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Forstner P, Laireiter CM, Friedl S, Steinmetz I, Dichtl K. Bacitracin agar vs. oleandomycin disk supplemented chocolate agar for the recovery of Haemophilus influenzae in diagnostic samples: A prospective comparison. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116203. [PMID: 38422664 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is an important pathogen able to cause various forms of respiratory and invasive disease. To provide high sensitivity for detection, culture media must inhibit growth of residential flora from the respiratory tract. This study aimed to identify and compare the diagnostic and economic advantages of using bacitracin containing selective agar (SEL) or oleandomycin disk supplemented chocolate agar (CHOC). Growth and semi-quantitative abundance of H. influenzae and growth suppression of residential flora was prospectively assessed in a 28-week period. H. influenzae was identified in 164 (5 %) of all included samples: CHOC and SEL, CHOC only, and SEL only were positive in 95, 24, and 45 cases. Diagnostic superiority of SEL was primarily attributable to the results of throat swabs. However, on average, € 200 had to be spent for the detection of each additional isolate that was recovered only because of additional incubation on SEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Forstner
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Maria Laireiter
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Friedl
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Dichtl
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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2
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Dano ID, Ousmane S, Moumouni K, Lagare A, Issa I, Testa J. Risk factors associated with Streptococcus pneumonia carriage in children under five years old with acute respiratory infection in Niger. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:239. [PMID: 31692895 PMCID: PMC6814941 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.239.15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus pneumonia is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis in children, and pneumococcal carriage is an important source of horizontal spread of these pathogens within the community. Methods A questionnaire was addressed to parents for the collection of sociodemographic and medical information. Nasopharyngeal swabbing was processed using a molecular method. We used logistic regression models to examine independent associations between pneumococcal carriage and potential risk factors. All associations with a p-value of < 0.25 in the bivariate regression analyses were subsequently entered in the multivariate regression model. Results A total of 637 children aged 1 to 59 months admitted for acute respiratory infection were included. The rate of respiratory virus carriage was 76%, whereas that of bacteria was 47% and that of bacteria-virus co-colonization was 42%. A bivariate analysis showed that carriage was not related to gender, father's or mother's education level, father's occupation, type of housing or lighting, or passive exposure to cigarette smoking in the house. It was also not linked to complete vaccination with PCV-13 or PPSV-23 and antibiotic treatment prior to hospitalization. A multivariate analysis showed that carriage was related to age greater than 3 months, maternal occupation, house flooring type, and co-colonization of another bacterium and virus. Conclusion These results can be helpful to understand the dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization; they confirm the interest of vaccinating infants before the age of 3 months with appropriate vaccine to prevent spread nasopharyngeal colonization and pneumococcal diseases in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Dan Dano
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
| | - Sani Ousmane
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
| | - Kamaye Moumouni
- Hôpital National de Niamey (HNN), Service de Pédiatrie A, Niamey, Niger
| | - Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
| | - Idi Issa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
| | - Jean Testa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
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Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Haemophilus influenzae from Nasopharynx of Children under Five Years Attending Maternal and Child Health Clinic in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 2019:6542919. [PMID: 30944683 PMCID: PMC6421742 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6542919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. H. influenzae remains an organism of a major public health challenge worldwide despite the availability of the Hib vaccine, particularly among children under 5 years. Information on the current carriage status and antibiotic susceptibility is key on proper health-care provision. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine H. influenzae carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates among the children. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between January and May 2018, among clinically healthy children under five years attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinic in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). We carried out standard microbiology methods to culture, isolate, and identify H. influenzae, and then, we tested for their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics following the CLSI standards. Results. Of the 248 participants included in the study, 116 (46.77%) were females and 132 (53.23%) males and 78 (31.45%) were below the age of 3 months. Fifty one of the study participants had H. influenzae in their nasopharynx, which represents 20.56% carriage (95% CI 15.49 to 25.63). There was a general high susceptibility of the isolates to the antimicrobial agents commonly used. There was 100% susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and imipenem antibiotic agents, though 6 (11.76%) and 4 (7.84%) of the isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin, respectively. Conclusion. The high burden presented by H. influenzae and the resultant impact on child health require much attention to prevention of infections associated with the organism. A well-funded molecular study focusing on typing the isolates would determine the impact of the vaccine, given the carriage rates are still high.
