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Johnson AL, Kamal M, Parise G. The Role of Supporting Cell Populations in Satellite Cell Mediated Muscle Repair. Cells 2023; 12:1968. [PMID: 37566047 PMCID: PMC10417507 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a high capacity to repair and remodel in response to damage, largely through the action of resident muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells. Satellite cells are required for the proper repair of skeletal muscle through a process known as myogenesis. Recent investigations have observed relationships between satellite cells and other cell types and structures within the muscle microenvironment. These findings suggest that the crosstalk between inflammatory cells, fibrogenic cells, bone-marrow-derived cells, satellite cells, and the vasculature is essential for the restoration of muscle homeostasis. This review will discuss the influence of the cells and structures within the muscle microenvironment on satellite cell function and muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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2
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Shen L, Liao T, Chen Q, Lei Y, Wang L, Gu H, Qiu Y, Zheng T, Yang Y, Wei C, Chen L, Zhao Y, Niu L, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Li M, Wang J, Li X, Gan M, Zhu L. tRNA-derived small RNA, 5'tiRNA-Gly-CCC, promotes skeletal muscle regeneration through the inflammatory response. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1033-1045. [PMID: 36755335 PMCID: PMC10067481 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence shows that tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are not only by-products of transfer RNAs, but they participate in numerous cellular metabolic processes. However, the role of tsRNAs in skeletal muscle regeneration remains unknown. METHODS Small RNA sequencing revealed the relationship between tsRNAs and skeletal muscle injury. The dynamic expression level of 5'tiRNA-Gly after muscle injury was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (q-PCR). In addition, q-PCR, flow cytometry, the 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (Edu), cell counting kit-8, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to explore the biological function of 5'tiRNA-Gly. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to further explore the mechanism of action under the biological function of 5'tiRNA-Gly. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed that tsRNAs were significantly enriched during inflammatory response immediately after muscle injury. Interestingly, we found that 5'tiRNA-Gly was significantly up-regulated after muscle injury (P < 0.0001) and had a strong positive correlation with inflammation in vivo. In vitro experiments showed that 5'tiRNA-Gly promoted the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, P = 0.0468; IL-6, P = 0.0369) and the macrophages of M1 markers (TNF-α, P = 0.0102; CD80, P = 0.0056; MCP-1, P = 0.0002). On the contrary, 5'tiRNA-Gly inhibited the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, P = 0.0009; IL-10, P = 0.0007; IL-13, P = 0.0008) and the mRNA expression of M2 markers (TGF-β1, P = 0.0016; ARG1, P = 0.0083). Flow cytometry showed that 5'tiRNA-Gly promoted the percentage of CD86+ macrophages (16%, P = 0.011) but inhibited that of CD206+ macrophages (10.5%, P = 0.012). Immunofluorescence showed that knockdown of 5'tiRNA-Gly increased the infiltration of M2 macrophages to the skeletal muscles (13.9%, P = 0.0023) and inhibited the expression of Pax7 (P = 0.0089) in vivo. 5'tiRNA-Gly promoted myoblast the expression of myogenic differentiation marker genes (MyoD, P = 0.0002; MyoG, P = 0.0037) and myotube formation (21.3%, P = 0.0016) but inhibited the positive rate of Edu (27.7%, P = 0.0001), cell viability (22.6%, P = 0.003) and the number of myoblasts in the G2 phase (26.3%, P = 0.0016) in vitro. Mechanistically, we found that the Tgfbr1 gene is a direct target of 5'tiRNA-Gly mediated by AGO1 and AGO3. 5'tiRNA-Gly dysregulated the expression of downstream genes related to inflammatory response, activation of satellite cells and differentiation of myoblasts through the TGF-β signalling pathway by targeting Tgfbr1. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that 5'tiRNA-Gly potentially regulated skeletal muscle regeneration by inducing inflammation via the TGF-β signalling pathway. The findings of this study uncover a new potential target for skeletal muscle regeneration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianci Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhang Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhao Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiting Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenggang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Zeng X, Xie L, Ge Y, Zhou Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhu X, Liu H, Liao Q, Kong Y, Pan L, Li J, Xue L, Li S, Zhou X, Shi C, Sheng X. Satellite Cells are Activated in a Rat Model of Radiation-Induced Muscle Fibrosis. Radiat Res 2022; 197:638-649. [PMID: 35294551 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00183.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced muscle fibrosis is a long-term side effect of radiotherapy that significantly affects the quality of life and even reduces the survival of cancer patients. We have demonstrated that radiation induces satellite cell (SC) activation at the molecular level; however, cellular evidence in a rat model of radiation-induced muscle fibrosis was lacking. In this study, we evaluated SC activation in vivo and investigated whether radiation affects the proliferation and differentiation potential of SCs in vitro. For in vivo studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6 per group): non-irradiated controls, 90 Gy/1 week-, 90 Gy/2 weeks-, 90 Gy/4 weeks-, 90 Gy/12 weeks- and 90 Gy/24 weeks-postirradiation groups. Rats received a single dose of radiation in the left groin area and rectus femoris tissues were collected in the indicated weeks. Fibrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy were evaluated by Masson's trichrome staining, TUNEL staining, and electron microscopy, respectively. SC activation and central nuclear muscle fibers were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining. IL-1β concentrations in serum and irradiated muscle tissue samples were determined by ELISA. For in vitro studies, SCs were isolated from rats with radiation-induced muscle fibrosis and their proliferation and differentiation were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. In vivo, fibrosis increased over time postirradiation. Apoptosis and autophagy levels, IL-1β concentrations in serum and irradiated skin tissues, and the numbers of SCs and central nuclear muscle fibers were increased in the irradiated groups when compared with the control group. In vitro, cultured SCs from irradiated muscle were positive for the proliferation marker Pax7, and differentiated SCs were positive for the myogenic differentiation marker MyHC. This study provided cellular evidence of SC activation and proliferation in rats with radiation-induced muscle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zeng
- Graduate Collaborative Training of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Central laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Luyuan Xie
- Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuxin Ge
- Graduate Collaborative Training of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Central laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yongyi Chen
- Nursing Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhu
- Nursing Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huayun Liu
- Nursing Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Graduate Collaborative Training of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Central laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Pathology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Pathology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Sha Li
- Graduate Collaborative Training of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Central laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Graduate Collaborative Training of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Central laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowu Sheng
- Graduate Collaborative Training of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Central laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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4
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Moyle LA, Davoudi S, Gilbert PM. Innovation in culture systems to study muscle complexity. Exp Cell Res 2021; 411:112966. [PMID: 34906582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and pathology are extremely complex processes, influenced by local and systemic factors. Unpinning how these mechanisms function is crucial for fundamental biology and to develop therapeutic interventions for genetic disorders, but also conditions like sarcopenia and volumetric muscle loss. Ex vivo skeletal muscle models range from two- and three-dimensional primary cultures of satellite stem cell-derived myoblasts grown alone or in co-culture, to single muscle myofibers, myobundles, and whole tissues. Together, these systems provide the opportunity to gain mechanistic insights of stem cell behavior, cell-cell interactions, and mature muscle function in simplified systems, without confounding variables. Here, we highlight recent advances (published in the last 5 years) using in vitro primary cells and ex vivo skeletal muscle models, and summarize the new insights, tools, datasets, and screening methods they have provided. Finally, we highlight the opportunity for exponential advance of skeletal muscle knowledge, with spatiotemporal resolution, that is offered by guiding the study of muscle biology and physiology with in silico modelling and implementing high-content cell biology systems and ex vivo physiology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Moyle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Sadegh Davoudi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Penney M Gilbert
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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5
