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Satpati A, Pereira FL, Soloviev AV, Mladinov M, Larsen E, Hua SL, Tu CL, Leite REP, Suemoto CK, Rodriguez RD, Paes VR, Walsh C, Spina S, Seeley WW, Pasqualucci CA, Filho WJ, Chang W, Neylan TC, Grinberg LT. The wake- and sleep-modulating neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area demonstrate a differential pattern of degeneration in Alzheimers disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583765. [PMID: 38559184 PMCID: PMC10979907 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep-wake dysfunction is an early and common event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) regulates the sleep and wake cycle through wake-promoting orexinergic neurons (OrxN) and sleep-promoting melanin-concentrating hormone or MCHergic neurons (MCHN). These neurons share close anatomical proximity with functional reciprocity. This study investigated LHA OrxN and MCHN loss patterns in AD individuals. Understanding the degeneration pattern of these neurons will be instrumental in designing potential therapeutics to slow down the disease progression and remediate the sleep-wake dysfunction in AD. METHODS Postmortem human brain tissue from donors with AD (across progressive stages) and controls were examined using unbiased stereology. Formalin-fixed, celloidin-embedded hypothalamic sections were stained with Orx-A/MCH, p-tau (CP13), and counterstained with gallocyanin. Orx or MCH-positive neurons with or without CP13 inclusions and gallocyanin-stained neurons were considered for stereology counting. Additionally, we extracted RNA from the LHA using conventional techniques. We used customized Neuropathology and Glia nCounter (Nanostring) panels to study gene expression. Wald statistical test was used to compare the groups, and the genes were considered differentially expressed when the p-value was <.05. RESULTS We observed a progressive decline in OrxN alongside a relative preservation of MCHN. OrxN decreased by 58% (p=0.03) by Braak stages (BB) 1-2 and further declined to 81% (p=0.03) by BB 5-6. Conversely, MCHN demonstrated a non-statistical significant decline (27%, p=0.1088) by BB 6. We observed a progressive increase in differentially expressed genes (DEGs), starting with glial profile changes in BB2. While OrxN loss was observed, Orx-related genes showed upregulation in BB 3-4 compared to BB 0-1. GO and KEGG terms related to neuroinflammatory pathways were mainly enriched. CONCLUSIONS To date, OrxN loss in the LHA represents the first neuronal population to die preceding the loss of LC neurons. Conversely, MCHN shows resilience to AD p-tau accumulation across Braak stages. The initial loss of OrxN correlates with specific neuroinflammation, glial profile changes, and an overexpression of HCRT, possibly due to hyperexcitation following compensation mechanisms. Interventions preventing OrxN loss and inhibiting p-tau accumulation in the LHA could prevent neuronal loss in AD and, perhaps, the progression of the disease.
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Nascimento C, Villela Nunes P, Paraizo Leite RE, Grinberg LT, Suemoto CK, Lafer B. The relationship of neuropsychiatric symptoms with inflammatory markers in the hippocampus and cingulate cortex of bipolar disorder subjects: A post-mortem study. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:25-33. [PMID: 38479345 PMCID: PMC11037553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Increased levels of inflammation markers have been found in the peripheral tissue of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), especially during mood episodes. Previous studies found distinctive inflammatory profiles across different brain regions, but potential associations with clinical symptoms are still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the association of neuropsychiatric symptoms with inflammatory markers in the hippocampus and cingulate of individuals with BD. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, cortisol, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate of 14 BD individuals and their non-psychiatric controls. Neuropsychiatric symptoms present in the three months before death were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). In the BD group, greater NPI scores were associated with higher IL-6 in the hippocampus (p = 0.011) and cingulate (p = 0.038) and higher IL-1β (p = 0.039) in the hippocampus. After adjusting for age, sex and CDR, IL-1β and IL-6 were still associated with higher NPI in the hippocampus. In correlation analysis considering both BD and their controls, moderate positive associations were found between NPI and IL-6 and cortisol in the hippocampus (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006) and cingulate (p = 0.024 and p = 0.016), IL-1β (p < 0.001) and IL-17A in the hippocampus (p = 0.002). No difference in inflammatory markers was found according to type of psychotropic medication used. Hence, in individuals with BD, neuropsychiatric symptoms were differently associated with specific inflammatory cytokines and CRP in the hippocampus and cingulate. These results suggest that the neuroinflammatory changes occurring in BD may be more complex than previously expected and could be associated with clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nascimento
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Sao Paulo - School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Discipline of Molecular Biology, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Villela Nunes
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Memory and Aging Center University of California, Department of Neurology, San Francisco, USA
| | - Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM-22, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM-22, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Memory and Aging Center University of California, Department of Neurology, San Francisco, USA
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM-22, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beny Lafer
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Nitrini R. Why did humans surpass all other primates? Are our brains so different? Part 2. Dement Neuropsychol 2024; 18:e20240087P2. [PMID: 38628562 PMCID: PMC11019716 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2024-0087p2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The second part of this review is an attempt to explain why only Homo sapiens developed language. It should be remarked that this review is based on the opinion of a clinical neurologist and does not intend to go beyond an overview of this complex topic. The progressive development of language was probably due to the expansion of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its networks. PFC is the largest area of the human cerebral cortex and is much more expanded in humans than in other primates. To achieve language, several other functions should have been attained, including abstraction, reasoning, expanded working memory, and executive functions. All these functions are strongly related to PFC and language had a profound retroactive impact on them all. Language and culture produce anatomic and physiological modifications in the brain. Learning to read is presented as an example of how culture modifies the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Nitrini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Adeoye T, Shah SI, Ullah G. Systematic Analysis of Biological Processes Reveals Gene Co-expression Modules Driving Pathway Dysregulation in Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.585267. [PMID: 38559218 PMCID: PMC10980062 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifests as a complex systems pathology with intricate interplay among various genes and biological processes. Traditional differential gene expression (DEG) analysis, while commonly employed to characterize AD-driven perturbations, does not sufficiently capture the full spectrum of underlying biological processes. Utilizing single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data from postmortem brain samples across key regions-middle temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex-we provide a comprehensive systematic analysis of disrupted processes in AD. We go beyond the DEG-centric analysis by integrating pathway activity analysis with weighted gene co-expression patterns to comprehensively map gene interconnectivity, identifying region- and cell-type-specific drivers of biological processes associated with AD. Our analysis reveals profound modular heterogeneity in neurons and glia as well as extensive AD-related functional disruptions. Co-expression networks highlighted the extended involvement of astrocytes and microglia in biological processes beyond neuroinflammation, such as calcium homeostasis, glutamate regulation, lipid metabolism, vesicle-mediated transport, and TOR signaling. We find limited representation of DEGs within dysregulated pathways across neurons and glial cells, indicating that differential gene expression alone may not adequately represent the disease complexity. Further dissection of inferred gene modules revealed distinct dynamics of hub DEGs in neurons versus glia, highlighting the differential impact of DEGs on neurons compared to glial cells in driving modular dysregulations underlying perturbed biological processes. Interestingly, we note an overall downregulation of both astrocyte and microglia modules in AD across all brain regions, suggesting a prevailing trend of functional repression in glial cells across these regions. Notable genes, including those of the CALM and HSP90 family genes emerged as hub genes across neuronal modules in all brain regions, indicating conserved roles as drivers of synaptic dysfunction in AD. Our findings demonstrate the importance of an integrated, systems-oriented approach combining pathway and network analysis for a comprehensive understanding of the cell-type-specific roles of genes in AD-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Adeoye
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Syed I Shah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Ghanim Ullah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
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Isik AT, Kaya D, Gokden M. Brain Banking in Dementia Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2785:287-295. [PMID: 38427200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3774-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
It is now well-established practice in dementia that one clinical entity may be caused by various neurodegenerative disorders, each with different histopathological findings, whereas neuropathologically confirmed patients may have different, unusual, and atypical clinical manifestations.This inconsistency in dementia patients leads to neuropathological examination of cases, and neuropathological examination seems to be an inevitable part of dementia practice, at least until all clinical entities are properly identified for humans.Additionally, the development of disease-modifying therapies and confirmation of the actual accurate diagnosis of the neurodegenerative disease that the drug is thought to modify or act upon are of great importance for neuropathological evaluation in brain banks.Neuropathological processes coexisting among patients diagnosed with established clinical criteria or international guidelines have provided a new perspective in the context of drug development.Here, we review our routinely used methodology in the context of the brain banking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Turan Isik
- Unit for Aging Brain and Dementia, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Kaya
- Unit for Aging Brain and Dementia, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Gokden
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Paradela RS, Justo AFO, Paes VR, Leite REP, Pasqualucci CA, Grinberg LT, Naslavsky MS, Zatz M, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, Suemoto CK. Association between APOE-ε4 allele and cognitive function is mediated by Alzheimer's disease pathology: a population-based autopsy study in an admixed sample. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:205. [PMID: 38115150 PMCID: PMC10731799 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE-ε4) is the main genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may impact cognitive function also via other neuropathological lesions. However, there is limited evidence available from diverse populations, as APOE associations with dementia seem to differ by race. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the pathways linking APOE-ε4 to cognitive abilities through AD and non-AD neuropathology in an autopsy study with an admixed sample. METHODS Neuropathological lesions were evaluated following international criteria using immunohistochemistry. Participants were classified into APOE-ε4 carriers (at least one ε4 allele) and non-carriers. Cognitive abilities were evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale sum of boxes. Mediation analyses were conducted to assess the indirect association of APOE-ε4 with cognition through AD-pathology, lacunar infarcts, hyaline arteriosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), Lewy body disease (LBD), and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). RESULTS We included 648 participants (mean age 75 ± 12 years old, mean education 4.4 ± 3.7 years, 52% women, 69% White, and 28% APOE-ε4 carriers). The association between APOE-ε4 and cognitive abilities was mediated by neurofibrillary tangles (β = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.45; 1.38, p < 0.001) and neuritic plaques (β = 1.36, 95% CI = 0.86; 1.96, p < 0.001). Lacunar infarcts, hyaline arteriosclerosis, CAA, LBD, and TDP-43 were not mediators in the pathway from APOE-ε4 to cognition. CONCLUSION The association between APOE-ε4 and cognitive abilities was partially mediated by AD-pathology. On the other hand, cerebrovascular lesions and other neurodegenerative diseases did not mediate the association between APOE-ε4 and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Silva Paradela