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Tyrstrup M, Melander E, Hedin K, Beckman A, Mölstad S. Children with respiratory tract infections in Swedish primary care; prevalence of antibiotic resistance in common respiratory tract pathogens and relation to antibiotic consumption. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:603. [PMID: 28870173 PMCID: PMC5583975 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of antibiotics consumed in developed countries are prescribed in primary care. However, little is known about resistance levels in the primary care population. METHOD Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from children, 0-10 years of age, seeking care at their Primary Health Care Centre with symptoms of respiratory tract infection. Parental questionnaires were used to retrieve information about the child's previous antibiotic consumption. RESULT Cultures from 340 children were gathered. The level of resistant Haemophilus influenzae was low and the prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci (PNSP MIC ≥ 0.125 mg/L) was 6% compared to 10% (p = 0.31) in corresponding cultures from children diagnosed at the local clinical microbiology laboratory. Antibiotic treatment within the previous 4 weeks predisposed for resistant bacteria in the nasopharynx, OR: 3.08, CI 95% (1.13-8.42). CONCLUSION Low prevalence of PNSP supports the use of phenoxymethylpenicillin as empirical treatment for childhood upper respiratory tract infections attending primary care in our setting. It is important that studies on resistance are performed in primary care populations to evaluate data from microbiological laboratories. Recent antibiotic treatment increases risk of bacterial resistance in children and continuous work to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing should be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Tyrstrup
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Family Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Eva Melander
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Regional Centre for Communicable Disease Control, Malmö, Skåne County, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hedin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Family Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Futurum- Academy for Health and Care, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
| | - Anders Beckman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Family Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Mölstad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Family Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Pan H, Cui B, Huang Y, Yang J, Ba-Thein W. Nasal carriage of common bacterial pathogens among healthy kindergarten children in Chaoshan region, southern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:161. [PMID: 27741941 PMCID: PMC5064895 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal colonization with bacterial pathogens is associated with risk of invasive respiratory tract infections, but the related information for Chinese healthy children is scarce. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with healthy children from 6 kindergartens in the Chaoshan region, southern China during 2011-2012. Nasal swabs were examined for five common bacterial pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS Among 1,088 children enrolled, 79.6 % (866) were target-bacterial carriers, of which 34.4 % (298/866) were positive for ≥2 bacteria species. The most common pathogen in the bacterial carriers was M. catarrhalis (76.6 %), followed by S. pneumoniae (26.6 %), S. aureus (21.8 %), H. parainfluenzae (12.7 %), and H. influenzae (2.3 %). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed negative associations between age and the overall or multiple bacterial carriage, and between the father's education level and multiple bacterial carriage (all p < 0.05). Age was negatively associated with the carriage of M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae, and positively associated with the S. aureus carriage (all p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows high nasal carriage of common pathogenic bacteria and coexistence of multiple pathogens in healthy Chaoshan kindergarten children, with M. catarrhalis as the commonest colonizer. Increasing age of children and higher paternal education are associated with lower risk of bacterial carriage. Longitudinal follow-up studies would be helpful for better understanding the infection risk in bacterial pathogen carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- Shantou-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Jinping, Shantou, Guangdong China
| | - Binglin Cui
- Pediatric Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong China
| | - Yuanchun Huang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong China
| | - Jiacai Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - William Ba-Thein
- Shantou-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Jinping, Shantou, Guangdong China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 China
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6
