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Xiao J, Zhang Q, Shan Y, Ye F, Zhang X, Cheng J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Dan G, Chen M, Sai Y. The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide (MOTS-c) Interacted with Nrf2 to Defend the Antioxidant System to Protect Dopaminergic Neurons Against Rotenone Exposure. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5915-5930. [PMID: 37380822 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide reported to be involved in regulating energy metabolism. However, few studies have reported the role of MOTS-c on neuron degeneration. In this study, it was aimed to explore the action of MOTS-c in rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. In an in vitro study, it was observed that rotenone could influence the expression and localization of MOTS-c significantly in PC12 cells, with more MOTS-c translocating into the nucleus from mitochondria. Further study showed that the translocation of MOTS-c from the mitochondria into the nucleus could directly interact with Nrf2 to regulate HO-1 and NQO1 expression in PC12 cells exposed to rotenone, which had been suggested to be involved in the antioxidant defense system. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that exogenous MOTS-c pretreatment could protect PC12 cells and rats from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by rotenone. Moreover, MOTS-c pretreatment significantly decreased the loss of TH, PSD95, and SYP protein expression in the striatum of rats exposed to rotenone. In addition, MOTS-c pretreatment could clearly alleviate the downregulated expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, as well as the upregulated Keap1 protein expression in the striatum of rotenone-treated rats. Taken together, these findings suggested that MOTS-c could directly interact with Nrf2 to activate the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signal pathway to defend the antioxidant system to prevent dopaminergic neurons from rotenone-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Xiao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qifu Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yaohui Shan
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanpeng Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guorong Dan
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Sai
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Bandaru LJM, Ayyalasomayajula N, Murumulla L, Challa S. Mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of mitochondrial function due to lead exposure and possible implications on the development of Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 2022; 35:1-25. [PMID: 35048237 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a multimedia contaminant with various pathophysiological consequences, including cognitive decline and neural abnormalities. Recent findings have reported an association of Pb toxicity with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathological characteristic of AD. According to toxicology reports, Pb promotes mitochondrial oxidative stress by lowering complex III activity in the electron transport chain, boosting reactive oxygen species formation, and reducing the cell's antioxidant defence system. Here, we review recent advances in the role of mitochondria in Pb-induced AD pathology, as well as the mechanisms associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction, such as the depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening; mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics and mitochondrial dynamics alterations; and mitophagy and apoptosis. We also discuss possible therapeutic options for mitochondrial-targeted neurodegenerative disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jaya Madhuri Bandaru
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Neelima Ayyalasomayajula
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Lokesh Murumulla
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Suresh Challa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
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3
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Zhou X, Chen H, Wang L, Lenahan C, Lian L, Ou Y, He Y. Mitochondrial Dynamics: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:721428. [PMID: 34557086 PMCID: PMC8452989 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.721428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Brain injury after ischemic stroke involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. All of these factors are associated with dysfunctional energy metabolism after stroke. Mitochondria are organelles that provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the cell through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial dynamics means that the mitochondria are constantly changing and that they maintain the normal physiological functions of the cell through continuous division and fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics are closely associated with various pathophysiological mechanisms of post-stroke brain injury. In this review, we will discuss the role of the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics in energy metabolism after ischemic stroke, as well as new strategies to restore energy homeostasis and neural function. Through this, we hope to uncover new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanmin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Operating Room, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Lifei Lian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibo Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Mitostasis, Calcium and Free Radicals in Health, Aging and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071012. [PMID: 34356637 PMCID: PMC8301949 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in ATP supply, calcium homeostasis, redox balance control and apoptosis, which in neurons are fundamental for neurotransmission and to allow synaptic plasticity. Their functional integrity is maintained by mitostasis, a process that involves mitochondrial transport, anchoring, fusion and fission processes regulated by different signaling pathways but mainly by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). PGC-1α also favors Ca2+ homeostasis, reduces oxidative stress, modulates inflammatory processes and mobilizes mitochondria to where they are needed. To achieve their functions, mitochondria are tightly connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through specialized structures of the ER termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), which facilitate the communication between these two organelles mainly to aim Ca2+ buffering. Alterations in mitochondrial activity enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, disturbing the physiological metabolism and causing cell damage. Furthermore, cytosolic Ca2+ overload results in an increase in mitochondrial Ca2+, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and the induction of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, leading to mitochondrial swelling and cell death through apoptosis as demonstrated in several neuropathologies. In summary, mitochondrial homeostasis is critical to maintain neuronal function; in fact, their regulation aims to improve neuronal viability and to protect against aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Magnusen AF, Hatton SL, Rani R, Pandey MK. Genetic Defects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636139. [PMID: 34239490 PMCID: PMC8259624 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder attributed to the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Motor symptoms include resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesias, while non-motor symptoms include autonomic dysfunction, anxiety, and sleeping problems. Genetic mutations in a number of genes (e.g., LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PARK2, PARK6, and PARK7) and the resultant abnormal activation of microglial cells are assumed to be the main reasons for the loss of DA neurons in PD with genetic causes. Additionally, immune cell infiltration and their participation in major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and/or MHCII-mediated processing and presentation of cytosolic or mitochondrial antigens activate the microglial cells and cause the massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are all critical for the propagation of brain inflammation and the neurodegeneration in PD with genetic and idiopathic causes. Despite knowing the involvement of several of such immune devices that trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD, the exact disease mechanism or the innovative biomarker that could detect disease severity in PD linked to LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PARK2, PARK6, and PARK7 defects is largely unknown. The current review has explored data from genetics, immunology, and in vivo and ex vivo functional studies that demonstrate that certain genetic defects might contribute to microglial cell activation and massive generation of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which ultimately drive the brain inflammation and lead to neurodegeneration in PD. Understanding the detailed involvement of a variety of immune mediators, their source, and the target could provide a better understanding of the disease process. This information might be helpful in clinical diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and early identification of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Frank Magnusen
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Reena Rani
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Paediatrics of University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Lo JHT, U KP, Yiu T, Ong MTY, Lee WYW. Sarcopenia: Current treatments and new regenerative therapeutic approaches. J Orthop Translat 2020; 23:38-52. [PMID: 32489859 PMCID: PMC7256062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by loss of muscle and reduction in muscle strength that contributes to higher mortality rate and increased incidence of fall and hospitalization in the elderly. Mitochondria dysfunction and age-associated inflammation in muscle are two of the main attributors to sarcopenia progression. Recent clinical trials on sarcopenia therapies such as physical exercise, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical interventions have revealed that exercise is the only effective strategy shown to alleviate sarcopenia. Unlike nutraceutical and pharmaceutical interventions that showed controversial results in sarcopenia alleviation, exercise was found to restore mitochondria homeostasis and dampen inflammatory responses via a complex exchange of myokines and osteokines signalling between muscle and bone. However, as exercise have limited benefit to immobile patients, the use of stem cells and their secretome are being suggested to be novel therapeutics that can be catered to a larger patient population owing to their mitochondria restoration effects and immune modulatory abilities. As such, we reviewed the potential pros and cons associated with various stem cell types/secretome in sarcopenia treatment and the regulatory and production barriers that need to be overcome to translate such novel therapeutic agents into bedside application. Translational potential: This review summarizes the causes underlying sarcopenia from the perspective of mitochondria dysfunction and age-associated inflammation, and the progress of clinical trials for the treatment of sarcopenia. We also propose therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy and bioactive secretome for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hiu-Tung Lo
