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Podsednik A, Xu HN, Li LZ. Passage dependence of NADH redox status and reactive oxygen species level in vitro in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines with different invasiveness. TRANSLATIONAL BREAST CANCER RESEARCH : A JOURNAL FOCUSING ON TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN BREAST CANCER 2024; 5:27. [PMID: 39534579 PMCID: PMC11557164 DOI: 10.21037/tbcr-24-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Background The redox status of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD; including oxidized form NAD+ and reduced form NADH) plays key roles in both health and disease and has been actively studied to develop cancer biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. With the optical redox imaging (ORI) technique, we have been investigating the relationship of NADH redox status, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and invasiveness in breast cancer cell cultures, and have associated higher invasiveness with more oxidized NADH redox state. However, the cell cultures may have phenotypic drift and metabolic change with increased passage numbers. Methods We investigated the passage-dependence of NADH redox status and ROS levels in two triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell cultures: the more invasive/metastatic MDA-MB-231 and the less invasive/metastatic HCC1806 cell lines. We measured the NADH redox status, redox plasticity, and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS levels under the basal condition and metabolic perturbations of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. We evaluated the dependence of redox and ROS profiles on the cell passage number by comparing the early (<20 passages) with the late (>60 passages) passage cells. Results (I) NADH redox and ROS baselines are stable and independent of cell passage number, but can vary with passage number under metabolic perturbations depending on specific perturbation and cell line; (II) NADH redox status and intracellular ROS levels can change discordantly in cancer cells; (III) under both basal and metabolically perturbed conditions, the more invasive cell line has a more oxidized NADH redox status with a higher basal cytoplasmic ROS level than the less invasive line, regardless of passage number. Conclusions The general correlation between redox, ROS, and invasiveness in studied TNBC cells is not very sensitive to passage number. These results indicate that NADH redox and basal ROS status in TNBC likely reflect the intrinsic progressive nature of TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Podsednik
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - He N Xu
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Peng A, Xu HN, Moon L, Zhang P, Li LZ. Quantitative Optical Redox Imaging of Melanoma Xenografts with Different Metastatic Potentials. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1669. [PMID: 38730620 PMCID: PMC11083304 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To develop imaging biomarkers for tumors aggressiveness, our previous optical redox imaging (ORI) studies of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp, containing flavin adenine dinucleotide, i.e., FAD) in tumor xenografts of human melanoma associated the high optical redox ratio (ORR = Fp/(Fp + NADH)) and its heterogeneity to the high invasive/metastatic potential, without having reported quantitative results for NADH and Fp. Here, we implemented a calibration procedure to facilitate imaging the nominal concentrations of tissue NADH and Fp in the mouse xenografts of two human melanoma lines, an indolent less metastatic A375P and a more metastatic C8161. Images of the redox indices (NADH, Fp, ORR) revealed the existence of more oxidized areas (OAs) and more reduced areas (RAs) within individual tumors. ORR was found to be higher and NADH lower in C8161 compared to that of A375P xenografts, both globally for the whole tumors and locally in OAs. The ORR in the OA can differentiate xenografts with a higher statistical significance than the global averaged ORR. H&E staining of the tumors indicated that the redox differences we identified were more likely due to intrinsically different cell metabolism, rather than variations in cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Peng
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.P.); (H.N.X.); (L.M.)
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - He N. Xu
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.P.); (H.N.X.); (L.M.)
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lily Moon
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.P.); (H.N.X.); (L.M.)
| | - Paul Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Lin Z. Li
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.P.); (H.N.X.); (L.M.)
