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Soldwedel S, Demuth S, Schildgen O. T84 Monolayer Cell Cultures Support Productive HBoV and HSV-1 Replication and Enable In Vitro Co-Infection Studies. Viruses 2024; 16:773. [PMID: 38793654 PMCID: PMC11125666 DOI: 10.3390/v16050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on several clinical observations it was hypothesized that herpesviruses may influence the replication of human bocaviruses, the second known parvoviruses that have been confirmed as human pathogens. While several cell lines support the growth of HSV-1, HBoV-1 was exclusively cultivated on air-liquid interface cultures, the latter being a rather complicated, slow, and low throughput system. One of the cell lines are T84 cells, which are derived from the lung metastasis of a colorectal tumor. In this study, we provide evidence that T84 also supports HBoV replication when cultivated as monolayers, while simultaneously being permissive for HSV-1. The cell culture model thus would enable co-infection studies of both viruses and is worth being optimized for high throughput studies with HBoV-1. Additionally, the study provides evidence for a supporting effect of HSV-1 on the replication and packaging of HBoV-1 progeny DNA into DNase-resistant viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Soldwedel
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Institut für Pathologie, 51109 Köln/Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Demuth
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Institut für Pathologie, 51109 Köln/Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Schildgen
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Köln/Cologne, Germany
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Bayesian Evaluation of Solana HSV 1+2/VZV Assay Compared to Viral Culture and Commercial PCR Assay for Cutaneous or Mucocutaneous Specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01552-19. [PMID: 31826959 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01552-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from the Solana HSV 1+2/VZV assay for the detection of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in cutaneous or mucocutaneous specimens were compared with that of viral culture and a commercial PCR assay (RealStar alpha herpesvirus PCR kit). Three hundred two mucocutaneous specimens, for which HSV-1, HSV-2, or VZV viral culture or PCR detection have been requested, were randomly selected and prospectively processed on the Solana assay and viral culture or the RealStar assay. Discordant results between culture and the Solana assay were further analyzed using the RealStar assay. A Bayesian latent class model was developed to estimate the performance of each method. Viral culture detected 123 positive specimens (85 HSV-1, 36 HSV-2, and 2 VZV), while the Solana assay detected 27 additional positive specimens (4 HSV-1, 11 HSV-2, and 12 VZV), in agreement with the RealStar PCR assay. The estimated sensitivity of the Solana assay according to our model was 92.7% to 98.7%, 87.1% to 97.8%, and 94.9% to 98.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]) for HSV-1 HSV-2, and VZV, respectively, while the estimated sensitivity of viral culture was 85.2% to 95.0%, 73.6% to 89.6%, and 30.9% to 45.8% (95% CI), respectively. A nonsignificant tendency toward increased sensitivity was noted for the Solana assay compared with culture for HSV-1 and HSV-2, and the Solana assay was significantly more sensitive than culture for the detection of VZV. The Solana assay performed comparably to the RealStar assay. Processing time was reduced with the Solana assay compared with viral culture.