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, 455 Doutor Arnaldo Avenue, room 1355, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Vítor Ribeiro Paes
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michel Satya Naslavsky
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, 455 Doutor Arnaldo Avenue, room 1355, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, 455 Doutor Arnaldo Avenue, room 1355, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ribeiro FC, Cozachenco D, Heimfarth L, Fortuna JTS, de Freitas GB, de Sousa JM, Alves-Leon SV, Leite REP, Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, De Felice FG, Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST. Synaptic proteasome is inhibited in Alzheimer's disease models and associates with memory impairment in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1127. [PMID: 37935829 PMCID: PMC10630330 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome plays key roles in synaptic plasticity and memory by regulating protein turnover, quality control, and elimination of oxidized/misfolded proteins. Here, we investigate proteasome function and localization at synapses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) post-mortem brain tissue and in experimental models. We found a marked increase in ubiquitinylated proteins in post-mortem AD hippocampi compared to controls. Using several experimental models, we show that amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) inhibit synaptic proteasome activity and trigger a reduction in synaptic proteasome content. We further show proteasome inhibition specifically in hippocampal synaptic fractions derived from APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. Reduced synaptic proteasome activity instigated by AβOs is corrected by treatment with rolipram, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, in mice. Results further show that dynein inhibition blocks AβO-induced reduction in dendritic proteasome content in hippocampal neurons. Finally, proteasome inhibition induces AD-like pathological features, including reactive oxygen species and dendritic spine loss in hippocampal neurons, inhibition of hippocampal mRNA translation, and memory impairment in mice. Results suggest that proteasome inhibition may contribute to synaptic and memory deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Ribeiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle Cozachenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana Heimfarth
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana T S Fortuna
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B de Freitas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jorge M de Sousa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Clementino Chagas Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Soniza V Alves-Leon
- Division of Neurology, Clementino Chagas Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Paradela RS, Farias-Itao DS, Leite REP, Pasqualucci CA, Grinberg LT, Naslavsky MS, Zatz M, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, Suemoto CK. Apolipoprotein E ε2 allele is associated with lower risk of carotid artery obstruction in a population-based autopsy study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107229. [PMID: 37531722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele has been associated with higher carotid atherosclerosis risk, while the APOE-ε2 seems to decrease this risk. Data from autopsy studies, where carotid arteries can be evaluated in their full extension, is scarce. Therefore, we investigated the association between APOE alleles and direct morphometric measurements of carotid atherosclerosis in an autopsy study with an admixed sample. METHODS We measured the intima-media thickness (IMT) and stenosis of the common (CCA) and internal carotid (ICA) arteries. The APOE polymorphisms were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Participants were classified into three groups according to the APOE alleles (ε2, ε3, and ε4). We evaluated the association between APOE groups and carotid atherosclerosis using adjusted regression models and included interaction terms of APOE alleles with age, sex, and race. RESULTS We evaluated 1,850 carotid artery samples from 185 participants (mean age=75±12 years old, 55% female, and 71% White). The APOE-ε2 group (n=17) had a lower carotid obstruction and a lower number of severe stenoses (≥ 70%). Having at least one ε4 allele (n=51) was not associated with carotid atherosclerosis. APOE alleles were also not associated with carotid IMT. Age, sex, and race did not modify these relationships. CONCLUSION APOE-ε2 carriers had a lower percentage of carotid obstruction and less severe stenosis. APOE-ε4 was not related to a higher risk of carotid atherosclerosis in this cross-sectional population-based autopsy study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata E P Leite
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Michel Satya Naslavsky
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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9
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Castro-Fonseca E, Morais V, da Silva CG, Wollner J, Freitas J, Mello-Neto AF, Oliveira LE, de Oliveira VC, Leite REP, Alho AT, Rodriguez RD, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Suemoto CK, Jacob-Filho W, Nitrini R, Pasqualucci CA, Grinberg LT, Tovar-Moll F, Lent R. The influence of age and sex on the absolute cell numbers of the human brain cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8654-8666. [PMID: 37106573 PMCID: PMC10321098 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex is one of the most evolved regions of the brain, responsible for most higher-order neural functions. Since nerve cells (together with synapses) are the processing units underlying cortical physiology and morphology, we studied how the human neocortex is composed regarding the number of cells as a function of sex and age. We used the isotropic fractionator for cell quantification of immunocytochemically labeled nuclei from the cerebral cortex donated by 43 cognitively healthy subjects aged 25-87 years old. In addition to previously reported sexual dimorphism in the medial temporal lobe, we found more neurons in the occipital lobe of men, higher neuronal density in women's frontal lobe, but no sex differences in the number and density of cells in the other lobes and the whole neocortex. On average, the neocortex has ~10.2 billion neurons, 34% in the frontal lobe and the remaining 66% uniformly distributed among the other 3 lobes. Along typical aging, there is a loss of non-neuronal cells in the frontal lobe and the preservation of the number of neurons in the cortex. Our study made possible to determine the different degrees of modulation that sex and age evoke on cortical cellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Castro-Fonseca
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Morais
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila G da Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Wollner
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Freitas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arthur F Mello-Neto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vilson C de Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Research in Aging (LIM-66), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana T Alho
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta D Rodriguez
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E L Ferretti-Rebustini
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Research in Aging (LIM-66), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Research in Aging (LIM-66), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Ministry of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yahagi-Estevam M, Farias-Itao DS, Leite REP, Rodriguez RD, Pasqualucci CA, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, Power MC, Suemoto CK. The Potential Role of Selection Bias in the Association Between Coronary Atherosclerosis and Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD220820. [PMID: 37182864 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary atherosclerosis assessed in vivo was associated with cognitive impairment; however, conflicting findings have been reported in autopsy samples. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to assess the association between atherosclerotic stenosis in the coronary arteries and cognitive impairment and to investigate the possibility of selection bias in an autopsy study. METHODS Coronary arteries were collected, and the largest luminal stenosis was measured. Sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive information were reported by a reliable next-of-kin. The association was tested using logistic and linear regressions adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables. We restricted the sample to individuals that were born in 1935 or earlier and stratified the analysis by cause of death to investigate the role of selection bias. RESULTS In 253 participants (mean age = 78.0±8.5 years old, 48% male), stenosis was not associated with cognitive impairment (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.69; 1.06, p = 0.15). In individuals who were born before 1936 in the absence of cardiovascular disease as the cause of death, greater stenosis was associated with cognitive impairment (OR = 4.02, 95% CI = 1.39; 11.6, p = 0.01). On the other hand, this association was not present among those born in 1935 or earlier who died of cardiovascular diseases (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.60; 1.16, p = 0.28). CONCLUSION We found that higher coronary stenosis was associated with cognitive impairment only in individuals born in 1935 or earlier and who had not died from cardiovascular diseases. Selection bias may be an important issue when investigating risk factors for chronic degenerative diseases in older individuals using autopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite
- Physiopathology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group - LIM22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Physiopathology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group - LIM22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Physiopathology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group - LIM22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Physiopathology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group - LIM22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melinda C Power
- Department of Epidemiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Physiopathology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group - LIM22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Yonamine CY, Passarelli M, Suemoto CK, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Alves VAF, Marie SKN, Correa-Giannella ML, Britto LR, Machado UF. Postmortem Brains from Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus Display Reduced GLUT4 Expression and Soma Area in Hippocampal Neurons: Potential Involvement of Inflammation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091250. [PMID: 37174649 PMCID: PMC10177173 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for dementia, which is a common neurodegenerative disorder. DM is known to activate inflammation, oxidative stress, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) generation, all capable of inducing neuronal dysfunctions, thus participating in the neurodegeneration progress. In that process, disturbed neuronal glucose supply plays a key role, which in hippocampal neurons is controlled by the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). We investigated the expression of GLUT4, nuclear factor NF-kappa B subunit p65 [NFKB (p65)], carboxymethyllysine and synapsin1 (immunohistochemistry), and soma area in human postmortem hippocampal samples from control, obese, and obese+DM subjects (41 subjects). Moreover, in human SH-SY5Y neurons, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and glycated albumin (GA) effects were investigated in GLUT4, synapsin-1 (SYN1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), synaptophysin (SYP) proteins, and respective genes; NFKB binding activity in the SLC2A4 promoter; effects of increased histone acetylation grade by histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibition. Hippocampal neurons (CA4 area) of obese+DM subjects displayed reduced GLUT4 expression and neuronal soma area, associated with increased expression of NFKB (p65). Challenges with TNF and GA decreased the SLC2A4/GLUT4 expression in SH-SY5Y neurons. TNF decreased SYN1, TH, and SYP mRNAs and respective proteins, and increased NFKB binding activity in the SLC2A4 promoter. Inhibition of HDAC3 increased the SLC2A4 expression and the total neuronal content of CRE-binding proteins (CREB/ICER), and also counterbalanced the repressor effect of TNF upon these parameters. This study revealed reduced postmortem human hippocampal GLUT4 content and neuronal soma area accompanied by increased proinflammatory activity in the brains of DM subjects. In isolated human neurons, inflammatory activation by TNF reduced not only the SLC2A4/GLUT4 expression but also the expression of some genes related to neuronal function (SYN1, TH, SYP). These effects may be related to epigenetic regulations (H3Kac and H4Kac status) since they can be counterbalanced by inhibiting HDAC3. These results uncover the improvement in GLUT4 expression and/or the inhibition of HDAC3 as promising therapeutic targets to fight DM-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Yogi Yonamine
