EMT, cell plasticity and metastasis

Triazole-quinoxaline attenuates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human colorectal cancer cells

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates key cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Dysregulation of this pathway has been implicated in various human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), where it plays a critical role in promoting EMT and metastatic progression. In a recent study, triazole derivatives were shown to possess anti-EMT activity in cancer cells. Building on this finding, we synthesized a triazolyl-quinoxaline-based small molecule, SRN-18, and evaluated its impact on EMT in CRC cells. Specifically, we investigated the effect of SRN-18 on the mRNA and protein expression levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7, as well as its influence on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and key EMT-associated proteins. As CXCL12 is a known ligand for both CXCR4 and CXCR7, we also examined the effects of CXCL12 stimulation on cell migration and invasion. Western blot analyses were conducted to determine whether SRN-18 modulates the expression of CXCR4/7, MMP-2/9, and EMT markers in the presence or absence of CXCL12 stimulation. Additionally, our findings revealed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in SRN-18-mediated EMT suppression. Since inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been shown to reduce the expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7, SRN-18-mediated suppression of this pathway led to the downregulation of CXCR4- and CXCR7-associated signaling proteins, including NF-κB and JNK. In summary, SRN-18 exerted its anti-EMT effects in colorectal cancer cells by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis and its downstream signaling cascades.

EMT induction in normal breast epithelial cells by COX2-expressing fibroblasts

BACKGROUND

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) significantly influencing tumor behavior. Especially, elevated COX2 expressing fibroblasts within the TME, notably in collagen-dense tumors like breast cancer, has been recently emphasized in the literature. However, the specific effect of COX2-expressing CAFs (COX2+ CAFs) on neighboring cells and their consequent role in cancer progression is not fully elucidated.

METHODS

We induced COX2+ fibroblasts by forcing the fibroblasts forming aggregates to undergo Nemosis as a proxy for COX2+ CAFs. This approach enabled us to simulate the paracrine interactions between COX2+ CAFs and normal breast epithelial cells via conditioned media from COX2+ fibroblasts. We developed an innovative in vitro platform that combines cell mechanics-based analysis and biomolecular assays to study the interactions between COX2+ fibroblasts and normal breast epithelial cells. By focusing on the mechanical characteristics of the cells and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expressions, we aimed to elucidate the paracrine mechanisms through which COX2+ CAFs influence the tumor microenvironment.

RESULTS

Our in vitro findings demonstrate that COX2+ fibroblasts, through conditioned media, induce significant alterations in the mechanical behavior of normal breast epithelial cells, as evidenced by monolayer expansion measurements using traction force microscopy (TFM). This transition was further corroborated by single-cell morphology and motility analyses, as well as increased expression of mesenchymal markers, including SNAI1 at the mRNA level and vimentin at the protein level. EP4 inhibition partially reversed these changes, preserving cell-cell interactions, limiting monolayer expansion, and reducing mesenchymal-like features, suggesting that PGE2-EP4 signaling plays a key role in mediating the paracrine effects of COX2+ fibroblasts. Together, our findings support a model in which PGE2-EP4 signaling contributes to EMT induction, potentially involving SNAI1 regulation, with implications for targeting stromal-epithelial interactions in breast cancer.

CONCLUSION

This study advances our understanding of the potential mechanisms by which COX2+ CAFs influence tumor progression within the breast tumor microenvironment (TME) through controlled in vitro investigations. By integrating cell mechanics-based analysis, biomolecular assays, and innovative in vitro cell-based modeling of COX2+ CAFs, we have delineated the contributory role of these cells in a controlled setting. These insights lay a groundwork for future studies that could explore the implications of these findings in vivo, potentially guiding targeted therapeutic strategies.

Embryonic Origins of Cancer: Insights from Double Homeobox 4 Regulation

Embryogenesis and tumorigenesis share several key biological characteristics, such as rapid cell proliferation, high plasticity, and immune evasion. This similarity indicates that developmental pathways can be hijacked, leading to the formation of malignant cell states. With regard to this, cancer can be regarded as a stem cell disease. On the contrary, a fetus, in many ways, has similar characteristics to the "ideal tumor", such as immune evasion and rapid growth. Therefore, deciphering the molecular mechanisms beneath these phenomena will help us to understand the embryonic origins of cancer. This review discusses the relationship between embryogenesis and tumorigenesis, highlighting the potential roles played by DUX4. DUX4 is involved in the activation of the zygote genome and then facilitates the establishment of totipotency in pre-implantation embryos, whereas the misexpression of DUX4 is associated with different types of cancer. Taken together, this indicates that DUX4 performs analogous functions in these two processes and connects embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. Through examining DUX4, this review underscores the importance of developmental mechanisms in cancer biology, suggesting that the insights gained from studying embryonic processes may provide novel therapeutic strategies. As we continue to explore the complex relationship between cancer and embryogenesis, elucidating the role of DUX4 in linking these two processes will be critical for developing targeted therapies that exploit developmental pathways.

KIF2C promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression via PLK1 upregulation: implications for biomarker development and therapeutic targeting

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis due to late detection, rapid progression, and frequent metastasis, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic targets. This study investigates the roles of kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C) and Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in OSCC progression and their functional interplay. Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses revealed marked upregulation of KIF2C and PLK1 in human OSCC tissues and cell lines (SCC9, SCC25, Cal27). Functional characterization in Cal27 cells (selected for highest KIF2C expression via qPCR/WB) demonstrated that KIF2C knockdown via siRNA transfection suppressed proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), while inducing apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, KIF2C silencing downregulated PLK1 expression, concomitantly reducing EMT markers (N-cadherin, vimentin), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2/9), and angiogenesis factors (VEGF, α-SMA). Complementary assays (CCK-8, EdU, Transwell, wound healing) and flow cytometry confirmed that KIF2C-PLK1 axis promotes tumor growth by enhancing matrix degradation, angiogenesis, and S-phase proliferation while inhibiting apoptosis. These findings establish KIF2C as a pivotal regulator of OSCC progression through PLK1-mediated signaling, highlighting their dual potential as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for OSCC management.

Exploring the role of EMT in ovarian cancer progression using a multiscale mathematical model

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in the progression of cancer tumours, significantly reducing the success of treatment. EMT occurs when a cell undergoes phenotypical changes, resulting in enhanced drug resistance, higher cell plasticity, and increased metastatic abilities. Here, we employ a 3D agent-based multiscale modelling framework using PhysiCell to explore the role of EMT over time in two cell lines, OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3. This approach allows us to investigate the spatiotemporal progression of ovarian cancer and the impacts of the conditions in the microenvironment. OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cell lines possess highly contrasting tumour layouts, allowing a wide range of different tumour dynamics and morphologies to be tested and studied. Along with performing sensitivity analysis on the model, simulation results capture the biological observations and trends seen in tumour growth and development, thus helping to obtain further insights into OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cell line dynamics.

Softness or Stiffness What Contributes to Cancer and Cancer Metastasis?

Beyond the genomic and proteomic analysis of bulk and single cancer cells, a new focus of cancer research is emerging that is based on the mechanical analysis of cancer cells. Therefore, several biophysical techniques have been developed and adapted. The characterization of cancer cells, like human cancer cell lines, started with their mechanical characterization at mostly a single timepoint. A universal hypothesis has been proposed that cancer cells need to be softer to migrate and invade tissues and subsequently metastasize in targeted organs. Thus, the softness of cancer cells has been suggested to serve as a universal physical marker for the malignancy of cancer types. However, it has turned out that there exists the opposite phenomenon, namely that stiffer cancer cells are more migratory and invasive and therefore lead to more metastases. These contradictory results question the universality of the role of softness of cancer cells in the malignant progression of cancers. Another problem is that the various biophysical techniques used can affect the mechanical properties of cancer cells, making it even more difficult to compare the results of different studies. Apart from the instrumentation, the culture and measurement conditions of the cancer cells can influence the mechanical measurements. The review highlights the main advances of the mechanical characterization of cancer cells, discusses the strength and weaknesses of the approaches, and questions whether the passive mechanical characterization of cancer cells is still state-of-the art. Besides the cell models, conditions and biophysical setups, the role of the microenvironment on the mechanical characteristics of cancer cells is presented and debated. Finally, combinatorial approaches to determine the malignant potential of tumors, such as the involvement of the ECM, the cells in a homogeneous or heterogeneous association, or biological multi-omics analyses, together with the dynamic-mechanical analysis of cancer cells, are highlighted as new frontiers of research.

