably, the distribution of presumably indigenous subgenotypes C11-C16 was associated with particular language speakers in Papua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulyanto
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
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Ozdemir V, Muljono DH, Pang T, Ferguson LR, Manamperi A, Samper S, Someya T, Tassé AM, Tsai SJ, Zhou HH, Lee EJ. Asia-Pacific Health 2020 and Genomics without Borders: Co-Production of Knowledge by Science and Society Partnership for Global Personalized Medicine. CURRENT PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 9:1-5. [PMID: 21490881 PMCID: PMC3073964 DOI: 10.2174/187569211794728841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vural Ozdemir
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tikki Pang
- Research Policy & Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lynnette R. Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aresha Manamperi
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Sofia Samper
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex at Brighton, UK
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Anne Marie Tassé
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Edmund J.D. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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