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Scala P, Rehak L, Giudice V, Ciaglia E, Puca AA, Selleri C, Della Porta G, Maffulli N. Stem Cell and Macrophage Roles in Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10867. [PMID: 34639203 PMCID: PMC8509639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe muscle injury, skeletal muscle tissue structure and functionality can be repaired through the involvement of several cell types, such as muscle stem cells, and innate immune responses. However, the exact mechanisms behind muscle tissue regeneration, homeostasis, and plasticity are still under investigation, and the discovery of pathways and cell types involved in muscle repair can open the way for novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies involving stem cells and peripheral blood mononucleate cells. Indeed, peripheral cell infusions are a new therapy for muscle healing, likely because autologous peripheral blood infusion at the site of injury might enhance innate immune responses, especially those driven by macrophages. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on functions of stem cells and macrophages in skeletal muscle repairs and their roles as components of a promising cell-based therapies for muscle repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Scala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Laura Rehak
- Athena Biomedical innovations, Viale Europa 139, 50126 Florence, Italy;
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Annibale Alessandro Puca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
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6
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Horiike M, Ogawa Y, Kawada S. Effects of hyperoxia and hypoxia on the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R572-R587. [PMID: 34431403 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00269.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxic conditions are known to accelerate skeletal muscle regeneration after injuries. In the early phase of regeneration, macrophages invade the injured area and subsequently secrete various growth factors, which regulate myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Although hyperoxic conditions accelerate muscle regeneration, it is unknown whether this effect is indirectly mediated by macrophages. Here, using C2C12 cells, we show that not only hyperoxia but also hypoxia enhance myoblast proliferation directly, without accelerating differentiation into myotubes. Under hyperoxic conditions (95% O2 + 5% CO2), the cell membrane was damaged because of lipid oxidization, and a disrupted cytoskeletal structure, resulting in suppressed cell proliferation. However, a culture medium containing vitamin C (VC), an antioxidant, prevented this lipid oxidization and cytoskeletal disruption, resulting in enhanced proliferation in response to hyperoxia exposure of ≤4 h/day. In contrast, exposure to hypoxic conditions (95% N2 + 5% CO2) for ≤8 h/day enhanced cell proliferation. Hyperoxia did not promote cell differentiation into myotubes, regardless of whether the culture medium contained VC. Similarly, hypoxia did not accelerate cell differentiation. These results suggest that regardless of hyperoxia or hypoxia, changes in oxygen tension can enhance cell proliferation directly, but do not influence differentiation efficiency in C2C12 cells. Moreover, excess oxidative stress abrogated the enhancement of myoblast proliferation induced by hyperoxia. This research will contribute to basic data for applying the effects of hyperoxia or hypoxia to muscle regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Horiike
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ogawa
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kawada
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Murach KA, Fry CS, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Fusion and beyond: Satellite cell contributions to loading-induced skeletal muscle adaptation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21893. [PMID: 34480776 PMCID: PMC9293230 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101096r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells support adult skeletal muscle fiber adaptations to loading in numerous ways. The fusion of satellite cells, driven by cell-autonomous and/or extrinsic factors, contributes new myonuclei to muscle fibers, associates with load-induced hypertrophy, and may support focal membrane damage repair and long-term myonuclear transcriptional output. Recent studies have also revealed that satellite cells communicate within their niche to mediate muscle remodeling in response to resistance exercise, regulating the activity of numerous cell types through various mechanisms such as secretory signaling and cell-cell contact. Muscular adaptation to resistance and endurance activity can be initiated and sustained for a period of time in the absence of satellite cells, but satellite cell participation is ultimately required to achieve full adaptive potential, be it growth, function, or proprioceptive coordination. While significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of satellite cells in adult muscle over the last few decades, many conclusions have been extrapolated from regeneration studies. This review highlights our current understanding of satellite cell behavior and contributions to adaptation outside of regeneration in adult muscle, as well as the roles of satellite cells beyond fusion and myonuclear accretion, which are gaining broader recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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8
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Cerri DG, Rodrigues LC, Alves VM, Machado J, Bastos VAF, Carmo Kettelhut I, Alberici LC, Costa MCR, Stowell SR, Cummings RD, Dias-Baruffi M. Endogenous Galectin-3 is required for skeletal muscle repair. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1295-1307. [PMID: 34224566 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the intrinsic ability to self-repair through a multifactorial process, but many aspects of its cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. There is increasing evidence that some members of the mammalian β-galactoside-binding protein family (galectins) are involved in the muscular repair process (MRP), including galectin-3 (Gal-3). However, there are many questions about the role of this protein on muscle self-repair. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous Gal-3 is required for: i) muscle repair in vivo using a chloride-barium myolesion mouse model, and ii) mouse primary myoblasts myogenic programming. Injured muscle from Gal-3 knockout mice (GAL3KO) showed persistent inflammation associated with compromised muscle repair and the formation of fibrotic tissue on the lesion site. In GAL3KO mice, osteopontin expression remained high even after 7 and 14 days of the myolesion, while MyoD and myogenin had decreased their expression. In GAL3KO mouse primary myoblast cell culture, Pax7 detection seems to sustain even when cells are stimulated to differentiation and MyoD expression is drastically reduced. The detection and temporal expression levels of these transcriptional factors appear to be altered in Gal-3-deficient myoblast. Gal-3 expression in WT states, both in vivo and in vitro, in sarcoplasm/cytoplasm and myonuclei; as differentiation proceeds, Gal-3 expression is drastically reduced, and its location is confined to the sarcolemma/plasma cell membrane. We also observed a change in the temporal-spatial profile of Gal-3 expression and muscle transcription factors levels during the myolesion. Overall, these results demonstrate that endogenous Gal-3 is required for the skeletal muscle repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Giuliano Cerri
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cataldi Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vani Maria Alves
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Machado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Víctor Alexandre Félix Bastos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isis Carmo Kettelhut
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Room 11087, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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9
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Patsalos A, Tzerpos P, Wei X, Nagy L. Myeloid cell diversification during regenerative inflammation: Lessons from skeletal muscle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 119:89-100. [PMID: 34016524 PMCID: PMC8530826 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of tissue and organ regeneration in adult animals and humans is of great interest from a basic biology as well as a medical, therapeutical point of view. It is increasingly clear that the relatively limited ability to regenerate tissues and organs in mammals as oppose to lower vertebrates is the consequence of evolutionary trade-offs and changes during development and aging. Thus, the coordinated interaction of the immune system, particularly the innate part of it, and the injured, degenerated parenchymal tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, lung, or kidney shape physiological and also pathological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of how morphologically and functionally complete (ad integrum) regeneration is achieved using skeletal muscle as a model. We will review recent advances about the differentiation, activation, and subtype specification of circulating monocyte to resolution or repair-type macrophages during the process we term regenerative inflammation, resulting in complete restoration of skeletal muscle in murine models of toxin-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Patsalos
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Petros Tzerpos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nuclear Receptor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nuclear Receptor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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10
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von Maltzahn J. Regulation of muscle stem cell function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:295-311. [PMID: 33752822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle is a finely tuned process which is depending on muscle stem cells, a population of stem cells in skeletal muscle which is also termed satellite cells. Muscle stem cells are a prerequisite for regeneration of skeletal muscle. Of note, the muscle stem cell population is heterogeneous and subpopulations can be identified depending on gene expression or phenotypic traits. However, all muscle stem cells express the transcription factor Pax7 and their functionality is tightly controlled by intrinsic signaling pathways and extrinsic signals. The latter ones include signals form the stem cell niche as well as circulating factors such as growth factors and hormones. Among them are Wnt proteins, growth factors like IGF-1 or FGF-2 and hormones such as thyroid hormones and the anti-aging hormone Klotho. A highly orchestrated interplay between those factors and muscle stem cells is important for their full functionality and ultimately regeneration of skeletal muscle as outlined here.