Static magnetic field inhibits epithelial mesenchymal transition and metastasis of glioma

Gliomas exhibit suboptimal responses to conventional treatments, with tumor cell migration remaining a significant challenge in therapy. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial for glioma cell invasion, and transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) is a key factor promoting proliferation, migration, and EMT in glioblastoma (GBM). Although magnetic fields are widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, their effects on EMT in glioma cells remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether a static magnetic field (SMF) could inhibit EMT and metastasis in glioma cells. Cellular functional assays using the U251 and U87 glioma cell lines were performed to investigate their functional and phenotypic changes. Results showed that TGF-β1 treatment increased the invasion and migration capabilities of glioma cells, while simultaneously reducing apoptosis. However, when SMF was combined with TGF-β1 treatment, a significant reduction in cell migration and invasion was observed, along with an increase in apoptosis. Additionally, this combination treatment significantly decreased the protein expression of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and β-catenin, as well as reduced the levels of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. Collectively, these findings suggest that SMFs may attenuate glioma cell metastasis by inhibiting EMT. Therefore, SMFs could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for diminishing glioma metastasis.

Modeling the dynamics of EMT reveals genes associated with pan-cancer intermediate states and plasticity

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cell state transition co-opted by cancer that drives metastasis via stable intermediate states. Here we study EMT dynamics to identify marker genes of highly metastatic intermediate cells via mathematical modeling with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. Across multiple tumor types and stimuli, we identified genes consistently upregulated in EMT intermediate states, many previously unrecognized as EMT markers. Bayesian parameter inference of a simple EMT mathematical model revealed tumor-specific transition rates, providing a framework to quantify EMT progression. Consensus analysis of differential expression, RNA velocity, and model-derived dynamics highlighted SFN and NRG1 as key regulators of intermediate EMT. Independent validation confirmed SFN as an intermediate state marker. Our approach integrates modeling and inference to identify genes associated with EMT dynamics, offering biomarkers and therapeutic targets to modulate tumor-promoting cell state transitions driven by EMT.

MSK1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by increasing Snail protein stability through USP5-mediated Snail deubiquitination

Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), a Ser/Thr kinase, phosphorylates nuclear proteins to increase their stability and DNA-binding affinity. Despite the role of MSK1 in promoting cancer progression in colorectal cancer (CRC), the precise molecular mechanisms remain unelucidated. Here we show that MSK1 expression induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and increases CRC cell metastasis. Furthermore, we discovered that MSK1 interacts with Snail, a key EMT regulator, and increases its stability by inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Importantly, MSK1 increased Snail protein stability by promoting deubiquitination rather than inhibiting its ubiquitination. Finally, we identified USP5 as an essential deubiquitinase that binds to Snail protein phosphorylated by MSK1. Based on the experimental data, in CRC, MSK1-Snail-USP5 axis can promote EMT and metastasis of CRC. Together, our findings provide potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for further research in CRC.

EGFR-mediated local invasiveness and response to Cetuximab in head and neck cancer

BACKGROUND

Recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M-HNSCC) is a severe, frequently lethal condition. Oncogene addiction to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a hallmark of HNSCC, but the clinical efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapies remains low. Understanding molecular networks governing EGFR-driven progression is paramount to the exploration of (co)-treatment targets and predictive markers.

METHODS

We performed function-based mapping of differentially expressed genes in EGFR-mediated local invasion (fDEGs) using photoconvertible tracers and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in a cellular 3D-model.

RESULTS

Upon alignment with public single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) datasets and HNSCC-specific regulons, a gene regulatory network of local invasion (invGRN) was inferred from gene expression data, which was overrepresented in budding tumors. InvGRN comprises the central hubs inhibin subunit beta alpha (INHBA) and snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2), and druggable fDEGs integrin subunit beta 4 (ITGB4), laminin 5 (LAMB3/LAMC2), and sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1). Blockade of INHBA repressed local invasion and was reverted by activin A, laminin 5, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, demonstrating a functional interconnectivity of the invGRN. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of malignant cells and the invGRN are induced by newly defined EGFR-activity subtypes with prognostic value that are promoted by amphiregulin (AREG) and epiregulin (EREG). Importantly, co-inhibition of SPHK1 showed synthetic effects on Cetuximab-mediated invasion blockade and high expression of selected fDEGs was associated with response to Cetuximab in patient-derived xenotransplantation (PDX) and R/M-HNSCC patients.

CONCLUSIONS

We describe an actionable network of EGFR-mediated local invasion and define druggable effectors with predictive potential regarding the response of R/M-HNSCC to Cetuximab.

Neoadjuvant fuzuloparib combined with abiraterone for localized high-risk prostate cancer (FAST-PC): A single-arm phase 2 study

Preclinical studies suggest synergistic effects between androgen receptor inhibitors and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. This phase 2 trial (NCT05223582) evaluates neoadjuvant fuzuloparib plus abiraterone in 35 treatment-naive men with localized high-risk prostate cancer. Patients receive six cycles of therapy followed by radical prostatectomy. Primary endpoints are pathological complete response (pCR) and minimal residual disease (MRD, ≤5 mm). The combined pCR/MRD rate is 46% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29%-63%), with a 53% 2-year biochemical progression-free survival rate. Grade ≥3 adverse events occur in 23% of patients. Biallelic homologous recombination repair/BRCA2 alterations correlate with faster prostate-specific antigen decline. Post-treatment genomic analyses reveal reduced MYC amplification and proliferation markers, alongside activated epithelial-mesenchymal transition/activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathways. The trial meets its primary endpoint, demonstrating feasibility and preliminary efficacy, while exploratory biomarkers may guide future studies.

Comprehensive molecular portrait reveals genetic diversity and distinct molecular subtypes of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (siNETs) are rare bowel tumors arising from malignant enteroendocrine cells, which normally regulate digestion throughout the intestine. Though infrequent, their incidence is rising through better diagnosis, fostering research into their origin and treatment. To date, siNETs are considered to be a single entity and are clinically treated as such. Here, by performing a multi-omics analysis of siNETs, we unveil four distinct molecular groups with strong clinical relevance and provide a resource to study their origin and clinical features. Transcriptomic, genetic and DNA methylation profiles identify two groups linked to distinct enteroendocrine differentiation patterns, another with a strong immune phenotype, and the last with mesenchymal properties. This latter subtype displays the worst prognosis and resistance to treatments in line with infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts. These data provide insights into the origin and diversity of these rare diseases, in the hope of improving clinical research into their management.

