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Tenugu S, Pranoty A, Mamta SK, Senthilkumaran B. Development and organisation of gonadal steroidogenesis in bony fishes - A review. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sudhakumari CC, Anitha A, Murugananthkumar R, Tiwari DK, Bhasker D, Senthilkumaran B, Dutta-Gupta A. Cloning, localization and differential expression of Neuropeptide-Y during early brain development and gonadal recrudescence in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 251:54-65. [PMID: 28322767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) has diverse physiological functions which are extensively studied in vertebrates. However, regulatory role of NPY in relation to brain ontogeny and recrudescence with reference to reproduction is less understood in fish. Present report for the first time evaluated the significance of NPY by transient esiRNA silencing and also analyzed its expression during brain development and gonadal recrudescence in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. As a first step, full-length cDNA of NPY was cloned from adult catfish brain, which shared high homology with its counterparts from other teleosts upon phylogenetic analysis. Tissue distribution revealed dominant expression of NPY in brain and testis. NPY expression increased during brain development wherein the levels were higher in 100 and 150days post hatch females than the respective age-matched males. Seasonal cycle analysis showed high expression of NPY in brain during pre-spawning phase in comparison with other reproductive phases. Localization studies exhibited the presence of NPY, abundantly, in the regions of preoptic area, hypothalamus and pituitary. Transient silencing of NPY-esiRNA directly into the brain significantly decreased NPY expression in both the male and female brain of catfish which further resulted in significant decrease of transcripts of tryptophan hydroxylase 2, catfish gonadotropin-releasing hormone (cfGnRH), tyrosine hydroxylase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in brain and luteinizing hormone-β/gonadotropin-II (lh-β/GTH-II) in pituitary exhibiting its influence on gonadal axis. In addition, significant decrease of several ovary-related transcripts was observed in NPY-esiRNA silenced female catfish, indicating the plausible role of NPY in ovary through cfGnRH-GTH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheni-Chery Sudhakumari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Arumugam Anitha
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Raju Murugananthkumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Dharavath Bhasker
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Aparna Dutta-Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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Senthilkumaran B, Sudhakumari CC, Mamta SK, Raghuveer K, Swapna I, Murugananthkumar R. "Brain sex differentiation" in teleosts: Emerging concepts with potential biomarkers. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:33-40. [PMID: 26116093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
"Brain sex differentiation" in teleosts is a contentious topic of research as most of the earlier reports tend to suggest that gonadal sex differentiation drives brain sex differentiation. However, identification of sex-specific marker genes in the developing brain of teleosts signifies brain-gonadal interaction during early sexual development in lower vertebrates. In this context, the influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-gonadotropin (GTH) axis on gonadal sex differentiation, if any requires in depth analysis. Presence of seabream (sb) GnRH immunoreactivity (ir-) in the brain of XY Nile tilapia was found as early as 5days post hatch (dph) followed by qualitative reduction in the preoptic area-hypothalamus region. In contrast, in the XX female brain a steady ir- of sbGnRH was evident from 15dph. Earlier studies using sea bass already implied the importance of hypothalamic gonadotropic axis completion during sex differentiation period. Such biphasic pattern of localization was also seen in pituitary GTHs using heterologous antisera in tilapia. However, more recent analysis in the same species could not detect any sexually dimorphic pattern using homologous antisera for pituitary GTHs. Detailed studies on the development of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in teleosts focusing on hypothalamic monoamines (MA) and MA-related enzymes demonstrated sex-specific differential expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) in the early stages of developing male and female brains of tilapia and catfish. The changes in Tph expression was in agreement with the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the preoptic area-hypothalamus. Considering the stimulatory influence of 5-HT on GnRH and GTH release, it is possible to propose a network association between these correlates during early development, which may bring about brain sex dimorphism in males. A recent study from our laboratory during female brain sex development demonstrated high expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in correlation with catecholamine levels, brain aromatase and its related transcription factors such as fushi tarazu factor 1, Ftz-f1 and fork head box protein L2, foxl2. Taken together, gender differences in the levels of various transcripts provide new perspectives on brain sex differentiation in lower vertebrates. Sexually dimorphic or differentially expressing genes may play an essential role at the level of brain in response to gonadal differentiation, which might consequentially or causatively respond to gonadal sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Cheni-Chery Sudhakumari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sajwan-Khatri Mamta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Kavarthapu Raghuveer