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11
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Gao Y, Lu Z, Lyu X, Liu Q, Pan S. A Longitudinal Study of T2 Mapping Combined With Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Quantitatively Evaluate Tissue Repair of Rat Skeletal Muscle After Frostbite. Front Physiol 2021; 11:597638. [PMID: 33569011 PMCID: PMC7868413 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.597638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: T2 mapping and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enable the detection of changes in the skeletal muscle microenvironment. We assessed T2 relaxation times, DTI metrics, performed histological characterization of frostbite-induced skeletal muscle injury and repair, and provided diagnostic imaging biomarkers. Design and Methods: Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats (200 ± 10 g) were obtained. Thirty rats were used for establishing a skeletal muscle frostbite model, and six were untreated controls. Functional MR sequences were performed on rats on days 0, 3, 5, 10, and 14 (n = 6 per time point). Rats were then sacrificed to obtain the quadriceps muscles. Tensor eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, and λ3), mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), and T2 values were compared between the frostbite model and control rats. ImageJ was used to measure the extracellular area fraction (EAF), muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), and skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and Myod1 expression. The correlation between the histological and imaging parameters of the frostbitten skeletal muscle was evaluated. Kolmogorov–Smirnoff test, Leven’s test, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman coefficient were used for analysis. Results: T2 relaxation time of frostbitten skeletal muscle was higher at all time points (p < 0.01). T2 relaxation time correlated with EAF, and TNF-α and Myod1 expression (r = 0.42, p < 0.05; r = 0.86, p < 0.01; r = 0.84, p < 0.01). The average tensor metrics (MD, λ1, λ2, and λ3) of skeletal muscle at 3 and 5 days of frostbite increased (p < 0.05), and fCSA correlated with λ1, λ2, and λ3, and MD (r = 0.65, p < 0.01; r = 0.48, p < 0.01; r = 0.52, p < 0.01; r = 0.62, p < 0.01). Conclusion: T2 mapping and DTI imaging detect frostbite-induced skeletal muscle injury early. This combined approach can quantitatively assess skeletal muscle repair and regeneration within 2 weeks of frostbite. Imaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of frostbite were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhao Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Lyu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shinong Pan
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Skeletal muscle healing by M1-like macrophages produced by transient expression of exogenous GM-CSF. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:473. [PMID: 33158459 PMCID: PMC7648431 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After traumatic skeletal muscle injury, muscle healing is often incomplete and produces extensive fibrosis. The sequence of M1 and M2 macrophage accumulation and the duration of each subtype in the injured area may help to direct the relative extent of fibrogenesis and myogenesis during healing. We hypothesized that increasing the number of M1 macrophages early after traumatic muscle injury would produce more cellular and molecular substrates for myogenesis and fewer substrates for fibrosis, leading to better muscle healing. Methods To test this hypothesis, we transfected skeletal muscle with a plasmid vector to transiently express GM-CSF shortly after injury to drive the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 subset. C57BL/6 mouse tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injured by contusion and electroporated with uP-mGM, which is a plasmid vector that transiently expresses GM-CSF. Myogenesis, angiogenesis, and fibrosis were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR; subpopulations of macrophages by flow cytometry; and muscle functioning by the maximum running speed on the treadmill and the recovery of muscle mass. Results Muscle injury increased the number of local M1-like macrophages and decreased the number of M2-like macrophages on day 4, and uP-mGM treatment enhanced this variation. uP-mGM treatment decreased TGF-β1 protein expression on day 4, and the Sirius Red-positive area decreased from 35.93 ± 15.45% (no treatment) to 2.9% ± 6.5% (p < 0.01) on day 30. uP-mGM electroporation also increased Hgf, Hif1α, and Mtor gene expression; arteriole density; and muscle fiber number during regeneration. The improvement in the quality of the muscle tissue after treatment with uP-mGM affected the increase in the TA muscle mass and the maximum running speed on a treadmill. Conclusion Collectively, our data show that increasing the number of M1-like macrophages immediately after traumatic muscle injury promotes muscle recovery with less fibrosis, and this can be achieved by the transient expression of GM-CSF.
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13
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Macrophage-derived Wnt signaling increases endothelial permeability during skeletal muscle injury. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1235-1244. [PMID: 32909096 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The inflammatory response and the presence of macrophages are reported to be necessary for proper muscle regeneration. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing how macrophages signal to promote muscle regeneration is incomplete. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we conditionally deleted Wls, which is required for Wnt secretion, from macrophages and examined the impact on endothelial permeability following muscle injury. The expression of Wnt ligands and Wls was increased in the tibialis anterior (TA) of mice 2 days following BaCl2 injury. Loss of macrophage Wls inhibited the loss of endothelial barrier function, as measured by transendothelial resistance and Evans blue dye permeability assays. Interestingly, the blockade in endothelial permeability correlated with reduced VEGF levels and pretreatment of wild type endothelial cells with a VEGFR2 blocking antibody was sufficient to reduce endothelial permeability induced by stimulated macrophage supernatant. We also found that macrophage Wls-null TAs had myocytes with reduced cross-sectional area 7 day post-injury suggesting a delay in muscle regeneration. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that macrophage-derived Wnt signaling increases endothelial permeability in a VEGF-dependent fashion following muscle injury. Our findings implicate macrophages as a primary source of Wnt ligands following muscle injury and highlight the Wnt pathway as a therapeutic target following injury.
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14
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Runyan CE, Welch LC, Lecuona E, Shigemura M, Amarelle L, Abdala‐Valencia H, Joshi N, Lu Z, Nam K, Markov NS, McQuattie‐Pimentel AC, Piseaux‐Aillon R, Politanska Y, Sichizya L, Watanabe S, Williams KJ, Budinger GRS, Sznajder JI, Misharin AV. Impaired phagocytic function in CX3CR1 + tissue-resident skeletal muscle macrophages prevents muscle recovery after influenza A virus-induced pneumonia in old mice. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13180. [PMID: 32720752 PMCID: PMC7587460 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle dysfunction in survivors of pneumonia disproportionately affects older individuals in whom it causes substantial morbidity. We found that skeletal muscle recovery was impaired in old compared with young mice after influenza A virus-induced pneumonia. In young mice, recovery of muscle loss was associated with expansion of tissue-resident skeletal muscle macrophages and downregulation of MHC II expression, followed by a proliferation of muscle satellite cells. These findings were absent in old mice and in mice deficient in Cx3cr1. Transcriptomic profiling of tissue-resident skeletal muscle macrophages from old compared with young mice showed downregulation of pathways associated with phagocytosis and proteostasis, and persistent upregulation of inflammatory pathways. Consistently, skeletal muscle macrophages from old mice failed to downregulate MHCII expression during recovery from influenza A virus-induced pneumonia and showed impaired phagocytic function in vitro. Like old animals, mice deficient in the phagocytic receptor Mertk showed no macrophage expansion, MHCII downregulation, or satellite cell proliferation and failed to recover skeletal muscle function after influenza A pneumonia. Our data suggest that a loss of phagocytic function in a CX3CR1+ tissue-resident skeletal muscle macrophage population in old mice precludes satellite cell proliferation and recovery of skeletal muscle function after influenza A pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance E. Runyan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Lynn C. Welch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Emilia Lecuona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Masahiko Shigemura
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Luciano Amarelle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Hiam Abdala‐Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Ziyan Lu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Kiwon Nam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Nikolay S. Markov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | | | - Raul Piseaux‐Aillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Yuliya Politanska
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Lango Sichizya
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Kinola J.N. Williams
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - G. R. Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
| | - Alexander V. Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA
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15
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering: Biomaterials-Based Strategies for the Treatment of Volumetric Muscle Loss. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030085. [PMID: 32751847 PMCID: PMC7552659 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of Americans suffer from skeletal muscle injuries annually that can result in volumetric muscle loss (VML), where extensive musculoskeletal damage and tissue loss result in permanent functional deficits. In the case of small-scale injury skeletal muscle is capable of endogenous regeneration through activation of resident satellite cells (SCs). However, this is greatly reduced in VML injuries, which remove native biophysical and biochemical signaling cues and hinder the damaged tissue's ability to direct regeneration. The current clinical treatment for VML is autologous tissue transfer, but graft failure and scar tissue formation leave patients with limited functional recovery. Tissue engineering of instructive biomaterial scaffolds offers a promising approach for treating VML injuries. Herein, we review the strategic engineering of biophysical and biochemical cues in current scaffold designs that aid in restoring function to these preclinical VML injuries. We also discuss the successes and limitations of the three main biomaterial-based strategies to treat VML injuries: acellular scaffolds, cell-delivery scaffolds, and in vitro tissue engineered constructs. Finally, we examine several innovative approaches to enhancing the design of the next generation of engineered scaffolds to improve the functional regeneration of skeletal muscle following VML injuries.
