1
|
Chen Z, Lin X, Chen C, Liao Y, Han M, He X, Ju W, Chen M. Ultrastructural changes of donor livers in liver transplantation indicate hepatocytes injury. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2251-2258. [PMID: 35194879 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The use of electron microscopy (EM) can provide details about cells and tissue down to the nanometer level. We aim to observe ultrastructural changes in the donor liver by EM and analyze the relationship with prognosis. Data from 89 liver transplant recipients were collected and analyzed for recovery of graft function. The results revealed significantly higher organelle injury scores in the primary liver graft nonfunction (PNF) group. High-score group had higher peak alanine aminotransferases, peak aspartate aminotransferases, and peak international normalized ratio (p = .041, .006 and .036, respectively). Warm ischemia time, score of rough endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus was larger in low-score group (p = .007, .006, and .025, respectively). Patients in high-score group had a significantly short survival time (60.0% vs. 92.9%, p = .0039). No significant difference was found in the analysis of 3-year survival rate (60% vs. 84.5%, p = .07). EM is one of feasible and effective strategy for evaluating the quality of donor liver and the patient's prognosis. Ultrastructural changes under EM indicate hepatocytes injury and a high score indicates a worse outcome in early period but does not affect long-term survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Xiaohong Lin
- Division of General Surgery, The Eastern Hospital of the First affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.183 Huangpu East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Chuanbao Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Organ Transplant Center, First affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Min Han
- Organ Transplant Center, First affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, First affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Weiqiang Ju
- Organ Transplant Center, First affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Maogen Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), No.58 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang D, Zheng J, Qiu G, Niu T, Gong Y, Cui S. CCl 4 inhibits the expressions of hepatic taurine biosynthetic enzymes and taurine synthesis in the progression of mouse liver fibrosis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221135033. [DOI: 10.1177/09603271221135033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a widely used hepatotoxin for the studies of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and taurine has function to abate liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. But the interacting mechanisms between taurine and CCl4 in liver are still largely unknown. These made us to hypothesize that CCl4 may induce liver fibrosis by affecting the expressions of taurine biosynthetic enzymes and taurine synthesis. We thus assayed the expressions of hepatic cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), cysteine sulfonate acid decarboxylase (CSAD) and taurine transporter (TauT) in the progression of mouse liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. The results demonstrated that CCl4 treatment markedly decreased hepatic CSAD, CDO expressions, and taurine levels in hepatic tissue, although TauT expression did not exhibit significant decline. It was contrasting that hepatic α-SMA, serum AST, ALT, ALP kept increasing, which were accompanied by the pathological characters of liver, whereas taurine supplement attenuated the progression of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4. These results demonstrate that CCl4 may induce liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic CSAD and CDO expressions and taurine synthesis, which are crucial for our understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4, and also potential for establishing therapeutic strategies of liver fibrosis and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaming Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Guobin Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Tongjuan Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuneng Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Sheng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Çakıcı ÖU, Dinçer S. The effect of amino acids on the bladder cycle: a concise review. Amino Acids 2021; 54:13-31. [PMID: 34853916 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human bladder maintains a cycle of filling, storing, and micturating throughout an individual's lifespan. The cycle relies on the ability of the bladder to expand without increasing the intravesical pressure, which is only possible with the controlled relaxation of well-complaint muscles and the congruously organized construction of the bladder wall. A competent bladder outlet, which functions in a synchronous fashion with the bladder, is also necessary for this cycle to be completed successfully without deterioration. In this paper, we aimed to review the contemporary physiological findings on bladder physiology and examine the effects of amino acids on clinical conditions affecting the bladder, with special emphasis on the available therapeutic evidence and possible future roles of the amino acids in the treatment of the bladder-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özer Ural Çakıcı
- Attending Urologist, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey.