Conventional techniques and emerging nanotechnologies for early detection of cancer metastasis via epithelial-mesenchymal transition monitoring

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process for cancer to metastasize by promoting invasiveness and dissemination of cancer cells in the body. Understanding and tracking EMT could improve cancer therapy by intervening in metastasis. Current approaches for investigating and detecting the EMT process often utilize traditional molecular biology techniques like immunohistochemistry, mass spectrometry and sequencing. These approaches have provided valuable insights into understanding signaling pathways and identifying biomarkers. Liquid biopsy analysis using advanced nanotechnologies allows the longitudinal tracking of EMT in patients to become feasible. This review article offers a molecular overview of EMT, summarizes current EMT models used in cancer research, and reviews both traditional techniques and emerging nanotechnologies employed in recent EMT studies. Additionally, we discuss the limitations and prospects of applying nanotechnologies in EMT research. By evaluating this rapidly emerging field, we propose strategies to facilitate the clinical translation of nanotechnologies for early detection and monitoring of EMT.

Schwann cells in regeneration and cancer: an epithelial-mesenchymal transition perspective

In the peripheral nervous system, glial cells, known as Schwann cells (SCs), are responsible for supporting and maintaining nerves. One of the most important characteristics of SCs is their remarkable plasticity. In various injury contexts, SCs undergo a reprogramming process that generates specialized cells to promote tissue regeneration and repair. However, in pathological conditions, this same plasticity and regenerative potential can be hijacked. Different studies highlight the activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a driver of SC phenotypic plasticity. Although SCs are not epithelial, their neural crest origin makes EMT activation crucial for their ability to adopt repair phenotypes, mirroring the plasticity observed during development. These adaptive processes are essential for regeneration. However, EMT activation in SCs-derived tumours enhances cancer progression and aggressiveness. Furthermore, in the tumour microenvironment (TME), SCs also acquire activated phenotypes that contribute to tumour migration and invasion by activating EMT in cancer cells. In this review, we will discuss how EMT impacts SC plasticity and function from development and tissue regeneration to pathological conditions, such as cancer.

Glioblastoma multiforme: insights into pathogenesis, key signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by a poor prognosis and significant resistance to existing treatments. Despite progress in therapeutic strategies, the median overall survival remains approximately 15 months. A hallmark of GBM is its intricate molecular profile, driven by disruptions in multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt, NF-κB, and TGF-β, critical to tumor growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. This review examines the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic prospects of targeting these pathways in GBM, highlighting recent insights into pathway interactions and discovering new therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.

TGF-β1-mediated intercellular signaling fuels cooperative cellular invasion

Intratumoral heterogeneity drives cancer progression and influences treatment outcomes. The mechanisms underlying how cellular subpopulations communicate and cooperate to impact progression remain largely unknown. Here, we use collective invasion as a model to deconstruct processes underlying non-small cell lung cancer subpopulation cooperation. We reveal that collectively invading packs consist of heterogeneously cycling and non-cycling subpopulations using distinct pathways. We demonstrate that the follower subpopulation secretes transforming growth factor beta one (TGF-β1) to stimulate divergent subpopulation responses-including proliferation, pack cohesion, and JAG1-dependent invasion-depending on cellular context. While isolated followers maintain proliferation in response to TGF-β1, isolated leaders enter a quiescence-like cellular state. In contrast, leaders within a heterogeneous population sustain proliferation to maintain subpopulation proportions. In vivo, both leader and follower subpopulations are necessary for macro-metastatic disease progression. Taken together, these findings highlight that intercellular communication preserves tumor cell heterogeneity and promotes collective behaviors such as invasion and tumor progression.

A PROTAC degrader suppresses oncogenic functions of PTK6, inducing apoptosis of breast cancer cells

Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is an oncogenic driver in many tumor types. However, agents that therapeutically target PTK6 are lacking. Although several PTK6 kinase inhibitors have been developed, none have been clinically translated, which may be due to kinase-independent functions that compromise their efficacy. PTK6 kinase inhibitor treatment phenocopies some, but not all effects of PTK6 downregulation. PTK6 downregulation inhibits growth of breast cancer cells, but treatment with PTK6 kinase inhibitor does not. To chemically downregulate PTK6, we designed a PROTAC, MS105, which potently and specifically degrades PTK6. Treatment with MS105, but not PTK6 kinase inhibitor, inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells, phenocopying the effects of PTK6 (short hairpin RNA) shRNA/CRISPR. In contrast, both MS105 and PTK6 kinase inhibitor effectively inhibit breast cancer cell migration, supporting the differing kinase dependencies of PTK6's oncogenic functions. Our studies support PTK6 degraders as a preferred approach to targeting PTK6 in cancer.

Autophagy induced by metabolic processes leads to solid tumor cell metastatic dormancy and recurrence

A crucial cellular mechanism that has a complex impact on the biology of cancer, particularly in solid tumors, is autophagy. This review explores how metabolic processes trigger autophagy, which helps metastatic tumor cells go dormant and recur. During metastasis, tumor cells frequently encounter severe stressors, such as low oxygen levels and nutritional deprivation, which causes them to activate autophagy as a survival tactic. This process allows cancer stem cells (CSCs) to withstand severe conditions while also preserving their features. After years of dormancy, dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) may reappear as aggressive metastatic cancers. The capacity of autophagy to promote resistance to treatments and avoid immune detection is intimately related to this phenomenon. According to recent research, autophagy promotes processes, such as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and helps build a pre-metastatic niche, which makes treatment strategies more challenging. Autophagy may be a promising therapeutic target because of its dual function as a tumor suppressor in early-stage cancer and a survival promoter in advanced stages. To effectively treat metastatic diseases, it is crucial to comprehend how metabolic processes interact with autophagy and affect tumor behavior. In order to find novel therapeutic approaches that can interfere with these processes and improve patient outcomes, this study highlights the critical need for additional investigation into the mechanisms by which autophagy controls tumor dormancy and recurrence.

HSP70 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Cell Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation and Growth Via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of HSP70 on proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of pancreatic cancer cells and explore its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Pancreatic cancer cell models with reduced HSP70 or increased HSP70 expression were established. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays were used to determine mRNA and protein levels of HSP70, IKK/IκBa/NF-κB signaling pathway-related genes, and EMT markers. CCK-8 and cell cloning assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation and cloning abilities. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to assess the invasive and migratory properties of cells. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) and luciferase reporter assays were conducted to analyze NF-κB's promoter binding and transcriptional activities.

RESULTS

HSP70 knockdown inhibited p-p65 nuclear translocation, the expression of p-p65, p-IKKα/β, p-IκBα, N-cadherin, Vimentin and Twist, NF-κB's promoter binding and transcriptional activities, pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, cloning, migration and invasion, while increased E-cadherin levels. HSP70 overexpression took the opposite effects. NF-κB signaling pathway modulation reversed EMT changes induced by altered HSP70 expression levels. rhHSP70 increased p-IKKα/β and p-IκBα protein levels.

CONCLUSIONS

HSP70 promotes EMT and enhances pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating NF-κB pathway.

Pancreatic cancer cells infiltrate nerves through TGFbeta1-driven perineural epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transdifferentiation

Neural invasion is a prognostic hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet the underlying mechanisms behind the disruption of perineural barriers and access of cancer cells into intrapancreatic nerves remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in perineural epithelial cells during neural invasion.Histopathological analysis of human and murine primary tumors using perineurium-specific GLUT1 antibody revealed a reduction in perineural integrity, which positively correlated with the extent of neural invasion in human PDAC cases. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines were found to secrete TGFbeta1, which induced EMT of perineural epithelial cells, characterized by the loss of epithelial markers (CK19-9) and the acquisition of mesenchymal markers (alphaSMA, N-Cadherin). Additionally, these transitioning perineural epithelial cells demonstrated increased matrix-degrading capabilities through the upregulation of matrix-metalloproteases 3 and 9 via SMAD2. In an autochthonous mouse model with elevated endogenous TGFbeta1 levels in addition to oncogenic Kras activation (Ptf1aCre/+, LSL-KrasG12D/+, LSL-R26Tgfβ/+), decreased perineural integrity could be reproduced in vivo.Collectively, these findings underscore the role played by TGFbeta1-overexpressing pancreatic cancer cells in the dismantling of perineural barriers during neural invasion.