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kin Pong U
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Tszlam Yiu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Michael Tim-Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
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7
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Subramaniam S. Exaggerated mitophagy: a weapon of striatal destruction in the brain? Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:709-717. [PMID: 32129826 PMCID: PMC7200642 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms responsible for neuronal vulnerability in the brain remain unclear. Striatal neurons are preferentially damaged by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a mitochondrial complex-II inhibitor, causing striatal damage reminiscent of Huntington's disease (HD), but the mechanisms of the selectivity are not as well understood. We have discovered that Rhes, a protein enriched in the striatum, removes mitochondria via the mitophagy process. The process becomes intensified in the presence of 3-NP, thereby eliminating most of the mitochondria from the striatum. We put forward the hypothesis that Rhes acts as a 'mitophagy ligand' in the brain and promotes mitophagy via NIX, a mitophagy receptor. Since Rhes interacts and promotes toxicity in association with mutant huntingtin (mHTT), the genetic cause of HD, it is tempting to speculate on whether the exaggerated mitophagy may be a contributing factor to the striatal lesion found in HD. Thus, Rhes-mediated exaggerated mitophagy may act as a weapon of striatal destruction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Subramaniam
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, U.S.A
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8
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Peng K, Xiao J, Yang L, Ye F, Cao J, Sai Y. Mutual Antagonism of PINK1/Parkin and PGC-1α Contributes to Maintenance of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:331-343. [PMID: 30242625 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, selective, and age-related neurodegenerative disease. The pathogenic focus of PD is mitochondrial dysfunction. When mitochondrial homeostasis was damaged, it can lead to reactive oxygen species formation to further accelerate the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, resulting in a vicious cycle harmful to the neuron. PINK1 and Parkin, two proteins that are linked to PD, play vital roles in mitophagy, which was very important in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Thus, at present, we explored mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fission/fusion in rotenone-induced dopamine neurotoxicity. In particular, we focused on interactions between the PINK1/Parkin pathway and PGC-1α in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis impairment. The results indicated that both the autophagy and mitophagy levels increased significantly and were accompanied by altered levels of PINK1/Parkin proteins in rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. PINK1 influenced mitochondrial biogenesis by inhibiting PGC-1α and mtTFA protein expression as well as the mtDNA copy number. PGC-1α, in turn, inhibited PINK1/Parkin protein expression and the mitophagy levels. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that PINK1 influenced mitochondrial fission/fusion by regulating MFN2 and phosphorylating Drp1. In summary, mutual antagonism of the PINK1/Parkin pathway and PGC-1α formed a balance that regulated mitochondrial biogenesis, fission/fusion, and mitophagy. These effects contributed to the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in rotenone-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Peng
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Xiao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Likui Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ye
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sai
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Protein modification with the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) can affect protein function, enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, protein stability, protein targeting and cellular localization. SUMO influences the function and regulation of metabolic enzymes within pathways, and in some cases targets entire metabolic pathways by affecting the activity of transcription factors or by facilitating the translocation of entire metabolic pathways to subcellular compartments. SUMO modification is also a key component of nutrient- and metabolic-sensing mechanisms that regulate cellular metabolism. In addition to its established roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, there is increasing evidence that SUMO is a key factor in facilitating cellular stress responses through the regulation and/or adaptation of the most fundamental metabolic processes, including energy and nucleotide metabolism. This review focuses on the role of SUMO in cellular metabolism and metabolic disease.
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Han XJ, Hu YY, Yang ZJ, Jiang LP, Shi SL, Li YR, Guo MY, Wu HL, Wan YY. Amyloid β-42 induces neuronal apoptosis by targeting mitochondria. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4521-4528. [PMID: 28849115 PMCID: PMC5647099 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a typical pathological hallmark of amyloid-beta (Aβ)-containing plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, is one of the most common types of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Aβ oligomers serve a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD, and lead to neuronal loss. However, the precise mechanism of Aβ oligomers in AD remains to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that 10 µM Aβ-42 activated the caspase signaling pathway, and induced significant apoptosis in primary cultured mouse cerebral cortical neurons. The results of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that Aβ-42 (10 µM) also significantly upregulated the transcription and expression of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), and downregulated the transcription and expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins, including mitofusin 1/2 (Mfn1/2) and mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase (OPA-1). Neurons were transfected with pDsRed2-Mito for mitochondrial imaging, which revealed that 10 µM Aβ-42 induced mitochondrial fission in cortical neurons. In addition, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester staining indicated that Aβ-42 increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in neurons. Inhibition of Drp1 activity by Mdivi-1 efficiently prevented Aβ-42-induced ROS production and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential may activate PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (Pink1), the prominent sensor for mitochondrial damage, and trigger the process of mitophagy to remove the damaged mitochondria. In the present study, western blotting revealed that the levels of autophagy marker microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) and Pink1 were upregulated after Aβ-42 stimulation. In conclusion, these data indicated that Aβ-42 induces neuronal apoptosis by targeting mitochondria, including promotion of mitochondrial fission, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, increasing intracellular ROS level and activation of the process of mitophagy. Therefore, mitochondria may represent a potential therapeutic target for AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Han
- Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Hu
- Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhang-Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Lan Shi
- Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Ru Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Miao-Yu Guo
- Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Li Wu
- Department of Intra‑Hospital Infection Management, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ying Wan
- Department of Intra‑Hospital Infection Management, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Ma C, Liu Y, Neumann S, Gao X. Nicotine from cigarette smoking and diet and Parkinson disease: a review. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:18. [PMID: 28680589 PMCID: PMC5494127 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between cigarette smoking and low risk of Parkinson disease (PD). As a major component of tobacco smoke, nicotine has been proposed to be a substance for preventing against PD risk, with a key role in regulating striatal activity and behaviors mediated through the dopaminergic system. Animal studies also showed that nicotine could modulate dopamine transmission and reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesias. However, previous clinical trials yield controversial results regarding nicotine treatment. In this review, we updated epidemiological, preclinical and clinical data, and studies on nicotine from diet. We also reviewed interactions between genetic factors and cigarette smoking. As a small amount of nicotine can saturate a substantial portion of nicotine receptors in the brain, nicotine from other sources, such as diet, could be a promising therapeutic substance for protection against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Ma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA USA
| | - Yesong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Samantha Neumann
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA USA
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Amaral AU, Cecatto C, da Silva JC, Wajner A, Wajner M. Mechanistic Bases of Neurotoxicity Provoked by Fatty Acids Accumulating in MCAD and LCHAD Deficiencies. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409817701472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre U. Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cecatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janaína C. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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13
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Filograna R, Beltramini M, Bubacco L, Bisaglia M. Anti-Oxidants in Parkinson's Disease Therapy: A Critical Point of View. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:260-71. [PMID: 26517052 PMCID: PMC4857623 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151030102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative neurological syndrome, which is characterized
by the preferential death of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the Substantia Nigra. The
pathogenesis of this disorder remains poorly understood and PD is still incurable. Current drug
treatments are aimed primarily for the treatment of symptoms to improve the quality of life.