- PhD Candidate in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Dinçer
- Professor in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Surai PF, Earle-Payne K, Kidd MT. Taurine as a Natural Antioxidant: From Direct Antioxidant Effects to Protective Action in Various Toxicological Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1876. [PMID: 34942978 PMCID: PMC8698923 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antioxidants have received tremendous attention over the last 3 decades. At the same time, the attitude to free radicals is slowly changing, and their signalling role in adaptation to stress has recently received a lot of attention. Among many different antioxidants in the body, taurine (Tau), a sulphur-containing non-proteinogenic β-amino acid, is shown to have a special place as an important natural modulator of the antioxidant defence networks. Indeed, Tau is synthesised in most mammals and birds, and the Tau requirement is met by both synthesis and food/feed supply. From the analysis of recent data, it could be concluded that the direct antioxidant effect of Tau due to scavenging free radicals is limited and could be expected only in a few mammalian/avian tissues (e.g., heart and eye) with comparatively high (>15-20 mM) Tau concentrations. The stabilising effects of Tau on mitochondria, a prime site of free radical formation, are characterised and deserve more attention. Tau deficiency has been shown to compromise the electron transport chain in mitochondria and significantly increase free radical production. It seems likely that by maintaining the optimal Tau status of mitochondria, it is possible to control free radical production. Tau's antioxidant protective action is of great importance in various stress conditions in human life, and is related to commercial animal and poultry production. In various in vitro and in vivo toxicological models, Tau showed AO protective effects. The membrane-stabilizing effects, inhibiting effects on ROS-producing enzymes, as well as the indirect AO effects of Tau via redox balance maintenance associated with the modulation of various transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2 and NF-κB) and vitagenes could also contribute to its protective action in stress conditions, and thus deserve more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Surai
- Vitagene and Health Research Centre, Bristol BS4 2RS, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, 196084 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istvan University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Katie Earle-Payne
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Renfrewshire Health and Social Care Centre, 10 Ferry Road, Renfrew PA4 8RU, UK;
| | - Michael T. Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gabr SA, Gabr NS, Elsaed WM. Protective Activity of Taurine and Molecular Fibrogenesis in Iron Overloaded Hepatic Tissues. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.418.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
6
|
Abdel-Daim MM, Dessouki AA, Abdel-Rahman HG, Eltaysh R, Alkahtani S. Hepatorenal protective effects of taurine and N-acetylcysteine against fipronil-induced injuries: The antioxidant status and apoptotic markers expression in rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2063-2073. [PMID: 30290348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil (FPN), a commonly used phenylpyrazole pesticide can induce oxidative tissue damage following hazard usage. Due to the extensive household and commercial usage of FPN, its toxic effects on mammals received considerable attention. Finding the proper antioxidant that can overcome FPN-induced damage is essential. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the hepatorenal ameliorative outcomes of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and taurine (TAU) against hepatorenal damage induced by FPN in male Wistar rats. Compared to control rats, oral FPN (at a dose of 19.4 mg kg-1 BW for five successive days) significantly increased serum activities (p ≤ 0.05) of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and transaminases, in addition to total cholesterol, urea and creatinine levels. Moreover, FPN provoked oxidative damage indicated by increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide formation and decreased glutathione concentration and activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) in the hepatic and renal tissues. Furthermore, FPN administration induced overexpression of the proapoptotic (Bax), while it downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein. Interestingly, oral administration of TAU (50 mg Kg-1 BW) and NAC (50 mg Kg-1 BW), alone or in combination, five days prior to and five days along with FPN administration, significantly ameliorated (p ≤ 0.05) and normalized the harmful effects of FPN on serum biomarkers of hepatorenal injury, lipid peroxidation and tissue antioxidants. In conclusion, TAU and NAC, alone or in combination, provided significant hepatorenal protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by FPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Amina A Dessouki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Haidy G Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Rasha Eltaysh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