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Jacob A, Xu HN, Stout AL, Li LZ. Subcellular analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic redox indices differentiates breast cancer cell subtypes better than nuclear-to-cytoplasmic area ratio. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210375GR. [PMID: 35945669 PMCID: PMC9360498 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.086001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stratification of malignancy is valuable for cancer treatment. Both optical redox imaging (ORI) indices and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume/area ratio (N:C ratio) have been investigated to differentiate between cancers with varying aggressiveness, but these two methods have not been directly compared. The redox status in the cell nucleus has not been studied by ORI, and it remains unknown whether nuclear ORI indices add new biological information. AIM We sought to compare the capacity of whole-cell and subcellular ORI indices and N:C ratio to differentiate between breast cancer subtypes with varying aggressiveness and between mitotic and nonmitotic cells. APPROACH ORI indices for whole cell, cytoplasm, and nucleus as well as the N:C area ratio were generated for two triple-negative (more aggressive) and two receptor-positive (less aggressive) breast cancer cell lines by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We found positive correlations between nuclear and cytoplasmic ORI indices within individual cells. On average, a nuclear redox status was found to be more oxidized than cytoplasm in triple-negative cells but not in receptor-positive cells. Whole-cell and subcellular ORI indices distinguished between the receptor statuses better than the N:C ratio. However, N:C ratio was a better differentiator between nonmitotic and mitotic triple-negative cells. CONCLUSIONS Subcellular ORI analysis differentiates breast cancer subtypes with varying aggressiveness better than N:C area ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Jacob
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - He N. Xu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Andrea L. Stout
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lin Z. Li
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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4
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Yang JI, Lee HL, Yun JJ, Kim J, So KH, Jeong YIL, Kang DH. pH and Redox-Dual Sensitive Chitosan Nanoparticles Having Methyl Ester and Disulfide Linkages for Drug Targeting against Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113795. [PMID: 35683095 PMCID: PMC9181436 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to prepare pH- and redox-sensitive nanoparticles for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery against DOX-resistant HuCC-T1 human cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells. For this purpose, L-histidine methyl ester (HIS) was attached to chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) via dithiodipropionic acid (abbreviated as ChitoHISss). DOX-incorporated nanoparticles of ChitoHISss conjugates were fabricated by a dialysis procedure. DOX-resistant HuCC-T1 cells were prepared by repetitive exposure of HuCC-T1 cells to DOX. ChitoHISss nanoparticles showed spherical morphology with a small diameter of less than 200 nm. The acid pH and glutathione (GSH) addition induced changes in the size distribution pattern of ChitoHISss nanoparticles from a narrow/monomodal distribution pattern to a wide/multimodal pattern and increased the fluorescence intensity of the nanoparticle solution. These results indicate that a physicochemical transition of nanoparticles can occur in an acidic pH or redox state. The more acidic the pH or the higher the GSH concentration the higher the drug release rate was, indicating that an acidic environment or higher redox states accelerated drug release from ChitoHISss nanoparticles. Whereas free DOX showed decreased anticancer activity at DOX-resistant HuCC-T1 cells, DOX-incorporated ChitoHISss nanoparticles showed dose-dependent anticancer activity. Intracellular delivery of DOX-incorporated ChitoHISss nanoparticles was relatively increased at an acidic pH and in the presence of GSH, indicating that DOX-incorporated ChitoHISss nanoparticles have superior acidic pH- and redox-sensitive behavior. In an in vivo tumor xenograft model, DOX-incorporated ChitoHISss nanoparticles were specifically delivered to tumor tissues and then efficiently inhibited tumor growth. We suggest that ChitoHISss nanoparticles are a promising candidate for treatment of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Il Yang
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea; (H.L.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Je-Jung Yun
- Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Agricultural Life Science, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Gokseong-gun 57509, Korea;
| | - Jungsoo Kim
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea; (H.L.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Kyoung-Ha So
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.S.); (Y.-I.J.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Young-IL Jeong
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea; (H.L.L.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.S.); (Y.-I.J.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Dae-Hwan Kang
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea
- Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University, Busan 50612, Korea; (H.L.L.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.S.); (Y.-I.J.); (D.-H.K.)