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Immani Swapna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Raju Murugananthkumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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Horie Y, Shimizu A, Adachi S, Kobayashi T. Expression and localization of gonadotropic hormone subunits (Gpa, Fshb, and Lhb) in the pituitary during gonadal differentiation in medaka. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 204:173-80. [PMID: 24859259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the appearance of and chronological changes in two different gonadotropic hormone (Gth) cells, we examined the dynamics of Gth cells in detail during gonadal differentiation and development in the d-rR strain of medaka (Oryzias latipes). Expression of the sex-determining gene Dmy was evident in gonadal somatic cells at 5 days post-fertilization (dpf). Glycoprotein-α (Gpa)-positive cells first appeared in the pituitary at 4 dpf, regardless of genetic sex, while follicle-stimulating hormone-β (Fshb)-positive cells was detected in XX and XY embryos at 5 and 6 dpf, respectively. In contrast, luteinizing hormone-β (Lhb)-positive cells were observed in both sexes of medaka after 70 days post-hatching (dph). The density of Fshb-positive cells in the pituitary was significantly and transiently higher in XX than in XY fry at 0 dph, and thereafter no significant differences were detected before sexual maturation. In this study, temporal expression of Fshb was observed, indicating that Fsh cells become differentiated before hatching and that sexual dimorphism in Fsh cells occurs transiently after sex determination in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Horie
- Laboratory of Molecular Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Research Center for Aquatic Genomes, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Shinji Adachi
- Division of Marine Life Sciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Tohru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Reproductive Biology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Reproductive Biology, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Weltzien FA, Hildahl J, Hodne K, Okubo K, Haug TM. Embryonic development of gonadotrope cells and gonadotropic hormones--lessons from model fish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 385:18-27. [PMID: 24145126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are key regulators of vertebrate reproduction. The differential regulation of these hormones, however, is poorly understood and little is known about gonadotrope embryonic development. The different cell types in the vertebrate pituitary develop from common progenitor cells just after gastrulation. Proper development and merging of the anterior and posterior pituitary is dependent upon carefully regulated cell-to-cell interactions, and a suite of signaling pathways with precisely organized temporal and spatial expression patterns, which include transcription factors and their co-activators and repressors. Among the pituitary endocrine cell types, the gonadotropes are the last to develop and become functional. Although much progress has been made during the last decade regarding details of gonadotrope development, the coordinated program for their maturation is not well described. FSH and LH form an integral part of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonad axis, the main regulator of gonad development and reproduction. Besides regulating gonad development, pre- and early post-natal activity in this axis is thought to be essential for proper development, especially of the central nervous system in mammals. As a means to investigate early functions of FSH and LH in more detail, we have developed a stable transgenic line of medaka with the LH beta subunit gene (lhb) promoter driving green fluorescent protein (Gfp) expression to characterize development of lhb-expressing gonadotropes. The lhb gene is maternally expressed early during embryogenesis. lhb-Expressing cells are initially localized outside the primordial pituitary in the developing gut tube as early as 32 hpf. At hatching, lhb-Gfp is clearly detected in the gut epithelium and in the anterior digestive tract. lhb-Gfp expression later consolidates in the developing pituitary by 2 weeks post-fertilization. This review discusses status of knowledge regarding pituitary morphology and development, with emphasis on gonadotrope cells and gonadotropins during early development, comparing main model species like mouse, zebrafish and medaka, including possible developmental functions of the observed extra pituitary expression of lhb in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Weltzien Laboratory, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jon Hildahl
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Weltzien Laboratory, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Weltzien Laboratory, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kataaki Okubo
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Trude M Haug
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Mamta SK, Raghuveer K, Sudhakumari CC, Rajakumar A, Basavaraju Y, Senthilkumaran B. Cloning and expression analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and changes in catecholamine levels in brain during ontogeny and after sex steroid analogues exposure in the catfish, Clarias batrachus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 197:18-25. [PMID: 24315863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine (CA) biosynthesis and is considered to be a marker for CA-ergic neurons, which regulate the levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in brain and gonadotropins in the pituitary. In the present study, we cloned full-length cDNA of Th from the catfish brain and evaluated its expression pattern in the male and female brain during early development and after sex-steroid analogues treatment using quantitative real-time PCR. We measured the CA levels to compare our results on Th. Cloned Th from catfish brain is 1.591 kb, which encodes a putative protein of 458 amino acid residues and showed high homology with other teleosts. The tissue distribution of Th revealed ubiquitous expression in all the tissues analyzed with maximum expression in male and female brain. Copy number analysis showed two-fold more transcript abundance in the female brain when compared with the male brain. A differential expression pattern of Th was observed in which the mRNA levels were significantly higher in females compared with males, during early brain development. CAs, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in the developing male and female brain confirmed the prominence of the CA-ergic system in the female brain. Sex-steroid analogue treatment using methyltestosterone and ethinylestradiol confirmed our findings of the differential expression of Th related to CA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajwan Khatri Mamta