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratório de Lipides (LIM-10) do HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo 01525-000, Brazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Divisao de Geriatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Divisao de Geriatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Venâncio Avancini Ferreira Alves
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Patologia Hepática, (LIM14) do Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella
- Laboratorio de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan Fabres Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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12
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Toscano ECB, Vieira ÉLM, Grinberg LT, Rocha NP, Brant JAS, Paradela RS, Giannetti AV, Suemoto CK, Leite REP, Nitrini R, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL. Hyperphosphorylated Tau in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: a Neuropathological and Cognitive Study. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2174-2185. [PMID: 36622561 PMCID: PMC10084588 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often courses with cognitive deficits, but its underlying neuronal basis remains unclear. Confluent data suggest that epilepsy share pathophysiological mechanisms with neurodegenerative diseases. However, as most studies analyze subjects 60 years old and older, it is challenging to rule out that neurodegenerative changes arise from age-related mechanisms rather than epilepsy in these individuals. To fill this gap, we conducted a neuropathological investigation of the hippocampal formation of 22 adults with mesial TLE and 20 age- and sex-matched controls (both younger than 60 years). Moreover, we interrogated the relationship between these neuropathological metrics and cognitive performance. Hippocampal formation extracted from patients with drug-resistant mesial TLE undergoing surgery and postmortem non-sclerotic hippocampal formation of clinically and neuropathologically controls underwent immunohistochemistry against amyloid β (Aβ), hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) proteins, followed by quantitative analysis. Patients underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation prior to surgery. TLE hippocampi showed a significantly higher burden of p-tau than controls, whereas Aβ deposits and abnormal inclusions of TDP-43 were absent in both groups. Patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) type 2 had higher immunostaining for p-tau than patients with HS type 1. In addition, p-tau burden was associated with impairment in attention tasks and seizures frequency. In this series of adults younger than 60 years-old, the increase of p-tau burden associated with higher frequency of seizures and attention impairment suggests the involvement of tau pathology as a potential contributor to cognitive deficits in mesial TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana C B Toscano
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, s/no. - 36038-330 - Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Érica L M Vieira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Healthy (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Biobank for Aging Studies, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia P Rocha
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseane A S Brant
- Departamento de Neurocirurgia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Regina S Paradela
- Biobank for Aging Studies, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre V Giannetti
- Departamento de Neurocirurgia, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Biobank for Aging Studies, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Biobank for Aging Studies, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Biobank for Aging Studies, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Milene A Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Gibson LL, Grinberg LT, Ffytche D, Leite REP, Rodriguez RD, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Pasqualucci CA, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, Aarsland D, Suemoto CK. Neuropathological correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:1372-1382. [PMID: 36150075 PMCID: PMC10033459 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in Lewy body disease (LBD), but their etiology is poorly understood. METHODS In a population-based post mortem study neuropathological data was collected for Lewy body (LB) neuropathology, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), amyloid beta burden, TDP-43, lacunar infarcts, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and hyaline atherosclerosis. Post mortem interviews collected systematic information regarding NPS and cognitive status. A total of 1038 cases were included: no pathology (NP; n = 761), Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 189), LBD (n = 60), and AD+LBD (n = 28). RESULTS Hallucinations were associated with higher LB Braak stages, while higher NFT Braak staging was associated with depression, agitation, and greater number of symptoms in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Cases with dual AD+LBD pathology had the highest risk of hallucinations, agitation, apathy, and total symptoms but a multiplicative interaction between these pathologies was not significant. DISCUSSION LB and AD pathology contribute differentially to NPS likely with an additive process contributing to the increased burden of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L Gibson
- Old Age Psychiatry Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dominic Ffytche
- Old Age Psychiatry Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dag Aarsland
- Old Age Psychiatry Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Disease, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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14
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Insausti R, Insausti AM, Muñoz López M, Medina Lorenzo I, Arroyo-Jiménez MDM, Marcos Rabal MP, de la Rosa-Prieto C, Delgado-González JC, Montón Etxeberria J, Cebada-Sánchez S, Raspeño-García JF, Iñiguez de Onzoño MM, Molina Romero FJ, Benavides-Piccione R, Tapia-González S, Wisse LEM, Ravikumar S, Wolk DA, DeFelipe J, Yushkevich P, Artacho-Pérula E. Ex vivo, in situ perfusion protocol for human brain fixation compatible with microscopy, MRI techniques, and anatomical studies. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1149674. [PMID: 37034833 PMCID: PMC10076536 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1149674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a method for human brain fixation based on simultaneous perfusion of 4% paraformaldehyde through carotids after a flush with saline. The left carotid cannula is used to perfuse the body with 10% formalin, to allow further use of the body for anatomical research or teaching. The aim of our method is to develop a vascular fixation protocol for the human brain, by adapting protocols that are commonly used in experimental animal studies. We show that a variety of histological procedures can be carried out (cyto- and myeloarchitectonics, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, intracellular cell injection, and electron microscopy). In addition, ex vivo, ex situ high-resolution MRI (9.4T) can be obtained in the same specimens. This procedure resulted in similar morphological features to those obtained by intravascular perfusion in experimental animals, provided that the postmortem interval was under 10 h for several of the techniques used and under 4 h in the case of intracellular injections and electron microscopy. The use of intravascular fixation of the brain inside the skull provides a fixed whole human brain, perfectly fitted to the skull, with negligible deformation compared to conventional techniques. Given this characteristic of ex vivo, in situ fixation, this procedure can probably be considered the most suitable one available for ex vivo MRI scans of the brain. We describe the compatibility of the method proposed for intravascular fixation of the human brain and fixation of the donor's body for anatomical purposes. Thus, body donor programs can provide human brain tissue, while the remainder of the body can also be fixed for anatomical studies. Therefore, this method of human brain fixation through the carotid system optimizes the procurement of human brain tissue, allowing a greater understanding of human neurological diseases, while benefiting anatomy departments by making the remainder of the body available for teaching purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Insausti
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ana María Insausti
- Department of Health, School of Medicine, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mónica Muñoz López
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Isidro Medina Lorenzo
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Arroyo-Jiménez
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Pilar Marcos Rabal
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carlos de la Rosa-Prieto
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - José Carlos Delgado-González
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Montón Etxeberria
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Sandra Cebada-Sánchez
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Raspeño-García
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Iñiguez de Onzoño
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Molina Romero
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ruth Benavides-Piccione
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, and Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Tapia-González
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, and Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sadhana Ravikumar
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David A. Wolk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, and Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Yushkevich
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emilio Artacho-Pérula
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Neuromax CSIC Associated Unit, Medical Sciences Department, School of Medicine and CRIB, University of Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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15
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Li K, Rashid T, Li J, Honnorat N, Nirmala AB, Fadaee E, Wang D, Charisis S, Liu H, Franklin C, Maybrier M, Katragadda H, Abazid L, Ganapathy V, Valaparla VL, Badugu P, Vasquez E, Solano L, Clarke G, Maestre G, Richardson T, Walker J, Fox PT, Bieniek K, Seshadri S, Habes M. Postmortem Brain Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: The South Texas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Repository. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1267-1283. [PMID: 37955086 PMCID: PMC10693476 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging bears the promise of providing new biomarkers that could refine the diagnosis of dementia. Still, obtaining the pathology data required to validate the relationship between neuroimaging markers and neurological changes is challenging. Existing data repositories are focused on a single pathology, are too small, or do not precisely match neuroimaging and pathology findings. OBJECTIVE The new data repository introduced in this work, the South Texas Alzheimer's Disease research center repository, was designed to address these limitations. Our repository covers a broad diversity of dementias, spans a wide age range, and was specifically designed to draw exact correspondences between neuroimaging and pathology data. METHODS Using four different MRI sequences, we are reaching a sample size that allows for validating multimodal neuroimaging biomarkers and studying comorbid conditions. Our imaging protocol was designed to capture markers of cerebrovascular disease and related lesions. Quantification of these lesions is currently underway with MRI-guided histopathological examination. RESULTS A total of 139 postmortem brains (70 females) with mean age of 77.9 years were collected, with 71 brains fully analyzed. Of these, only 3% showed evidence of AD-only pathology and 76% had high prevalence of multiple pathologies contributing to clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION This repository has a significant (and increasing) sample size consisting of a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders and employs advanced imaging protocols and MRI-guided histopathological analysis to help disentangle the effects of comorbid disorders to refine diagnosis, prognosis and better understand neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Li
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tanweer Rashid
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jinqi Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicolas Honnorat
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anoop Benet Nirmala
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Elyas Fadaee
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Di Wang
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sokratis Charisis
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hangfan Liu
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Crystal Franklin
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mallory Maybrier
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haritha Katragadda
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Leen Abazid
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vinutha Ganapathy