Alleviation of liver fibrosis by inhibiting a non-canonical ATF4-regulated enhancer program in hepatic stellate cells

Liver fibrosis is a critical liver disease that can progress to more severe manifestations, such as cirrhosis, yet no effective targeted therapies are available. Here, we identify that ATF4, a master transcription factor in ER stress response, promotes liver fibrosis by facilitating a stress response-independent epigenetic program in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Unlike its canonical role in regulating UPR genes during ER stress, ATF4 activates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene transcription under fibrogenic conditions. HSC-specific depletion of ATF4 suppresses liver fibrosis in vivo. Mechanistically, TGFβ resets ATF4 to orchestrate a unique enhancer program for the transcriptional activation of pro-fibrotic EMT genes. Analysis of human data confirms a strong correlation between HSC ATF4 expression and liver fibrosis progression. Importantly, a small molecule inhibitor targeting ATF4 translation effectively mitigates liver fibrosis. Together, our findings identify a mechanism promoting liver fibrosis and reveal new opportunities for treating this otherwise non-targetable disease.

Prognostic Significance of S100A4 in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma: Its Relation to Tumor Progression and Chemoresistance

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

S100A4, a small calcium-binding protein, promotes metastasis in a variety of human malignancies, but little is known about its involvement in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Herein, we characterized the functional role of S100A4 in this tumor type.

METHODS

We analyzed immunohistochemical sections from 120 OCCC patients. OCCC cell lines in which S100A4 was knocked out (KO) or overexpressed were also used to study the protein's effects.

RESULTS

Stable overexpression of S100A4 decreased the proliferation of OCCC cell lines (concomitant with more cells in G1 and fewer in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle). S100A4 overexpression also reduced susceptibility to cisplatin-induced apoptosis (probably due to an increased BCL2: BAX ratio), accelerated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related cell mobility, and enhanced cancer stem cell (CSC) properties (including increases in both spheroid formation and in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)high population). In contrast, S100A4 KO generally induced the opposite phenotypes, although it did not affect migration capability. In clinical OCCC samples, high S100A4 expression was associated with a low frequency of cleaved poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-positive apoptotic cells, a reduced proliferative rate, and expression of high ALDH1 and vimentin levels. In addition, a high S100A4 score was a significant (but not independent) prognostic factor in OCCC.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that S100A4 may be an unfavorable prognostic factor in OCCC, as it accelerates tumor progression and promotes chemoresistance through the modulation of proliferation, susceptibility to apoptosis, and EMT/CSC properties.

miRNA-199b-5p suppresses of oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting apical-basolateral polarity via Scribble/Lgl

In epithelial cells, Scribble forms cell-cell junctions and contributes to cell morphology and homeostasis by regulating apical-basolateral polarity in mammals and functions as a tumor suppressor in many carcinomas. The initial diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma is important, and its prognosis is poor when accompanied by metastasis. However, research on the mechanisms of oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis is insufficient. Herein, we showed that Scribble regulates the apical-basolateral polarity of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating lethal giant larvae 1, Scribble module and E-cadherin, the adhesion junction. The expression of lethal giant larvae 1 and E-cadherin decreased when the expression of Scribble was knocked down and their localization was completely disrupted in both the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line and in vivo model. In particular, the Scribble was involved in oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis via hsa-miR-199b-5p, which is a microenvironmental factor of hypoxia. The disruption of Scribble localization under hypoxic conditions, but its localization was maintained in miR-199b-5p oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and in vivo. These results suggest that Scribble functions as a tumor suppressor marker mediated by miR-199b-5p in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The molecular features of lung cancer stem cells in dedifferentiation process-driven epigenetic alterations

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be dedifferentiated somatic cells following oncogenic processes, representing a subpopulation of cells able to promote tumor growth with their capacities for proliferation and self-renewal, inducing lineage heterogeneity, which may be a main cause of resistance to therapies. It has been shown that the "less differentiated process" may have an impact on tumor plasticity, particularly when non-CSCs may dedifferentiate and become CSC-like. Bidirectional interconversion between CSCs and non-CSCs has been reported in other solid tumors, where the inflammatory stroma promotes cell reprogramming by enhancing Wnt signaling through nuclear factor kappa B activation in association with intracellular signaling, which may induce cells' pluripotency, the oncogenic transformation can be considered another important aspect in the acquisition of "new" development programs with oncogenic features. During cell reprogramming, mutations represent an initial step toward dedifferentiation, in which tumor cells switch from a partially or terminally differentiated stage to a less differentiated stage that is mainly manifested by re-entry into the cell cycle, acquisition of a stem cell-like phenotype, and expression of stem cell markers. This phenomenon typically shows up as a change in the form, function, and pattern of gene and protein expression, and more specifically, in CSCs. This review would highlight the main epigenetic alterations, major signaling pathways and driver mutations in which CSCs, in tumors and specifically, in lung cancer, could be involved, acting as key elements in the differentiation/dedifferentiation process. This would highlight the main molecular mechanisms which need to be considered for more tailored therapies.

Effect of colony‑stimulating factor in the mechanism of bone metastasis development (Review)

Bone metastasis (BM) is a common complication of cancer and contributes to a higher mortality rate in patients with cancer. The treatment of BM remains a significant challenge for oncologists worldwide. The colony‑stimulating factor (CSF) has an important effect on the metastasis of multiple cancers. In vitro studies have shown that CSF acts as a cytokine, promoting the colony formation of hematopoietic cells by activating granulocytes and macrophages. Other studies have shown that CSF not only promotes cancer aggressiveness but also correlates with the development and prognosis of various types of cancer. In recent years, the effect of CSF on BM has been primarily investigated using cellular and animal models, with limited clinical studies available. The present review discussed the composition and function of CSF, as well as its role in the progression of BM across various types of cancer. The mechanisms by which osteoclast‑ and osteoblast‑mediated BM occur are comprehensively described. In addition, the mechanisms of action of emerging therapeutic agents are explored for their potential clinical applications. However, further clinical studies are required to validate these findings.

The landscape of circRNAs in gliomas temozolomide resistance: Insights into molecular pathways

As the deadliest type of primary brain tumor, gliomas represent a significant worldwide health concern. Circular RNA (circRNA), a unique non-coding RNA molecule, seems to be one of the most alluring target molecules involved in the pathophysiology of many kinds of cancers. CircRNAs have been identified as prospective targets and biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of numerous disorders, particularly malignancies. Recent research has established a clinical link between temozolomide (TMZ) resistance and certain circRNA dysregulations in glioma tumors. CircRNAs may play a therapeutic role in controlling or overcoming TMZ resistance in gliomas and may provide guidance for a novel kind of individualized glioma therapy. To address the biological characteristics of circRNAs and their potential to induce resistance to TMZ, this review has highlighted and summarized the possible roles that circRNAs may play in molecular pathways of drug resistance, including the Ras/Raf/ERK PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and metabolic processes in gliomas.