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Krumbholz A, Schäfer M, Lorentz T, Sauerbrei A. Quadruplex real-time PCR for rapid detection of human alphaherpesviruses. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:197-204. [PMID: 30680459 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Infections with the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) as well as with the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) may take a serious course. Thus, rapid and reliable detection of these alphaherpesviruses is urgently needed. For this, we established a qualitative quadruplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) covering HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV and endogenous human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The PCR was validated with quality assessment samples and pre-characterized clinical samples including swabs, blood and cerebrospinal as well as respiratory fluids. For comparison, nucleic acids (NA) of selected samples were extracted manually and automatically. The protocol takes approx. 90 min, starting with the preparation of NA until the report of results. The oligonucleotide and hydrolysis probe sequences specifically detect and distinguish HSV-1 (530 nm), HSV-2 (705 nm) and VZV (560 nm) DNA. The detection limit was estimated with 100-500 copies/ml HSV-1 and HSV-2/VZV, respectively. All quality assessment samples as well as all the patient samples were classified correctly. Parallel detection of GAPDH (670 nm) DNA was implemented to demonstrate correct sampling, but was uncertain in case of swabs. To this end, alphaherpesvirus-free human DNA was also added directly into the mastermix to exclude PCR inhibition. The established protocol for parallel detection and differentiation of alphaherpesviruses is fast, highly specific as well as rather sensitive. It will facilitate HSV-1/2 and VZV diagnostics and may be further improved by opening the 670 nm channel for a combined extraction and PCR inhibition control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Krumbholz
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH Kiel, Steenbeker Weg 23, 24106, Kiel, Germany. .,Institut für Infektionsmedizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel und Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Miriam Schäfer
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH Kiel, Steenbeker Weg 23, 24106, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorentz
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH Kiel, Steenbeker Weg 23, 24106, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Sektion Experimentelle Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Performance of the HSV OligoGen kit for the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:315-317. [PMID: 27185644 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PCR methods are nowadays between the most rapid and sensitive methods for screening and diagnosing herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2. The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability, accuracy, and usefulness of the new assay HSV OligoGen kit in comparison with the Roche LightCycler HSV ½ Qual Kit assay for the detection of HSV in clinical samples. For this analysis, a prospective study was designed for detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 including 110 ulcer specimens, 48 urine, 48 endocervical, 43 cerebral spinal fluids, 4 urethral and 3 pharyngeal swabs that were sent from a regional STI clinic or an Intensive Clinical Unit, both in Seville, Spain. In comparison to the Roche LightCycler HSV ½ Qual Kit assay, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predicative values, and kappa value for HSV detection using the HSV OligoGen kit were 96.2%, 100%, 100%, 98.3%, and 0.97 for HSV-1, respectively. For HSV-2, the corresponding values were 98.3%, 100%, 100%, 99.5%, and 0.98, respectively. Statistical data obtained in this study confirms the usefulness and reliable results of this new assay.
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Abstract
Oral herpes virus infections (OHVIs) are among the most common mucosal disorders encountered by oral health care providers. These infections can affect individuals at any age, from infants to the elderly, and may cause significant pain and dysfunction. Immunosuppressed patients may be at increased risk for serious and potential life-threatening complications caused by OHVIs. Clinicians may have difficulty in diagnosing these infections because they can mimic other conditions of the oral mucosa. This article provides oral health care providers with clinically relevant information regarding etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of OHVIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Orofacial Pain Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Perth Oral Medicine and Dental Sleep Centre, St John of God Hospital, Suite 311, 25 McCourt Street, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Arthur S Kuperstein
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Room 207, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric T Stoopler
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Room 206, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Buelow DR, Bankowski MJ, Fofana D, Gu Z, Pounds S, Hayden RT. Comparison of two multiplexed PCR assays for the detection of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV with extracted and unextracted cutaneous and mucosal specimens. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:84-8. [PMID: 23751960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several analyte specific reagents (ASRs) are available for the detection and differentiation of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV in clinical specimens. However, there is limited data on the test performance of these reagents used in multiplexed PCR assays. OBJECTIVE This study compared the performance of two multiplexed ASR sets for detection of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV in dermal specimens. STUDY DESIGN Two commercially available ASRs were combined to produce multiplexed PCR assays for simultaneous detection of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. Seeded samples were used to determine the limit of detection (LOD) for each assay. Patient samples (n=156) were tested in duplicate and results for each method compared to the reference standard of culture. Both extracted and unextracted specimens were used in the study. RESULTS Both multiplexed PCR assays showed similar test performance, with minimal LOD differences observed. The LOD was 10(3) copies/mL for HSV-1 and HSV-2 using the Focus assay compared to 5×10(3) copies/mL and 2×10(4) copies/mL, respectively for the EraGen assay. Both assays showed equal performance for VZV with a LOD of 5×10(3) copies/mL. Analytical specificity testing showed no cross reactivity with other selected DNA viruses. Both assays showed similar performance when clinical samples were tested using both extracted and unextracted specimens. CONCLUSION Commercially available ASRs can be successfully multiplexed for the PCR detection of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV using dermal specimens. Either direct testing or nucleic acid extracted specimens can be used with similar performance in these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daelynn R Buelow
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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7
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The diagnosis of genital herpes - beyond culture: An evidence-based guide for the utilization of polymerase chain reaction and herpes simplex virus type-specific serology. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 18:233-40. [PMID: 18923735 DOI: 10.1155/2007/505364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate identification of persons with genital herpes is necessary for optimal patient management and prevention of transmission. Because of inherent inaccuracies, clinical diagnosis of genital herpes should be confirmed by laboratory testing for the causative agents herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Further identification of the HSV type is valuable for counselling on the natural history of infection and risk of transmission. Laboratory methods include antigen detection, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional and type-specific serology (TSS). PCR has, by far, the greater sensitivity and should be the test of choice for symptomatic cases. HSV-2 TSS is indicated for patients with genital lesions in whom antigen detection, culture or PCR fail to detect HSV, and for patients who are asymptomatic but have a history suggestive of genital herpes. HSV-2 TSS is further indicated for patients infected with HIV. HSV-2 TSS along with HSV-1 TSS may be considered, as appropriate, in evaluating infection and/or immune status in couples discordant for genital herpes, women who develop their first clinical episode of genital herpes during pregnancy, asymptomatic pregnant women whose partners have a history of genital herpes or HIV infection, and women contemplating pregnancy or considering sexual partnership with those with a history of genital herpes. The above should be performed in conjunction with counselling of infected persons and their sex partners.
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Westley S, Seymour RA, Staines K. Recurrent intra-oral herpes simplex 1 infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 38:368-70, 372-4. [DOI: 10.12968/denu.2011.38.6.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Westley
- House officer, Newcastle Dental Hospital and School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
| | - R A Seymour
- Professor of Restorative Dentistry, Newcastle Dental Hospital and School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Konrad Staines
- Consultant in Oral Medicine, Newcastle Dental Hospital and School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
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Selvaraju SB, Wurst M, Horvat RT, Selvarangan R. Evaluation of three analyte-specific reagents for detection and typing of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 63:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Arduino PG, Porter SR. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 infection: overview on relevant clinico-pathological features. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:107-21. [PMID: 18197856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) is a nuclear replicating enveloped virus, usually acquired through direct contact with infected lesions or body fluids (typically saliva). The prevalence of HSV-1 infection increases progressively from childhood, the seroprevalence being inversely related to socioeconomic background. Primary HSV-1 infections in children are either asymptomatic or following an incubation period of about 1 week gives rise to mucocutaneous vesicular eruptions. Herpetic gingivostomatitis typically affects the tongue, lips, gingival, buccal mucosa and the hard and soft palate. Most primary oro-facial HSV infection is caused by HSV-1, infection by HSV-2 is increasingly common. Recurrent infections, which occur at variable intervals, typically give rise to vesiculo-ulcerative lesions at mucocutaneous junctions particularly the lips (herpes labialis). Recurrent HSV-1 infection within the mouth is uncommon in otherwise healthy patients, although in immunocompromised patients, recurrent infection can be more extensive and/or aggressive. The diagnosis of common herpetic infection can usually be based upon the clinical history and presenting features. Confirmatory laboratory diagnosis is, however, required when patients are, or may be, immunocompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo G Arduino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Oral Medicine Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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11