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16
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Jones G, Smallwood C, Ruchti T, Blotter J, Feland B. A mathematical model of skeletal muscle regeneration with upper body vibration. Math Biosci 2020; 327:108424. [PMID: 32681914 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect that upper body vibration has on the recovery rate of the biceps muscle. A mathematical model that accounts for vibration is developed by adapting three vibration terms into the Stephenson and Kojourahov skeletal muscle regeneration mathematical model. The first term accounts for the increase in the influx rate of type 1 macrophages (P1). These cells are part of the body's immune response to muscle damage. They control the proliferation rate of satellite cells (S) and phagocytize dead myofiber cells. The second term accounts for the rate of the phenotype change of P1 to type 2 macrophages (P2). P2 are used to support S differentiation and prevent apoptosis of myoblasts (Mb). The final term accounts for the fusion rate of Mb. Mb fuse with each other to create myotubes which align to create myofibers. The addition of these three terms decreases the overall skeletal muscle regeneration time by 47%. The model is validated on the macroscopic scale by subjecting test participants to a muscle damage and recovery protocol involving vibration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Jones
- Mechanical Engineering, EB 350, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Cameron Smallwood
- Mechanical Engineering, EB 350, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Tysum Ruchti
- Mechanical Engineering, EB 350, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Jonathan Blotter
- Mechanical Engineering, EB 350, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Brent Feland
- Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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17
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Ceafalan LC, Dobre M, Milanesi E, Niculae AM, Manole E, Gherghiceanu M, Hinescu ME. Gene expression profile of adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules during early stages of skeletal muscle regeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10140-10150. [PMID: 32681815 PMCID: PMC7520258 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration implies the coordination of myogenesis with the recruitment of myeloid cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. Currently, there are no specific biomarkers to diagnose the severity and prognosis of muscle lesions. In order to investigate the gene expression profile of extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules, as premises of homo‐ or heterocellular cooperation and milestones for skeletal muscle regeneration, we performed a gene expression analysis for genes involved in cellular cooperation, migration and ECM remodelling in a mouse model of acute crush injury. The results obtained at two early time‐points post‐injury were compared to a GSE5413 data set from two other trauma models. Third day post‐injury, when inflammatory cells invaded, genes associated with cell‐matrix interactions and migration were up‐regulated. After day 5, as myoblast migration and differentiation started, genes for basement membrane constituents were found down‐regulated, whereas genes for ECM molecules, macrophage, myoblast adhesion, and migration receptors were up‐regulated. However, the profile and the induction time varied according to the experimental model, with only few genes being constantly up‐regulated. Gene up‐regulation was higher, delayed and more diverse following more severe trauma. Moreover, one of the most up‐regulated genes was periostin, suggestive for severe muscle damage and unfavourable architecture restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Ceafalan
- Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Dobre
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Radiobiology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei M Niculae
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emilia Manole
- Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Ultrastructural Pathology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail E Hinescu
- Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology Laboratory, 'Victor Babeș' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Shukla SK, Markov SD, Attri KS, Vernucci E, King RJ, Dasgupta A, Grandgenett PM, Hollingsworth MA, Singh PK, Yu F, Mehla K. Macrophages potentiate STAT3 signaling in skeletal muscles and regulate pancreatic cancer cachexia. Cancer Lett 2020; 484:29-39. [PMID: 32344015 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of cachexia is highly prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); advanced disease stage directly correlates with decreased muscle and fat mass in PDAC patients. The pancreatic tumor microenvironment is central to the release of systemic factors that govern lipolysis, proteolysis, and muscle and fat degeneration leading to the cachectic phenotype in cancer patients. The current study explores the role of macrophages, a key immunosuppressive player in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, in regulating cancer cachexia. We observed a negative correlation between CD163-positive macrophage infiltration and muscle-fiber cross sectional area in human PDAC patients. To investigate the role of macrophages in myodegeneration, we utilized conditioned media transplant assays and orthotopic models of PDAC-induced cachexia in immune-competent mice with and without macrophage depletion. We observed that macrophage-derived conditioned medium, in combination with tumor cell-conditioned medium, promoted muscle atrophy through STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, macrophage depletion attenuated systemic inflammation and muscle wasting in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. Targeting macrophage-mediated STAT3 activation or macrophage-derived interleukin-1 alpha or interleukin-6 diminished myofiber atrophy. Taken together, the current study identified the critical association between macrophages and cachexia phenotype in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Shukla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Spas D Markov
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Attri
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Enza Vernucci
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ryan J King
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aneesha Dasgupta
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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19
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Santos TC, Brito Sousa K, Andreo L, Martinelli A, Rodrigues MFSD, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita‐Ferrari RA. Effect of Photobiomodulation on C2C12 Myoblasts Cultivated in M1 Macrophage‐conditioned Media. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:906-916. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tainá Caroline Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Kaline Brito Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Lucas Andreo
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Andreia Martinelli
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences UNINOVE São Paulo SP Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) São Paulo SP Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences UNINOVE São Paulo SP Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita‐Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) São Paulo SP Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences UNINOVE São Paulo SP Brazil
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20
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Mierzejewski B, Archacka K, Grabowska I, Florkowska A, Ciemerych MA, Brzoska E. Human and mouse skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:93-104. [PMID: 32005567 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The proper functioning of tissues and organs depends on their ability to self-renew and repair. Some of the tissues, like epithelia, renew almost constantly while in the others this process is induced by injury or diseases. The stem or progenitor cells responsible for tissue homeostasis have been identified in many organs. Some of them, such as hematopoietic or intestinal epithelium stem cells, are multipotent and can differentiate into various cell types. Others are unipotent. The skeletal muscle tissue does not self-renew spontaneously, however, it presents unique ability to regenerate in response to the injury or disease. Its repair almost exclusively relies on unipotent satellite cells. However, multiple lines of evidence document that some progenitor cells present in the muscle can be supportive for skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the complicated landscape of stem and progenitor cells that exist in skeletal muscle and support its regeneration. We compare the cells from two model organisms, i.e., mouse and human, documenting their similarities and differences and indicating methods to test their ability to undergo myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Mierzejewski
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Florkowska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Anna Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Brzoska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of periodontal disease (PD) associated with physical exercise on inflammatory mediators and muscle repair. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (SH), healthy trained (TH), sedentary with PD (SP), and trained with PD (TP). PD was induced in groups SP and TP while the trained groups performed treadmill exercises for 8 weeks. For the analysis of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and leukocyte count, we collected blood samples. Cryolesions were induced in the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, which were analyzed for morphological changes. The presence of PD modified leukocyte counts, while exercise showed an additive role. PD increased levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, and physical exercise changed only values of IL-10. The association between physical exercise and PD was responsible for an increased concentration of leukocytes in the region of the inflammation. Serum levels of inflammatory markers were modified by PD and, when combined with exercise, may negatively modulate inflammation. The association between PD and physical exercise showed the most significant changes in the number of inflammatory cells and may negatively influence the process of muscle repair.
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Song T, Sadayappan S. Featured characteristics and pivotal roles of satellite cells in skeletal muscle regeneration. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 41:341-353. [PMID: 31494813 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, the essential organ for locomotion, as well as energy reservoir and expenditure, has robust regenerative capacity in response to mechanical stress and injury. As muscle-specific stem cells, satellite cells are responsible for providing new myoblasts during the process of muscle growth and regeneration. Self-renewal capacity and the fate of satellite cells are highly regulated and influenced by their surrounding factors, such as extracellular matrix and soluble proteins. The strong myogenic potential of satellite cells makes them a potential resource for stem cell therapy to cure genetic muscle disease and repair injured muscle. Here, we both review key features of satellite cells during skeletal muscle development and regeneration and summarize recent outcomes of satellite cell transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejeong Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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Liao CH, Lin LP, Yu TY, Hsu CC, Pang JHS, Tsai WC. Ibuprofen inhibited migration of skeletal muscle cells in association with downregulation of p130cas and CrkII expressions. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:23. [PMID: 31464636 PMCID: PMC6714350 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat sports-related muscle injuries. However, NSAIDs were recently shown to impede the muscle healing process after acute injury. Migration of skeletal muscle cells is a crucial step during the muscle healing process. The present study was performed to investigate the effect and molecular mechanisms of action of ibuprofen, a commonly used NSAID, on the migration of skeletal muscle cells. Methods Skeletal muscle cells isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ibuprofen. MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was used to evaluate cell viability, and cell apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay, after ibuprofen treatment. Skeletal muscle cell migration and spreading were evaluated using the transwell filter migration assay and F-actin staining, respectively. The protein expression of p130cas and CrkII, which are cell migration facilitating genes, was determined by western blot analysis. The overexpression of p130cas of muscle cells was achieved by p130cas vector transfection. Results The results demonstrated that ibuprofen did not have a significant negative effect on cell viability and apoptosis. Ibuprofen inhibited the migration and spreading of skeletal muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. Ibuprofen also dose-dependently decreased the protein expression of p130cas and CrkII. Furthermore, overexpression of p130cas resulted in the promotion of cell migration and spreading and counteracted ibuprofen-mediated inhibition. Conclusion This study suggested that ibuprofen exerts a potentially adverse effect on the migration of skeletal muscle cells by downregulating protein expression of p130cas and CrkII. These results indicate a possible mechanism underlying the possible negative effect of NSAIDs on muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Liao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dinghu Rd., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dinghu Rd., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yang Yu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dinghu Rd., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chin Hsu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hwei S Pang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dinghu Rd., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Tsai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dinghu Rd., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan. .,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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Macrophages Are Key Regulators of Stem Cells during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:4761427. [PMID: 31396285 PMCID: PMC6664695 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4761427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration is a closely regulated process that involves a variety of cell types such as satellite cells, myofibers, fibroadipogenic progenitors, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Among these different cell types, macrophages emerged as a central actor coordinating the different cellular interactions and biological processes. Particularly, the transition of macrophages from their proinflammatory to their anti-inflammatory phenotype was shown to regulate inflammation, myogenesis, fibrosis, vascularization, and return to homeostasis. On the other hand, deregulation of macrophage accumulation or polarization in chronic degenerative muscle disorders was shown to impair muscle regeneration. Considering the key roles of macrophages in skeletal muscle, they represent an attractive target for new therapeutic approaches aiming at mitigating various muscle disorders. This review aims at summarizing the novel insights into macrophage heterogeneity, plasticity, and functions in skeletal muscle homeostasis, regeneration, and disease.