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Pradeepthi Badugu
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eliana Vasquez
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Leigh Solano
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Geoffrey Clarke
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gladys Maestre
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Tim Richardson
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie Walker
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Bieniek
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mohamad Habes
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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16
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Paradela RS, Farias-Itao DS, Leite REP, Pasqualucci CA, Grinberg LT, Naslavsky MS, Zatz M, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, Suemoto CK. Apolipoprotein E genotypes were not associated with intracranial atherosclerosis: a population-based autopsy study. Cardiovasc Pathol 2023; 62:107479. [PMID: 36155836 PMCID: PMC9990746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2022.107479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) ε4 allele is associated with a higher risk of carotid atherosclerosis, but less is known about the association of APOE with intracranial atherosclerotic disease (IAD). We aimed to investigate the association of APOE alleles with IAD in a cross-sectional autopsy study. METHODS We measured the stenosis in the 12 arteries of the Circle of Willis using postmortem morphometric measurements. The APOE polymorphism was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We assessed the association between APOE polymorphism and IAD using regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables. We also verified the modifier effect of age, sex, and race on this association. We stratified the analysis by age group to investigate the possibility of attrition bias. RESULTS In 400 participants (mean age=73.2±12.3 years old, 51% female, and 64% White), IAD was evaluated in 4,504 artery segments. APOE-ε4 was not associated with IAD nor with the number of artery stenosis compared to non-APOE-ε4 carriers. Sociodemographic variables did not modify this relationship. Among participants older than 70 years, there was a trend towards an association between APOE allele ε4 and a lower stenosis index in the middle cerebral artery, suggesting attrition bias related to the APOE-ε4 effect on mortality. CONCLUSIONS APOE alleles were not associated with IAD in this population-based autopsy study. Lower stenosis in older participants suggests the possibility of attrition bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata E P Leite
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Michel Satya Naslavsky
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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17
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Nunes PV, Suemoto CK, Rodriguez RD, Paraizo Leite RE, Nascimento C, Pasqualucci CA, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, Grinberg LT, Lafer B. Neuropathology of depression in non-demented older adults: A large postmortem study of 741 individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 117:107-116. [PMID: 35709536 PMCID: PMC9970030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Associations between age-related neuropathological lesions and adult-onset lifetime major depressive disorder (a-MDD), late-life MDD (LLD), or depressive symptoms close to death (DS) were examined in a large community sample of non-demented older adults. Seven hundred forty-one individuals (age at death = 72.2 ± 11.7 years) from the Biobank for Aging Studies were analyzed. a-MDD was present in 54 (7.3%) participants, LLD in 80 (10.8%), and DS in 168 (22.7%). After adjustment for covariates and compared to controls, a-MDD, LDD and DS were associated with small vessel disease (p = 0.039, p = 0.003, and p = 0.003 respectively); LLD, and DS were associated with brain infarcts (p = 0.012, p = 0.018, respectively) and Lewy body disease (p = 0.043, p = 0.002, respectively). DS was associated with beta-amyloid plaque burden (p = 0.027) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (p = 0.035) in cognitively normal individuals (Clinical Dementia Rating scale = 0). Vascular brain pathology was the strongest correlate of clinical depictions of depression in the absence of dementia, corroborating the vascular hypothesis of depression. Lewy body pathology underlay DS. An older adult with DS or LLD should be monitored for possible cognitive decline or neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Villela Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Department of Geriatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Diehl Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Nascimento
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Department of Geriatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Memory and Aging Center University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beny Lafer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Berry K, Farias-Itao DS, Grinberg LT, Plowey ED, Schneider JA, Rodriguez RD, Suemoto CK, Buckwalter MS. B and T Lymphocyte Densities Remain Stable With Age in Human Cortex. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211018117. [PMID: 34056948 PMCID: PMC8168031 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211018117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of human aging is increased brain inflammation represented by glial activation. With age, there is also diminished function of the adaptive immune system, and modest decreases in circulating B- and T-lymphocytes. Lymphocytes traffic through the human brain and reside there in small numbers, but it is unknown how this changes with age. Thus we investigated whether B- and T-lymphocyte numbers change with age in the normal human brain. We examined 16 human subjects in a pilot study and then 40 human subjects from a single brain bank, ranging in age from 44–96 years old, using rigorous criteria for defining neuropathological changes due to age alone. We immunostained post-mortem cortical tissue for B- and T-lymphocytes using antibodies to CD20 and CD3, respectively. We quantified cell density and made a qualitative assessment of cell location in cortical brain sections, and reviewed prior studies. We report that density and location of both B- and T-lymphocytes do not change with age in the normal human cortex. Solitary B-lymphocytes were found equally in intravascular, perivascular, and parenchymal locations, while T-lymphocytes appeared primarily in perivascular clusters. Thus, any change in number or location of lymphocytes in an aging brain may indicate disease rather than normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey Berry
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, California, United States.,Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, California, United States
| | | | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, California, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Edward D Plowey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, California, United States
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Roberta D Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology and Biobank for Aging Studies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, California, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, California, United States
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19
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Ciciliati AMM, Adriazola IO, Souza Farias-Itao D, Pasqualucci CA, Leite REP, Nitrini R, Grinberg LT, Jacob-Filho W, Suemoto CK. Severe Dementia Predicts Weight Loss by the Time of Death. Front Neurol 2021; 12:610302. [PMID: 34054683 PMCID: PMC8160379 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.610302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Body mass index (BMI) in midlife is associated with dementia. However, the association between BMI and late-life obesity is controversial. Few studies have investigated the association between BMI and cognitive performance near the time of death using data from autopsy examination. We aimed to investigate the association between BMI and dementia in deceased individuals who underwent a full-body autopsy examination. Methods: Weight and height were measured before the autopsy exam. Cognitive function before death was investigated using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. The cross-sectional association between BMI and dementia was investigated using linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables. Results: We included 1,090 individuals (mean age 69.5 ± 13.5 years old, 46% women). Most participants (56%) had a normal BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), and the prevalence of dementia was 16%. Twenty-four percent of the sample had cancer, including 76 cases diagnosed only by the autopsy examination. Moderate and severe dementia were associated with lower BMI compared with participants with normal cognition in fully adjusted models (moderate: β = −1.92, 95% CI = −3.77 to −0.06, p = 0.042; severe: β = −2.91, 95% CI = −3.97 to −1.86, p < 0.001). Conclusion: BMI was associated with moderate and severe dementia in late life, but we did not find associations of BMI with less advanced dementia stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology and Pathology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Man's best friend in life and death: scientific perspectives and challenges of dog brain banking. GeroScience 2021; 43:1653-1668. [PMID: 33970413 PMCID: PMC8492856 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanking refers to the systematic collection, storage, and distribution of pre- or post-mortem biological samples derived from volunteer donors. The demand for high-quality human specimens is clearly demonstrated by the number of newly emerging biobanking facilities and large international collaborative networks. Several animal species are relevant today in medical research; therefore, similar initiatives in comparative physiology could be fruitful. Dogs, in particular, are gaining increasing attention in translational research on complex phenomena, like aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, biobanks gathering and storing dog biological materials together with related data could play a vital role in translational and veterinary research projects. To achieve these aims, a canine biobank should meet the same standards in sample quality and data management as human biobanks and should rely on well-designed collaborative networks between different professionals and dog owners. While efforts to create dog biobanks could face similar financial and technical challenges as their human counterparts, they can widen the spectrum of successful collaborative initiatives towards a better picture of dogs’ physiology, disease, evolution, and translational potential. In this review, we provide an overview about the current state of dog biobanking and introduce the “Canine Brain and Tissue Bank” (CBTB)—a new, large-scale collaborative endeavor in the field.
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21
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Tahira A, Marques F, Lisboa B, Feltrin A, Barbosa A, de Oliveira KC, de Bragança Pereira CA, Leite R, Grinberg L, Suemoto C, de Lucena Ferretti-Rebustini RE, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Brentani H, Palha JA. Are the 50's, the transition decade, in choroid plexus aging? GeroScience 2021; 43:225-237. [PMID: 33576945 PMCID: PMC8050122 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is an important structure for the brain. Besides its major role in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), it conveys signals originating from the brain, and from the circulatory system, shaping brain function in health and in pathology. Previous studies in rodents have revealed altered transcriptome both during aging and in various diseases of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, a high-throughput sequencing of the CP transcriptome was performed in postmortem samples of clinically healthy individuals aged 50's through 80's. The data shows an age-related profile, with the main changes occurring in the transition from the 50's to the 60's, stabilizing thereafter. Specifically, neuronal and membrane functions distinguish the transcriptome between the 50's and the 60's, while neuronal and axon development and extracellular structure organization differentiate the 50's from the 70's. These findings suggest that changes in the CP transcriptome occur early in the aging process. Future studies will unravel whether these relate with processes occurring in late- onset brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tahira
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bianca Lisboa
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Feltrin
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - André Barbosa
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Inter-institutional Grad Program on Bioinformatics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia Cristina de Oliveira
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Leite
- Biobank for Aging Studies Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Grinberg
- Biobank for Aging Studies Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Suemoto
- Biobank for Aging Studies Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Pasqualucci
- Biobank for Aging Studies Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Biobank for Aging Studies Group, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joana Almeida Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal.