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5
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Giese J, Eirich J, Post F, Schwarzländer M, Finkemeier I. Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Cysteine Redox Proteome Profiling of Isolated Mitochondria Using Differential iodoTMT Labeling. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2363:215-234. [PMID: 34545496 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1653-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central hubs of redox biochemistry in the cell. An important role of mitochondrial carbon metabolism is to oxidize respiratory substrates and to pass the electrons down the mitochondrial electron transport chain to reduce oxygen and to drive oxidative phosphorylation. During respiration, reactive oxygen species are produced as a side reaction, some of which in turn oxidize cysteine thiols in proteins. Hence, the redox status of cysteine-containing mitochondrial proteins has to be controlled by the mitochondrial glutathione and thioredoxin systems, which draw electrons from metabolically derived NADPH. The redox status of mitochondrial cysteines can undergo fast transitions depending on the metabolic status of the cell, as for instance at early seed germination. Here, we describe a state-of-the-art method to quantify redox state of protein cysteines in isolated Arabidopsis seedling mitochondria of controlled metabolic and respiratory state by MS2-based redox proteomics using the isobaric thiol labeling reagent Iodoacetyl Tandem Mass Tag™ (iodoTMT). The procedure is also applicable to isolated mitochondria of other plant and nonplant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Giese
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frederik Post
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Gnanatheepam E, Kanniyappan U, Dornadula K, Prakasarao A, Singaravelu G. Polarization gating technique extracts depth resolved fluorescence redox ratio in oral cancer diagnostics. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101757. [PMID: 32335189 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mortality of oral cancer is often due to late diagnosis. Effective non-invasive diagnostic techniques may increase the survival rate based on an earlier diagnosis.. We report on the application of the polarization gating technique for isolating weakly scattered and highly scattered components of fluorescence emission from the superficial and deeper layers of tissue due to intrinsic fluorophores NADH and FAD. The fluorescence polarization spectra were collected from 21 normal and 67 oral squamous cell carcinoma biopsy tissues. The tissues were excited at 350 nm and the fluorescence emission had two peaks corresponding to NADH, and FAD respectively. The spectra were analyzed using the polarization gating technique along with the spectral deconvolution method to derive the optical redox ratio from different layers of tissue. The fractional change in redox ratio between superficial and deeper layers of tissue exhibits excellent statistical significance (p<10-3) which may be due to a shift in the metabolic pathway from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in the cancer cell. Further, variation in collagen intensity in deeper layers of tissue is observed which may be attributed to the breakdown of collagen fibers in the stroma. Linear discriminant analysis showed that oral cancer tissue is discriminated with a better accuracy using polarization gating technique than that of conventional fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udayakumar Kanniyappan
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Koteeswaran Dornadula
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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7
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Beaulieu E, Laurence A, Birlea M, Sheehy G, Angulo-Rodriguez L, Latour M, Albadine R, Saad F, Trudel D, Leblond F. Wide-field optical spectroscopy system integrating reflectance and spatial frequency domain imaging to measure attenuation-corrected intrinsic tissue fluorescence in radical prostatectomy specimens. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2052-2072. [PMID: 32341866 PMCID: PMC7173915 DOI: 10.1364/boe.388482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of a multimodal optical imaging system is presented that integrates endogenous fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with single-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and surface profilometry. The system images specimens at visible wavelengths with a spatial resolution of 70 µm, a field of view of 25 cm2 and a depth of field of ∼1.5 cm. The results of phantom experiments are presented demonstrating the system retrieves absorption and reduced scattering coefficient maps using SFDI with <6% reconstruction errors. A phase-shifting profilometry technique is implemented and the resulting 3-D surface used to compute a geometric correction ensuring optical properties reconstruction errors are maintained to <6% in curved media with height variations <20 mm. Combining SFDI-computed optical properties with data from diffuse reflectance spectra is shown to correct fluorescence using a model based on light transport in tissue theory. The system is used to image a human prostate, demonstrating its ability to distinguish prostatic tissue (anterior stroma, hyperplasia, peripheral zone) from extra-prostatic tissue (urethra, ejaculatory ducts, peri-prostatic tissue). These techniques could be integrated in robotic-assisted surgical systems to enhance information provided to surgeons and improve procedural accuracy by minimizing the risk of damage to extra-prostatic tissue during radical prostatectomy procedures and eventually detect residual cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Beaulieu
- Polytechnique Montreal, Dept. of
Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C
3A7, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Audrey Laurence