Therefore, there is a need to find out new therapeutic strategies that not only provide symptomatic
relief but also halt or reverse the neuronal damage hampering PD progression. Oxidative stress has
been identified as one of the major contributors for the nigral loss in both sporadic and genetic forms
of PD. In this review we first evaluate the current literature that links oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to
PD. We then consider the results obtained through the treatment of animal models or PD patients with molecules that
prevent oxidative stress or reduce mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Bisaglia
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Swart T, Hurley MJ. Calcium Channel Antagonists as Disease-Modifying Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: Therapeutic Rationale and Current Status. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:1127-1135. [PMID: 27826740 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a disabling hypokinetic neurological movement disorder in which the aetiology is unknown in the majority of cases. Current pharmacological treatments, though effective at restoring movement, are only symptomatic and do nothing to slow disease progression. Electrophysiological, epidemiological and neuropathological studies have implicated CaV1.3 subtype calcium channels in the pathogenesis of the disorder, and drugs with some selectivity for this ion channel (brain-penetrant dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers) are neuroprotective in animal models of the disease. Dihydropyridines have been safely used for decades to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. A phase II clinical trial found that isradipine was safely tolerated by patients with Parkinson's disease, and a phase III trial is currently underway to determine whether treatment with isradipine is neuroprotective and therefore able to slow the progression of Parkinson's disease. This manuscript reviews the current information about the use of dihydropyridines as therapy for Parkinson's disease and discusses the possible mechanism of action of these drugs, highlighting CaV1.3 calcium channels as a potential therapeutic target for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Swart
- MIT Sloan Executive Education, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Michael J Hurley
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Calabrese V, Giordano J, Signorile A, Laura Ontario M, Castorina S, De Pasquale C, Eckert G, Calabrese EJ. Major pathogenic mechanisms in vascular dementia: Roles of cellular stress response and hormesis in neuroprotection. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1588-1603. [PMID: 27662637 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), considered the second most common cause of cognitive impairment after Alzheimer disease in the elderly, involves the impairment of memory and cognitive function as a consequence of cerebrovascular disease. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a common pathophysiological condition frequently occurring in VaD. It is generally associated with neurovascular degeneration, in which neuronal damage and blood-brain barrier alterations coexist and evoke beta-amyloid-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammasome- promoted neuroinflammation, which contribute to and exacerbate the course of disease. Vascular cognitive impairment comprises a heterogeneous group of cognitive disorders of various severity and types that share a presumed vascular etiology. The present study reviews major pathogenic factors involved in VaD, highlighting the relevance of cerebrocellular stress and hormetic responses to neurovascular insult, and addresses these mechanisms as potentially viable and valuable as foci of novel neuroprotective methods to mitigate or prevent VaD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry and Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta De Pasquale
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Gunter Eckert
- Institute of Nutrition Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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Gottlieb RA, Bernstein D. Mitochondrial remodeling: Rearranging, recycling, and reprogramming. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:88-101. [PMID: 27130902 PMCID: PMC4996709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic and responsive organelles that respond to environmental cues with fission and fusion. They undergo mitophagy and biogenesis, and are subject to extensive post-translational modifications. Calcium plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial functions. Mitochondria play a central role in metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and generate ATP with effects on redox poise, oxidative stress, pH, and other metabolites including acetyl-CoA and NAD(+) which in turn have effects on chromatin remodeling. The complex interplay of mitochondria, cytosolic factors, and the nucleus ensure a well-coordinated response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology) and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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17
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Clavier A, Rincheval-Arnold A, Mignotte B, Guénal I. [The comeback of mitochondria in Drosophila apoptosis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:478-84. [PMID: 27225920 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163205014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the mitochondrion in mammalian cell apoptosis has been established since the mid-1990s. However, the importance of this organelle in non-mammalian apoptosis has long been regarded as minor, notably because of the absence of a crucial role for cytochrome c in caspase activation. Recent results indicate that the control of caspase activation and apoptosis in Drosophila cell death occurs at the mitochondrial level. Numerous proteins that appear key for Drosophila apoptosis regulation constitutively or transiently bind to mitochondria. They participate in the cell death process at different levels such as degradation of an IAP caspase inhibitor, production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species or stimulation of the mitochondrial fission machinery. The aim of this review is to take stock of these events that might have their counterpart in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Clavier
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, université Paris-Saclay, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France - Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire et physiologique, École pratique des hautes études, PSL research university, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Aurore Rincheval-Arnold
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, université Paris-Saclay, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Bernard Mignotte
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, université Paris-Saclay, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France - Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire et physiologique, École pratique des hautes études, PSL research university, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Isabelle Guénal
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, université Paris-Saclay, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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18
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Tork OM, Khaleel EF, Abdelmaqsoud OM. Altered Cell to Cell Communication, Autophagy and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Potential Protective Effects of Curcumin and Stem Cell Therapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:8271-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.18.8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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19
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Clavier A, Rincheval-Arnold A, Colin J, Mignotte B, Guénal I. Apoptosis in Drosophila: which role for mitochondria? Apoptosis 2015; 21:239-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in fatty acid oxidation disorders: insights from human and animal studies. Biosci Rep 2015; 36:e00281. [PMID: 26589966 PMCID: PMC4718505 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by FAOD commonly present with hepatopathy, cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy and encephalopathy. Human and animal evidences indicate that mitochondrial functions are disrupted by fatty acids and derivatives accumulating in these disorders, suggesting that lipotoxicity may contribute to their pathogenesis. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) plays a pivotal role in maintaining body energy homoeostasis mainly during catabolic states. Oxidation of fatty acids requires approximately 25 proteins. Inherited defects of FAO have been identified in the majority of these proteins and constitute an important group of inborn errors of metabolism. Affected patients usually present with severe hepatopathy, cardiomyopathy and skeletal myopathy, whereas some patients may suffer acute and/or progressive encephalopathy whose pathogenesis is poorly known. In recent years growing evidence has emerged indicating that energy deficiency/disruption of mitochondrial homoeostasis is involved in the pathophysiology of some fatty acid oxidation defects (FAOD), although the exact underlying mechanisms are not yet established. Characteristic fatty acids and carnitine derivatives are found at high concentrations in these patients and more markedly during episodes of metabolic decompensation that are associated with worsening of clinical symptoms. Therefore, it is conceivable that these compounds may be toxic. We will briefly summarize the current knowledge obtained from patients and genetic mouse models with these disorders indicating that disruption of mitochondrial energy, redox and calcium homoeostasis is involved in the pathophysiology of the tissue damage in the more common FAOD, including medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiencies. We will also provide evidence that the fatty acids and derivatives that accumulate in these diseases disrupt mitochondrial homoeostasis. The elucidation of the toxic mechanisms of these compounds may offer new perspectives for potential novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies in selected disorders of this group.