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Schmidt M, Schüler SC, Hüttner SS, von Eyss B, von Maltzahn J. Adult stem cells at work: regenerating skeletal muscle. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2559-2570. [PMID: 30976839 PMCID: PMC6586695 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a finely tuned process involving the activation of various cellular and molecular processes. Satellite cells, the stem cells of skeletal muscle, are indispensable for skeletal muscle regeneration. Their functionality is critically modulated by intrinsic signaling pathways as well as by interactions with the stem cell niche. Here, we discuss the properties of satellite cells, including heterogeneity regarding gene expression and/or their phenotypic traits and the contribution of satellite cells to skeletal muscle regeneration. We also summarize the process of regeneration with a specific emphasis on signaling pathways, cytoskeletal rearrangements, the importance of miRNAs, and the contribution of non-satellite cells such as immune cells, fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells, and PW1-positive/Pax7-negative interstitial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Svenja C Schüler
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sören S Hüttner
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Björn von Eyss
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia von Maltzahn
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Walton RG, Kosmac K, Mula J, Fry CS, Peck BD, Groshong JS, Finlin BS, Zhu B, Kern PA, Peterson CA. Human skeletal muscle macrophages increase following cycle training and are associated with adaptations that may facilitate growth. Sci Rep 2019; 9:969. [PMID: 30700754 PMCID: PMC6353900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle macrophages participate in repair and regeneration following injury. However, their role in physiological adaptations to exercise is unexplored. We determined whether endurance exercise training (EET) alters macrophage content and characteristics in response to resistance exercise (RE), and whether macrophages are associated with other exercise adaptations. Subjects provided vastus lateralis biopsies before and after one bout of RE, after 12 weeks of EET (cycling), and after a final bout of RE. M2 macrophages (CD11b+/CD206+) did not increase with RE, but increased in response to EET (P < 0.01). Increases in M2 macrophages were positively correlated with fiber hypertrophy (r = 0.49) and satellite cells (r = 0.47). M2c macrophages (CD206+/CD163+) also increased following EET (P < 0.001), and were associated with fiber hypertrophy (r = 0.64). Gene expression was quantified using NanoString. Following EET, the change in M2 macrophages was positively associated with changes in HGF, IGF1, and extracellular matrix genes. EET decreased expression of IL6 (P < 0.05), C/EBPβ (P < 0.01), and MuRF (P < 0.05), and increased expression of IL-4 (P < 0.01), TNFα (P < 0.01) and the TWEAK receptor FN14 (P < 0.05). The change in FN14 gene expression was inversely associated with changes in C/EBPβ (r = -0.58) and MuRF (r = -0.46) following EET. In cultured human myotubes, siRNA inhibition of FN14 increased expression of C/EBPβ (P < 0.05) and MuRF (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that macrophages contribute to the muscle response to EET, potentially including modulation of TWEAK-FN14 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Grace Walton
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Kate Kosmac
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jyothi Mula
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Deptartment of Nutrition & Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bailey D Peck
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jason S Groshong
- Department of Health Professions, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Brian S Finlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Rossi FE, de Freitas MC, Zanchi NE, Lira FS, Cholewa JM. The Role of Inflammation and Immune Cells in Blood Flow Restriction Training Adaptation: A Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1376. [PMID: 30356748 PMCID: PMC6189414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-intensity strength training has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength in a variety of populations. BFR results in a robust metabolic stress which is hypothesized to induce muscle growth via increased recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers, a greater endocrine response, and/or enhancing the cellular swelling contribution to the hypertrophic process. Following exercise, neutrophils are the first immune cells to initiate the tissue remodeling process via several mechanisms including an increased production of cytokines and recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, which facilitate the phagocytosis of foreign particles, the differentiation of myoblasts, and the formation of new myotubes. Thus, the purpose of this review was to discuss the mechanisms through which metabolic stress and immune cell recruitment may induce skeletal muscle remodeling following BFR strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Eduardo Rossi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Conrado de Freitas
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Jason M. Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, United States
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28
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Wang X, Zhao D, Cui Y, Lu S, Gao D, Liu J. Proinflammatory macrophages impair skeletal muscle differentiation in obesity through secretion of tumor necrosis factor‐α via sustained activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2566-2580. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| | - Daina Zhao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| | - Yajuan Cui
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an China
| | - Dan Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and MedicineThe Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an China
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29
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Cellular alignment and fusion: Quantifying the effect of macrophages and fibroblasts on myoblast terminal differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:542-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Luchetti F, Nasoni MG, Falcieri E, Mendes AF. The " Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology" Journal Club Series: Highlights on Recent Papers in Exercise-Induced Immune Response. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018; 3:jfmk3030042. [PMID: 33466971 PMCID: PMC7739323 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We are glad to introduce the ninth Journal Club. This edition is focused on several relevant studies published in the last few years in the field of Exercise-Induced Immune Response, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for sport seen also from the scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring lecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Gemma Nasoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Falcieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alexandrina Ferreira Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Soft tissue trauma of skeletal muscle is one of the most common side effects in surgery. Muscle injuries are not only caused by accident-related injuries but can also be of an iatrogenic nature as they occur during surgical interventions when the anatomical region of interest is exposed. If the extent of trauma surpasses the intrinsic regenerative capacities, signs of fatty degeneration and formation of fibrotic scar tissue can occur, and, consequentially, muscle function deteriorates or is diminished. Despite research efforts to investigate the physiological healing cascade following trauma, our understanding of the early onset of healing and how it potentially determines success or failure is still only fragmentary. This review focuses on the initial physiological pathways following skeletal muscle trauma in comparison to bone and tendon trauma and what conclusions can be drawn from new scientific insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Strategies to support regeneration of muscle tissue after injury are scarce, even though muscle trauma has a high incidence. Based on tissue specific differences, possible clinical treatment options such as local immune-modulatory and cell therapeutic approaches are suggested that aim to support the endogenous regenerative potential of injured muscle tissues.