El-Houseini ME, El-Agoza IA, Sakr MM, El-Malky GM. Novel protective role of curcumin and taurine combination against experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 13:29-36. [PMID: 28123463 PMCID: PMC5244977 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis is a prerequisite to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is one of the most common cancers among humans. Therefore, it is important to search for agents that protect against hepatocarcinogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of a combination of taurine and curcumin against experimental hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) in a rat model. A total of 100 rats were divided into eight groups. Eight weeks following DENA injection and treatment with curcumin and taurine, the rats were sacrificed to obtain blood and hepatic tissue samples for the evaluation of various markers and histopathological observations. Serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), α-fetoprotein (AFP) and α-L-fucosidase (AFU) were determined. Rats injected with DENA for eight weeks showed a high percentage of malignant changes in hepatic tissues, as well as a significant increases in the serum levels of AFP and AFU and significant reductions in the serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ. Treatment with curcumin and taurine markedly reduced the extent of malignant changes in the rat liver tissues, with their liver tissues showing patterns similar to that of the normal control rats. In addition, this combination resulted in normal serum levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, AFP and AFU. The results of the present study suggested that a combination of curcumin and taurine may be a novel prophylactic agent against hepatocarcinogenesis in high-risk groups exposed to chemical hepatocarcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motawa Eisa El-Houseini
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | | | - Mona Mohamed Sakr
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt; Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abdel-Moneim AM, Al-Kahtani MA, El-Kersh MA, Al-Omair MA. Free Radical-Scavenging, Anti-Inflammatory/Anti-Fibrotic and Hepatoprotective Actions of Taurine and Silymarin against CCl4 Induced Rat Liver Damage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144509. [PMID: 26659465 PMCID: PMC4676695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of taurine (TAU) alone or in combination with silymarin (SIL) on CCl4-induced liver damage. Twenty five male rats were randomized into 5 groups: normal control (vehicle treated), toxin control (CCl4 treated), CCl4+TAU, CCl4+SIL and CCl4+TAU+SIL. CCl4 provoked significant increases in the levels of hepatic TBARS, NO and NOS compared to control group, but the levels of endogenous antioxidants such as SOD, GPx, GR, GST and GSH were significantly decreased. Serum pro-inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines including TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-6, leptin and resistin were increased while the anti-inflammatory (adiponectin) cytokine was decreased in all treated rats. Our results also showed that CCl4 induced an increase in liver injury parameters like serum ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and bilirubin. In addition, a significant increase in liver tissue hydroxyproline (a major component of collagen) was detected in rats exposed to CCl4. Moreover, the concentrations of serum TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C and FFA were significantly increased by CCl4. Both TAU and SIL (i.e., antioxidants) post-treatments were effectively able to relieve most of the above mentioned imbalances. However, the combination therapy was more effective than single applications in reducing TBARS levels, NO production, hydroxyproline content in fibrotic liver and the activity of serum GGT. Combined treatment (but not TAU- or SIL-alone) was also able to effectively prevent CCl4-induced decrease in adiponectin serum levels. Of note, the combined post-treatment with TAU+SIL (but not monotherapy) normalized serum FFA in CCl4-treated rats. The biochemical results were confirmed by histological and ultrastructural changes as compared to CCl4-poisoned rats. Therefore, on the basis of our work, TAU may be used in combination with SIL as an additional adjunct therapy to cure liver diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and viral hepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Kahtani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. El-Kersh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Omair
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haretskaya MV, Sheibak VM. Hepatoprotective properties of taurine during carbon tetrachloride intoxication. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Cao PJ, Jin YJ, Li ME, Zhou R, Yang MZ. PGC-1α may associated with the anti-obesity effect of taurine on rats induced by arcuate nucleus lesion. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 19:86-93. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
11
|