The neuroepithelial origin of ovarian carcinomas explained through an epithelial-mesenchymal-ectodermal transition enhanced by cisplatin

Acquired resistance to platinum-derived cytostatics poses major challenges in ovarian carcinoma therapy. In this work, we show a shift in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process towards an "ectodermal" conversion of ovarian carcinoma cells in response to cisplatin treatment, a progression we have termed epithelial-mesenchymal-ectodermal transition (EMET). EMET appears to occur via the classical EMT as judged by a) the downregulation of several epithelial markers and b) upregulation of Vimentin, accompanied by various embryonal transcription factors and, importantly, a plethora of neuronal markers, consistent with ectodermal differentiation. Moreover, we isolated cells from ovarian carcinoma cultures exhibiting a dual neural/stemness signature and multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. We also found that the epithelial cells differentiate from these neural/stem populations, indicating that the cell of origin in this tumor must in fact be a neural cell type with stemness features. Notably, some transcription factors like PAX6 and PAX9 were not localized in the nucleoplasm of these cells, hinting at altered nuclear permeability. In addition, the neuronal morphology was rapidly established when commercially available and primary ovarian carcinoma cells were cultured in the form of organoids. Importantly, we also identified a cell type in regular ovarian tissues, which possess similar neural/stemness features as observed in 2D or 3D cultures. The signature of this cell type is amplified in ovarian carcinoma tumors, suggesting a neuroepithelial origin of this tumor type. In conclusion, we propose that ovarian carcinomas harbor a small population of cells with an intrinsic neuronal/stemness/MDR phenotype, serving as the cradle from which ovarian carcinoma evolves.

Coordinated protein modules define DNA damage responses to carboplatin at single cell resolution in human ovarian carcinoma models

Tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and frequently responds to platinum-based chemotherapy because of common genetic and somatic impairment of DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways. The mechanisms of clinical platinum resistance are diverse and poorly molecularly defined. Consequently, there are no biomarkers or medicines that improve patient outcomes. Herein we use single cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) to systematically evaluate the phosphorylation and abundance of proteins known to participate in the DNA damage response (DDR). Single cell analyses of highly characterized HGSC cell lines that phenocopy human patients show that cells with comparable levels of intranuclear platinum, a proxy for carboplatin uptake, undergo different cell fates. Unsupervised analyses revealed a continuum of DDR responses. Decompositional methods were used to identify eight distinct protein modules of carboplatin resistance and sensitivity at single cell resolution. CyTOF profiling of primary and secondary platinum-resistance patient models shows that a complex DDR sensitivity module is strongly associated with response, suggesting it as a potential tool to clinically characterize complex drug resistance phenotypes.

The Link Between the Gut Microbiome and Bone Metastasis

The gut microbiome is essential for regulating host metabolism, defending against pathogens, and shaping the host's immune system. Mounting evidence highlights that disruption in gut microbial communities significantly impacts cancer development and treatment. Moreover, tumor-associated microbiota, along with its metabolites and toxins, may contribute to cancer progression by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread to distant organs. Bones, in particular, are common sites for metastasis due to a rich supply of growth and neovascularization factors and extensive blood flow, especially affecting patients with thyroid, prostate, breast, lung, and kidney cancers, where bone metastases severely reduce the quality of life. While the involvement of the gut microbiome in bone metastasis formation is still being explored, proposed mechanisms suggest that intestinal dysbiosis may alter the bone microenvironment via the gut-immune-bone axis, fostering a premetastatic niche and immunosuppressive milieu suitable for cancer cell colonization. Disruption in the delicate balance of bone modeling and remodeling may further create a favorable environment for metastatic growth. This review focuses on the link between beneficial or dysbiotic microbiome composition and bone homeostasis, as well as the role of the microbiome in bone metastasis development. It also provides an overview of clinical trials evaluating the impact of gut microbial community structure on bone parameters across various conditions or health-related issues. Dietary interventions and microbiota modulation via probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation help support bone health and might offer promising strategies for addressing bone-related complications in cancer.

Tumor immune microenvironmental characteristics in Human Epidermal Growth Factor-2 (HER2) positive esophageal adenocarcinoma: A comparative analysis and biomarker study

BACKGROUND

HER2 targeting in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has shown potential, but often fails to show durable response. Given the contributions of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to therapeutic responses, we aimed to chart the TIME characteristics of HER2 positive tumors.

METHODS

84 biopsies were taken from the TRAP cohort (neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) according to CROSS with trastuzumab and pertuzumab; n = 40; HER2+n = 40) and a control cohort with nCRT only (n = 44; HER2- n = 40, HER2+n = 4) before treatment. Biopsies were analysed using targeted gene expression analysis (Nanostring immune-oncology panel, 750 genes). Differential gene expression was assessed between HER2 positive (n = 44) vs. negative biopsies (n = 40), and non-responders (n = 17) vs. responders (n = 23) to anti-HER2 treatment. Statistical significance was determined as p-value <0.05, adjusted for multiple testing correction.

RESULTS

83 biopsies were eligible for analyses following quality control (TRAP cohort n = 40; control cohort n = 43); there were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the TRAP vs. control the cohort or HER2 positive vs. HER2 negative biopsies. HER2 expression was found to associate with epithelial markers (EPCAM p < 0.001; E-cadherin p < 0.001). Moreover, HER2 expression was associated with a lower expression of immune cell infiltration, such as NK-cells (p < 0.001) and CD8 T-cells (p < 0.001), but also lower expression of immune exhaustion markers (PDCD1LG2, CTLA4; p < 0.001). In non-responders to anti-HER2 treatment, baseline biopsies showed increased expression of immune exhaustion markers, as well as hypoxia and VEGF signalling.

DISCUSSION

HER2 expression was associated with epithelial tumor characteristics. The HER2 positive TIME showed reduced immune cell infiltration but also lower expression of inhibitory signals associated with immune exhaustion, questioning the mechanism behind potential clinical benefit of co-administration of anti-HER2 agents and checkpoint inhibitors. As limited response was associated with increased VEGF signalling, studies could investigate potential synergism of targeting VEGF and HER2.

Solute carrier family 4 member 4 (SLC4A4) is associated with cell proliferation, migration and immune cell infiltration in colon cancer

BACKGROUND

Solute Carrier Family 4 Member 4 (SLC4A4) is a membrane protein-coding gene for a Na+/HCO3- cotransporter and plays a crucial role in regulating pH, bicarbonate secretion and homeostasis. However, the prognostic and immunological role of SLC4A4 in colon cancer remains unknown.

METHOD

In this study, expression profiles of SLC4A4 were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, to which a variety of bioinformatic analyses were performed. Sangerbox, Xiantao, ESTIMATE and TIMER online tools were used to delve into the relationship between SLC4A4 expression and immune cell infiltration. The role of SLC4A4 in the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells was verified by CCK8, EdU and wound healing assays. The related molecules and pathways that SLC4A4 may affect were validated by bioinformatic prediction and western blotting analysis.

RESULTS

The expression levels of SLC4A4 were significantly lower in colon cancer tissues than in normal tissues and its low expression was positively correlated with poor prognosis. TIMER and ESTIMATE showed that SLC4A4 broadly influenced immune cell infiltration. Experiments in vitro demonstrated that SLC4A4 inhibited partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

To conclude, our study revealed that SLC4A4 is lowly expressed in colon cancer tissues, and SLC4A4 may inhibit the progression of colon cancer via regulating partial EMT phenotypes and immune cell infiltration, which may provide new perspectives for the development of more precise and personalized immune anti-tumor therapies.