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Hymas WC, Aldous WK, Taggart EW, Stevenson JB, Hillyard DR. Description and validation of a novel real-time RT-PCR enterovirus assay. Clin Chem 2007; 54:406-13. [PMID: 18039718 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.095414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses are a leading cause of aseptic meningitis in adult and pediatric populations. We describe the development of a real-time RT-PCR assay that amplifies a small target in the 5' nontranslated region upstream of the classical Rotbart enterovirus amplicon. The assay includes an RNA internal control and incorporates modified nucleotide chemistry. METHODS We evaluated the performance characteristics of this design and performed blinded parallel testing on clinical samples, comparing the results with a commercially available RT-PCR assay (Pan-Enterovirus OligoDetect kit) that uses an enzyme immunoassay-like plate end detection. RESULTS We tested 778 samples and found 14 discrepant samples between the 2 assays. Of these, the real-time assay detected 6 samples that were negative by the OligoDetect kit, 5 of which were confirmed as positive by sequence analysis using an alternative primer set. Eight discrepant samples were positive by the OligoDetect kit and real-time negative, with 6 confirmed by sequencing. Overall, detection rates of 97% and 96% were obtained for the OligoDetect kit and real-time assays, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the targeted region. The comparative sensitivities of the 2 assays were equivalent, with the limit of detection for the real-time assay determined to be approximately 430 copies per milliliter in cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS This novel real-time enterovirus assay is a sensitive and suitable assay for routine clinical testing. The presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms can affect real-time PCR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston C Hymas
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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Allawi HT, Li H, Sander T, Aslanukov A, Lyamichev VI, Blackman A, Elagin S, Tang YW. Invader plus method detects herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid and simultaneously differentiates types 1 and 2. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3443-7. [PMID: 16954297 PMCID: PMC1594729 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01175-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here on the development and validation of a prototype Invader Plus method for the qualitative detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method combines PCR and Invader techniques in a single, closed-tube, continuous-reaction format that gives an analytical sensitivity of approximately 10 copies per reaction. The clinical sensitivity and specificity were 100.0% and 98.6%, respectively, when the results of the method were validated against the results obtained with a PCR colorimetric microtiter plate system by use of clinical CSF specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim T Allawi
- Third Wave Technologies, Inc., 502 South Rosa Rd., Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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13
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Altuglu I, Zeytinoglu A, Sirin H, Yuceyar N, Erensoy S. Comparison of different polymerase chain reaction methods for detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 encephalitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25:669-71. [PMID: 17047902 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-006-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Altuglu
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Ege University Medical Faculty, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Pandori MW, Lei J, Wong EH, Klausner J, Liska S. Real-Time PCR for detection of herpes simplex virus without nucleic acid extraction. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:104. [PMID: 16796763 PMCID: PMC1533833 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The speed and sensitivity of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have made it a popular method for the detection of microbiological agents in both research and clinical specimens. For the detection and genotyping of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in clinical specimens, real-time PCR has proven to be faster, more sensitive and safer than earlier methods which included isolation of the virus in cell culture followed by immunofluorescence microscopy. While PCR-based assays for HSV detection posses clear advantages over these earlier techniques, certain aspects of the PCR method remain onerous. The process of extraction and purification of nucleic acid from clinical specimens prior to PCR is particularly cumbersome. Nucleic acid extraction is expensive, time-consuming and provides a step whereby specimens can become contaminated prior to their analysis. Herein, we investigate the necessity of nucleic acid extraction from swab-based clinical specimens for HSV detection by real-time PCR. We find that nucleic acid extraction is unnecessary for specific and sensitive detection of HSV in clinical specimens using real-time PCR. Methods Prospective (n = 36) and retrospective (n = 21) clinical specimens from various anatomical sites were analyzed for the presence of herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 by real-time PCR using the RealArt HSV 1/2 LC PCR Kit. Specimens were analyzed by PCR both before and following automated nucleic acid extraction. PCR using extracted and unextracted specimens was also compared to cell culture as a means of detecting HSV. Results Detection of HSV 1/2 DNA in clinical specimens by real-time PCR did not require that the specimen be subjected to nucleic acid extraction/purification prior to analysis. Each specimen that was detectable by real-time PCR when analyzed in the extracted form was also detectable when analyzed in the unextracted form using the methods herein. The limit of detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 particles when analyzed in the unextracted form was found to be approximately 17 and 32 virus particles respectively, compared to a sensitivity of 10 copies, for analysis of purified DNA. Omission of the nucleic acid extraction step shortened both the assay time and cost. Conclusion Omission of the nucleic acid extraction step prior to real-time PCR for detection of herpes simplex virus resulted in a more rapid and cost-effective assay, with little impact upon the sensitivity of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pandori
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - John Lei
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - Ernest H Wong
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - Jeffrey Klausner
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - Sally Liska