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21
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Drake JC, Wilson RJ, Yan Z. Molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial adaptation to exercise training in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2015; 30:13-22. [PMID: 26370848 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-276337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training enhances physical performance and confers health benefits, largely through adaptations in skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial adaptation, encompassing coordinated improvements in quantity (content) and quality (structure and function), is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the beneficial outcomes of exercise training. Exercise training has long been known to promote mitochondrial biogenesis, but recent work has demonstrated that it has a profound impact on mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) and clearance (mitophagy), as well. In this review, we discuss the various mechanisms through which exercise training promotes mitochondrial quantity and quality in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Drake
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Rebecca J Wilson
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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22
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Barreto GE, Iarkov A, Moran VE. Beneficial effects of nicotine, cotinine and its metabolites as potential agents for Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:340. [PMID: 25620929 PMCID: PMC4288130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by neuroinflammation, dopaminergic neuronal cell death and motor dysfunction, and for which there are no proven effective treatments. The negative correlation between tobacco consumption and PD suggests that tobacco-derived compounds can be beneficial against PD. Nicotine, the more studied alkaloid derived from tobacco, is considered to be responsible for the beneficial behavioral and neurological effects of tobacco use in PD. However, several metabolites of nicotine, such as cotinine, also increase in the brain after nicotine administration. The effect of nicotine and some of its derivatives on dopaminergic neurons viability, neuroinflammation, and motor and memory functions, have been investigated using cellular and rodent models of PD. Current evidence shows that nicotine, and some of its derivatives diminish oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain and improve synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival of dopaminergic neurons. In vivo these effects resulted in improvements in mood, motor skills and memory in subjects suffering from PD pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits of nicotine and its derivatives for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
| | - Alexander Iarkov
- Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA
| | - Valentina Echeverria Moran
- Center of Research in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA ; Research Service, James A Haley Veterans' Hospital Tampa, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Tampa, FL, USA
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23
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Spincemaille P, Chandhok G, Zibert A, Schmidt H, Verbeek J, Chaltin P, Cammue BP, Cassiman D, Thevissen K. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers increase tolerance of cells to copper and cisplatin. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:352-364. [PMID: 28357214 PMCID: PMC5349125 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human pathology Wilson disease (WD) is characterized by toxic copper (Cu)
accumulation in brain and liver, resulting in, among other indications,
mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of hepatocytes. In an effort to identify
novel compounds that can alleviate Cu-induced toxicity, we screened the
Pharmakon 1600 repositioning library using a Cu-toxicity yeast screen. We
identified 2 members of the drug class of Angiotensin II Type 1 receptor
blockers (ARBs) that could increase yeast tolerance to Cu, namely Candesartan
and Losartan. Subsequently, we show that specific ARBs can increase yeast
tolerance to Cu and/or the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (Cp). The latter
also induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in mammalian cells. We
further demonstrate that specific ARBs can prevent the prevalence of Cu-induced
apoptotic markers in yeast, with Candesartan Cilexetil being the ARB which
demonstrated most pronounced reduction of apoptosis-related markers. Next, we
tested the sensitivity of a selection of yeast knockout mutants affected in
detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Cu for Candesartan Cilexetil
rescue in presence of Cu. These data indicate that Candesartan Cilexetil
increases yeast tolerance to Cu irrespectively of major ROS-detoxifying
proteins. Finally, we show that specific ARBs can increase mammalian cell
tolerance to Cu, as well as decrease the prevalence of Cu-induced apoptotic
markers. All the above point to the potential of ARBs in preventing Cu-induced
toxicity in yeast and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Spincemaille
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gursimran Chandhok
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A14, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andree Zibert
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A14, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schmidt
- Clinic for Transplantation Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A14, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Department of Hepatology and Metabolic Center, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Chaltin
- CISTIM Leuven vzw, Bio-Incubator 2, Wetenschapspark Arenberg, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. ; Centre for Drug Design and Discovery (CD3), KU Leuven R&D, Waaistraat 6, Box 5105, 3000 Leuven
| | - Bruno P Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. ; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Hepatology and Metabolic Center, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Region specific mitochondrial impairment in mice with widespread overexpression of alpha-synuclein. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 70:204-13. [PMID: 25016198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons leading to motor deficits. The mechanisms underlying the preferential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in PD remain poorly understood. Recent evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress in PD pathogenesis. Genetic and pathological studies also point to alpha-synuclein as a critical factor in both familial and sporadic forms of the disease; alpha-synuclein pathology affects mitochondrial function but is widespread in PD brain, raising the question of its role in the greater vulnerability of nigrostriatal neurons in PD. We have examined mitochondrial function and oxidative damage in mice overexpressing human wild type alpha-synuclein broadly throughout the nervous system under the Thy1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn mice) between 4 and 8months of age. Similar levels of alpha-synuclein accumulation in mitochondria were detected in the ventral midbrain, striatum and cortex of Thy1-aSyn mice. However, analysis of mitochondrial respiration using Seahorse XF analyzer showed defects in mitochondrial respiratory complexes I, II, IV and V specifically in the midbrain, and IV and V in the striatum, of Thy1-aSyn mice compared to wild type littermates; mitochondrial complex I activity assay by ELISA confirmed a 40% inhibition specifically in the ventral midbrain. Mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to oxidative stress and we observed a 40% increase in 4-hydroxynenal and 2-fold increase in malondialdehyde levels, indicative of a high level of lipid peroxidation, specifically in the ventral midbrain of Thy1-aSyn mice. The levels of peroxiredoxin 2, a neuronal antioxidant enzyme that is involved in removal of H2O2 and other toxic peroxides were decreased in the midbrain whereas its oxidized form increased 4-fold, suggesting that antioxidant defenses were compromised in this region. In contrast, peroxiredoxin 2 increased in the striatum and cortex, which may contribute to their protection in the presence of high levels of alpha-synuclein. Thus, in mice over-expressing alpha-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction occurred preferentially in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons many months before striatal dopamine loss occurs at 14months of age. This may contribute to a higher level of oxidative stress that overwhelms antioxidant defense in these neurons, leading to their increased vulnerability in PD.