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Long DE, Peck BD, Martz JL, Tuggle SC, Bush HM, McGwin G, Kern PA, Bamman MM, Peterson CA. Metformin to Augment Strength Training Effective Response in Seniors (MASTERS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:192. [PMID: 28441958 PMCID: PMC5405504 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle mass and strength are strong determinants of a person's quality of life and functional independence with advancing age. While resistance training is the most effective intervention to combat age-associated muscle atrophy (sarcopenia), the ability of older adults to increase muscle mass and strength in response to training is blunted and highly variable. Thus, finding novel ways to complement resistance training to improve muscle response and ultimately quality of life among older individuals is critical. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a commonly prescribed medication called metformin can be repurposed to improve the response to resistance exercise training by altering the muscle tissue inflammatory environment. METHODS/DESIGN Individuals aged 65 and older are participating in a two-site, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial testing the effects of metformin or placebo on muscle size, strength, and physical function when combined with a progressive resistance training program. Participants consume 1700 mg of metformin per day or placebo for 2 weeks before engaging in a 14-week progressive resistance training regimen, with continued metformin or placebo. Participants are then monitored post-training to determine if the group taking metformin derived greater overall benefit from training in terms of muscle mass and strength gains than those on placebo. Muscle biopsies are taken from the vastus lateralis at three time points to assess individual cellular and molecular adaptations to resistance training and also changes in response to metformin. DISCUSSION The response of aged muscles to a resistance training program does not always result in a positive outcome; some individuals even experience a loss in muscle mass following resistance training. Thus, adjuvant therapies, including pharmacological ones, are required to optimize response to training in those who do not respond and may be at increased risk of frailty. This is the first known metformin repurposing trial in non-diseased individuals, aimed specifically at the resistance exercise "non-responder" phenotype present in the aging population. The overall goal of this trial is to determine if combined exercise-metformin intervention therapy will benefit older individuals by promoting muscle hypertrophy and strength gains, thereby maintaining functional independence. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02308228 . Registered on 25 November 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug E. Long
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Bailey D. Peck
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Jenny L. Martz
- Center for Exercise Medicine and Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - S. Craig Tuggle
- Center for Exercise Medicine and Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Heather M. Bush
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Gerald McGwin
- Center for Exercise Medicine and Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Philip A. Kern
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine and Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Charlotte A. Peterson
- College of Health Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
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Deli CK, Fatouros IG, Paschalis V, Tsiokanos A, Georgakouli K, Zalavras A, Avloniti A, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. Iron Supplementation Effects on Redox Status following Aseptic Skeletal Muscle Trauma in Adults and Children. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4120421. [PMID: 28203319 PMCID: PMC5292163 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle microtrauma is characterized by loss of muscle cell integrity, marked aseptic inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. We examined if iron supplementation would alter redox status after eccentric exercise. In a randomized, double blind crossover study, that was conducted in two cycles, healthy adults (n = 14) and children (n = 11) received daily either 37 mg of elemental iron or placebo for 3 weeks prior to and up to 72 h after an acute eccentric exercise bout. Blood was drawn at baseline, before exercise, and 72 h after exercise for the assessment of iron status, creatine kinase activity (CK), and redox status. Iron supplementation at rest increased iron concentration and transferrin saturation (p < 0.01). In adults, CK activity increased at 72 h after exercise, while no changes occurred in children. Iron supplementation increased TBARS at 72 h after exercise in both adults and children; no changes occurred under placebo condition. Eccentric exercise decreased bilirubin concentration at 72 h in all groups. Iron supplementation can alter redox responses after muscle-damaging exercise in both adults and children. This could be of great importance not only for healthy exercising individuals, but also in clinical conditions which are characterized by skeletal muscle injury and inflammation, yet iron supplementation is crucial for maintaining iron homeostasis. This study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02374619.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chariklia K. Deli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsiokanos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Georgakouli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zalavras
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Avloniti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Sports, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly (I.RE.TE.TH), Trikala, Greece
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
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Bai X, Wang XL, Tang B, Shi HN, Boireau P, Rosenthal B, Wu XP, Liu MY, Liu XL. The roles of supernatant of macrophage treated by excretory-secretory products from muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis on the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Vet Parasitol 2016; 231:83-91. [PMID: 27501988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The excretory-secretory products (ESPs) released by the muscle-larvae (ML) stage of Trichinella spiralis have been suggested to be involved in nurse cell formation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ML-ESPs modulate nurse cell formation remain unclear. Macrophages exert either beneficial or deleterious effects on tissue repair, depending on their activation/polarization state. They are crucial for skeletal muscle repair, notably, via their actions on myogenic precursor cells. However, these interactions during T. spiralis infection have not been characterized. In the present study, the ability of conditioned medium (CM) from J774A.1 macrophages treated with ML-ESPs to influence the differentiation of murine myoblasts, and the mechanisms of this influence, were investigated in vitro. The results showed that the expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs) MyoD and myogenin, myosin heavy chain (MyHC), and the p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor were reduced in CM treated cells compared to their expression in the control group. These findings indicated that CM inhibited myoblast differentiation. Conversely, CM promoted myoblast proliferation and increased cyclin D1 levels. Taken together, results of our study suggested that CM can indirectly influence myoblast differentiation and proliferation, which provides a new method for the elucidation of the complex mechanisms involved in cell-parasite and cell-cell interactions during T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - X L Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - B Tang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - H N Shi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital East, USA
| | - P Boireau
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - B Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, USDA, Building 1180, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - X P Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - M Y Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - X L Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Baumert P, Lake MJ, Stewart CE, Drust B, Erskine RM. Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1595-625. [PMID: 27294501 PMCID: PMC4983298 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged unaccustomed exercise involving muscle lengthening (eccentric) actions can result in ultrastructural muscle disruption, impaired excitation-contraction coupling, inflammation and muscle protein degradation. This process is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness and is referred to as exercise-induced muscle damage. Although a certain amount of muscle damage may be necessary for adaptation to occur, excessive damage or inadequate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage can increase injury risk, particularly in older individuals, who experience more damage and require longer to recover from muscle damaging exercise than younger adults. Furthermore, it is apparent that inter-individual variation exists in the response to exercise-induced muscle damage, and there is evidence that genetic variability may play a key role. Although this area of research is in its infancy, certain gene variations, or polymorphisms have been associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (i.e. individuals with certain genotypes experience greater muscle damage, and require longer recovery, following strenuous exercise). These polymorphisms include ACTN3 (R577X, rs1815739), TNF (-308 G>A, rs1800629), IL6 (-174 G>C, rs1800795), and IGF2 (ApaI, 17200 G>A, rs680). Knowing how someone is likely to respond to a particular type of exercise could help coaches/practitioners individualise the exercise training of their athletes/patients, thus maximising recovery and adaptation, while reducing overload-associated injury risk. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the literature concerning gene polymorphisms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage, both in young and older individuals, and to highlight the potential mechanisms underpinning these associations, thus providing a better understanding of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baumert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark J Lake
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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36
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Capote J, Kramerova I, Martinez L, Vetrone S, Barton ER, Sweeney HL, Miceli MC, Spencer MJ. Osteopontin ablation ameliorates muscular dystrophy by shifting macrophages to a pro-regenerative phenotype. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:275-88. [PMID: 27091452 PMCID: PMC5084275 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201510086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the degenerative disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy, inflammatory cells enter muscles in response to repetitive muscle damage. Immune factors are required for muscle regeneration, but chronic inflammation creates a profibrotic milieu that exacerbates disease progression. Osteopontin (OPN) is an immunomodulator highly expressed in dystrophic muscles. Ablation of OPN correlates with reduced fibrosis and improved muscle strength as well as reduced natural killer T (NKT) cell counts. Here, we demonstrate that the improved dystrophic phenotype observed with OPN ablation does not result from reductions in NKT cells. OPN ablation skews macrophage polarization toward a pro-regenerative phenotype by reducing M1 and M2a and increasing M2c subsets. These changes are associated with increased expression of pro-regenerative factors insulin-like growth factor 1, leukemia inhibitory factor, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Furthermore, altered macrophage polarization correlated with increases in muscle weight and muscle fiber diameter, resulting in long-term improvements in muscle strength and function in mdx mice. These findings suggest that OPN ablation promotes muscle repair via macrophage secretion of pro-myogenic growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Capote
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Irina Kramerova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Leonel Martinez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sylvia Vetrone
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Elisabeth R Barton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - M Carrie Miceli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Melissa J Spencer
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Domingues-Faria C, Vasson MP, Goncalves-Mendes N, Boirie Y, Walrand S. Skeletal muscle regeneration and impact of aging and nutrition. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 26:22-36. [PMID: 26690801 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After skeletal muscle injury a regeneration process takes place to repair muscle. Skeletal muscle recovery is a highly coordinated process involving cross-talk between immune and muscle cells. It is well known that the physiological activities of both immune cells and muscle stem cells decline with advancing age, thereby blunting the capacity of skeletal muscle to regenerate. The age-related reduction in muscle repair efficiency contributes to the development of sarcopenia, one of the most important factors of disability in elderly people. Preserving muscle regeneration capacity may slow the development of this syndrome. In this context, nutrition has drawn much attention: studies have demonstrated that nutrients such as amino acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols and vitamin D can improve skeletal muscle regeneration by targeting key functions of immune cells, muscle cells or both. Here we review the process of skeletal muscle regeneration with a special focus on the cross-talk between immune and muscle cells. We address the effect of aging on immune and skeletal muscle cells involved in muscle regeneration. Finally, the mechanisms of nutrient action on muscle regeneration are described, showing that quality of nutrition may help to preserve the capacity for skeletal muscle regeneration with age.