- Polytechnique Montreal, Dept. of
Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C
3A7, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mirela Birlea
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
- University of Montreal, Dept. of Pathology
and Cellular Biology, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC
H3 T 1J4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Sheehy
- Polytechnique Montreal, Dept. of
Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C
3A7, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Leticia Angulo-Rodriguez
- Polytechnique Montreal, Dept. of
Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C
3A7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Latour
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
- University of Montreal, Dept. of Pathology
and Cellular Biology, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC
H3 T 1J4, Canada
| | - Roula Albadine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
- University of Montreal, Dept. of Pathology
and Cellular Biology, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC
H3 T 1J4, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
- University of Montreal, Dept. of Pathology
and Cellular Biology, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC
H3 T 1J4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Leblond
- Polytechnique Montreal, Dept. of
Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C
3A7, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de
Montreal Research Center (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC
H2X 0A9, Canada
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8
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Wen Y, Xu HN, Privette Vinnedge L, Feng M, Li LZ. Optical Redox Imaging Detects the Effects of DEK Oncogene Knockdown on the Redox State of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:410-416. [PMID: 30758703 PMCID: PMC6684344 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Optical redox imaging (ORI), based on collecting the endogenous fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp) containing a redox cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), provides sensitive indicators of cellular metabolism and redox status. ORI indices (such as NADH, FAD, and their ratio) have been under investigation as potential progression/prognosis biomarkers for cancer. Higher FAD redox ratio (i.e., FAD/(FAD + NADH)) has been associated with higher invasive/metastatic potential in tumor xenografts and cultured cells. This study is to examine whether ORI indices can respond to the modulation of oncogene DEK activities that change cancer cell invasive/metastatic potential. PROCEDURES Using lentiviral shRNA, DEK gene expression was efficiently knocked down in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (DEKsh). These DEKsh cells, along with scrambled shRNA-transduced control cells (NTsh), were imaged with a fluorescence microscope. In vitro invasive potential of the DEKsh cells and NTsh cells was also measured in parallel using the transwell assay. RESULTS FAD and FAD redox ratios in polyclonal cells with DEKsh were significantly lower than that in NTsh control cells. Consistently, the DEKsh cells demonstrated decreased invasive potential than their non-knockdown counterparts NTsh cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides direct evidence that oncogene activities could mediate ORI-detected cellular redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wen
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - He N Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Privette Vinnedge
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center and Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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Niu W, Wang J, Qian J, Wang M, Wu P, Chen F, Yan S. Allosteric control of human cystathionine β-synthase activity by a redox active disulfide bond. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2523-2533. [PMID: 29298893 PMCID: PMC5818181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is the central enzyme in the trans-sulfuration pathway that converts homocysteine to cysteine. It is also one of the three major enzymes involved in the biogenesis of H2S. CBS is a complex protein with a modular three-domain architecture, the central domain of which contains a 272CXXC275 motif whose function has yet to be determined. In the present study, we demonstrated that the CXXC motif exists in oxidized and reduced states in the recombinant enzyme by mass spectroscopic analysis and a thiol labeling assay. The activity of reduced CBS is ∼2-3-fold greater than that of the oxidized enzyme, and substitution of either cysteine in CXXC motif leads to a loss of redox sensitivity. The Cys272-Cys275 disulfide bond in CBS has a midpoint potential of -314 mV at pH 7.4. Additionally, the CXXC motif also exists in oxidized and reduced states in HEK293 cells under oxidative and reductive conditions, and stressing these cells with DTT results in more reduced enzyme and a concomitant increase in H2S production in live HEK293 cells as determined using a H2S fluorescent probe. By contrast, incubation of cells with aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of CBS and cystathionine γ-lyase, eliminated the increase of H2S production after the cells were exposed to DTT. These findings indicate that CBS is post-translationally regulated by a redox-active disulfide bond in the CXXC motif. The results also demonstrate that CBS-derived H2S production is increased in cells under reductive stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Niu
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jun Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jing Qian
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ping Wu
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Fei Chen
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shasha Yan