Miyazaki T, Matsuzaki Y. Taurine and liver diseases: a focus on the heterogeneous protective properties of taurine. Amino Acids 2012; 46:101-10. [PMID: 22918604 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Taurine (2-aminoethylsulfonic acid) has many physiological and pharmacological functions in most tissues. It is abundantly maintained in the liver by both endogenous biosynthesis and exogenous transport, but is decreased in liver diseases. In the hepatic lobule, there are heterogeneous differences in metabolism between the pericentral (PC) and periportal regions, and the distributions of the biosynthesis capacity and specific taurine transporter expression are predominantly in the PC region. In cases of depletion of hepatic taurine level, serious liver damages were observed in the PC region. Taurine has protective effects against xenobiotics-induced liver damages in the PC region, but not xenobiotics-induced PP region damages. The xenobiotics that injure the PC region are mainly catabolized by NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 2E1 that is also predominantly expressed in the PC region. Taurine treatment seems to be a useful agent for CYP2E1-related liver diseases with predominant damages in the PC region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Miyazaki
- Joint Research Center, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Japan,
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Christophersen OA. Radiation protection following nuclear power accidents: a survey of putative mechanisms involved in the radioprotective actions of taurine during and after radiation exposure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:14787. [PMID: 23990836 PMCID: PMC3747764 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are several animal experiments showing that high doses of ionizing radiation lead to strongly enhanced leakage of taurine from damaged cells into the extracellular fluid, followed by enhanced urinary excretion. This radiation-induced taurine depletion can itself have various harmful effects (as will also be the case when taurine depletion is due to other causes, such as alcohol abuse or cancer therapy with cytotoxic drugs), but taurine supplementation has been shown to have radioprotective effects apparently going beyond what might be expected just as a consequence of correcting the harmful consequences of taurine deficiency per se. The mechanisms accounting for the radioprotective effects of taurine are, however, very incompletely understood. In this article an attempt is made to survey various mechanisms that potentially might be involved as parts of the explanation for the overall beneficial effect of high levels of taurine that has been found in experiments with animals or isolated cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. It is proposed that taurine may have radioprotective effects by a combination of several mechanisms: (1) during the exposure to ionizing radiation by functioning as an antioxidant, but perhaps more because it counteracts the prooxidant catalytic effect of iron rather than functioning as an important scavenger of harmful molecules itself, (2) after the ionizing radiation exposure by helping to reduce the intensity of the post-traumatic inflammatory response, and thus reducing the extent of tissue damage that develops because of severe inflammation rather than as a direct effect of the ionizing radiation per se, (3) by functioning as a growth factor helping to enhance the growth rate of leukocytes and leukocyte progenitor cells and perhaps also of other rapidly proliferating cell types, such as enterocyte progenitor cells, which may be important for immunological recovery and perhaps also for rapid repair of various damaged tissues, especially in the intestines, and (4) by functioning as an antifibrogenic agent. A detailed discussion is given of possible mechanisms involved both in the antioxidant effects of taurine, in its anti-inflammatory effects and in its role as a growth factor for leukocytes and nerve cells, which might be closely related to its role as an osmolyte important for cellular volume regulation because of the close connection between cell volume regulation and the regulation of protein synthesis as well as cellular protein degradation. While taurine supplementation alone would be expected to exert a therapeutic effect far better than negligible in patients that have been exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, it may on theoretical grounds be expected that much better results may be obtained by using taurine as part of a multifactorial treatment strategy, where it may interact synergistically with several other nutrients, hormones or other drugs for optimizing antioxidant protection and minimizing harmful posttraumatic inflammatory reactions, while using other nutrients to optimize DNA and tissue repair processes, and using a combination of good diet, immunostimulatory hormones and perhaps other nontoxic immunostimulants (such as beta-glucans) for optimizing the recovery of antiviral and antibacterial immune functions. Similar multifactorial treatment strategies may presumably be helpful in several other disease situations (including severe infectious diseases and severe asthma) as well as for treatment of acute intoxications or acute injuries (both mechanical ones and severe burns) where severely enhanced oxidative and/or nitrative stress and/or too much secretion of vasodilatory neuropeptides from C-fibres are important parts of the pathogenetic mechanisms that may lead to the death of the patient. Some case histories (with discussion of some of those mechanisms that may have been responsible for the observed therapeutic outcome) are given for illustration of the likely validity of these concepts and their relevance both for treatment of severe infections and non-infectious inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gomes A, Alam MA, Datta P, Bhattacharya S, Gomes A. Hepatoprotective activity of the edible snail (Bellamia bengalensis) flesh extract in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:228-232. [PMID: 21945824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the folk-traditional medicine, snails were used to purify blood, boost immune system, prevent conjunctivitis and to treat liver problems. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the edible snail (Bellamia bengalensis) flesh extract in male Wistar rats treated with carbon tetrachloride as an hepatotoxicant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Live adult Bellamia bengalensis was collected commercially from the Kolkata market. Aqueous flesh extract (BBE) was prepared in 0.9% saline and expressed in terms of wet weight basis. The aqueous flesh extract was administered orally (1, 2 g kg(-1)day(-1)) to male rats for 12 days. Liv52 was used as positive control. 24h after administration of extract, the rats were given a single oral dose of CCl(4) (1.25 ml kg(-1)), except vehicle control rats. After 24h of CCl(4) administration, all the animals were sacrificed to collect the blood and liver tissue. RESULTS BBE (1 and 2 g kg(-1)day(-1), p.o.×12 days) significantly prevented CCl(4) induced elevation of SGOT, SGPT, γGT, ACP, ALP, bilirubin, LDH and CCl(4) induced decrease in total protein, triglyceride level in male Wistar rats. BBE treated rat liver anti-oxidant parameters (LPO, SOD, GSH, CAT, GPx) were significantly antagonized for the pro-oxidant effect of CCl(4). Histopathological studies also supported the protective effect of BBE. CONCLUSION This study validated the folk and traditional use of snail in liver disorder through CCl(4)-induced rat experimental model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Gomes
- Laboratory of Toxinology & Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, Calcutta University, 92 A P C Road, Kolkata 700 009, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Miyazaki T, Bouscarel B, Ikegami T, Honda A, Matsuzaki Y. The protective effect of taurine against hepatic damage in a model of liver disease and hepatic stellate cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 643:293-303. [PMID: 19239160 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75681-3_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Taurine plays a protective role against free radicals and toxins in various cells and tissues. However, the effect of taurine on hepatic injury and fibrosis developed by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and myofibroblast-like cells is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of taurine on the hepatic fibrogenesis and damage in rats and isolated HSC. Rats were divided into a normal and two CCl4-induced liver damage (LD) groups, one untreated and the other maintained for 5 weeks on a 2% taurine diet. The HSC isolated from a normal rat were cultured either for a day only or for an additional 3-6 days with approximately 50 mM taurine. LD rats maintained on the taurine diet were resistant to CCl4-induced loss of taurine from the liver. The liver of the LD rats were also protected against histological damage, fibrosis, significant reductions in oxidative stress markers (LPO and 8-OHdG) and hepatic fibrogenic factors (TGF-beta1 mRNA, hydroxyproline, alpha-SMA). Proliferation, oxidative stress, and fibrogenesis were significantly inhibited in HSC by treatment with taurine. Thus, supplementation with taurine should be considered as a therapeutic approach to lessen the severity of oxidative stress-induced liver injury and hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Miyazaki
- The George Washington University, District of Columbia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Choi D, Kim SJ, Kwon DY, Lee SY, Kim YC. Taurine Depletion by β-Alanine Inhibits Induction of Hepatotoxicity in Mice Treated Acutely with Carbon Tetrachloride. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 643:305-11. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75681-3_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
16
|
Tasci I, Mas N, Mas MR, Tuncer M, Comert B. Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes after taurine treatment in CCl 4 induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:4897-902. [PMID: 18756597 PMCID: PMC2739942 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To search the organelle based changes in hepatocytes after taurine treatment in experimental liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 administration.
METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 15) was injected with CCl4 plus taurine and Group 2 (n = 15) with CCl4 plus saline for 12 wk. At the end of 12th wk, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclei of hepatocytes were evaluated using a scoring system. The results were compared with histopathological findings, as well.
RESULTS: Taurine treatment reduced fibrosis scores significantly as compared to placebo. Organelle injury scores decreased significantly with taurine treatment. Ultrastructural and histopathological scores in both groups were in strong correlation (r = 0.931 for CCl4 plus taurine and r = 0.899 for CCl4 plus saline group).