Recent advances on cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in preventing obesity-related metabolic disorders: A comprehensive review

Anthocyanins, found in various pigmented plants as secondary metabolites, represent a class of dietary polyphenols known for their bioactive properties, demonstrating health-promoting effects against several chronic diseases. Among these, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is one of the most prevalent types of anthocyanins. Upon consumption, C3G undergoes phases I and II metabolism by oral epithelial cells, absorption in the gastric epithelium, and gut transformation (phase II & microbial metabolism), with limited amounts reaching the bloodstream. Obesity, characterized by excessive body fat accumulation, is a global health concern associated with heightened risks of disability, illness, and mortality. This comprehensive review delves into the biodegradation and absorption dynamics of C3G within the gastrointestinal tract. It meticulously examines the latest research findings, drawn from in vitro and in vivo models, presenting evidence underlining C3G's bioactivity. Notably, C3G has demonstrated significant efficacy in combating obesity, by regulating lipid metabolism, specifically decreasing lipid synthesis, increasing fatty acid oxidation, and reducing lipid accumulation. Additionally, C3G enhances energy homeostasis by boosting energy expenditure, promoting the activity of brown adipose tissue, and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, C3G shows potential in managing various prevalent obesity-related conditions. These include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and hypertension through the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels, and inhibition of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and by exercising its cardioprotective and vascular effects by decreasing pulmonary artery thickness and systolic pressure which enhances vascular relaxation and angiogenesis. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR) are also managed by reducing gluconeogenesis via AMPK pathway activation, promoting autophagy, protecting pancreatic β-cells from oxidative stress and enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Additionally, C3G improves insulin sensitivity by upregulating GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 expression and regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. C3G exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and shifting macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. C3G demonstrates antioxidative effects by enhancing the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reducing ROS production, and activating the Nrf2/AMPK signaling pathway. Moreover, these mechanisms also contribute to attenuating inflammatory bowel disease and regulating gut microbiota by decreasing Firmicutes and increasing Bacteroidetes abundance, restoring colon length, and reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines. The therapeutic potential of C3G extends beyond metabolic disorders; it has also been found effective in managing specific cancer types and neurodegenerative disorders. The findings of this research can provide an important reference for future investigations that seek to improve human health through the use of naturally occurring bioactive compounds.

TGF-β induces an atypical EMT to evade immune mechanosurveillance in lung adenocarcinoma dormant metastasis

The heterogeneity of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs is manifest in the diverse EMT-like phenotypes occurring during tumor progression. However, little is known about the mechanistic basis and functional role of specific forms of EMT in cancer. Here we address this question in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells that enter a dormancy period in response to TGF-β upon disseminating to distant sites. LUAD cells with the capacity to enter dormancy are characterized by expression of SOX2 and NKX2-1 primitive progenitor markers. In these cells, TGF-β induces growth inhibition accompanied by a full EMT response that subsequently transitions into an atypical mesenchymal state of round morphology and lacking actin stress fibers. TGF-β induces this transition by driving the expression of the actin-depolymerizing factor gelsolin, which changes a migratory, stress fiber-rich mesenchymal phenotype into a cortical actin-rich, spheroidal state. This transition lowers the biomechanical stiffness of metastatic progenitors, protecting them from killing by mechanosensitive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Inhibiting this actin depolymerization process clears tissues of dormant metastatic cells. Thus, LUAD primitive progenitors undergo an atypical EMT as part of a strategy to evade immune-mediated elimination during dormancy. Our results provide a mechanistic basis and functional role of this atypical EMT response of LUAD metastatic progenitors and further illuminate the role of TGF-β as a crucial driver of immune evasive metastatic dormancy.

Lung bronchiectasisas a paradigm of the interplay between infection and colonization on plastic modulation of the pre-metastatic niche

The lungs are most often a preferential target organ for malignant spreading and growth. It is well known that chronic parenchymal inflammation and prolonged injuries represents an independent risk factor for cancer onset. Growing evidence supports the implication of lung microbiota in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. However, the full interplay between chronic inflammation, bacterial colonization, pathologic condition as bronchiectasis and malignant growth deserves better clarification. We here aim at presenting and analyzing original data and discussing the state-of-the-art on the knowledge regarding how this complex milieu acts on the plasticity of the lung pre-metastatic niche to point out the rationale for early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting.

Modeling epithelial-mesenchymal transition in patient-derived breast cancer organoids

Cellular plasticity is enhanced by dedifferentiation processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The dynamic and transient nature of EMT-like processes challenges the investigation of cell plasticity in patient-derived breast cancer models. Here, we utilized patient-derived organoids (PDOs) as a model to study the susceptibility of primary breast cancer cells to EMT. Upon induction with TGF-β, PDOs exhibited EMT-like features, including morphological changes, E-cadherin downregulation and cytoskeletal reorganization, leading to an invasive phenotype. Image analysis and the integration of deep learning algorithms enabled the implantation of microscopy-based quantifications demonstrating repetitive results between organoid lines from different breast cancer patients. Interestingly, epithelial plasticity was also expressed in terms of alterations in luminal and myoepithelial distribution upon TGF-β induction. The effective modeling of dynamic processes such as EMT in organoids and their characteristic spatial diversity highlight their potential to advance research on cancer cell plasticity in cancer patients.

Chaperone-mediated autophagy modulates Snail protein stability: implications for breast cancer metastasis

Breast cancer remains a significant health concern, with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) being an aggressive subtype with poor prognosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important in early-stage tumor to invasive malignancy progression. Snail, a central EMT component, is tightly regulated and may be subjected to proteasomal degradation. We report a novel proteasomal independent pathway involving chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in Snail degradation, mediated via its cytosolic interaction with HSC70 and lysosomal targeting, which prevented its accumulation in luminal-type breast cancer cells. Conversely, Snail predominantly localized to the nucleus, thus evading CMA-mediated degradation in TNBC cells. Starvation-induced CMA activation downregulated Snail in TNBC cells by promoting cytoplasmic translocation. Evasion of CMA-mediated Snail degradation induced EMT, and enhanced metastatic potential of luminal-type breast cancer cells. Our findings elucidate a previously unrecognized role of CMA in Snail regulation, highlight its significance in breast cancer, and provide a potential therapeutic target for clinical interventions.

Spatial analyses revealed S100P + TFF1 + tumor cells in spread through air spaces samples correlated with undesirable therapy response in non-small cell lung cancer

Spread through air spaces (STAS) is a recognized aggressive pattern in lung cancer, serving as a crucial risk factor for postoperative recurrence. However, its phenotype and related spatial structure have remained elusive. To address these limitations, we conducted a comprehensive study based on spatial data, analyzing over 30,000 spots from 14 non-STAS samples and one STAS sample. We observed increased proliferation activities and angiogenesis in STAS, identifying S100P as a potential biomarker for STAS. Furthermore, our investigation into the heterogeneity of STAS tumor cells revealed a subset identified as S100P + TFF1 +, exhibiting a negative impact on patients' survival in public datasets. This subtype exhibited the highest activities in the TGFb and hypoxia, suggesting its potential pro-tumor role within the tumor microenvironment. To assess the role of S100P + TFF1 + tumor cells in therapy response, we included data from two clinical trial cohorts (BPI-7711 for EGFR-TKI therapy and ORIENT-3 for immunotherapy). The presence of S100P + TFF1 + tumor cells correlated with worse responses to both EGFR-TKI therapy and immunotherapy. Notably, TFF1 emerged as a serum marker for predicting EGFR-TKI response. Cell-cell communication analysis revealed that the TGFb signaling pathway was the most activated in S100P + TFF1 + tumor cells, with TGFB2-TGFBR2 identified as the main ligand-receptor pair. This was further validated by multiplex immunofluorescence performed on twenty NSCLC samples. In summary, our study identified S100P as the biomarker for STAS and highlighted the adverse role of S100P + TFF1 + tumor cells in survival outcomes.