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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10
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Lin Z, Xu HN, Wang Y, Floros J, Li LZ. Differential Expression of PGC1α in Intratumor Redox Subpopulations of Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1072:177-181. [PMID: 30178342 PMCID: PMC6429950 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91287-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicate that the mitochondrial redox state and its intratumor heterogeneity are associated with invasiveness and metastatic potential in human breast cancer cell models and mouse xenografts. To further study the molecular basis of redox heterogeneity, we obtained the fluorescence images of Fp (oxidized flavoproteins containing flavin adenine dinucleotide, i.e., FAD), NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and the Fp redox ratio (FpR = Fp/(Fp + NADH)) of MDA-MB-231 xenografts by the Chance redox scanner, then isolated the intratumoral redox subpopulations by dissection according to the redox ratio image. A total of 12 subpopulations were isolated from 4 tumors (2-4 locations from each tumor). The 12 subpopulations were classified into 3 FpR groups: high FpR (HFpR, n = 4, FpR range 0.78-0.92, average 0.85), medium FpR (MFpR, n = 5, FpR range 0.39-0.68, average 0.52), and low FpR (LFpR, n = 3, FpR range 0.15-0.28, average 0.20). The RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) analysis on these redox subpopulations showed that PGC-1α is significantly upregulated in the HFpR redox group compared to the MFpR group (fold change 2.1, p = 0.008), but not significantly different between MFpR and LFpR groups, or between HFpR and LFpR groups. These results indicate that optical redox imaging (ORI)-based redox subpopulations exhibit differential expression of PGC1α gene and suggest that PGC1α might play a role in redox mediation of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Lin
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - He N Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Timm KN, Hu DE, Williams M, Wright AJ, Kettunen MI, Kennedy BWC, Larkin TJ, Dzien P, Marco-Rius I, Bohndiek SE, Brindle KM. Assessing Oxidative Stress in Tumors by Measuring the Rate of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Dehydroascorbic Acid Reduction Using 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:1737-1748. [PMID: 27994059 PMCID: PMC5290948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.761536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid cancer cell proliferation promotes the production of reducing equivalents, which counteract the effects of relatively high levels of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species levels increase in response to chemotherapy and cell death, whereas an increase in antioxidant capacity can confer resistance to chemotherapy and is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major site of NADPH production in the cell, which is used to maintain the main intracellular antioxidant, glutathione, in its reduced state. Previous studies have shown that the rate of hyperpolarized [1-13C]dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) reduction, which can be measured in vivo using non-invasive 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, is increased in tumors and that this is correlated with the levels of reduced glutathione. We show here that the rate of hyperpolarized [1-13C]DHA reduction is increased in tumors that have been oxidatively prestressed by depleting the glutathione pool by buthionine sulfoximine treatment. This increase was associated with a corresponding increase in pentose phosphate pathway flux, assessed using 13C-labeled glucose, and an increase in glutaredoxin activity, which catalyzes the glutathione-dependent reduction of DHA. These results show that the rate of DHA reduction depends not only on the level of reduced glutathione, but also on the rate of NADPH production, contradicting the conclusions of some previous studies. Hyperpolarized [1-13C]DHA can be used, therefore, to assess the capacity of tumor cells to resist oxidative stress in vivo However, DHA administration resulted in transient respiratory arrest and cardiac depression, which may prevent translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin N Timm
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - De-En Hu
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Williams
- the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Wright
- the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Brett W C Kennedy
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Larkin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Dzien
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom.
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12
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Moon L, Frederick DW, Baur JA, Li LZ. Imaging Redox State in Mouse Muscles of Different Ages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 977:51-57. [PMID: 28685427 PMCID: PMC5690582 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for many diseases. Intracellular concentrations of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and the NAD+-coupled redox state have been proposed to moderate many aging-related processes, yet the specific mechanisms remain unclear. The concentration of NAD+ falls with age in skeletal muscle, yet there is no consensus on whether aging will increase or decrease the redox potential of NAD+/NADH. Oxidized flavin groups (Fp) (e.g. FAD, i.e., flavin adenine dinucleotide, contained in flavoproteins) and NADH are intrinsic fluorescent indicators of oxidation and reduction status of tissue, respectively. The redox ratio, i.e., the ratio of Fp to NADH, may be a surrogate indicator of the NAD+/NADH redox potential. In this study we used the Chance redox scanner (NADH/Fp fluorescence imaging at low temperature) to investigate the effect of aging on the redox state of mitochondria in skeletal muscles. The results showed that there are borderline significant differences in nominal concentrations of Fp and NADH, but not in the redox ratio s when comparing 3.5-month and 13-month old muscles of mice (n = 6). It may be necessary to increase the number of muscle samples and study mice of more advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Moon