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Finney LJ, Ritchie A, Pollard E, Johnston SL, Mallia P. Lower airway colonization and inflammatory response in COPD: a focus on Haemophilus influenzae. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:1119-32. [PMID: 25342897 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s54477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is common both in stable patients and during acute exacerbations. The most frequent bacteria detected in COPD patients is Haemophilus influenzae, and it appears this organism is uniquely adapted to exploit immune deficiencies associated with COPD and to establish persistent infection in the lower respiratory tract. The presence of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract in stable COPD is termed colonization; however, there is increasing evidence that this is not an innocuous phenomenon but is associated with airway inflammation, increased symptoms, and increased risk for exacerbations. In this review, we discuss host immunity that offers protection against H. influenzae and how disturbance of these mechanisms, combined with pathogen mechanisms of immune evasion, promote persistence of H. influenzae in the lower airways in COPD. In addition, we examine the role of H. influenzae in COPD exacerbations, as well as interactions between H. influenzae and respiratory virus infections, and review the role of treatments and their effect on COPD outcomes. This review focuses predominantly on data derived from human studies but will refer to animal studies where they contribute to understanding the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Finney
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Ritchie
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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7
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High prevalence of nasal carriage of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in healthy children in Korea. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:481-9. [PMID: 22647593 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the carriage of antimicrobial resistant Haemophilus influenzae in 582 healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school at four intervals over a 9-month period in Seoul, Korea. Diverse colonization patterns and a lower level of long-term persistent carriage by H. influenzae status were evident in this study. Colonizing H. influenzae isolates showed a high rate of resistance to β-lactams including ampicillin (51·9%), cefaclor (52·1%), and amoxicillin/clavulanate (16·3%). Based on the ampicillin resistance mechanism, H. influenzae isolates were categorized as β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-susceptible (BLNAS) (48·1%), β-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-resistant (BLPAR) (22·6%), β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) (22·8%), and β-lactamase-positive, amoxicillin/clavulanate-resistant (BLPACR) strains (6·5%). This study provides the first evidence of a high prevalence (22·8%) of BLNAR strains of H. influenzae nasal carriage in healthy children attending kindergarten or the first 2 years of elementary school in Korea. The high carriage of these resistant strains in overcrowded urban settings may create reservoirs for development of H. influenzae-resistant strains.
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8
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Riggs TW. Cyclical infection prevalence in small groups. Epidemics 2009; 1:89-95. [PMID: 21352755 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate variability of endemic infection prevalence within groups, we contrasted three SIS models. A deterministic compartmental (DC) model was used to estimate means without stochastic variation; a stochastic compartmental (SC) model calculated variation around an equilibrium prevalence. An agent-based model (ABM) enabled serial observations of individuals. Under scenarios in which most infection arose from within the group and if the group was small, then Fast Fourier Transform analysis of the ABM showed significant low frequency oscillations of infection prevalence. This suggests that estimation of endemic prevalence among small groups should include some serial measurements to detect oscillatory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Riggs
- University of Michigan Medical School, William Beaumont Children's Hospital, 3535 W. 13 Mile Rd., Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
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9
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Berrens ZJ, Marrs CF, Pettigrew MM, Sandstedt SA, Patel M, Gilsdorf JR. Genetic diversity of paired middle-ear and pharyngeal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolates from children with acute otitis media. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3764-7. [PMID: 17804648 PMCID: PMC2168485 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00964-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine genetic diversities of multiple nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolates from throat and ear specimens of eight children with otitis media. From five children, all ear and throat isolates were identical. The bacterial populations in these specimens showed less diversity than populations in throat isolates of healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Berrens
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, L2224 Women's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5244, USA
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10