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22
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Leng K, Li E, Eser R, Piergies A, Sit R, Tan M, Neff N, Li SH, Rodriguez RD, Suemoto CK, Leite REP, Ehrenberg AJ, Pasqualucci CA, Seeley WW, Spina S, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT, Kampmann M. Molecular characterization of selectively vulnerable neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:276-287. [PMID: 33432193 PMCID: PMC7854528 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the selective vulnerability of specific neuronal populations, the molecular signatures of which are largely unknown. To identify and characterize selectively vulnerable neuronal populations, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to profile the caudal entorhinal cortex and the superior frontal gyrus-brain regions where neurofibrillary inclusions and neuronal loss occur early and late in AD, respectively-from postmortem brains spanning the progression of AD-type tau neurofibrillary pathology. We identified RORB as a marker of selectively vulnerable excitatory neurons in the entorhinal cortex and subsequently validated their depletion and selective susceptibility to neurofibrillary inclusions during disease progression using quantitative neuropathological methods. We also discovered an astrocyte subpopulation, likely representing reactive astrocytes, characterized by decreased expression of genes involved in homeostatic functions. Our characterization of selectively vulnerable neurons in AD paves the way for future mechanistic studies of selective vulnerability and potential therapeutic strategies for enhancing neuronal resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Leng
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rana Eser
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonia Piergies
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rene Sit
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Song Hua Li
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roberta Diehl Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Department of Pathology, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Pathology, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Santos-Bezerra DP, Cavaleiro AM, Santos AS, Suemoto CK, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Leite REP, Passarelli M, Marie SKN, Machado UF, Correa-Giannella ML. Alcohol Use Disorder is Associated with Upregulation of MicroRNA-34a and MicroRNA-34c in Hippocampal Postmortem Tissue. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:64-68. [PMID: 33190281 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate epigenetic mechanisms potentially involved in the cognitive decline associated with chronic alcohol intake, we evaluated the expressions of three micro-RNAs (miR-34a, -34b, and -34c) highly expressed in the hippocampus and involved in neuronal physiology and pathology. MiR-34a participates in functioning and survival of mature neurons; miR-34b is associated with Alzheimer-like disorders; and miR-34c is implicated in the memory impairment of Alzheimer disease in rodents and humans. METHODS A total of 69 cases were selected from the Biobank for Aging Studies and categorized according to the absence (n = 50) or presence (n = 19) of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Cases presenting with neuropathological diagnoses of dementias were excluded. Total RNA was extracted from hippocampal paraffinized slices, complementary DNA was synthesized from miRs, and RT-qPCR was performed with TaqMan® assays. RESULTS Higher expressions of miR-34a and miR-34c, but not of miR-34b, were found in the group with AUD in comparison with the group without AUD after adjustment for potential confounders (age, sex, body mass index, presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and physical inactivity). CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal upregulation of miR-34a and miR-34c may be involved in the cognitive decline associated with chronic alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele P Santos-Bezerra
- From the Laboratorio de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, DPS-B, AMC, ASS, MLC-G Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Mercedes Cavaleiro
- From the Laboratorio de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, DPS-B, AMC, ASS, MLC-G Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aritania Sousa Santos
- From the Laboratorio de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, DPS-B, AMC, ASS, MLC-G Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics (CKS, WJ-F, REPL), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Division of Geriatrics (CKS, WJ-F, REPL), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite
- Division of Geriatrics (CKS, WJ-F, REPL), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology (CAP, REPL), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM-10) do HCFMUSP (MP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Medicina (MP, MLC-G), Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ubiratan Fabres Machado
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofisica (UFM), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella
- From the Laboratorio de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM-18) do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, DPS-B, AMC, ASS, MLC-G Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Medicina (MP, MLC-G), Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Real CC, Suemoto CK, Binda KH, Grinberg LT, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob W, Ferretti-Rebustini REDL, Nitrini R, Leite REP, de Britto LR. Active lifestyle enhances protein expression profile in subjects with Lewy body pathology. Dement Neuropsychol 2021; 15:41-50. [PMID: 33907596 PMCID: PMC8049574 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of the effects of physical activity have reported improvements in symptoms and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Additionally, morphological brain changes after exercising were reported in PD animal models. However, these lifestyle-related changes were not evaluated in postmortem brain tissue. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate, by immunohistochemistry, astrocytes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and structural proteins expression (neurofilaments and microtubules - MAP2) changes in postmortem brain samples of individuals with Lewy body pathology. METHODS Braak PD stage≥III samples, classified by neuropathology analysis, from The Biobank for Aging Studies were classified into active (n=12) and non-active (n=12) groups, according to physical activity lifestyle, and paired by age, sex and Braak staging. Substantia nigra and basal ganglia were evaluated. RESULTS Groups were not different in terms of age or gender and had similar PD neuropathological burden (p=1.00). We observed higher TH expression in the active group in the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia (p=0.04). Astrocytes was greater in the non-active subjects in the midbrain (p=0.03) and basal ganglia (p=0.0004). MAP2 levels were higher for non-active participants in the basal ganglia (p=0.003) and similar between groups in the substantia nigra (p=0.46). Neurofilament levels for non-active participants were higher in the substantia nigra (p=0.006) but not in the basal ganglia (p=0.24). CONCLUSION Active lifestyle seems to promote positive effects on brain by maintaining dopamine synthesis and structural protein expression in the nigrostriatal system and decrease astrogliosis in subjects with the same PD neuropathology burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristiano Real
- Laboratoy of Nuclear Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade de São Paulo – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo –
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
São Paulo – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Henrique Binda
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo –
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco
– San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
São Paulo – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob
- Division of Geriatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
São Paulo – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
São Paulo – São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Roberto de Britto
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology
and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo –
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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Cristina de Brito Toscano E, Leandro Marciano Vieira É, Boni Rocha Dias B, Vidigal Caliari M, Paula Gonçalves A, Varela Giannetti A, Maurício Siqueira J, Kimie Suemoto C, Elaine Paraizo Leite R, Nitrini R, Alvarenga Rachid M, Lúcio Teixeira A. NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes are up-regulated in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and may contribute to overexpression of caspase-1 and IL-β in sclerotic hippocampi. Brain Res 2020; 1752:147230. [PMID: 33385378 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Inflammasome pathways, including the NLRP1 and NLRP3-induced ones, promote neuroinflammation and pyroptosis through interleukin (IL)-1β and caspase-1 action. Evaluation of NLRP1 in sclerotic hippocampi is scarce and there are no data on NLRP3 in human TLE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of these proteins alongside caspase-1 and IL-1β in the hippocampi of patients with TLE compared to control samples. We also sought to investigate peripheral levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β in an independent cohort. Sclerotic and control hippocampi were collected for both histological and immunohistochemical analyses of NLRP1, NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β; plasma was sampled for the measurement of caspase-1 and IL-1β levels through enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and cytometric bead array (CBA). Sclerotic hippocampi displayed higher expression of the measured proteins than control. Both glia and neurons showed activation of these pathways. Additionally, increased expression of NLRP1 and NLRP3 was associated with elevated plasma levels of IL-1β and in TLE, and increased levels of peripheral caspase-1 were associated with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS). In conclusion, NLRP1 and NLRP3 are up-regulated in sclerotic hippocampi, what may be responsible, at least in part, for the increased hippocampal expression of caspase-1 and IL-1β. Our data suggest a role for inflammasome activation in central and peripheral inflammation in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Boni Rocha Dias
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves
- Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Núcleo Avançado de Tratamento das Epilepsias - Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - José Maurício Siqueira
- Núcleo Avançado de Tratamento das Epilepsias - Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Biobank for Aging Studies, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, United States
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26
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Proteomic Characterization of Synaptosomes from Human Substantia Nigra Indicates Altered Mitochondrial Translation in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122580. [PMID: 33276480 PMCID: PMC7761546 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Additionally, numerous studies indicate an altered synaptic function during disease progression. To gain new insights into the molecular processes underlying the alteration of synaptic function in PD, a proteomic study was performed. Therefore, synaptosomes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from SNpc tissue of individuals at advanced PD stages (N = 5) as well as control subjects free of pathology (N = 5) followed by mass spectrometry-based analysis. In total, 362 proteins were identified and assigned to the synaptosomal core proteome. This core proteome comprised all proteins expressed within the synapses without regard to data analysis software, gender, age, or disease. The differential analysis between control subjects and PD cases revealed that CD9 antigen was overrepresented and fourteen proteins, among them Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2), mitochondrial, 39S ribosomal protein L37, neurolysin, and Methionine-tRNA ligase (MARS2) were underrepresented in PD suggesting an alteration in mitochondrial translation within synaptosomes.
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27
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Henriques AD, Machado-Silva W, Leite RE, Suemoto CK, Leite KR, Srougi M, Pereira AC, Jacob-Filho W, Nóbrega OT. Genome-wide profiling and predicted significance of post-mortem brain microRNA in Alzheimer’s disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Ehrenberg AJ, Khatun A, Coomans E, Betts MJ, Capraro F, Thijssen EH, Senkevich K, Bharucha T, Jafarpour M, Young PNE, Jagust W, Carter SF, Lashley T, Grinberg LT, Pereira JB, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Ashton NJ, Hanrieder J, Zetterberg H, Schöll M, Paterson RW. Relevance of biomarkers across different neurodegenerative diseases. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:56. [PMID: 32404143 PMCID: PMC7222479 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background The panel of fluid- and imaging-based biomarkers available for neurodegenerative disease research is growing and has the potential to close important gaps in research and the clinic. With this growth and increasing use, appropriate implementation and interpretation are paramount. Various biomarkers feature nuanced differences in strengths, limitations, and biases that must be considered when investigating disease etiology and clinical utility. For example, neuropathological investigations of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis can fall in disagreement with conclusions reached by biomarker-based investigations. Considering the varied strengths, limitations, and biases of different research methodologies and approaches may help harmonize disciplines within the neurodegenerative disease field. Purpose of review Along with separate review articles covering fluid and imaging biomarkers in this issue of Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy, we present the result of a discussion from the 2019 Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases course at the University College London. Here, we discuss themes of biomarker use in neurodegenerative disease research, commenting on appropriate use, interpretation, and considerations for implementation across different neurodegenerative diseases. We also draw attention to areas where biomarker use can be combined with other disciplines to understand issues of pathophysiology and etiology underlying dementia. Lastly, we highlight novel modalities that have been proposed in the landscape of neurodegenerative disease research and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Ayesha Khatun
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Emma Coomans
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Federica Capraro
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth H Thijssen
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Senkevich
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute names by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.,First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tehmina Bharucha
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mehrsa Jafarpour
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter N E Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen F Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Global Brain Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joana B Pereira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Schöll
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ross W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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29
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Toscano ECDB, Vieira ÉLM, Portela ACDC, Caliari MV, Brant JAS, Giannetti AV, Suemoto CK, Leite REP, Nitrini R, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL. Microgliosis is associated with visual memory decline in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis: A clinicopathologic study. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106643. [PMID: 31805504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is characterized by neuronal loss and gliosis. The intensity and distribution of these histopathological findings over the Cornu Ammonis (CA) subfields are important for the classification of HS and prognostication of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Several studies have associated the neuronal density reduction in the hippocampus with cognitive decline in patients with TLE. The current study aimed at investigating whether the expression of glial proteins in sclerotic hippocampi is associated with presurgical memory performance of patients with TLE. Before amygdalohippocampectomy, patients were submitted to memory tests. Immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrogliosis and human leucocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) for microgliosis were performed in paraffin-embedded HS and control hippocampi. Sclerotic hippocampi exhibited increased gliosis in comparison with controls. In patients with TLE, the area and intensity of staining for HLA-DR were associated with worse performance in the memory tests. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was neither associated nor correlated with memory test performance. Our data suggest association between microgliosis, but not astrogliosis, with visual memory decline in patients with TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Departamento de Patologia Geral do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia Geral do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program and Immuno-Psychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, United States