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Amadoro G, Corsetti V, Florenzano F, Atlante A, Bobba A, Nicolin V, Nori SL, Calissano P. Morphological and bioenergetic demands underlying the mitophagy in post-mitotic neurons: the pink-parkin pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:18. [PMID: 24600391 PMCID: PMC3927396 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a striking causal relationship between changes in quality control of neuronal mitochondria and numerous devastating human neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Contrary to replicating mammalian cells with a metabolism essentially glycolytic, post-mitotic neurons are distinctive owing to (i) their exclusive energetic dependence from mitochondrial metabolism and (ii) their polarized shape, which entails compartmentalized and distinct energetic needs. Here, we review the recent findings on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in differentiated neurons focusing on how the exceptional characteristics of neuronal populations in their morphology and bioenergetics needs make them quite different to other cells in controlling the intracellular turnover of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology - National Research Council Rome, Italy ; European Brain Research Institute Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Corsetti
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology - National Research Council Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics - National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics - National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania L Nori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
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Resveratrol partially prevents rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells through induction of heme oxygenase-1 dependent autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1625-46. [PMID: 24451142 PMCID: PMC3907890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress or protein misfolding and aggregation may underlie this process. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic mechanism responsible for protein degradation and recycling of damaged proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. Autophagic dysfunction may hasten the progression of neuronal degeneration. In this study, resveratrol promoted autophagic flux and protected dopaminergic neurons against rotenone-induced apoptosis. In an in vivo PD model, rotenone induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, increased oxidation of mitochondrial proteins and promoted autophagic vesicle development in brain tissue. The natural phytoalexin resveratrol prevented rotenone-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro, and this pro-survival effect was abolished by an autophagic inhibitor. Although both rotenone and resveratrol promoted LC3-II accumulation, autophagic flux was inhibited by rotenone and augmented by resveratrol. Further, rotenone reduced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, whereas resveratrol increased HO-1 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 abolished resveratrol-mediated autophagy and neuroprotection. Notably, the effects of a pharmacological inducer of HO-1 were similar to those of resveratrol, and protected against rotenone-induced cell death in an autophagy-dependent manner, validating the hypothesis of HO-1 dependent autophagy in preventing neuronal death in the in vitro PD model. Collectively, our findings suggest that resveratrol induces HO-1 expression and prevents dopaminergic cell death by regulating autophagic flux; thus protecting against rotenone-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Bisaglia M, Filograna R, Beltramini M, Bubacco L. Are dopamine derivatives implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease? Ageing Res Rev 2014; 13:107-14. [PMID: 24389159 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common motor system disorder affecting 1-2% of people over the age of sixty-five. Although PD is generally a sporadic neurological disorder, the discovery of monogenic, hereditable forms of the disease, representing 5-10% of all cases, has been very important in helping to partially delineate the molecular pathways that lead to this pathology. These mechanisms include impairment of the intracellular protein-degradation pathways, protein aggregation, mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Some of these features are also supported by post-mortem analyses. One of the main pathological hallmarks of PD is the preferential degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which supports a direct role of dopamine itself in promoting the disorder. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the existing literature that links the aforementioned pathways to the oxidative chemistry of dopamine, ultimately leading to the formation of free radicals and reactive quinone species. We emphasize, in particular, how the reaction of dopamine-derived quinones with several cellular targets could foster the processes involved in the pathogenesis of PD and contribute to the progression of the disorder.
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Zhu M, Zhou M, Shi Y, Li WW. Effects of echinacoside on MPP(+)-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, mitophagy and cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 10:1427-32. [PMID: 23257137 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the protective effect of echinacoside on mitochondrial fragmentation, mitophagy and cell apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)). METHODS The MPP(+) -treated SH-SY5Y cells were divided into control and drug groups. The cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry analysis. The alterations in mitochondrial morphology were observed, and the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitophagy were measured. RESULTS MPP(+) induced severe mitochondrial fragmentation in SH-SY5Y cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced (P<0.05), which further led to mitophagy and cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP(+) (P<0.05); mitochondrial depolarization, mitophagy and cell apoptosis in echinacoside-treated groups were significantly suppressed (P<0.05), but mitochondrial fragmentation was not affected (P>0.05). CONCLUSION MPP(+) can cause severe damage to mitochondrial morphology and the function in SH-SY5Y cells, and echinacoside selectively reverse mitochondrial function and cell apoptosis, yet there is no effect on mitochondrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neuropathology, Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Siddall HK, Yellon DM, Ong SB, Mukherjee UA, Burke N, Hall AR, Angelova PR, Ludtmann MHR, Deas E, Davidson SM, Mocanu MM, Hausenloy DJ. Loss of PINK1 increases the heart's vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62400. [PMID: 23638067 PMCID: PMC3639249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mutations in PTEN inducible kinase-1 (PINK1) induce mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons resulting in an inherited form of Parkinson’s disease. Although PINK1 is present in the heart its exact role there is unclear. We hypothesized that PINK1 protects the heart against acute ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods and Results Over-expressing PINK1 in HL-1 cardiac cells reduced cell death following simulated IRI (29.2±5.2% PINK1 versus 49.0±2.4% control; N = 320 cells/group P<0.05), and delayed the onset of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening (by 1.3 fold; P<0.05). Hearts excised from PINK1+/+, PINK1+/− and PINK1−/− mice were subjected to 35 minutes regional ischemia followed by 30 minutes reperfusion. Interestingly, myocardial infarct size was increased in PINK1−/− hearts compared to PINK1+/+ hearts with an intermediate infarct size in PINK1+/− hearts (25.1±2.0% PINK1+/+, 38.9±3.4% PINK1+/− versus 51.5±4.3% PINK1−/− hearts; N>5 animals/group; P<0.05). Cardiomyocytes isolated from PINK1−/− hearts had a lower resting mitochondrial membrane potential, had inhibited mitochondrial respiration, generated more oxidative stress during simulated IRI, and underwent rigor contracture more rapidly in response to an uncoupler when compared to PINK1+/+ cells suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction in hearts deficient in PINK1. Conclusions We show that the loss of PINK1 increases the heart's vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion injury. This may be due, in part, to increased mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings implicate PINK1 as a novel target for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary K. Siddall
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek M. Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sang-Bing Ong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Uma A. Mukherjee
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Burke
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Hall
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Plamena R. Angelova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marthe H. R. Ludtmann
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Deas
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean M. Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mihaela M. Mocanu
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Mitophagy in Ischaemia/Reperfusion Induced Cerebral Injury. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1295-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kang JH. Oxidative Modification of Cytochrome c by Tetrahydropapaveroline, an Isoquinoline-Derived Neurotoxin. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.2.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lu DY, Chen JH, Tan TW, Huang CY, Yeh WL, Hsu HC. Resistin protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death in dopaminergic-like MES23.5 cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:563-71. [PMID: 22806254 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistin is originally reported as an adipose tissue-specific hormone and is thought to represent a link between obesity and insulin-resistant diabetes. Adipokines exert energy-regulation and has been reported to have neuroprotective effect like leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin. However, the role of resistin in neuroprotective effect has not been explored. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), one of the most investigated Parkinson's disease neurotoxins, is widely used to study mechanisms of cell death in dopaminergic neurons. In the present study, our results show that treatment of resistin protects 6-OHDA-induced cell death in dopaminergic-like MES23.5 cells. Resistin also antagonizes 6-OHDA-induced apoptotic cell death measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis and Hochest 33342 staining. Furthermore, treatment of resistin also dramatically reduces 6-OHDA-mediated ROS production and mitochondria transmembrane potential dissipation. Moreover, expression of 6-OHDA-induced apoptotic markers, such as Bcl-2 degradation, Bax expression, PARP degradation and caspase 3 activity increase, are all attenuated by resistin treatment. Our results also show that resistin induces up-regulation of heat shock protein (Hsp) 32 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) and Hsc (heat shock cognate) 70. The protective effect of resistin on 6-OHDA-induced cell death is abolished by HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX and HSP inhibitor KNK437. These results suggest the neuroprotective effects of resistin against 6-OHDA-induced cell death with the underlying mechanisms of inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, we suggest that resistin may provide a useful therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Sai Y, Zou Z, Peng K, Dong Z. The Parkinson's disease-related genes act in mitochondrial homeostasis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2034-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jaiswal M, Sandoval H, Zhang K, Bayat V, Bellen HJ. Probing mechanisms that underlie human neurodegenerative diseases in Drosophila. Annu Rev Genet 2012; 46:371-96. [PMID: 22974305 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an excellent organism for the study of the genetic and molecular basis of metazoan development. Drosophila provides numerous tools and reagents to unravel the molecular and cellular functions of genes that cause human disease, and the past decade has witnessed a significant expansion of the study of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms in flies. Here we review the interplay between oxidative stress and neuronal toxicity. We cover some of the studies that show how proteasome degradation of protein aggregates, autophagy, mitophagy, and lysosomal function affect the quality control mechanisms required for neuronal survival. We discuss how forward genetic screens in flies have led to the isolation of a few loci that cause neurodegeneration, paving the way for large-scale systematic screens to identify such loci in flies as well as promoting gene discovery in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lin TK, Cheng CH, Chen SD, Liou CW, Huang CR, Chuang YC. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress promote apoptotic cell death in the striatum via cytochrome c/caspase-3 signaling cascade following chronic rotenone intoxication in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:8722-8739. [PMID: 22942730 PMCID: PMC3430261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13078722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder marked by nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. Evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may be linked to PD through a variety of different pathways, including free-radical generation and dysfunction of the mitochondrial Complex I activity. In Lewis rats, chronic systemic administration of a specific mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor, rotenone (3 mg/kg/day) produced parkinsonism-like symptoms. Increased oxidized proteins and peroxynitrite, and mitochondrial or cytosol translocation of Bim, Bax or cytochrome c in the striatum was observed after 2-4 weeks of rotenone infusion. After 28 days of systemic rotenone exposure, imunohistochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase indicated nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal cell degeneration. Characteristic histochemical (TUNEL or activated caspase-3 staining) or ultrastructural (electron microscopy) features of apoptotic cell death were present in the striatal neuronal cell after chronic rotenone intoxication. We conclude that chronic rotenone intoxication may enhance oxidative and nitrosative stress that induces mitochondrial dysfunction and ultrastructural damage, resulting in translocation of Bim and Bax from cytosol to mitochondria that contributes to apoptotic cell death in the striatum via cytochrome c/caspase-3 signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-D.C.); (C.-W.L.); (C.-R.H.)
- Center for Parkinson’s Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (T.-K.L.); (Y.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (T.-K.L.) (Y.-C.C.); Fax: +886-7-7318762 (T.-K.L.) (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Ching-Hsiao Cheng
- Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-D.C.); (C.-W.L.); (C.-R.H.)
- Center for Parkinson’s Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-D.C.); (C.-W.L.); (C.-R.H.)
- Center for Parkinson’s Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ren Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-D.C.); (C.-W.L.); (C.-R.H.)
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-D.C.); (C.-W.L.); (C.-R.H.)
- Center for Parkinson’s Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yet-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (T.-K.L.); (Y.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (T.-K.L.) (Y.-C.C.); Fax: +886-7-7318762 (T.-K.L.) (Y.-C.C.)
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences. EMBO J 2012; 31:3038-62. [PMID: 22735187 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are critically dependent on mitochondrial integrity based on specific morphological, biochemical, and physiological features. They are characterized by high rates of metabolic activity and need to respond promptly to activity-dependent fluctuations in bioenergetic demand. The dimensions and polarity of neurons require efficient transport of mitochondria to hot spots of energy consumption, such as presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. Moreover, the postmitotic state of neurons in combination with their exposure to intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal stress factors call for a high fidelity of mitochondrial quality control systems. Consequently, it is not surprising that mitochondrial alterations can promote neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. In particular, mitochondrial dysfunction has long been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), based on the observation that mitochondrial toxins can cause parkinsonism in humans and animal models. Substantial progress towards understanding the role of mitochondria in the disease process has been made by the identification and characterization of genes causing familial variants of PD. Studies on the function and dysfunction of these genes revealed that various aspects of mitochondrial biology appear to be affected in PD, comprising mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics, dynamics, transport, and quality control.
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Humphrey DM, Parsons RB, Ludlow ZN, Riemensperger T, Esposito G, Verstreken P, Jacobs HT, Birman S, Hirth F. Alternative oxidase rescues mitochondria-mediated dopaminergic cell loss in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2698-712. [PMID: 22398207 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is commonly observed in degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease that are characterized by the progressive and selective loss of neuronal subpopulations. It is currently unclear, however, whether mitochondrial dysfunction is primary or secondary to other pathogenic processes that eventually lead to age-related neurodegeneration. Here we establish an in vivo Drosophila model of mitochondrial dysfunction by downregulating the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase in cholinergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons. The resulting flies are characterized by lowered respiratory chain activity, premature aging, age-related motor deficits as well as adult onset, progressive and cell-type-specific, dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Using this model, we find that associated lethality can be partially rescued by targeting PINK1/parkin signaling or Drp1, both of which have been implicated in mitochondrial dynamics and Parkinson's disease. Bypassing mitochondrial complex III/IV deficiencies with Alternative oxidase (AOX), however, fully restores ATP levels and prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In contrast, ATP levels and neurodegeneration are not rescued when mitochondrial complex I deficiencies are bypassed with NADH-Q oxidoreductase. Our results demonstrate that mtDNA-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction can cause age-related and cell-type-specific neurodegeneration which AOX is able to alleviate and indicate that AOX or its surrogates may prove useful as a therapeutic tool for limiting respiratory chain deficiencies caused by mtDNA decline in healthy aging and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickon M Humphrey
- MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Heo JY, Park JH, Kim SJ, Seo KS, Han JS, Lee SH, Kim JM, Park JI, Park SK, Lim K, Hwang BD, Shong M, Kweon GR. DJ-1 null dopaminergic neuronal cells exhibit defects in mitochondrial function and structure: involvement of mitochondrial complex I assembly. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32629. [PMID: 22403686 PMCID: PMC3293835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 is a Parkinson's disease-associated gene whose protein product has a protective role in cellular homeostasis by removing cytosolic reactive oxygen species and maintaining mitochondrial function. However, it is not clear how DJ-1 regulates mitochondrial function and why mitochondrial dysfunction is induced by DJ-1 deficiency. In a previous study we showed that DJ-1 null dopaminergic neuronal cells exhibit defective mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity. In the present article we investigated the role of DJ-1 in complex I formation by using blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 2-dimensional gel analysis to assess native complex status. On the basis of these experiments, we concluded that DJ-1 null cells have a defect in the assembly of complex I. Concomitant with abnormal complex I formation, DJ-1 null cells show defective supercomplex formation. It is known that aberrant formation of the supercomplex impairs the flow of electrons through the channels between respiratory chain complexes, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. We took two approaches to study these mitochondrial defects. The first approach assessed the structural defect by using both confocal microscopy with MitoTracker staining and electron microscopy. The second approach assessed the functional defect by measuring ATP production, O2 consumption, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Finally, we showed that the assembly defect as well as the structural and functional abnormalities in DJ-1 null cells could be reversed by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of DJ-1, demonstrating the specificity of DJ-1 on these mitochondrial properties. These mitochondrial defects induced by DJ-1mutation may be a pathological mechanism for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Heo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soung Jung Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kang Sik Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong Su Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong Il Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Kiel Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Doo Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gi Ryang Kweon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Parkin, PINK1 and mitochondrial integrity: emerging concepts of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:173-88. [PMID: 22057787 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles which are essential for many cellular processes, such as ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, assembly of iron sulfur clusters, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and cell death pathways. The dynamic changes in mitochondrial morphology, connectivity, and subcellular distribution are critically dependent on a highly regulated fusion and fission machinery. Mitochondrial function, dynamics, and quality control are vital for the maintenance of neuronal integrity. Indeed, there is mounting evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in several neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the identification of genes linked to rare familial variants of Parkinson's disease has fueled research on mitochondrial aspects of the disease etiopathogenesis. Studies on the function of parkin and PINK1, which are associated with autosomal recessive parkinsonism, provided compelling evidence that these proteins can functionally interact to maintain mitochondrial integrity and to promote clearance of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria. In this review we will summarize current knowledge about the impact of parkin and PINK1 on mitochondria.