CONCLUSION: Organelle based transmission electron microscopy findings can reflect successfully histological results as well as tissue healing in hepatocytes from hepatotoxin-induced liver fibrosis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Park SH, Lee H, Park KK, Kim HW, Lee DH, Park T. Taurine-induced changes in transcription profiling of metabolism-related genes in human hepatoma cells HepG2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 583:119-28. [PMID: 17153595 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33504-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee SY, Kim YC. Effect of β-alanine administration on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity. Amino Acids 2006; 33:543-6. [PMID: 17086479 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mice were supplemented with beta-alanine (3%) in drinking water for one week. beta-Alanine intake reduced hepatic taurine levels, but elevated cysteine levels significantly. Hepatotoxicity of CCl4 in mice fed with beta-alanine was decreased as determined by changes in serum enzyme activities. Hepatic glutathione and taurine concentrations after CCl4 challenge were increased markedly by beta-alanine intake. The enhanced availability of cysteine for synthesis of glutathione and/or taurine appears to account for the hepatoprotective effects of beta-alanine against CCl4-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mas MR, Isik AT, Yamanel L, Inal V, Tasci I, Deveci S, Mas N, Comert B, Akay C. Antioxidant treatment with taurine ameliorates chronic pancreatitis in an experimental rat model. Pancreas 2006; 33:77-81. [PMID: 16804416 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000222316.74607.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on the results of recent studies that reported depleted antioxidant capacity in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), prevention of free radical production has gained importance in antifibrotic treatment strategies in CP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of taurine on oxidative capacity and fibrosis in experimental chronic rat pancreatic fibrosis. METHODS CP was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraductal trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in ethanol. Taurine was given intraperitoneally at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg. The treatment groups were as follows: group 1, TNBS plus normal saline (NS); group 2, TNBS plus taurine; group 3, ethanol plus NS; and group 4, NS plus NS. Each group contained 15 animals. Treatment was started after established CP. After 4 weeks of treatment, markers of oxidative stress and the degree of pancreatic fibrosis were determined. RESULTS The amount of weight loss was significantly lower in the taurine-treated group with CP (P < 0.002). Tissue malondialdehyde levels increased and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities decreased significantly after treatment as well (P < 0.001). Histopathologic scores were also lower in taurine-treated animals with CP (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Taurine treatment improved the degree of oxidative stress and fibrosis in rat CP. Antioxidant treatment might be considered a novel option to alleviate the fibrotic process in CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Refik Mas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park SH, Lee H, Park KK, Kim HW, Park T. Taurine-Responsive Genes Related to Signal Transduction as Identified by cDNA Microarray Analyses of HepG2 Cells. J Med Food 2006; 9:33-41. [PMID: 16579726 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine-induced changes in the expression profiles of HepG2 cells were assessed using a cDNA microarray technology, and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. Of 8,298 human genes on the microarray, 128 genes (87 known genes) were up-regulated, and 349 (206 known genes) were down-regulated more than 2.0-fold by taurine. Among the 293 known genes regulated by taurine, a total of 44 genes were involved in signal transduction; 16 genes were up-regulated greater than 2.0-fold, and 28 genes were down-regulated more than 2.0-fold by taurine. The results of RT-PCR analyses for the five genes selected were consistent with our microarray data, although the fold changes in the expression level differed somewhat between the two analytical methods. Among signal transduction-related genes affected by taurine, four genes--mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase 7, p21-activated kinase 4, sprouty homolog 2, and MAPK kinase 1--are implicated in the MAPK signaling pathway. Taurine also regulated the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 gene involved in the Janus kinase-STAT pathway, and diacylglycerol kinase, zeta 104 kDa, the downstream mediator of the protein kinase C transmembrane signaling pathway. In conclusion, gene expression profiling of HepG2 cells treated with taurine provided us with new insights into the novel aspects of taurine as a possible regulator of MAPK signaling cascades and protein kinase C signaling pathways involved in cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Méndez JD, De Haro Hernández R, Conejo VA. Spermine increases arginase activity in the liver after carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in Long-Evans rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:82-5. [PMID: 16459053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is the enzyme which synthesizes urea and ornithine, a precursor from which