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30
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Zhang Q, Deng J, Li YN, Gou Y, Yan XX, Li F, Pan AH. Perceptions and Attitudes toward Brain Donation among the Chinese People. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2020; 13:80-90. [PMID: 31022327 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem human brain donation is crucial to both anatomy education and research. The China Human Brain Banking Consortium was established recently to foster brain donation in China. The purpose of this study was to gain information about the public perception of and attitudes toward brain donation and to identify factors that may impact the willingness to participate in brain donation among the Chinese people. A specifically designed questionnaire was delivered to community residents in Changsha (the capital city of Hunan province) with a total of 1,249 completed forms returned and statistically analyzed. The majority of the participants considered that brain donation would help medical research and education, and 32.0% of respondents agreed that the brain donation would help change the traditional Chinese funeral belief in keeping the body intact after death. However, participants aged over 60 years old were less supportive of this concept. Among all participants, 63.7% stated that they were not knowledgeable about brain donation, while 26.4% explicitly expressed a willingness to participate in brain donation. Age, gender, monthly household income, and knowledge about brain donation significantly affected the willingness. Compared with other age groups, a higher proportion of participants aged over 60 years old preferred to be informed by a medical college. To promote brain donation in China, especially among the elderly, better communication of its medical benefits and a reinterpretation of the Confucius view of the human body should be provided. Efforts are also needed to provide appropriate forums and sources of brain donation information to targeted communities and society in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Xiangya Brain Bank, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Xiangya Brain Bank, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Xiangya Brain Bank, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Hua Pan
- Xiangya Brain Bank, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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31
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Phillips ZF, Dean S, Recht B, Waller L. High-throughput fluorescence microscopy using multi-frame motion deblurring. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:281-300. [PMID: 32010517 PMCID: PMC6968757 DOI: 10.1364/boe.11.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multi-frame motion deblurring for gigapixel wide-field fluorescence microscopy using fast slide scanning with coded illumination. Our method illuminates the sample with multiple pulses within each exposure, in order to introduce structured motion blur. By deconvolving this known motion sequence from the set of acquired measurements, we recover the object with up to 10× higher SNR than when illuminated with a single pulse (strobed illumination), while performing acquisition at 5× higher frame-rate than a comparable stop-and-stare method. Our coded illumination sequence is optimized to maximize the reconstruction SNR. We also derive a framework for determining when coded illumination is SNR-optimal in terms of system parameters such as source illuminance, noise, and motion stage specifications. This helps system designers to choose the ideal technique for high-throughput microscopy of very large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary F. Phillips
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and
Technology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
94720-1700, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this
work
| | - Sarah Dean
- Department of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
94720-1700, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this
work
| | - Benjamin Recht
- Department of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
94720-1700, USA
| | - Laura Waller
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and
Technology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
94720-1700, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
94720-1700, USA
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32
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Selles MC, Fortuna JTS, Zappa-Villar MF, de Faria YPR, Souza AS, Suemoto CK, Leite REP, Rodriguez RD, Grinberg LT, Reggiani PC, Ferreira ST. Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Protects Hippocampal Neurons from the Toxicity of Aβ Oligomers and Prevents Memory Loss in an Alzheimer Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1473-1483. [PMID: 31760608 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia in the elderly. Although activation of brain insulin signaling has been shown to be neuroprotective, to preserve memory in AD models, and appears beneficial in patients, the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) remains incompletely understood. We found reduced active/inactive IGF1 ratio and increased IGF1R expression in postmortem hippocampal tissue from AD patients, suggesting impaired brain IGF1 signaling in AD. Active/inactive IGF-1 ratio was also reduced in the brains of mouse models of AD. We next investigated the possible protective role of IGF1 in AD models. We used a recombinant adenoviral vector, RAd-IGF1, to drive the expression of IGF1 in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures prior to exposure to AβOs, toxins that accumulate in AD brains and have been implicated in early synapse dysfunction and memory impairment. Cultures transduced with RAd-IGF1 showed decreased binding of AβOs to neurons and were protected against AβO-induced neuronal oxidative stress and loss of dendritic spines. Significantly, in vivo transduction with RAd-IGF1 blocked memory impairment caused by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of AβOs in mice. Our results demonstrate altered active IGF1 and IGF1R levels in AD hippocampi, and suggest that boosting brain expression of IGF1 may comprise an approach to prevent neuronal damage and memory loss in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Selles
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana T S Fortuna
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria F Zappa-Villar
- Institute of Biochemical Research (INIBIOLP) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - School of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Yasmin P R de Faria
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Souza
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,LIM-22, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,LIM-22, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta D Rodriguez
- LIM-22, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- LIM-22, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paula C Reggiani
- Institute of Biochemical Research (INIBIOLP) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - School of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Room C-31, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.
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33
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Suemoto CK, Leite RE, Ferretti‐Rebustini RE, Rodriguez RD, Nitrini R, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob‐Filho W, Grinberg LT. Neuropathological lesions in the very old: results from a large Brazilian autopsy study. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:771-781. [PMID: 30861605 PMCID: PMC6742578 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare neuropathological correlates of cognitive impairment between very old and younger individuals from a Brazilian clinicopathological study. METHODS We assessed the frequency of neuropathological lesions and their association with cognitive impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating scale ≥0.5) in the 80 or over age group compared to younger participants, using logistic regression models adjusted for sex, race and education. RESULTS Except for infarcts and siderocalcinosis, all neuropathological lesions were more common in the 80 or over age group (n = 412) compared to 50-79 year olds (n = 677). Very old participants had more than twice the likelihood of having ≥2 neuropathological diagnoses than younger participants (OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 2.03-3.50). Neurofibrillary tangles, infarcts and hyaline arteriolosclerosis were associated with cognitive impairment in the two age groups. Siderocalcinosis was associated with cognitive impairment in the younger participants only, while Lewy body disease was associated with cognitive impairment in the very old only. In addition, we found that the association of infarcts and multiple pathologies with cognitive impairment was attenuated in very old adults (Infarcts: P for interaction = 0.04; and multiple pathologies: P = 0.05). However, the predictive value for the aggregate model with all neuropathological lesions showed similar discrimination in both age groups [Area under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC) = 0.778 in younger participants and AUROC = 0.765 in the very old]. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Despite a higher frequency of neuropathological findings in the very old group, as found in studies with high-income populations, we found attenuation of the effect of infarcts rather than neurofibrillary tangles and plaques as reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia K. Suemoto
- Division of GeriatricsUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
| | - Renata E.P. Leite
- Division of GeriatricsUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
| | | | - Wilson Jacob‐Filho
- Division of GeriatricsUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCA
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34
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Ehrenberg AJ, Suemoto CK, França Resende EDP, Petersen C, Leite REP, Rodriguez RD, Ferretti-Rebustini REDL, You M, Oh J, Nitrini R, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Kramer JH, Gatchel JR, Grinberg LT. Neuropathologic Correlates of Psychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:115-126. [PMID: 30223398 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the relationships between neuropsychiatric symptoms and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology may open avenues for effective treatments. Here, we investigate the odds of developing neuropsychiatric symptoms across increasing burdens of neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid-β pathology. Participants who passed away between 2004 and 2014 underwent comprehensive neuropathologic evaluation at the Biobank for Aging Studies from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of São Paulo. Postmortem interviews with reliable informants were used to collect information regarding neuropsychiatric and cognitive status. Of 1,092 cases collected, those with any non-Alzheimer pathology were excluded, bringing the cohort to 455 cases. Braak staging was used to evaluate neurofibrillary tangle burden, and the CERAD neuropathology score was used to evaluate amyloid-β burden. The 12-item neuropsychiatric inventory was used to evaluate neuropsychiatric symptoms and CDR-SOB score was used to evaluate dementia status. In Braak I/II, significantly increased odds were detected for agitation, anxiety, appetite changes, depression, and sleep disturbances, compared to controls. Increased odds of agitation continue into Braak III/IV. Braak V/VI is associated with higher odds for delusions. No increased odds for neuropsychiatric symptoms were found to correlate with amyloid-β pathology. Increased odds of neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated with early neurofibrillary tangle pathology, suggesting that subcortical neurofibrillary tangle accumulation with minimal cortical pathology is sufficient to impact quality of life and that neuropsychiatric symptoms are a manifestation of AD biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Elisa de Paula França Resende
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cathrine Petersen
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michelle You
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Oh
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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35
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Oh J, Eser RA, Ehrenberg AJ, Morales D, Petersen C, Kudlacek J, Dunlop SR, Theofilas P, Resende EDPF, Cosme C, Alho EJL, Spina S, Walsh CM, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Bittencourt JC, Neylan TC, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT. Profound degeneration of wake-promoting neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:1253-1263. [PMID: 31416793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sleep-wake disturbances are a common and early feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The impact of early tau pathology in wake-promoting neurons (WPNs) remains unclear. METHODS We performed stereology in postmortem brains from AD individuals and healthy controls to identify quantitative differences in morphological metrics in WPNs. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration were included as disease-specific controls. RESULTS The three nuclei studied accumulate considerable amounts of tau inclusions and showed a decrease in neurotransmitter-synthetizing neurons in AD, PSP, and corticobasal degeneration. However, substantial neuronal loss was exclusively found in AD. DISCUSSION WPNs are extremely vulnerable to AD but not to 4 repeat tauopathies. Considering that WPNs are involved early in AD, such degeneration should be included in the models explaining sleep-wake disturbances in AD and considered when designing a clinical intervention. Sparing of WPNs in PSP, a condition featuring hyperinsomnia, suggest that interventions to suppress the arousal system may benefit patients with PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Oh
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rana A Eser
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dulce Morales
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cathrine Petersen
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Kudlacek
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara R Dunlop
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Panos Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elisa D P F Resende
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celica Cosme
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo J L Alho
- Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine M Walsh