The role of glypican-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma: Insights into diagnosis and therapeutic potential

Glypican-3 (GPC-3) is predominantly found in the placenta and fetal liver, with limited expression in adult tissues. Its re-expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and secretion into the serum highlights its potential as a diagnostic marker. GPC-3 is involved in important cellular processes such as proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through various signaling pathways including Wnt, IGF, YAP, and Hedgehog. To review the structure, biosynthesis, and post-translational modifications of GPC-3, and to elucidate its signaling mechanisms and role as a pro-proliferative protein in HCC, emphasizing its diagnostic and therapeutic potential. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on the expression of GPC-3 in various tumors, with a special emphasis on HCC. The review synthesized findings from experimental studies and clinical trials, analyzing the overexpression of GPC-3 in HCC, its differentiation from other liver diseases, and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target. GPC-3 overexpression in HCC is linked to aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis, including shorter overall and disease-free survival. Additionally, GPC-3 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Ongoing investigations, including immunotherapies such as monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cell therapies, demonstrate potential in inhibiting tumor growth and improving clinical outcomes. The review details the multifaceted roles of GPC-3 in tumorigenesis, including its impact on tumor-associated macrophages, glucose metabolism, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, all contributing to HCC progression. GPC-3's re-expression in HCC and its involvement in key tumorigenic processes underscore its value as a biomarker for early diagnosis and a target for therapeutic intervention. Further research is warranted to fully exploit GPC-3's diagnostic and therapeutic potential in HCC management.

Bone sialoprotein facilitates anoikis resistance in lung cancer by inhibiting miR-150-5p expression

Metastatic lung cancer is a highly prevalent cancer with a very low chance of long-term survival. Metastasis at secondary sites requires that cancer cells develop anoikis resistance to survive during circulation. High levels of bone sialoprotein (BSP), a member of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs), have been shown to promote the spread of lung cancer cells; however, the effects of BSP in anoikis resistance are largely unknown. In this study, we determined that BSP promotes anoikis resistance in lung cancer cells. BSP was also shown to promote the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, which have been utilized as indicators of anoikis resistance). It appears that BSP facilitates MMP-14-dependent anoikis resistance by inhibiting the synthesis of miR-150-5p and activating the ERK signalling pathway. Knockdown of BSP expression was shown to block lung cancer metastasis by lowering anoikis resistance in vivo. These results indicate that BSP is a promising target to deal with anoikis resistance and metastasis in human lung cancers.

MiR-875-5p suppresses Gli1 to alter the hedgehog signaling pathway, which in turn has hepatocellular cancer-related tumor suppressing properties

Background

One of the most prevalent cancers worldwide is HCC, which has put patient health at risk. Increasing evidence indicated that messenger RNAs (mRNAs) played significant roles in modulating tumorigenesis. It has been established that Gli1 acts as an oncogene in a number of malignancies. However, more research was necessary to understand the Gli1 regulation mechanism in HCC.

Methods

Microarray technology was used to evaluate the expression of mRNAs. RT-qPCR was utilized to evaluate Gli1 and miR-875-5p expression. To investigate the role of Gli1, tests using CCK-8, EdU, transwell, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis was performed. RIP, RNA pull down, and luciferase reporter assays were employed to verify the interaction between Gli1 and miR-875-5p.

Results

In tissues and cells of HCC, Gli1 expression appeared to be upregulated, especially in metastatic samples and advanced stages of the disease. A worse outcome was predicted by elevated Gli1 expression. Additionally, in HCC, Gli1 inhibition impeded the growth, migration, and development of the EMT. Since miR-875-5p was shown to have a molecular target in Gli1, miR-875-5p mediated the negative regulation of Gli1. In HCC tissues, its expression pattern was less prominent. In HCC tissues, there was an inverse relationship between Gli1 expression and miR-875-5p expression. Overexpressing Gli1 helped to partially counteract the suppression of HCC migration, proliferation, and EMT formation by miR-875-5p overexpression.

Conclusions

MiR-875-5p in HCC suppresses tumors by downregulating Gli1, which supplies a novel treatment for HCC patients.

TGF-β-induced lncRNA TBUR1 promotes EMT and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma via hnRNPC-mediated GRB2 mRNA stabilization

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is pivotal in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoting cancer metastasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as significant players in these processes, yet their precise mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-β-upregulated lncRNA 1 (TBUR1) is significantly activated by TGF-β via Smad3/4 signaling in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells. Functionally, TBUR1 triggers EMT, enhances LUAD cell migration and invasion in vitro, and promotes metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, TBUR1 interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNPC) to stabilize GRB2 mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner. Clinically, TBUR1 is upregulated in LUAD tissues and correlates with poor prognosis, highlighting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for LUAD. Taken together, our findings underscore the crucial role of TBUR1 in mediating TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis in LUAD, providing insights for future therapeutic interventions.

Single-cell analysis of breast cancer metastasis reveals epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity signatures associated with poor outcomes

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. It is unclear how intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) contributes to metastasis and how metastatic cells adapt to distant tissue environments. The study of these adaptations is challenged by the limited access to patient material and a lack of experimental models that appropriately recapitulate ITH. To investigate metastatic cell adaptations and the contribution of ITH to metastasis, we analyzed single-cell transcriptomes of matched primary tumors and metastases from patient-derived xenograft models of breast cancer. We found profound transcriptional differences between the primary tumor and metastatic cells. Primary tumors upregulated several metabolic genes, whereas motility pathway genes were upregulated in micrometastases, and stress response signaling was upregulated during progression. Additionally, we identified primary tumor gene signatures that were associated with increased metastatic potential and correlated with patient outcomes. Immune-regulatory control pathways were enriched in poorly metastatic primary tumors, whereas genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition were upregulated in highly metastatic tumors. We found that ITH was dominated by epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), which presented as a dynamic continuum with intermediate EMP cell states characterized by specific genes such as CRYAB and S100A2. Elevated expression of an intermediate EMP signature correlated with worse patient outcomes. Our findings identified inhibition of the intermediate EMP cell state as a potential therapeutic target to block metastasis.

Exploiting Matrix Stiffness to Overcome Drug Resistance

Drug resistance is arguably one of the biggest challenges facing cancer research today. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance in tumor progression and metastasis are essential in developing better treatment modalities. Given the matrix stiffness affecting the mechanotransduction capabilities of cancer cells, characterization of the related signal transduction pathways can provide a better understanding for developing novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we aimed to summarize the recent advancements in tumor matrix biology in parallel to therapeutic approaches targeting matrix stiffness and its consequences in cellular processes in tumor progression and metastasis. The cellular processes governed by signal transduction pathways and their aberrant activation may result in activating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness, and autophagy, which can be attributed to drug resistance. Developing therapeutic strategies to target these cellular processes in cancer biology will offer novel therapeutic approaches to tailor better personalized treatment modalities for clinical studies.

c-MYC/METTL3/LINC01006 positive feedback loop promotes migration, invasion and proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

This study aims to clarify the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of LINC01006, which is involved in migration, invasion and proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

LINC01006 and METTL3 expressions were analyzed in TCGA-LUAD cohort. Colony formation assay, wound-healing assay and transwell assay were performed to evaluate the ability of colony formation, migration and invasion. Q-PCR and western blot analysis determined gene expressions. M6A-RNA immunoprecipitation and m6A quantification assay were used to evaluate m6A modification. qChIP assay was used to validate transcriptional target. Luciferase assay validated the miRNA targets and transcriptional targets. In-situ xenograft model were included to evaluate tumor proliferation in vivo.

RESULTS

LINC01006 and METTL3 expressions were elevated in NSCLC cells and tissues. LINC01006 promoted the migration and invasion of NSCLC via epithelial - mesenchymal transition (EMT). The expression of LINC01006 was positively correlated to the expression of METTL3. METTL3 promoted tumor formation and proliferation in the in-situ xenograft model of NSCLC. The expression of LINC01006 was increased by METTL3 via m6A modification. c-MYC directly induced METTL3. Both c-MYC and LINC01006 were commonly targeted by miR-34a/b/c and miR-2682, and thereby c-MYC/METTL3/LINC01006 formed a positive feedback loop through miRNA targets in NSCLC.

CONCLUSIONS

LINC01006 is an oncogenic lncRNA, which induces migration, invasion and proliferation of NSCLC. METTL3 increases LINC01006 expression through stabilizing LINC01006 mRNA. c-MYC, as a transcription factor, activates METTL3, which results in an elevated level of LINC01006. c-MYC, METTL3 and LINC01006 form a positive feedback loop through multiple miRNA targets in NSCLC.