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Strömberg A, Olsson K, Dijksterhuis JP, Rullman E, Schulte G, Gustafsson T. CX3CL1--a macrophage chemoattractant induced by a single bout of exercise in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R297-304. [PMID: 26632602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00236.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages (MOs/MΦs) are suggested to be crucial for skeletal muscle repair and remodeling. This has been attributed to their proangiogenic potential, secretion of growth factors, and clearance of tissue debris. Skeletal muscle injury increases the number of MΦs in the tissue, and their importance for muscle regeneration has been supported by studies demonstrating that depletion of MOs/MΦs greatly impairs repair after muscle injury. Whether noninjurious exercise leads to induced expression of chemoattractants for MOs/MΦs is poorly investigated. To this end, we analyzed the expression of CX3CL1 (fractalkine), CCL2 (MCP-1), and CCL22 (MDC) in human skeletal muscle after a bout of exercise, all of which are established MO/MΦ chemotactic factors that are expressed by human myoblasts. Muscle biopsies from the musculus vastus lateralis were obtained up to 24 h after 1 h of cycle exercise in healthy individuals and in age-matched nonexercised controls. CX3CL1 increased at both the mRNA and protein level in human skeletal muscle after one bout of exercise. It was not possible to distinguish changes in CCL2 or CCL22 mRNA levels between biopsy vs. exercise effects, and the expression of CCL22 was very low. CX3CL1 mainly localized to the skeletal muscle endothelium, and it increased in human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with tissue fluid from exercised muscle. CX3CL1 increased the expression of proinflammatory and proangiogenic factors in THP-1 monocytes (a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) and in human primary myoblasts and myotubes. Altogether, this suggests that CX3CL1 participates in cross-talk mechanisms between endothelium and other muscle tissue cells and may promote a shift in the microenvironment toward a more regenerative milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strömberg
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Karl Olsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jacomijn P Dijksterhuis
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Rullman
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Dennis RA, Ponnappan U, Kodell RL, Garner KK, Parkes CM, Bopp MM, Padala KP, Peterson CA, Padala PR, Sullivan DH. Immune Function and Muscle Adaptations to Resistance exercise in Older Adults: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Nutritional Supplement. Trials 2015; 16:121. [PMID: 25872570 PMCID: PMC4411711 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune function may influence the ability of older adults to maintain or improve muscle mass, strength, and function during aging. Thus, nutritional supplementation that supports the immune system could complement resistance exercise as an intervention for age-associated muscle loss. The current study will determine the relationship between immune function and exercise training outcomes for older adults who consume a nutritional supplement or placebo during resistance training and post-training follow-up. The supplement was chosen due to evidence suggesting its ingredients [arginine (Arg), glutamine (Gln), and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB)] can improve immune function, promote muscle growth, and counteract muscle loss. METHODS/DESIGN Veterans (age 60 to 80 yrs, N = 50) of the United States military will participate in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of consumption of a nutritional supplement or placebo during completion of three study objectives: 1) determine if 2 weeks of supplementation improve immune function measured as the response to vaccination and systemic and cellular responses to acute resistance exercise; 2) determine if supplementation during 36 sessions of resistance training boosts gains in muscle size, strength, and function; and 3) determine if continued supplementation for 26 weeks post-training promotes retention of training-induced gains in muscle size, strength, and function. Analyses of the results for these objectives will determine the relationship between immune function and the training outcomes. Participants will undergo nine blood draws and five muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsies so that the effects of the supplement on immune function and the systemic and cellular responses to exercise can be measured. DISCUSSION Exercise has known effects on immune function. However, the study will attempt to modulate immune function using a nutritional supplement and determine the effects on training outcomes. The study will also examine post-training benefit retention, an important issue for older adults, usually omitted from exercise studies. The study will potentially advance our understanding of the mechanisms of muscle gain and loss in older adults, but more importantly, a nutritional intervention will be evaluated as a complement to exercise for supporting muscle health during aging. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02261961, registration date 10 June 2014, recruitment active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Dennis
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 170/3 J, North Little Rock, AR, 72114, USA. .,Donald W Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Usha Ponnappan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Ralph L Kodell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Kimberly K Garner
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 170/3 J, North Little Rock, AR, 72114, USA. .,Donald W Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Christopher M Parkes
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 170/3 J, North Little Rock, AR, 72114, USA.
| | - Melinda M Bopp
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 170/3 J, North Little Rock, AR, 72114, USA.
| | - Kalpana P Padala
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 170/3 J, North Little Rock, AR, 72114, USA. .,Donald W Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Prasad R Padala
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 170/3 J, North Little Rock, AR, 72114, USA. .,Donald W Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Dennis H Sullivan
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 170/3 J, North Little Rock, AR, 72114, USA. .,Donald W Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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40
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Hammers DW, Rybalko V, Merscham-Banda M, Hsieh PL, Suggs LJ, Farrar RP. Anti-inflammatory macrophages improve skeletal muscle recovery from ischemia-reperfusion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1067-74. [PMID: 25678696 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00313.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of macrophages (MPs) is essential for skeletal muscle to properly regenerate following injury. The aim of this study was the evaluation of MP profiles and their importance in skeletal muscle recovering from tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Using flow cytometry, we identified two distinct CD11b(+) MP populations that differ in expression of the surface markers Ly-6C and F4/80. These populations are prominent at 3 and 5 days of reperfusion and molecularly correspond to inflammatory and anti-inflammatory MP phenotypes. Sorted MP populations demonstrated high levels of IGF-I expression, and whole muscle post-I/R IGF-I expression strongly correlates with F4/80 expression. This suggests MPs largely influence postinjury IGF-I upregulation. We additionally demonstrate that direct intramuscular injection of FACS-isolated CD11b(+)Ly-6C(lo)F4/80(hi) MPs improves the functional and histological recovery of I/R-affected muscle. Taken together, these data further support the substantial influence of the innate immune system on muscle regeneration and suggest MP-focused therapeutic approaches may greatly facilitate skeletal muscle recovery from substantial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hammers
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
| | - Viktoriya Rybalko
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
| | | | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
| | - Laura J Suggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Roger P Farrar
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
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Romanazzo S, Forte G, Morishima K, Taniguchi A. IL-12 involvement in myogenic differentiation of C2C12 in vitro. Biomater Sci 2014. [PMID: 26222290 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the extracellular microenvironment has been shown to be critical for the correct differentiation of stem cells to specific tissues. Many factors, including physical (e.g. biomaterial stiffness and topography) and biological (as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines) components, cooperate to create an ideal microenvironment for muscle stem cells, with many of these factors having been widely investigated. We previously demonstrated that the use of non-proliferating muscle-specific and unrelated cells as feeder layers for skeletal muscle progenitor cell differentiation resulted in significant differences in the ability to form myotubes, suggesting the importance of biological factors in myogenic differentiation. In this study, we investigated the biological factors involved in this process, analyzing the expression profile of 84 genes coding for cytokines and chemokines. We successfully identified a novel role for the cytokine IL-12 in the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. Experiments involving the overexpression or silencing of the IL-12 gene in C2C12 showed that IL-12 enhanced the myogenic differentiation process. Moreover, when IL-12 was overexpressed in non-biologically related feeder cells, the new co-culture system was able to improve myogenic differentiation of C2C12 seeded on top. Although IL-12 is known to be a cytokine involved in inflammatory responses, it also appears to be involved in the myogenic differentiation process, acting as a positive regulator of this mechanism. This fact is expected to prove to be important for the development of functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Romanazzo
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fiaschi T, Magherini F, Gamberi T, Modesti PA, Modesti A. Adiponectin as a tissue regenerating hormone: more than a metabolic function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1917-25. [PMID: 24322911 PMCID: PMC11113778 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The great interest that scientists have for adiponectin is primarily due to its central metabolic role. Indeed, the major function of this adipokine is the control of glucose homeostasis that it exerts regulating liver and muscle metabolism. Adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing action and leads to down-regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and an increase of fatty acid oxidation. In addition, adiponectin is reported to play an important role in the inhibition of inflammation. The hormone is secreted in full-length form, which can either assemble into complexes or be converted into globular form by proteolytic cleavage. Over the past few years, emerging publications reveal a more varied and pleiotropic action of this hormone. Many studies emphasize a key role of adiponectin during tissue regeneration and show that adiponectin deficiency greatly inhibits the mechanisms underlying tissue renewal. This review deals with the role of adiponectin in tissue regeneration, mainly referring to skeletal muscle regeneration, a process in which adiponectin is deeply involved. In this tissue, globular adiponectin increases proliferation, migration and myogenic properties of both resident stem cells (namely satellite cells) and non-resident muscle precursors (namely mesoangioblasts). Furthermore, skeletal muscle could be a site for the local production of the globular form that occurs in an inflamed environment. Overall, these recent findings contribute to highlight an intriguing function of adiponectin in addition to its well-recognized metabolic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Fiaschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy,