putrescine, spermidine and spermine are formed. These natural polyamines have been implicated in cell growth, replication and wound healing. The present study evaluated the possibility that spermine increases arginase activity and reduces liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride. Intraperitoneally injected spermine at a dose of 1 mg/kg after a single intragastric administration of carbon tetrachloride (1.6 ml/kg) increased arginase activity (6.30-7.79 microg urea/mg protein per min) (P<0.05) as well as total protein content (0.29-0.37 mg/mg dry weight) in hepatic tissue, compared to the group which only received carbon tetrachloride. When liver cell damage was biochemically assessed, the carbon tetrachloride-treated group showed a 20-fold increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, compared to the control group (P<0.05), and this was significantly diminished by the administration of spermine (P<0.05). Serum triglycerides increased four times compared to the control group as a result of the carbon tetrachloride treatment and were diminished by spermine as well. These results indicate that spermine may play a role in the recovery of liver tissue after carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, maybe by increasing the synthesis of putrescine, a polyamine which has been found out to participate in the recovery of the hepatic tissue after an insult with carbon tetrachloride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José D Méndez
- Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O. Box A-047, Mexico City 06703 DF, Mexico.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Miyazaki T, Karube M, Matsuzaki Y, Ikegami T, Doy M, Tanaka N, Bouscarel B. Taurine inhibits oxidative damage and prevents fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis. J Hepatol 2005; 43:117-25. [PMID: 15893842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of the study was to examine the effects of taurine on hepatic fibrogenesis and in isolated hepatic stellate cells (HSC). METHODS The rats of the hepatic damage (HD) group were administered carbon tetracholoride (CCl4) for 5 weeks and a subgroup received, in addition, a 2% taurine containing diet for 6 weeks (HDT). The HSC were isolated from normal rats and cultured for 4 days. RESULTS The hepatic taurine concentration was decreased in the HD group. This loss and the hepatic histological damage and fibrosis (particularly in the pericentral region), were reduced following taurine treatment. Furthermore, the hepatic alpha-SMA, lipid hydroperoxide and 8-OHdG levels in serum and liver, as well as hepatic TGF-beta1 mRNA and hydroxyproline levels were significantly increased in the HD group, and most of these parameters were significantly reduced following taurine treatment. In contrast to the MAP-kinase and Akt expressions, which remained unchanged, the lipid hydroperoxide and hydroxyproline concentrations, as well as TGF-beta1 mRNA levels were significantly reduced by taurine in activated HSC. CONCLUSIONS Oral taurine administration enhances hepatic taurine accumulation, reduces oxidative stress and prevents progression of hepatic fibrosis in CCl4-induced HD rats, as well as inhibits transformation of the HSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Miyazaki
- Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Mito, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pawa S, Ali S. Liver necrosis and fulminant hepatic failure in rats: protection by oxyanionic form of tungsten. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1688:210-22. [PMID: 15062871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2003] [Revised: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic lesion produced as a result of oxidative stress is of wide occurrence. In the present study, the effect of tungsten on liver necrosis and fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) has been studied in rats treated with various compounds known to produce oxidative stress. Supplementation of animals with sodium tungstate for 7 weeks before the induction of liver injury by chemicals including thioacetamide (TAA), carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), or chloroform (CHCl(3)) could protect progression of hepatic injury. Various biochemical changes associated with liver damage and oxidative stress were measured. Hepatic malondialdehyde content, endogenous tripeptide, and reduced glutathione were measured as oxidative stress markers. The activity of xanthine oxidase, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a by-product, was also determined and found to be perturbed. Tungsten supplementation to rats caused a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and lowered the levels of the biochemical markers of hepatic lesions produced by TAA, CCl(4) (CCl(4)), or CHCl(3). Tungsten could also cause an increase in the survival rate in rats receiving lethal doses of TAA, CCl(4), or CHCl(3). The protective effect of tungsten, however, is suggested to be limited to the conditions where the hepatic lesion is reported to be due to the generation of ROS. The progression of liver injury produced by the compounds causing oxidative stress without initiating the generation of free radicals such as bromobenzene (BB), or acetaminophen (AAP), could not be inhibited by tungsten. The possible mechanism explaining the role of oxyanionic form of tungsten in free radical-induced hepatic lesions is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonica Pawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | | |
Collapse
|