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David W Frederick
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Li LZ. A pre-tracer approach for improving the accuracy of metabolic measurements by hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2016; 6:612-614. [PMID: 27942482 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2016.10.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Z Li
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Xu HN, Tchou J, Feng M, Zhao H, Li LZ. Optical redox imaging indices discriminate human breast cancer from normal tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:114003. [PMID: 27896360 PMCID: PMC5136669 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.11.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our long-term goal was to investigate the potential of incorporating redox imaging technique as a breast cancer (BC) diagnosis component to increase the positive predictive value of suspicious imaging finding and to reduce unnecessary biopsies and overdiagnosis. We previously found that precancer and cancer tissues in animal models displayed abnormal mitochondrial redox state. We also revealed abnormal mitochondrial redox state in cancerous specimens from three BC patients. Here, we extend our study to include biopsies of 16 patients. Tissue aliquots were collected from both apparently normal and cancerous tissues from the affected cancer-bearing breasts shortly after surgical resection. All specimens were snap-frozen and scanned with the Chance redox scanner, i.e., the three-dimensional cryogenic NADH/Fp (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/oxidized flavoproteins) fluorescence imager. We found both Fp and NADH in the cancerous tissues roughly tripled that in the normal tissues ( p < 0.05 ). The redox ratio Fp/(NADH + Fp) was ? 27 % higher in the cancerous tissues ( p < 0.05 ). Additionally, Fp, or NADH, or the redox ratio alone could predict cancer with reasonable sensitivity and specificity. Our findings suggest that the optical redox imaging technique can provide parameters independent of clinical factors for discriminating cancer from noncancer breast tissues in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N. Xu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, B6 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Johnson Research Foundation, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, R171 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Julia Tchou
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, West Pavilion 3rd Floor, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Rena Rowan Breast Center, West Pavilion, 3rd Floor, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Min Feng
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, B6 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Johnson Research Foundation, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, R171 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Temple University, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kresge Room 218, 3440 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Lin Z. Li
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, B6 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Johnson Research Foundation, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, R171 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Tsujikawa T, Asahi S, Oh M, Sato Y, Narita N, Makino A, Mori T, Kiyono Y, Tsuchida T, Kimura H, Fujieda S, Okazawa H. Assessment of the Tumor Redox Status in Head and Neck Cancer by 62Cu-ATSM PET. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155635. [PMID: 27187778 PMCID: PMC4871355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor redox is an important factor for cancer progression, resistance to treatments, and a poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to define tumor redox (over-reduction) using 62Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (62Cu-ATSM) PET and compare its prognostic potential in head and neck cancer (HNC) with that of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). Methods Thirty HNC patients (stage II–IV) underwent pretreatment 62Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG PET scans. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVATSM and SUVFDG) and tumor-to-muscle activity concentration ratios (TMRATSM and TMRFDG) were measured. Reductive-tumor-volume (RTV) was then determined at four thresholds (40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% SUVATSM), and total-lesion-reduction (TLR) was calculated as the product of the mean SUV and RTV for 62Cu-ATSM. In 18F-FDG, metabolic-tumor-volume (MTV) and total-lesion-glycolysis (TLG) were obtained at a threshold of 40%. A ROC analysis was performed to determine % thresholds for RTV and TLR showing the best predictive performance, and these were then used to determine the optimal cut-off values to stratify patients for each parameter. Progression-free-survival (PFS) and cause-specific-survival (CSS) were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results The means ± standard deviations of PFS and CSS periods were 16.4±13.4 and 19.2±12.4 months, respectively. A ROC analysis determined that the 70% SUVATSM threshold for RTV and TLR was the best for predicting disease progression and cancer death. Optimal cut-offs for each index were SUVATSM = 3.6, SUVFDG = 7.9, TMRATSM = 3.2, TMRFDG = 5.6, RTV = 2.9, MTV = 8.1, TLR = 14.0, and TLG = 36.5. When the cut-offs for TMRATSM and TLR were set as described above in 62Cu-ATSM PET, patients with higher TMRATSM (p = 0.03) and greater TLR (p = 0.02) showed significantly worse PFS, while patients with greater TLR had significantly worse CSS (p = 0.02). Only MTV in 18F-FDG PET predicted differences in PSF and CSS (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion Tumor redox parameters measured by 62Cu-ATSM PET may be determinants of HNC patient outcomes and help define optimal patient-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tsujikawa