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Giurisato E, Gamberucci A, Ulivieri C, Marruganti S, Rossi E, Giacomello E, Randazzo D, Sorrentino V. The KSR2-calcineurin complex regulates STIM1-ORAI1 dynamics and store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1769-81. [PMID: 24672054 PMCID: PMC4038503 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the predominant Ca(2+) entry mechanism in nonexcitable cells and controls a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Although significant progress has been made in identifying the components required for SOCE, the molecular mechanisms underlying it are elusive. The present study provides evidence for a direct involvement of kinase suppressor of Ras 2 (KSR2) in SOCE. Using lymphocytes and fibroblasts from ksr2(-/-) mice and shKSR2-depleted cells, we find that KSR2 is critical for the elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. Specifically, our results show that although it is dispensable for Ca(2+)-store depletion, KSR2 is required for optimal calcium entry. We observe that KSR2 deficiency affects stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)/ORAI1 puncta formation, which is correlated with cytoskeleton disorganization. Of interest, we find that KSR2-associated calcineurin is crucial for SOCE. Blocking calcineurin activity impairs STIM1/ORAI1 puncta-like formation and cytoskeleton organization. In addition, we observe that calcineurin activity and its role in SOCE are both KSR2 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giurisato
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - A Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - C Ulivieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Marruganti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Giacomello
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - D Randazzo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - V Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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44
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Novak ML, Weinheimer-Haus EM, Koh TJ. Macrophage activation and skeletal muscle healing following traumatic injury. J Pathol 2014; 232:344-55. [PMID: 24255005 DOI: 10.1002/path.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Following injury to different tissues, macrophages can contribute to both regenerative and fibrotic healing. These seemingly contradictory roles of macrophages may be related to the markedly different phenotypes that macrophages can assume upon exposure to different stimuli. We hypothesized that fibrotic healing after traumatic muscle injury would be dominated by a pro-fibrotic M2a macrophage phenotype, with M1 activation limited to the very early stages of repair. We found that macrophages accumulated in lacerated mouse muscle for at least 21 days, accompanied by limited myofibre regeneration and persistent collagen deposition. However, muscle macrophages did not exhibit either of the canonical M1 or M2a phenotypes, but instead up-regulated both M1- and M2a-associated genes early after injury, followed by down-regulation of most markers examined. Particularly, IL-10 mRNA and protein were markedly elevated in macrophages from 3-day injured muscle. Additionally, though flow cytometry identified distinct subpopulations of macrophages based on high or low expression of TNFα, these subpopulations did not clearly correspond to M1 or M2a phenotypes. Importantly, cell therapy with exogenous M1 macrophages but not non-activated macrophages reduced fibrosis and enhanced muscle fibre regeneration in lacerated muscles. These data indicate that manipulation of macrophage function has potential to improve healing following traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Novak
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Takeuchi K, Hatade T, Wakamiya S, Fujita N, Arakawa T, Miki A. Heat stress promotes skeletal muscle regeneration after crush injury in rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:327-34. [PMID: 24071519 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Influences of heat stress on skeletal muscle regeneration were examined in experimental rats. After crush injury to the Extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) of the left hindlimb, animals were randomly divided into non-heat and heat groups. In the latter, packs filled with hot water (42°C) were percutaneously applied to the injured EDL muscle for 20min to the front of the lower leg, soon after the injury. During the early stages of muscle regeneration, due to the heat stress, secondary degeneration at the injured site progressed faster, and migration of macrophages, proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells were facilitated. At 14 and 28 days after the injury, the ratio of regenerating muscle fibers exhibiting central nuclei in the heat treated group was significantly lower than that in the non-heat group, and cross sectional area in the heat group was evidently larger than that in the non-heat group. Moreover, in the heat group, the ratio of collagen fiber area at 14 and 28 days after the injury was smaller than in the non-heat group. Together, these findings suggest that acceleration of degeneration processes by heat stress soon after injury is likely to promote skeletal muscle regeneration and inhibit collagen deposition.
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Ikutomo M, Sakakima H, Matsuda F, Yoshida Y. Midkine-deficient mice delayed degeneration and regeneration after skeletal muscle injury. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:319-26. [PMID: 24055194 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, was previously found to be expressed in the rat myotube-forming stage. We investigated MK gene-deficient (Mdk(-/-)) mice in terms of skeletal muscle degeneration and regeneration after injury by bupivacaine injection into the tibialis anterior muscle. Injured muscles showed intense inflammatory cell infiltration. Myotubes, myofibers with centrally located nuclei in their cytoplasm, were significantly smaller in Mdk(-/-) mice than in wild type (Mdk(+/+)) mice 7 days after injury (p=0.02). The distribution of myotube sizes showed quantitative differences between the two groups at 5 and 7 days, but not at 14 days. Many small myotubes were found in the regenerative area of Mdk(-/-) mice compared with that of Mdk(+/+)mice 5 and 7 days after injury. The expression of Iba1, a macrophage marker, was significantly lower in Mdk(-/-) mice 3 days after injury (p=0.01). The number of desmin-positive cells like myoblasts in Mdk(-/-) mice was significantly fewer than that in Mdk(+/+) mice 3 days after injury. Our results suggested that deletion of MK results in a delay in regeneration, preceded by decelerated migration of macrophages to the damaged area, and that MK has a role in cell differentiation and maturation after skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Ikutomo
- School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Fumiyo Matsuda
- School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshida
- School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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de la Durantaye M, Piette AB, van Rooijen N, Frenette J. Macrophage depletion reduces cell proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation but increases the ultimate tensile strength of injured Achilles tendons. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:279-85. [PMID: 24307236 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are present in large numbers and display specific and distinct phenotypes during the various phases of tissue repair. However, their role following tendon injury and during repair has never been investigated. We injected C57BL/6 mice daily for 4 days with liposome-encapsulated clodronate to deplete circulating monocytes/macrophages. Placebo mice were injected with PBS. The left Achilles tendons of the mice were transversely sectioned and sutured using the 8-strand technique. Macrophage accumulation and cell proliferation were significantly lower in the tendons of clodronate-treated mice than in those of PBS-treated mice on days 3 and 7 post-injury. TGF-β1 staining was significantly more intense in the tendons of PBS-treated mice on day 7 post-injury. Edema and the dry mass of the Achilles tendons were also higher in the PBS-treated mice on days 7 and 14 post-injury. No differences in absolute strength and stiffness were observed, but Young's modulus and maximal stress were significantly greater for tendons from the clodronate-treated mice than those from PBS-treated mice after 14 days of tendon repair. Overall, our findings showed that macrophages promote cell proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation but their presence leads to inferior ultimate tensile strength of the Achilles tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa de la Durantaye
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-CHUL, Université Laval, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, QC, Canada, G1V 4G2
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Cellular dynamics in the muscle satellite cell niche. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:1062-72. [PMID: 24232182 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells, the quintessential skeletal muscle stem cells, reside in a specialized local environment whose anatomy changes dynamically during tissue regeneration. The plasticity of this niche is attributable to regulation by the stem cells themselves and to a multitude of functionally diverse cell types. In particular, immune cells, fibrogenic cells, vessel-associated cells and committed and differentiated cells of the myogenic lineage have emerged as important constituents of the satellite cell niche. Here, we discuss the cellular dynamics during muscle regeneration and how disease can lead to perturbation of these mechanisms. To define the role of cellular components in the muscle stem cell niche is imperative for the development of cell-based therapies, as well as to better understand the pathobiology of degenerative conditions of the skeletal musculature.
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Zanou N, Gailly P. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and regeneration: interplay between the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4117-30. [PMID: 23552962 PMCID: PMC11113627 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle can regenerate in response to muscle damage. This ability is conferred by the presence of myogenic stem cells called satellite cells. In response to stimuli such as injury or exercise, these cells become activated and express myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), i.e., transcription factors of the myogenic lineage including Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and Mrf4 to proliferate and differentiate into myofibers. The MRF family of proteins controls the transcription of important muscle-specific proteins such as myosin heavy chain and muscle creatine kinase. Different growth factors are secreted during muscle repair among which insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are the only ones that promote both muscle cell proliferation and differentiation and that play a key role in muscle regeneration and hypertrophy. Different isoforms of IGFs are expressed during muscle repair: IGF-IEa, IGF-IEb, or IGF-IEc (also known as mechano growth factor, MGF) and IGF-II. MGF is expressed first and is observed in satellite cells and in proliferating myoblasts whereas IGF-Ia and IGF-II expression occurs at the state of muscle fiber formation. Interestingly, several studies report the induction of MRFs in response to IGFs stimulation. Inversely, IGFs expression may also be regulated by MRFs. Various mechanisms are proposed to support these interactions. In this review, we describe the general process of muscle hypertrophy and regeneration and decipher the interactions between the two groups of factors involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Zanou
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 55 av. Hippocrate, B1.55.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium,
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Novak ML, Koh TJ. Phenotypic transitions of macrophages orchestrate tissue repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1352-1363. [PMID: 24091222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for the efficient healing of numerous tissues, and they contribute to impaired healing and fibrosis. Tissue repair proceeds through overlapping phases of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, and macrophages are present throughout this progression. Macrophages exhibit transitions in phenotype and function as tissue repair progresses, although the precise factors regulating these transitions remain poorly defined. In efficiently healing injuries, macrophages present during a given stage of repair appear to orchestrate transition into the next phase and, in turn, can promote debridement of the injury site, cell proliferation and angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and matrix remodeling. However, dysregulated macrophage function can contribute to failure to heal or fibrosis in several pathological situations. This review will address current knowledge of the origins and functions of macrophages during the progression of tissue repair, with emphasis on skin and skeletal muscle. Dysregulation of macrophages in disease states and therapies targeting macrophage activation to promote tissue repair are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Novak
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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