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
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Corey L, Huang ML, Selke S, Wald A. Differentiation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in clinical samples by a real-time taqman PCR assay. J Med Virol 2005; 76:350-5. [PMID: 15902702 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While the clinical manifestations of HSV-1 and -2 overlap, the site of CNS infection, complications, response to antivirals, frequency of antiviral resistance, and reactivation rate on mucosal surfaces varies between HSV-1 and -2. Detection of HSV DNA by PCR has been shown to be the most sensitive method for detecting HSV in clinical samples. As such, we developed a PCR-based assay to accurately distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2. Our initial studies indicated the assay using type specific primers was slightly less efficient for detecting HSV-1 and -2 DNA than the high throughput quantitative PCR assay we utilize that employs type common primers to gB. We subsequently evaluated the type specific assay on 3,131 specimens that had HSV DNA detected in the type common PCR assay. The typing results of these specimens were compared with the monoclonal antibody staining results of culture isolates collected from the same patients at the same time, and the HSV serologic status of the patient. The typing assay accurately identified both HSV-1 and -2 with a specificity of >99.5% and was significantly more sensitive than typing by culture and subsequent monoclonal antibody assays. Complete concordance was seen between the typing assay and HSV serologic status of the patient. Dual (HSV-1 and -2) infection in clinical samples was recognized in 2.6% of clinical samples using the new typing assay. This assay, when used in combination with the type common assay, can now accurately type almost all mucosal and visceral HSV isolates by molecular techniques.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/classification
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/classification
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Mucous Membrane/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viscera/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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16
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Whiley DM, Sloots TP. Melting curve analysis using hybridisation probes: limitations in microbial molecular diagnostics. Pathology 2005; 37:254-6. [PMID: 16175902 DOI: 10.1080/00313020500099270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kaufman HE, Azcuy AM, Varnell ED, Sloop GD, Thompson HW, Hill JM. HSV-1 DNA in tears and saliva of normal adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:241-7. [PMID: 15623779 PMCID: PMC1200985 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the frequency of shedding of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA in tears and saliva of asymptomatic individuals. METHODS Fifty subjects without signs of ocular herpetic disease participated. Serum samples from all subjects were tested for HSV IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for HSV-1 by neutralization assay. HSV-1 DNA copy number and frequency of shedding were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of tear and saliva samples collected twice daily for 30 consecutive days. RESULTS Thirty-seven (74%) of the 50 subjects were positive for HSV IgG by ELISA. The percentages of positive eye and mouth swabs were approximately equivalent: 33.5% (941/2806) and 37.5% (1020/2723), respectively. However, the percentage of samples with high HSV-1 genome copy numbers was greater in saliva than in tears, which may have been a result of the sample volume collected. Shedding frequency in tears was nearly the same in men (347/1003; 34.6%) and women (594/1705; 34.8%); in saliva, men had a higher frequency of shedding (457/1009; 45.3% vs. 563/1703; 33.1%, men versus women). Overall, 49 (98%) of 50 subjects shed HSV-1 DNA at least once during the course of the 30-day study. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of asymptomatic subjects who intermittently shed HSV-1 DNA in tears or saliva was higher than the percentage of subjects with positive ELISA or neutralization antibodies to HSV. Because most HSV transmission occurs during asymptomatic shedding, further knowledge of the prevalence of HSV-1 DNA in tears and saliva is warranted to control its spread. Shedding is simple to study, and its suppression may be an efficient way to evaluate new antivirals in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert E Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Eye Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Mackay IM, Arden KE, Nitsche A. Real-time Fluorescent PCR Techniques to Study Microbial-Host Interactions. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 34:255-330. [PMID: 38620210 PMCID: PMC7148886 DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(04)34010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes how real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performs and how it may be used to detect microbial pathogens and the relationship they form with their host. Research and diagnostic microbiology laboratories contain a mix of traditional and leading-edge, in-house and commercial assays for the detection of microbes and the effects they impart upon target tissues, organs, and systems. The PCR has undergone significant change over the last decade, to the extent that only a small proportion of scientists have been able or willing to keep abreast of the latest offerings. The chapter reviews these changes. It discusses the second-generation of PCR technology-kinetic or real-time PCR, a tool gaining widespread acceptance in many scientific disciplines but especially in the microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Mackay
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Clinical Medical Virology Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katherine E Arden
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Development, implementation, and trend analysis of real-time PCR tests for the clinical microbiology laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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