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Satoko Asahi
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Myungmi Oh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Norihiko Narita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akira Makino
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kiyono
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tsuchida
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kimura
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Okazawa
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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16
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Sengupta D, Pratx G. Imaging metabolic heterogeneity in cancer. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:4. [PMID: 26739333 PMCID: PMC4704434 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As our knowledge of cancer metabolism has increased, it has become apparent that cancer metabolic processes are extremely heterogeneous. The reasons behind this heterogeneity include genetic diversity, the existence of multiple and redundant metabolic pathways, altered microenvironmental conditions, and so on. As a result, methods in the clinic and beyond have been developed in order to image and study tumor metabolism in the in vivo and in vitro regimes. Both regimes provide unique advantages and challenges, and may be used to provide a picture of tumor metabolic heterogeneity that is spatially and temporally comprehensive. Taken together, these methods may hold the key to appropriate cancer diagnoses and treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanti Sengupta
- Stanford University School of Medicine, A226 Building A, 1050 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Stanford University School of Medicine, A226 Building A, 1050 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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17
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Cai K, Xu HN, Singh A, Moon L, Haris M, Reddy R, Li LZ. Breast cancer redox heterogeneity detectable with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:670-9. [PMID: 24811957 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue redox state is an important mediator of various biological processes in health and diseases such as cancer. Previously, we discovered that the mitochondrial redox state of ex vivo tissues detected by redox scanning (an optical imaging method) revealed interesting tumor redox state heterogeneity that could differentiate tumor aggressiveness. Because the noninvasive chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI can probe the proton transfer and generate contrasts from endogenous metabolites, we aim to investigate if the in vivo CEST contrast is sensitive to proton transfer of the redox reactions so as to reveal the tissue redox states in breast cancer animal models. PROCEDURES CEST MRI has been employed to characterize tumor metabolic heterogeneity and correlated with the redox states measured by the redox scanning in two human breast cancer mouse xenograft models, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. The possible biological mechanism on the correlation between the two imaging modalities was further investigated by phantom studies where the reductants and the oxidants of the representative redox reactions were measured. RESULTS The CEST contrast is found linearly correlated with NADH concentration and the NADH redox ratio with high statistical significance, where NADH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The phantom studies showed that the reductants of the redox reactions have more CEST contrast than the corresponding oxidants, indicating that higher CEST effect corresponds to the more reduced redox state. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests that CEST MRI, once calibrated, might provide a novel noninvasive imaging surrogate for the tissue redox state and a possible diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,
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18
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Xu HN, Li LZ. Quantitative redox imaging biomarkers for studying tissue metabolic state and its heterogeneity. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2014; 7:1430002. [PMID: 31827630 PMCID: PMC6905396 DOI: 10.1142/s179354581430002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
NAD+/NADH redox state has been implicated in many diseases such as cancer and diabetes as well as in the regulation of embryonic development and aging. To fluorimetrically assess the mitochondrial redox state, Dr. Chance and co-workers measured the fluorescence of NADH and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp) including flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD) and demonstrated their ratio (i.e. the redox ratio) is a sensitive indicator of the mitochondrial redox states. The Chance redox scanner was built to simultaneously measure NADH and Fp in tissue at submillimeter scale in 3D using the freeze-trap protocol. This paper summarizes our recent research experience, development and new applications of the redox scanning technique in collaboration with Dr.Chance beginning in 2005. Dr. Chance initiated or actively involved in many of the projects during the last several years of his life. We advanced the redox scanning technique by measuring the nominal concentrations (in reference to the frozen solution standards) of the endogenous fluorescent analytes, i.e., [NADH] and [Fp] to quantify the redox ratios