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Mukundan D, Ecevit Z, Patel M, Marrs CF, Gilsdorf JR. Pharyngeal colonization dynamics of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus in healthy adult carriers. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3207-17. [PMID: 17687018 PMCID: PMC2045313 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00492-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of respiratory infections, including acute otitis media, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis, which are preceded by asymptomatic H. influenzae colonization of the human pharynx. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of pharyngeal colonization by H. influenzae and an intimately related species, Haemophilus haemolyticus, in healthy adults. Throat specimens from four healthy adult carriers were screened for Haemophilus species; 860 isolates were identified as H. influenzae or H. haemolyticus based on the porphyrin test and on dependence on hemin and NAD for growth. Based on tests for hemolysis, for the presence of the 7F3 epitope of the P6 protein, and for the presence of iga in 412 of the isolates, 346 (84%) were H. influenzae, 47 (11%) were H. haemolyticus, 18 (4%) were nonhemolytic H. haemolyticus, and 1 was a variant strain. Carriers A and B were predominantly colonized with nontypeable H. influenzae, carrier C predominantly with b(-) H. influenzae mutants, and carrier D with H. haemolyticus. A total of 358 H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) following SmaI or EagI digestion of their DNA, and the carriers displayed the following: carrier A had 11 unique PFGE genotypes, carrier B had 15, carrier C had 7, and carrier D had 10. Thus, adult H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus carriers are colonized with multiple unique genotypes, the colonizing strains exhibit genetic diversity, and we observed day-to-day and week-to-week variability of the genotypes. These results appear to reflect both evolutionary processes that occur among H. influenzae isolates during asymptomatic pharyngeal carriage and sample-to-sample collection bias from a large, variable population of colonizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Mukundan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0244, USA
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11
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Xie J, Juliao PC, Gilsdorf JR, Ghosh D, Patel M, Marrs CF. Identification of new genetic regions more prevalent in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae otitis media strains than in throat strains. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4316-25. [PMID: 17005745 PMCID: PMC1698427 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01331-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable (NT) Haemophilus influenzae strains cause significant respiratory illness and are isolated from up to half of middle ear aspirates from children with acute otitis media. Previous studies have identified two genes, lic2B and hmwA, that are associated with NT H. influenzae strains isolated from the middle ears of children with otitis media but that are not associated with NT H. influenzae strains isolated from the throats of healthy children, suggesting that they may play a role in virulence in otitis media. In this study, genomic subtraction was used to identify additional genetic regions unique to middle ear strains. The genome of NT H. influenzae middle ear strain G622 was subtracted from that of NT H. influenzae throat strain 23221, and the resultant gene regions unique to the middle ear strain were identified. Subsequently, the relative prevalence of the middle ear-specific gene regions among a large panel of otitis media and throat strains was determined by dot blot hybridization. By this approach, nine genetic regions were found to be significantly more prevalent in otitis media strains. Classification tree analysis of lic2B, hmwA, and the nine new potential otitis media virulence genes revealed two H. influenzae pathotypes associated with otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 109 Observatory Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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Zemlicková H, Urbásková P, Adámková V, Motlová J, Lebedová V, Procházka B. Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy children attending day-care centres in the Czech Republic. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:1179-87. [PMID: 16684402 PMCID: PMC2870503 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens was studied in 425 healthy 3- to 6-year-old children attending 16 day-care centres (DCCs) in nine Czech cities during the winter 2004-2005. The overall carriage of pathogens was 62.8% (Streptococcus pneumoniae, 38.1%; Haemophilus influenzae, 24.9%; Moraxella catarrhalis, 22.1%; Staphylococcus aureus, 16%). An age-related downward trend was observed for colonization with respiratory pathogens in contrast to Staph. aureus whose carriage was significantly higher among older children. The following serotypes of colonizing S. pneumoniae were the most predominant: 23F (20.6%), 6A (15.1%), 6B (12.7%), 18C (7.8%), 15B and 19F (6% each). The majority (94.3%) of H. influenzae isolates were non-typable; among capsulated isolates, serotype b was not found. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin was determined in 3% of pneumococci; 4.6% of H. influenzae strains and 85.1% of M. catarrhalis strains produced beta-lactamase. As for non-beta-lactam antibiotics, pneumococci resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole were the most common (15.7%) among the attendees.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zemlicková
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobárova, Prague, Czech Republic.