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Ravalin M, Theofilas P, Basu K, Opoku-Nsiah KA, Assimon VA, Medina-Cleghorn D, Chen YF, Bohn MF, Arkin M, Grinberg LT, Craik CS, Gestwicki JE. Specificity for latent C termini links the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP to caspases. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:786-794. [PMID: 31320752 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions between E3 ubiquitin ligases and protein termini help shape the proteome. These interactions are sensitive to proteolysis, which alters the ensemble of cellular N and C termini. Here we describe a mechanism wherein caspase activity reveals latent C termini that are then recognized by the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP. Using expanded knowledge of CHIP's binding specificity, we predicted hundreds of putative interactions arising from caspase activity. Subsequent validation experiments confirmed that CHIP binds the latent C termini at tauD421 and caspase-6D179. CHIP binding to tauD421, but not tauFL, promoted its ubiquitination, while binding to caspase-6D179 mediated ubiquitin-independent inhibition. Given that caspase activity generates tauD421 in Alzheimer's disease (AD), these results suggested a concise model for CHIP regulation of tau homeostasis. Indeed, we find that loss of CHIP expression in AD coincides with the accumulation of tauD421 and caspase-6D179. These results illustrate an unanticipated link between caspases and protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ravalin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Panagiotis Theofilas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Koli Basu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kwadwo A Opoku-Nsiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria A Assimon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco Summer Research Training Program, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus F Bohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Sandler Neuroscience Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Sandler Neuroscience Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Eser RA, Ehrenberg AJ, Petersen C, Dunlop S, Mejia MB, Suemoto CK, Walsh CM, Rajana H, Oh J, Theofilas P, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Neylan TC, Heinsen H, Grinberg LT. Selective Vulnerability of Brainstem Nuclei in Distinct Tauopathies: A Postmortem Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:149-161. [PMID: 29304218 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brainstem nuclei of the reticular formation (RF) are critical for regulating homeostasis, behavior, and cognition. RF degenerates in tauopathies including Alzheimer disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Although the burden of phopho-tau inclusion is high across these diseases, suggesting a similar vulnerability pattern, a distinct RF-associated clinical phenotype in these diseases indicates the opposite. To compare patterns of RF selective vulnerability to tauopathies, we analyzed 5 RF nuclei in tissue from 14 AD, 14 CBD, 10 PSP, and 3 control cases. Multidimensional quantitative analysis unraveled discernable differences on how these nuclei are vulnerable to AD, CBD, and PSP. For instance, PSP and CBD accrued more tau inclusions than AD in locus coeruleus, suggesting a lower vulnerability to AD. However, locus coeruleus neuronal loss in AD was so extreme that few neurons remained to develop aggregates. Likewise, tau burden in gigantocellular nucleus was low in AD and high in PSP, but few GABAergic neurons were present in AD. This challenges the hypothesis that gigantocellular nucleus neuronal loss underlies REM behavioral disorders because REM behavioral disorders rarely manifests in AD. This study provides foundation for characterizing the clinical consequences of RF degeneration in tauopathies and guiding customized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A Eser
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alexander J Ehrenberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cathrine Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sara Dunlop
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Maria B Mejia
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22, Department of Pathology.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christine M Walsh
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hima Rajana
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jun Oh
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Panos Theofilas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- LIM-44, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil and Clinic of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22, Department of Pathology.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Nishizawa A, Cuelho A, de Farias-Itao DS, Campos FM, Leite REP, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Grinberg LT, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, Pasqualucci CA, Suemoto CK. Direct Measurements of Abdominal Visceral Fat and Cognitive Impairment in Late Life: Findings From an Autopsy Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:109. [PMID: 31133846 PMCID: PMC6524696 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship between cognitive impairment and abdominal visceral is controversial. Moreover, all studies so far used imaging studies to evaluate visceral fat and this association has not been described yet using autopsy material, which allows the direct quantification of abdominal fat. We aimed to investigate the association between direct measurements of abdominal visceral fat and cognitive impairment in an autopsy study. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we collected information on sociodemographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and cognitive status from subjects aged 50 or older at time of death in a general autopsy service in Brazil. Abdominal visceral fat was obtained in natura by the dissection of perirenal, mesenteric, omental, and mesocolon fat. The associations of total abdominal visceral fat with cognitive impairment [clinical dementia rating (CDR) score ≥0.5] and CDR-sum of boxes (CDR-SB) were evaluated using logistic regression and negative binomial regression models, respectively. All analyses were adjusted for height, age, sex, education, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, smoking, alcohol use, and physical inactivity. In addition, we compared the discrimination of visceral fat, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) measurements in predicting cognitive impairment. Results: We evaluated 234 participants (mean age = 71.2 ± 12.9 years old, 59% male). Abdominal visceral fat was inversely associated with cognitive impairment (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.30; 0.70, p < 0.0001) and with CDR-SB scores (β = -0.85, 95% CI = -1.28; -0.43, p < 0.0001). When we compared the area under the ROC curve (AUC), visceral fat (AUC = 0.754), BMI (AUC = 0.729), and WC (AUC = 0.720) showed similar discrimination in predicting cognitive impairment (p = 0.38). Conclusion: In an autopsy study, larger amount of directly measured abdominal visceral fat was associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Nishizawa
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Cuelho
- Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda M Campos
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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Jonkman LE, Graaf YGD, Bulk M, Kaaij E, Pouwels PJW, Barkhof F, Rozemuller AJM, van der Weerd L, Geurts JJG, van de Berg WDJ. Normal Aging Brain Collection Amsterdam (NABCA): A comprehensive collection of postmortem high-field imaging, neuropathological and morphometric datasets of non-neurological controls. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101698. [PMID: 30711684 PMCID: PMC6360607 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Well-characterized, high-quality brain tissue of non-neurological control subjects is a prerequisite to study the healthy aging brain, and can serve as a control for the study of neurological disorders. The Normal Aging Brain Collection Amsterdam (NABCA) provides a comprehensive collection of post-mortem (ultra-)high-field MRI (3Tesla and 7 Tesla) and neuropathological datasets of non-neurological controls. By providing MRI within the pipeline, NABCA uniquely stimulates translational neurosciences; from molecular and morphometric tissue studies to the clinical setting. We describe our pipeline, including a description of our on-call autopsy team, donor selection, in situ and ex vivo post-mortem MRI protocols, brain dissection and neuropathological diagnosis. A demographic, radiological and pathological overview of five selected cases on all these aspects is provided. Additionally, information is given on data management, data and tissue application procedures, including review by a scientific advisory board, and setting up a material transfer agreement before distribution of tissue. Finally, we focus on future prospects, which includes laying the foundation for a unique platform for neuroanatomical, histopathological and neuro-radiological education, of professionals, students and the general (lay) audience. NABCA provides a collection of correlative post-mortem MRI and pathological datasets. Non-neurological control brains for studies on aging and neurological disorders. Stimulating micro- to macroscale structural exploration within same patient Post-mortem MRI data and tissue available for integrated advanced data analytics
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Jonkman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Yvon Galis-de Graaf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eliane Kaaij
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra J W Pouwels
- Department of radiology and nuclear medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of radiology and nuclear medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institutes of neurology and healthcare engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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40
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Soltys DT, Pereira CP, Rowies FT, Farfel JM, Grinberg LT, Suemoto CK, Leite RE, Rodriguez RD, Ericson NG, Bielas JH, Souza-Pinto NC. Lower mitochondrial DNA content but not increased mutagenesis associates with decreased base excision repair activity in brains of AD subjects. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 73:161-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Godoy MDCL, Fornazieri MA, Doty RL, Pinna FDR, Farfel JM, Santos GBD, Molina M, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Leite REP, Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, Pasqualucci CAG, Voegels RL, Nitrini R, Jacob Filho W. Is Olfactory Epithelium Biopsy Useful for Confirming Alzheimer's Disease? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 128:184-192. [PMID: 30501500 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418814865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are preceded by a long asymptomatic period associated with "silent" deposition of aberrant paired helical filament (PHF)-tau and amyloid-beta proteins in brain tissue. Similar depositions have been reported within the olfactory epithelium (OE), a tissue that can be biopsied in vivo. The degree to which such biopsies are useful in identifying AD is controversial. This postmortem study had 3 main goals: first, to quantify the relative densities of AD-related proteins in 3 regions of the olfactory neuroepithelium, namely, the nasal septum, middle turbinate, and superior turbinate; second, to establish whether such densities are correlated among these epithelial regions as well as with semi-quantitative ratings of general brain cortex pathology; and third, to evaluate correlations between the protein densities and measures of antemortem cognitive function. METHODS Postmortem blocks of olfactory mucosa were obtained from 12 AD cadavers and 24 controls and subjected to amyloid-beta and PHF-tau immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed marked heterogeneity in the presence of the biomarkers of tau and amyloid-beta among the targeted olfactory epithelial regions. No significant difference was observed between the cadavers with AD and the controls regarding the concentration of these proteins in any of these epithelial regions. Only one correlation significant was evident, namely, that between the tau protein densities of the middle and the upper turbinate (r = .58, P = .002). CONCLUSION AD-related biomarker heterogeneity, which has not been previously demonstrated, makes comparisons across studies difficult and throws into question the usefulness of OE amyloid-beta and PHF-tau biopsies in detecting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Department of Surgery, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil, and Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Trujillo Diaz D, Hernandez NC, Cortes EP, Faust PL, Vonsattel JPG, Louis ED. Banking brains: a pre-mortem "how to" guide to successful donation. Cell Tissue Bank 2018; 19:473-488. [PMID: 30220002 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-018-9720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A review of the brain banking literature reveals a primary focus either on the factors that influence the decision to become a future donor or on the brain tissue processing that takes place after the individual has died (i.e., the front-end or back-end processes). What has not been sufficiently detailed, however, is the complex and involved process that takes place after this decision to become a future donor is made yet before post-mortem processing occurs (i.e., the large middle-ground). This generally represents a period of many years during which the brain bank is actively engaged with donors to ensure that valuable clinical information is prospectively collected and that their donation is eventually completed. For the past 15 years, the Essential Tremor Centralized Brain Repository has been actively involved in brain banking, and our experience has provided us valuable insights that may be useful for researchers interested in establishing their own brain banking efforts. In this piece, we fill a gap in the literature by detailing the processes of enrolling participants, creating individualized brain donation plans, collecting clinical information and regularly following-up with donors to update that information, and efficiently coordinating the brain harvest when death finally arrives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Trujillo Diaz
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nora C Hernandez
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Etty P Cortes
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Paul G Vonsattel
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Akinyemi RO, Salami A, Akinyemi J, Ojagbemi A, Olopade F, Coker M, Farombi T, Nweke M, Arulogun O, Jegede A, Owolabi M, Kalaria RN, Ogunniyi A. Brain banking in low and middle-income countries: Raison D'être for the Ibadan Brain Ageing, Dementia And Neurodegeneration (IBADAN) Brain Bank Project. Brain Res Bull 2018; 145:136-141. [PMID: 30149197 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain banks are biorepositories of central nervous system (CNS) tissue including fixed and frozen whole brains, brain biopsies and spinal cord, as well as body fluids comprising the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood stored for research purposes. Though several independent brain banks exist in high income countries, only five low- and middle - income countries (LMIC) have brain banks. The African continent is yet to establish a formalized brain bank despite its huge human genomic diversity, ageing of her populations with concomitant increases in ageing - associated brain disorders and differential phenotypic expression and outcomes of brain disorders. Cellular and molecular clinicopathological studies are vital to shaping our understanding of the interaction between racial (genetic) and geographical (environmental) factors in the natural history and mechanisms of disease, and unravelling frameworks of diagnostic biomarkers, and new therapeutic and preventative interventions. The Ibadan Brain Ageing, Dementia And Neurodegeneration (IBADAN) Brain Bank, the first organized brain tissue biorepository in sub - Saharan Africa, is set up to accrue, process and store unique brain tissues for future research into a broad spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The potential unique discoveries and research breakthroughs will benefit people of African ancestry and other ancestral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufus O Akinyemi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Ayodeji Salami
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Akinyemi
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akin Ojagbemi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Funmi Olopade
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Motunrayo Coker
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitope Farombi
- Chief Tony Anenih Geriatric Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael Nweke
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oyedunni Arulogun
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ayodele Jegede
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mayowa Owolabi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Rajesh N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Increased DNA Copy Number Variation Mosaicism in Elderly Human Brain. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2406170. [PMID: 30050570 PMCID: PMC6046114 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2406170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process strongly determined by genetics. Previous reports have shown that the genome of neuronal cells displays
somatic genomic mosaicism including DNA copy number variations (CNVs). CNVs represent a significant source of genetic variation in the human
genome and have been implicated in several disorders and complex traits, representing a potential mechanism that contributes to neuronal diversity
and the etiology of several neurological diseases and provides new insights into the normal, complex functions of the brain. Nonetheless, the features of somatic CNV mosaicism in nondiseased elderly brains have not been investigated. In the present study, we demonstrate a highly significant increase in the number of CNVs in nondiseased elderly brains compared to the blood. In two neural tissues isolated from paired postmortem samples (same individuals), we found a significant increase in the frequency of deletions in both brain areas, namely, the frontal cortex and cerebellum. Also, deletions were found to be significantly larger when present only in the cerebellum. The sizes of the variants described here were in the 150–760 kb range, and importantly, nearly all of them were present in the Database of Genomic Variants (common variants). Nearly all evidence of genome structural variation in human brains comes from studies detecting changes in single cells which were interpreted as derived from independent, isolated mutational events. The observations based on array-CGH analysis indicate the existence of an extensive clonal mosaicism of CNVs within and between the human brains revealing a different type of variation that had not been previously characterized.