Multifaceted role of FAM210B in hepatocellular carcinoma: Implications for tumour progression, microenvironment modulation and therapeutic selection

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and lethal liver cancer characterized by complex aetiology and limited treatment options. FAM210B, implicated in various cancers, is noteworthy for its potential role in the progression and treatment response of HCC. Yet, its expression patterns, functional impacts and correlations with patient outcomes and resistance to therapy are not well understood. We employed a comprehensive methodology to explore the role of FAM210B in HCC, analysing its expression across cancers, subcellular localization and impacts on cell proliferation, invasion, migration, biological enrichment and the immune microenvironment. Additionally, we investigated its expression in single cells, drug sensitivity and relationships with genomic instability, immunotherapy efficacy and key immune checkpoints. While FAM210B expression varied across cancers, there was no notable difference between HCC and normal tissues. Elevated levels of FAM210B were associated with improved survival outcomes. Subcellular analysis located FAM210B in the plasma membrane and cytosol. FAM210B was generally downregulated in HCC, and its suppression significantly enhanced cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Biological enrichment analysis linked FAM210B to metabolic and immune response pathways. Moreover, its expression modified the immune microenvironment of HCC, affecting drug responsiveness and immunotherapy outcomes. High expression levels of FAM202B correlated with increased resistance to sunitinib and enhanced responsiveness to immunotherapy, as evidenced by associations with tumour mutation burden, PDCD1, CTLA4 and TIDE scores. FAM210B exerts a complex influence on HCC, affecting tumour cell behaviour, metabolic pathways, the immune microenvironment and responses to therapy.

IGF1R signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity via ITGAV in cutaneous carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Early cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) generally show epithelial differentiation features and good prognosis, whereas advanced cSCCs present mesenchymal traits associated with tumor relapse, metastasis, and poor survival. Currently, the mechanisms involved in cSCC progression are unclear, and the established markers are suboptimal for accurately predicting the clinical course of the disease.

METHODS

Using a mouse model of cSCC progression, expression microarray analysis, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assays, we have identified a prognostic biomarker of tumor relapse, which has been evaluated in a cohort of cSCC patient samples. Phosphoproteomic analysis have revealed signaling pathways induced in epithelial plastic cancer cells that promote epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) and tumor progression. These pathways have been validated by genetic and pharmacological inhibition assays.

RESULTS

We show that the emergence of epithelial cancer cells expressing integrin αV (ITGAV) promotes cSCC progression to a mesenchymal state. Consistently, ITGAV expression allows the identification of patients at risk of cSCC relapse above the currently employed clinical histopathological parameters. We also demonstrate that activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) pathway in epithelial cancer cells is necessary to induce EMP and mesenchymal state acquisition in response to tumor microenvironment-derived factors, while promoting ITGAV expression. Likewise, ITGAV knockdown in epithelial plastic cancer cells also blocks EMP acquisition, generating epithelial tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate that ITGAV is a prognostic biomarker of relapse in cSCCs that would allow improved patient stratification. ITGAV also collaborates with IGF1R to induce EMP in epithelial cancer cells and promotes cSCC progression, revealing a potential therapeutic strategy to block the generation of advanced mesenchymal cSCCs.

KLHL14 and E-Cadherin Nuclear Co-Expression as Predicting Factor of Nonfunctioning PitNET Invasiveness: Preliminary Study

Background/Objectives. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are needed to improve the clinical management of nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PitNETs). Here, the expression of two proteins controlling the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-an underlying NF-PitNET pathogenic mechanism-were analyzed as prognostic markers: E-cadherin (E-Cad) and KLHL14. Methods. The immunohistochemistry characterization of KLHL14 and E-Cad subcellular expression in surgical specimens of 12 NF-PitNET patients, with low and high invasiveness grades (respectively, Ki67+ < and ≥3%) was carried out. Results. The analysis of healthy vs. NF-PitNET tissues demonstrated an increased protein expression and nuclear translocation of KLHL14. Moreover, both E-Cad and KLHL14 shifted from a cytoplasmic (C) form in a low invasive NF-PitNET to a nuclear (N) localization in a high invasive NF-PitNET. A significant correlation was found between E-Cad/KLHL14 co-localization in the cytoplasm (p = 0.01) and nucleus (p = 0.01) and with NF-PitNET invasiveness grade. Conclusions. Nuclear buildup of both E-Cad and KLHL14 detected in high invasive NF-PitNET patients highlights a novel intracellular mechanism governing the tumor propensity to local invasion (Ki67+ ≥ 3%). The prolonged progression-free survival trend documented in patients with lower KLHL14 expression further supported such a hypothesis even if a larger cohort of NF-PitNET patients have to be analyzed to definitively recognize a key prognostic role for KLHL14.

Role of the P2X7 receptor in breast cancer progression

Breast cancer is a common malignant tumor, whose incidence is increasing year by year, and it has become the malignant tumor with the highest incidence rate in women. Purine ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) is a cation channel receptor with Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP) as a ligand, which is widely distributed in cells and tissues, and is closely related to tumorigenesis and progression. P2X7R plays an important role in cancer by interacting with ATP. Studies have shown that P2X7R is up-regulated in breast cancer and can promote tumor invasion and metastasis by activating the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), controlling the generation of extracellular vesicle (EV), and regulating the expression of the inflammatory protein cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Furthermore, P2X7R was proven to play an essential role in the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Recently, inhibitors targeting P2X7R have been found to inhibit the progression of breast cancer. Natural P2X7R antagonists, such as rhodopsin, and the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine, have also been shown to be effective in inhibiting breast cancer progression. In this article, we review the research progress of P2X7R and breast cancer intending to provide new targets and directions for breast cancer treatment.

Unveiling the therapeutic promise: exploring Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) signaling in malignant bone tumors for novel cancer treatments

Malignant bone tumors, including primary bone cancer and metastatic bone tumors, are a significant clinical challenge due to their high frequency of presentation, poor prognosis and lack of effective treatments and therapies. Bone tumors are often accompanied by skeletal complications such as bone destruction and cancer-induced bone pain. However, the mechanisms involved in bone cancer progression, bone metastasis and skeletal complications remain unclear. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an intercellular lipid signaling molecule that exerts a wide range of biological effects mainly through specifically binding to LPA receptors (LPARs), has been found to be present at high levels in the ascites of bone tumor patients. Numerous studies have suggested that LPA plays a role in primary malignant bone tumors, bone metastasis, and skeletal complications. In this review, we summarize the role of LPA signaling in primary bone cancer, bone metastasis and skeletal complications. Modulating LPA signaling may represent a novel avenue for future therapeutic treatments for bone cancer, potentially improving patient prognosis and quality of life.

Current Applications and Future Directions of Circulating Tumor Cells in Colorectal Cancer Recurrence

The ability to predict or detect colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence early after surgery enables physicians to apply appropriate treatment plans and different follow-up strategies to improve patient survival. Overall, 30-50% of CRC patients experience cancer recurrence after radical surgery, but current surveillance tools have limitations in the precise and early detection of cancer recurrence. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that detach from the primary tumor and enter the bloodstream. These can provide real-time information on disease status. CTCs might become novel markers for predicting CRC recurrence and, more importantly, for making decisions about additional adjuvant chemotherapy. In this review, the clinical application of CTCs as a therapeutic marker for stage II CRC is described. It then discusses the utility of CTCs for monitoring cancer recurrence in advanced rectal cancer patients who undergo neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Finally, it discusses the roles of CTC subtypes and CTCs combined with clinicopathological factors in establishing a multimarker model for predicting CRC recurrence.