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kavarthapu Raghuveer
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Cheni-Chery Sudhakumari
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anbazhagan Rajakumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Yaraguntappa Basavaraju
- Fisheries Research and Information Centre (Inland), Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560089, Karnataka, India
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences - Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Yan H, Ijiri S, Wu Q, Kobayashi T, Li S, Nakaseko T, Adachi S, Nagahama Y. Expression Patterns of Gonadotropin Hormones and Their Receptors During Early Sexual Differentiation in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus1. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:116. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Chen JY, Chiou MJ. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the zebrafish luteinizing hormone beta subunit (LH<beta>) promoter. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:1253-1262. [PMID: 20526672 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The luteinizing hormone (LH) plays important roles in vertebrate reproduction. In the present study, we cloned and characterized the zebrafish (Danio rerio) LH<beta> subunit gene structure and promoter region. Analysis of 3.0 kb (LH3.4K~5'UTR) of the LH<beta> subunit proximal promoter region displayed maximal promoter activity in a tilapia ovary cell line (TO2 cells) after treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Transient expression experiments with a 5'-deletion revealed at least 10 regulatory regions in the zebrafish LH<beta> subunit gene. Compared to the molecular mechanisms of other vertebrates, GnRH treatment led to the activation of zebrafish LH<beta> subunit gene transcription in ovary cells. We demonstrated that LH<beta> subunit gene transcription increased with 6 h of treatment with GnRH but was repressed by protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and calcium in the TO2 cell line. To study promoter-specific expression, we constructed an LH<beta> subunit (LH3.4k~5'UTR) promoter region-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP), and the results indicated that LH<beta> promoter-driven GFP transcripts appeared in the pituitary gland. For the gene knockdown study, we targeted knockdown of the LH<beta> subunit gene by two antisense morpholino oligonucleotides that resulted in serious abnormalities and death during zebrafish embryogenesis. These results suggest that the LH plays important roles in reproduction and general embryonic development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan.
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Sudhakumari CC, Senthilkumaran B, Raghuveer K, Wang DS, Kobayashi T, Kagawa H, Krishnaiah C, Dutta-Gupta A, Nagahama Y. Dimorphic expression of tryptophan hydroxylase in the brain of XX and XY Nile tilapia during early development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:320-9. [PMID: 19925800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is well known for modulating the release of GnRH and gonadotropin in teleosts. Reports on increased female:male ratio after the blockade of 5-HT biosynthesis proposed a role for 5-HT in brain sex differentiation. Two types of tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph), rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of 5-HT were cloned from vertebrates. In the present study, we cloned Tph from brain and evaluated its importance during early development of XX and XY Nile tilapia. Tph cloned from tilapia brain is 1888 bp in length and it encodes predicted protein of 462 amino acid residues. Tph activity of tilapia was confirmed by demonstrating the conversion of L-tryptophan to 5-hydroxy tryptophan by the recombinant protein after transient transfection of this cDNA clone in COS-7 cells. Northern blot identified single transcript around 2kb in male brain. Tissue distribution of Tph revealed high abundance in brain, kidney, liver and testis. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed exclusive expression of Tph in the male brain from 5 to 20 days post hatch (dph) while in the female brain, it was from 25 dph. These results were authenticated by localization of Tph transcripts in olfactory bulb-telencephalon region of 11 dph male brain using in situ hybridization. Tph immunoreactivity (-ir) was also evident in the nucleus preopticus-periventricularis area of male brain as early as 12 dph. However, Tph-ir was observed in several regions of both male and female brain without any distinction from 30 dph. Dimorphic expression pattern of Tph during early brain development around the critical period (7-21 dph) of gonadal sex determination and differentiation may implicate a role for Tph in brain sex differentiation of tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Sudhakumari
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences-Centre of Advanced Study, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Swapna I, Sudhakumari CC, Sakai F, Sreenivasulu G, Kobayashi T, Kagawa H, Nagahama Y, Senthilkumaran B. Seabream GnRH immunoreactivity in brain and pituitary of XX and XY Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticusduring early development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 309:419-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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