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Dos Santos Matioli MNP, Suemoto CK, Rodriguez RD, Farias DS, da Silva MM, Leite REP, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Farfel JM, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob Filho W, Arvanitakis Z, Naslavsky MS, Zatz M, Grinberg LT, Nitrini R. Diabetes is Not Associated with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1035-1043. [PMID: 28984587 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evidence linking diabetes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology is mixed and scant data are available from low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between diabetes and AD neuropathology in a large autopsy study of older Brazilian adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, diabetes was defined by diagnosis during life or use of antidiabetic medication. A standardized neuropathological examination was performed using immunohistochemistry. The associations of diabetes with Consortium to Establish and Registry for Alzheimer Disease (CERAD) scores for neuritic plaques and Braak-Braak (BB) scores for neurofibrillary tangles were investigated using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. We investigated effect modification of education, race, and APOE on these associations. RESULTS Among 1,037 subjects (mean age = 74.4±11.5 y; mean education = 4.0±3.7 y; 48% male, 61% White), diabetes was present in 279 subjects. Diabetes was not associated with BB (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.81-1.54, p = 0.48) or with CERAD (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.68-1.38, p = 0.86) scores on analyses adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables. We observed effect modification by the APOE allele ɛ4 on the association between diabetes mellitus and BB scores. CONCLUSION No evidence of an association between diabetes and AD neuropathology was found in a large sample of Brazilians; however, certain subgroups, such as APOE allele ɛ4 carriers, had higher odds of accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Diehl Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Souza Farias
- Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magnólia Moreira da Silva
- Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Marcelo Farfel
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Pasqualucci
- Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob Filho
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michel Satya Naslavsky
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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46
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Beier K, Frebel L. Brain Banking für die Forschung – eine empirisch-ethische Analyse praktischer Herausforderungen. Ethik Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00481-018-0486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nunes PV, Suemoto CK, Leite REP, Ferretti-Rebustini REDL, Pasqualucci CA, Nitrini R, Farfel JM, de Oliveira KC, Grinberg LT, da Costa NR, Nascimento CF, Salmasi F, Kim HK, Young LT, Jacob-Filho W, Lafer B. Factors associated with brain volume in major depression in older adults without dementia: results from a large autopsy study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:14-20. [PMID: 28055136 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined brain volume and atrophy in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) without dementia that were referred to a large autopsy service. We also examined potential risk factors for brain atrophy, including demographics and clinical variables. METHODS In this study, 1373 participants (787 male) aged 50 years or older who died from natural causes were included. Participants with no reliable informant, with cognitive impairment or dementia, with a medical history of severe chronic disease, or with prolonged agonal state were excluded. Presence of MDD at least once in their lifetime was defined according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM. Brain volume was measured immediately after removal from the skull. RESULTS Mean age at death was 68.6 ± 11.6, and MDD was present in 185 (14%) individuals. Smaller brain volume was associated with older age (p < 0.001), lower education (years; p < 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.006), and female gender (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for sociodemographics and cardiovascular risk factors, smaller brain volume was not associated with major depression (β = -0.86, 95% CI = -26.50 to 24.77, p = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS In this large autopsy study of older adults, MDD was not associated with smaller brain volumes. Regardless of the presence of MDD, in this sample of older adults without dementia, we found that smaller brain volumes were associated with risk factors for brain neurodegeneration such as older age, diabetes, hypertension, and lower education. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Memory and Aging Center University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Faraz Salmasi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helena Kyunghee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lionel Trevor Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Beny Lafer
- University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Grothe MJ, Kilimann I, Grinberg L, Heinsen H, Teipel S. In Vivo Volumetry of the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain. NEUROMETHODS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7674-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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49
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Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, Leite REP, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Jacob-Filho W, Yaffe K, Nitrini R, Pasqualucci CA. Morphometric measurements of extracranial and intracranial atherosclerotic disease: A population-based autopsy study. Atherosclerosis 2017; 270:218-223. [PMID: 29254693 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intracranial (IAD) and extracranial atherosclerotic diseases (EAD) have been mostly investigated using imaging methods. Autopsy studies allow for a direct and complete evaluation of the atherosclerotic disease. We aimed to investigate the frequency of IAD and EAD, their association, and related risk profiles in a large cross-sectional autopsy study. METHODS We measured the intima-media thickness and stenosis of the common (CCA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA), using morphometric measurements. The main outcome was stenosis (≥50%) in the artery with the largest obstruction among the 12 cerebral arteries. We used multivariable logistic regression models to investigate the association between EAD and IAD. RESULTS In 661 participants (mean age = 71.3 ± 11.7 y, 51% male), stenosis was more common in IAD than in EAD (59% vs. 51%). EAD was associated with Caucasian race, hypertension, and smoking, while IAD was associated with older age, less years of education, hypertension, diabetes, and a previous history of stroke. Stenosis in CCA and ICA was associated with more than two times the odds of having stenosis in the intracranial arteries (CCA: OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.64; 3.28; ICA: OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.76; 3.57). CONCLUSIONS In this population-based autopsy study, IAD was common, even more common than EAD, but correlated with EAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil.
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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Nishizawa A, Suemoto CK, Farias-Itao DS, Campos FM, Silva KCS, Bittencourt MS, Grinberg LT, Leite REP, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Farfel JM, Jacob-Filho W, Pasqualucci CA. Morphometric measurements of systemic atherosclerosis and visceral fat: Evidence from an autopsy study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186630. [PMID: 29036197 PMCID: PMC5643130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Morphometric measurements of systemic atherosclerosis and direct quantification of visceral fat are only possible using materials from autopsy studies. However, the few autopsy studies that have investigated the association of visceral fat with atherosclerosis had small sample sizes and focused on coronary arteries of young or middle-aged White subjects. We aimed to investigate the association of pericardial fat (PF) and abdominal visceral fat (AVF) with atherosclerosis in the aorta, coronary, carotid, and cerebral arteries in a large autopsy study. Materials and methods We evaluated deceased subjects aged 30 years or above. We dissected and weighted the PF and the AVF and evaluated the atherosclerotic burden in the aorta, as well as the carotid, coronary, and cerebral arteries using morphometric measurements. We also investigated the interaction of PF and AVF with age regarding the atherosclerotic burden. Results The mean age of the 240 included subjects was 64.8±15.3 years, and 63% was male. Greater PF was associated with a higher degree of aortic atherosclerosis after adjusting for confounding variables (coefficient = 4.39, 95% CI = 0.83; 7.94, p = 0.02). Greater AVF was associated with a higher coronary stenosis index (coefficient = 1.49, 95% CI = 0.15; 2.83, p = 0.03) and a greater number of coronary plaques (coefficient = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.24; 1.19, p = 0.003). We did not find an association of PF or AVF with carotid or cerebral atherosclerotic burden. We found a significant interaction of AVF (coefficient = -0.08; 95% CI = -0.14; -0.02, p = 0.009) and PF (coefficient = -0.87, 95% CI = -1.70; -0.04, p = 0.04) with age regarding carotid artery atherosclerotic burden. Conclusions Greater AVF was associated with greater atherosclerotic burden and extent in coronary arteries, while greater PF correlated with a higher degree of atherosclerosis in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Nishizawa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia K. Suemoto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela S. Farias-Itao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Campos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen C. S. Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio S. Bittencourt
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and State of São Paulo Cancer Institute (ICESP), University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Preventive Medicine Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciência da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E. P. Leite
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E. L. Ferretti-Rebustini
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of São Paulo Nursing School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose M. Farfel
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Pasqualucci
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology (LIM-22), Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Pathophysiology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (LIM-22), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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