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Axon degeneration in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2012; 246:72-83. [PMID: 22285449 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease of the basal ganglia. Like other adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders, it is without a treatment that forestalls its chronic progression. Efforts to develop disease-modifying therapies to date have largely focused on the prevention of degeneration of the neuron soma, with the tacit assumption that such approaches will forestall axon degeneration as well. We herein propose that future efforts to develop neuroprotection for PD may benefit from a shift in focus to the distinct mechanisms that underlie axon degeneration. We review evidence from human post-mortem studies, functional neuroimaging, genetic causes of the disease and neurotoxin models that axon degeneration may be the earliest feature of the disease, and it may therefore be the most appropriate target for early intervention. In addition, we present evidence that the molecular mechanisms of degeneration of axons are separate and distinct from those of neuron soma. Progress is being made in understanding these mechanisms, and they provide possible new targets for therapeutic intervention. We also suggest that the potential for axon re-growth in the adult central nervous system has perhaps been underestimated, and it offers new avenues for neurorestoration. In conclusion, we propose that a new focus on the neurobiology of axons, their molecular pathways of degeneration and growth, will offer novel opportunities for neuroprotection and restoration in the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Valente EM, Arena G, Torosantucci L, Gelmetti V. Molecular pathways in sporadic PD. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18 Suppl 1:S71-3. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractGenetic, neuropathological and biochemical evidence implicates α-synuclein, a 140 amino acid presynaptic neuronal protein, in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The aggregated protein inclusions mainly containing aberrant α-synuclein are widely accepted as morphological hallmarks of α-synucleinopathies, but their composition and location vary between disorders along with neuronal networks affected. α-Synuclein exists physiologically in both soluble and membran-bound states, in unstructured and α-helical conformations, respectively, while posttranslational modifications due to proteostatic deficits are involved in β-pleated aggregation resulting in formation of typical inclusions. The physiological function of α-synuclein and its role linked to neurodegeneration, however, are incompletely understood. Soluble oligomeric, not fully fibrillar α-synuclein is thought to be neurotoxic, main targets might be the synapse, axons and glia. The effects of aberrant α-synuclein include alterations of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative and nitric injuries, cytoskeletal effects, and neuroinflammation. Proteasomal dysfunction might be a common mechanism in the pathogenesis of neuronal degeneration in α-synucleinopathies. However, how α-synuclein induces neurodegeneration remains elusive as its physiological function. Genome wide association studies demonstrated the important role for genetic variants of the SNCA gene encoding α-synuclein in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease, possibly through effects on oxidation, mitochondria, autophagy, and lysosomal function. The neuropathology of synucleinopathies and the role of α-synuclein as a potential biomarker are briefly summarized. Although animal models provided new insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease and multiple system atrophy, most of them do not adequately reproduce the cardinal features of these disorders. Emerging evidence, in addition to synergistic interactions of α-synuclein with various pathogenic proteins, suggests that prionlike induction and seeding of α-synuclein could lead to the spread of the pathology and disease progression. Intervention in the early aggregation pathway, aberrant cellular effects, or secretion of α-synuclein might be targets for neuroprotection and disease-modifying therapy.
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Woo RS, Lee JH, Kim HS, Baek CH, Song DY, Suh YH, Baik TK. Neuregulin-1 protects against neurotoxicities induced by Swedish amyloid precursor protein via the ErbB4 receptor. Neuroscience 2011; 202:413-23. [PMID: 22186019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) plays an important role in the development and plasticity of the brain and exhibits potent neuroprotective properties. However, little information on its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known. The neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of NRG1 in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing the Swedish mutant form of amyloid precursor protein (Swe-APP) and primary cortical neuronal cells treated with amyloid beta peptide(1-42) (Aβ(1-42)) were investigated in this study. NRG1 attenuated Swe-APP- or Aβ(1-42)-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in a concentration-dependent manner. The mitigating effects of NRG1 on neuronal cell death were blocked by ErbB4 inhibition, a key NRG1 receptor, which suggests a role of ErbB4 in the neuroprotective function of NRG1. Moreover, NRG1 reduced the number of Swe-APP- and Aβ(1-42)-induced TUNEL-positive SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons, respectively. NRG1 reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and attenuated Swe-APP-induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss. NRG1 also induced the upregulation of the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, and decreased caspase-3 activation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that NRG1 exerts neuroprotective effects via the ErbB4 receptor, which suggests the neuroprotective potential of NRG1 in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-S Woo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Hurley MJ, Dexter DT. Voltage-gated calcium channels and Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:324-33. [PMID: 22133841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A complex interaction of environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors combine with ageing to cause the most prevalent of movement disorders Parkinson's disease. Current pharmacological treatments only tackle the symptoms and do not stop progression of the disease or reverse the neurodegenerative process. While some incidences of Parkinson's disease arise through heritable genetic defects, the cause of the majority of cases remains unknown. Likewise, why some neuronal populations are more susceptible to neurodegeneration than others is not clear, but as the molecular pathways responsible for the process of cell death are unravelled, it is increasingly apparent that disrupted cellular energy metabolism plays a central role. Precise control of cellular calcium concentrations is crucial for maintenance of energy homeostasis. Recently, differential cellular expression of neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel (Ca(V)) isoforms has been implicated in the susceptibility of vulnerable neurons to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Ca(V) channels are also involved in the synaptic plasticity response to the denervation that occurs in Parkinson's disease and following chronic treatment with anti-parkinsonian drugs. This review will examine the putative role neuronal Ca(V) channels have in the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hurley
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom.