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13
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Barbosa-Cesnik C, Farjo RS, Patel M, Gilsdorf J, McCoy SI, Pettigrew MM, Marrs C, Foxman B. Predictors for Haemophilus influenzae colonization, antibiotic resistance and for sharing an identical isolate among children attending 16 licensed day-care centers in Michigan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:219-23. [PMID: 16511383 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000202130.78540.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of otitis media in children. Children attending day-care centers are at an increased risk for nontypable H. influenzae colonization and otitis media. We describe the prevalence of nontypable H. influenzae colonization, antibiotic resistance and predictors for colonization and sharing an identical isolate with at least 1 other child in the same day-care centers among children attending 16 day-care centers. METHODS Throat swabs of 198 children < 3 years old attending 16 day-care centers were cultured for H. influenzae. Day-care center directors and parents completed risk factors questionnaires. Nontypable H. influenzae isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance and genotyped. Statistics were performed using SAS software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). RESULTS We isolated 179 unique nontypable H. influenzae strains from 127 participants. Colonization ranged from 0% to 95% among day-care centers. As individual factors, exposure to tobacco smoke was associated with colonization (P = 0.05), and racial self-identifications as "other" (nonwhite, nonblack) was protective (P = 0.035), whereas as "black" was protective for sharing (P = 0.03). Pacifier use was associated with sharing (P = 0.04), but not with colonization. As day-care centers factors, rates of colonization and sharing were higher in day-care centers with > or = 5 classrooms (P < 0.01 and P = 0.03), with such suboptimal hygiene habits as minimal hand washing by staff after eating (P < 0.002 and P < 0.01) or by children after wiping their own nose (P = 0.01 and P = 0.003). Of colonized children, 41% presented a beta-lactamase-producing strain. Colonized children were more likely to carry resistant strains if they were taking an antibiotic (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Although day-care center colonization varied, the overall colonization rate was high. Colonization with nontypable H. influenzae, with beta-lactamase-producing strain and sharing were, mostly, associated with modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Barbosa-Cesnik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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14
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Farjo RS, Foxman B, Patel MJ, Zhang L, Pettigrew MM, McCoy SI, Marrs CF, Gilsdorf JR. Diversity and sharing of Haemophilus influenzae strains colonizing healthy children attending day-care centers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23:41-6. [PMID: 14743045 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000106981.89572.d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children attending day-care centers (DCCs) are at risk for Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal colonization and acute otitis media. The degree to which a given strain circulates within a day-care center and the heterogeneity of strains among DCCs in a geographic area are not well-characterized. This study describes the prevalence rates of H. influenzae colonization in a large number of children attending day-care centers and examines the genetic diversity of colonizing strains and the degree of sharing among children. METHODS Throat cultures were collected from 198 healthy children <3 years old attending 16 day-care centers in Michigan. All H. influenzae isolates were genetically typed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR as the initial screening technique to identify unique strains within each child. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used subsequently to examine the genetic diversity of strains between children. RESULTS There were 127 (64%) children colonized with H. influenzae. Wide variation in rates of colonization was identified among day-care centers (0 to 95%). A total of 179 genetically unique H. influenzae strains were isolated, and 47 children (37%) were colonized with 2 or more genetically distinct H. influenzae organisms. Evidence of sharing of the same strain in different children was found in 13 of 15 colonized DCCs and 23% of genotypically unique strains were shared. CONCLUSION The degree of sharing of H. influenzae among children in this study suggests transmission of these potentially pathogenic microorganisms in day-care centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand S Farjo
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0244, USA
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Kolker E, Purvine S, Picone A, Cherny T, Akerley BJ, Munson RS, Palsson BO, Daines DA, Smith AL. H. influenzae Consortium: integrative study of H. influenzae-human interactions. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2003; 6:341-8. [PMID: 12626093 DOI: 10.1089/153623102321112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Developments in high-throughput analysis tools coupled with integrative computational techniques have enabled biological studies to reach new levels. The ability to correlate large volumes of diverse data types into cohesive models of organism function has spawned a new systematic approach to biological investigation. The creation of a new consortium has been proposed to investigate a single organism utilizing these comprehensive approaches. The Haemophilus influenzae Consortium (HIC) would be comprised of five laboratories, each providing separate and complementary areas of expertise in the study of Haemophilus influenzae (HI). The 5-year study proposes to develop coherent models of HI, both as a stand-alone organism, and more importantly, as a human pathogen. Studies in growth condition specificity followed by genomic, metabolic, and proteomic experimentation will be combined and integrated through computational and experimental analyses to form dynamic and predictive models of HI and its responses. Data from the HIC will allow greater understanding of cellular behavior, pathogen-host interactions, bacterial infection, and provide future scientific endeavors with a template for studies of other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kolker
- BIATECH, 19310 North Creek Parkway, Suite 115, Bothell, WA 98011, USA.