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Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Iavicoli I, Di Paola R, Koverech A, Cuzzocrea S, Rizzarelli E, Calabrese EJ. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:753-83. [PMID: 22108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. This paper introduces the emerging role of exogenous molecules in hormetic-based neuroprotection and the mitochondrial redox signaling concept of hormesis and its applications to the field of neuroprotection and longevity. Maintenance of optimal long-term health conditions is accomplished by a complex network of longevity assurance processes that are controlled by vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsp) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin and the sirtuin protein systems. Dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenols and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways, including vitagenes. Hormesis provides the central underpinning of neuroprotective responses, providing a framework for explaining the common quantitative features of their dose response relationships, their mechanistic foundations, their relationship to the concept of biological plasticity as well as providing a key insight for improving the accuracy of the therapeutic dose of pharmaceutical agents within the highly heterogeneous human population. This paper describes in mechanistic detail how hormetic dose responses are mediated for endogenous cellular defense pathways including sirtuin, Nrfs and related pathways that integrate adaptive stress responses in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Huang C, Andres AM, Ratliff EP, Hernandez G, Lee P, Gottlieb RA. Preconditioning involves selective mitophagy mediated by Parkin and p62/SQSTM1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20975. [PMID: 21687634 PMCID: PMC3110820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent mitochondrial turnover in response to cellular stress is necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis. However, the mechanisms that govern the selective targeting of damaged mitochondria are poorly understood. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been shown to be essential for the selective clearance of damaged mitochondria. Parkin is expressed in the heart, yet its function has not been investigated in the context of cardioprotection. We previously reported that autophagy is required for cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). In the present study, we used simulated ischemia (sI) in vitro and IPC of hearts to investigate the role of Parkin in mediating cardioprotection ex vivo and in vivo. In HL-1 cells, sI induced Parkin translocation to mitochondria and mitochondrial elimination. IPC induced Parkin translocation to mitochondria in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts and in vivo in mice subjected to regional IPC. Mitochondrial depolarization with an uncoupling agent similarly induced Parkin translocation to mitochondria in cells and Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. Mitochondrial loss was blunted in Atg5-deficient cells, revealing the requirement for autophagy in mitochondrial elimination. Consistent with previous reports indicating a role for p62/SQSTM1 in mitophagy, we found that depletion of p62 attenuated mitophagy and exacerbated cell death in HL-1 cardiomyocytes subjected to sI. While wild type mice showed p62 translocation to mitochondria and an increase in ubiquitination, Parkin knockout mice exhibited attenuated IPC-induced p62 translocation to the mitochondria. Importantly, ablation of Parkin in mice abolished the cardioprotective effects of IPC. These results reveal for the first time the crucial role of Parkin and mitophagy in cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqun Huang
- The BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Allen M. Andres
- The BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric P. Ratliff
- The BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Genaro Hernandez
- The BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Pamela Lee
- The BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta A. Gottlieb
- The BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Saini N, Georgiev O, Schaffner W. The parkin mutant phenotype in the fly is largely rescued by metal-responsive transcription factor (MTF-1). Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2151-61. [PMID: 21383066 PMCID: PMC3133352 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05207-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene for Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is mutated in some familial forms of Parkinson's disease, a severe neurodegenerative disorder. A homozygous mutant of the Drosophila ortholog of human parkin is viable but results in severe motoric impairment including an inability to fly, female and male sterility, and a decreased life span. We show here that a double mutant of the genes for Parkin and the metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) is not viable. MTF-1, which is conserved from insects to mammals, is a key regulator of heavy metal homeostasis and detoxification and plays additional roles in other stress conditions, notably oxidative stress. In contrast to the synthetic lethality of the double mutant, elevated expression of MTF-1 dramatically ameliorates the parkin mutant phenotype, as evidenced by a prolonged life span, motoric improvement including short flight episodes, and female fertility. At the cellular level, muscle and mitochondrial structures are substantially improved. A beneficial effect is also seen with a transgene encoding human MTF-1. We propose that Parkin and MTF-1 provide complementary functions in metal homeostasis, oxidative stress and other cellular stress responses. Our findings also raise the possibility that MTF-1 gene polymorphisms in humans could affect the severity of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Saini
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8051, Switzerland
| | - Oleg Georgiev
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8051, Switzerland
| | - Walter Schaffner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8051, Switzerland
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Tranah GJ. Mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis: implications for human aging and longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:238-52. [PMID: 20601194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that mitochondria are involved in the aging process. Mitochondrial function requires the coordinated expression of hundreds of nuclear genes and a few dozen mitochondrial genes, many of which have been associated with either extended or shortened life span. Impaired mitochondrial function resulting from mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation is likely to contribute to an imbalance in cellular energy homeostasis, increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, and an increased rate of cellular senescence and aging. The complex genetic architecture of mitochondria suggests that there may be an equally complex set of gene interactions (epistases) involving genetic variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Results from Drosophila suggest that the effects of mtDNA haplotypes on longevity vary among different nuclear allelic backgrounds, which could account for the inconsistent associations that have been observed between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and survival in humans. A diversity of pathways may influence the way mitochondria and nuclear-mitochondrial interactions modulate longevity, including: oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondrial uncoupling; antioxidant defenses; mitochondrial fission and fusion; and sirtuin regulation of mitochondrial genes. We hypothesize that aging and longevity, as complex traits having a significant genetic component, are likely to be controlled by nuclear gene variants interacting with both inherited and somatic mtDNA variability.
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Akundi RS, Huang Z, Eason J, Pandya JD, Zhi L, Cass WA, Sullivan PG, Büeler H. Increased mitochondrial calcium sensitivity and abnormal expression of innate immunity genes precede dopaminergic defects in Pink1-deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16038. [PMID: 21249202 PMCID: PMC3020954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is linked to recessive Parkinsonism (EOPD). Pink1 deletion results in impaired dopamine (DA) release and decreased mitochondrial respiration in the striatum of mice. To reveal additional mechanisms of Pink1-related dopaminergic dysfunction, we studied Ca2+ vulnerability of purified brain mitochondria, DA levels and metabolism and whether signaling pathways implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) display altered activity in the nigrostriatal system of Pink1−/− mice. Methods and Findings Purified brain mitochondria of Pink1−/− mice showed impaired Ca2+ storage capacity, resulting in increased Ca2+ induced mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) that was rescued by cyclosporine A. A subpopulation of neurons in the substantia nigra of Pink1−/− mice accumulated phospho-c-Jun, showing that Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity is increased. Pink1−/− mice 6 months and older displayed reduced DA levels associated with increased DA turnover. Moreover, Pink1−/− mice had increased levels of IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10 in the striatum after peripheral challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Pink1−/− embryonic fibroblasts showed decreased basal and inflammatory cytokine-induced nuclear factor kappa-β (NF-κB) activity. Quantitative transcriptional profiling in the striatum revealed that Pink1−/− mice differentially express genes that (i) are upregulated in animals with experimentally induced dopaminergic lesions, (ii) regulate innate immune responses and/or apoptosis and (iii) promote axonal regeneration and sprouting. Conclusions Increased mitochondrial Ca2+ sensitivity and JNK activity are early defects in Pink1−/− mice that precede reduced DA levels and abnormal DA homeostasis and may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in familial PD. Differential gene expression in the nigrostriatal system of Pink1−/− mice supports early dopaminergic dysfunction and shows that Pink1 deletion causes aberrant expression of genes that regulate innate immune responses. While some differentially expressed genes may mitigate neurodegeneration, increased LPS-induced brain cytokine expression and impaired cytokine-induced NF-κB activation may predispose neurons of Pink1−/− mice to inflammation and injury-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Akundi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Joshua Eason
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jignesh D. Pandya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lianteng Zhi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wayne A. Cass
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hansruedi Büeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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