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Dabernat H, Plisson-Sauné MA, Delmas C, Séguy M, Faucon G, Pélissier R, Carsenti H, Pradier C, Roussel-Delvallez M, Leroy J, Dupont MJ, De Bels F, Dellamonica P. Haemophilus influenzae carriage in children attending French day care centers: a molecular epidemiological study. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1664-72. [PMID: 12682158 PMCID: PMC153885 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1664-1672.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasopharyngeal Haemophilus influenzae flora of healthy children under the age of 3 years attending day care centers in three distinct French geographic areas was analyzed by sampling during two periods, spring 1999 (May and June) and fall 1999 (November and December). The average carrier rate among 1,683 children was 40.9%. The prevalence of capsulated H. influenzae carriers was 0.4% for type f and 0.6% for type e. No type b strains were found among these children, of whom 98.5% had received one or more doses of anti-Haemophilus b vaccine. Among the strains, 44.5% were TEM-type beta-lactamase producers and nine (1.3%) were beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis restriction patterns showed a large diversity with 366 SmaI patterns from 663 strains. Among the strains isolated during a given period, 33% were isolated simultaneously in more than one area. In each area, depending on the sampling period, 68 to 72% of the strains had new pulsotypes and persistence of 28 to 32% of the strains was noted. For the 297 beta-lactamase-producing strains, 194 patterns were found. The genomic diversity of these strains was comparable to that of the whole set of strains and does not suggest a clonal diffusion. Among the beta-lactamase-producing strains isolated in November and December, depending on the area, 66 to 73% had new pulsotypes with persistence of only 27 to 33% of the strains. In any given geographic area, colonization by H. influenzae appears to be a dynamic process involving a high degree of genomic heterogeneity among the noncapsulated colonizing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Dabernat
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence des Haemophilus influenzae, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse Cédex 9, France.
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Dellamonica P, Pradier C, Leroy J, Carsenti-Etesse H, Dupont M, Roussel-Delvallez M, Dabernat H, Dunais B, Martinot A, Estavoyer J, Grandbastien B, Guillemot D, De Bels F. Épidémiologie et sensibilité aux antibiotiques des souches nasopharyngées de S. pneumoniae et de H. influenzae d’enfants fréquentant les crèches de 3 départements français. Med Mal Infect 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(02)00453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bou R, Domínguez A, Fontanals D, Sanfeliu I, Pons I, Renau J, Pineda V, Lobera E, Latorre C, Majó M, Salleras L. Prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae pharyngeal carriers in the school population of Catalonia. Working Group on invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16:521-6. [PMID: 11049095 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007632122570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of healthy Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) pharyngeal carriers in a representative sample of the Catalonian school population, as well as the factors associated. A two-stage cluster sampling was carried out. Parents were given a questionnaire to collect information on sociodemographic and epidemiological variables. A pharyngeal swab was performed on children when informed consent was given by parents, and was cultured on chocolate agar with 260 microg/ml bacitracin. Of the 1212 children studied, 316 (26%) H. influenzae carriers were detected: 5 (0.4%) serotype b, 1 (0.08%) serotype c, 6 (0.5%) serotype e, 5 (0.4%) serotype f, and 299 (24.7%) non-typable. Age, gender and geographical location were the only variables associated with H. influenzae carrier status. The prevalence of non-typable H. influenzae carriers was similar to that of studies carried out in other countries, while that of serotype b carriers was similar to the remainder of H. influenzae capsulates, and lower than that described in previous studies. These data are in accordance with the low incidence of the disease observed in our context, although the possibility that the vaccine coverage may have affected the results of this study cannot be dismissed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bou
- Department of Health and Social Security, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Spain
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