in various biological tissues. The advancement has enabled us to identify an array of the redox indices as quantitative imaging biomarkers (including [NADH], [Fp], [Fp]/([NADH] + [Fp]), [NADH]/[Fp], and their standard deviations) for studying some important biological questions on cancer and normal tissue metabolism. We found that the redox indices were associated or changed with (1) tumorigenesis (cancer versus non-cancer of human breast tissue biopsies); (2) tumor metastatic potential; (3) tumor glucose uptake; (4) tumor p53 status; (5) PI3K pathway activation in premalignant tissue; (6) therapeutic effects on tumors; (7) embryonic stem cell differentiation; (8) the heart under fasting. Together, our work demonstrated that the tissue redox indices obtained from the redox scanning technique may provide useful information about tissue metabolism and physiology status in normal and diseased tissues. The Chance redox scanner and other redox imaging techniques may have wide-ranging potential applications in many fields, such as cancer, diabetes, developmental process, mitochondrial diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Department of Radiology, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Department of Radiology, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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XU HEN, ZHOU RONG, MOON LILY, FENG MIN, LI LINZ. 3D IMAGING OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX STATE OF RAT HEARTS UNDER NORMAL AND FASTING CONDITIONS. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2014; 7:1350045. [PMID: 24917891 PMCID: PMC4048726 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545813500454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The heart requires continuous ATP availability that is generated in the mitochondria. Although studies using the cell culture and perfused organ models have been carried out to investigate the biochemistry in the mitochondria in response to a change in substrate supply, mitochondrial bioenergetics of heart under normal feed or fasting conditions has not been studied at the tissue level with a sub-millimeter spatial resolution either in vivo or ex vivo. Oxidation of many food-derived metabolites to generate ATP in the mitochondria is realized through the NADH/NAD+ couple acting as a central electron carrier. We employed the Chance redox scanner - the low-temperature fluorescence scanner to image the three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution of the mitochondrial redox states in heart tissues of rats under normal feeding or an overnight starvation for 14.5 h. Multiple consecutive sections of each heart were imaged to map three redox indices, i.e., NADH, oxidized flavoproteins (Fp, including flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) and the redox ratio NADH/Fp. The imaging results revealed the micro-heterogeneity and the spatial distribution of these redox indices. The quantitative analysis showed that in the fasted hearts the standard deviation of both NADH and Fp, i.e., SD_NADH and SD_Fp, significantly decreased with a p value of 0.032 and 0.045, respectively, indicating that the hearts become relatively more homogeneous after fasting. The fasted hearts contained 28.6% less NADH (p = 0.038). No significant change in Fp was found (p = 0.4). The NADH/Fp ratio decreased with a marginal p value (0.076). The decreased NADH in the fasted hearts is consistent with the cardiac cells' reliance of fatty acids consumption for energy metabolism when glucose becomes scarce. The experimental observation of NADH decrease induced by dietary restriction in the heart at tissue level has not been reported to our best knowledge. The Chance redox scanner demonstrated the feasibility of 3D imaging of the mitochondrial redox state in the heart and provides a useful tool to study heart metabolism and function under normal, dietary-change and pathological conditions at tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- HE N. XU
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - RONG ZHOU
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - LILY MOON
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - MIN FENG
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - LIN Z. LI
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Xu HN, Kadlececk S, Profka H, Glickson JD, Rizi R, Li LZ. Is higher lactate an indicator of tumor metastatic risk? A pilot MRS study using hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:223-31. [PMID: 24439336 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Cancer cells generate more lactate than normal cells under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions-exhibiting the so-called Warburg effect. However, the relationship between the Warburg effect and tumor metastatic potential remains controversial. We intend to investigate whether the higher lactate reflects higher tumor metastatic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to compare lactate (13)C-labeling in vivo in mouse xenografts of the highly metastatic (MDA-MB-231) and the relatively indolent (MCF-7) human breast cancer cell lines. We obtained the kinetic parameters of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-catalyzed reaction by three methods of data analysis including the differential equation fit, q-ratio fit, and ratio fit methods. RESULTS Consistent results from the three methods showed that the highly metastatic tumors exhibited a smaller apparent forward rate constant (k(+) = 0.060 ± 0.004 s(-1)) than the relatively indolent tumors (k(+) = 0.097 ± 0.013 s(-1)). The ratio fit generated the greatest statistical significance for the difference (P = .02). No significant difference in the reverse rate constant was found between the two tumor lines. CONCLUSIONS The result indicates that the less metastatic breast tumors may produce more lactate than the highly metastatic ones from the injected (13)C-pyruvate and supports the notion that breast tumor metastatic risk is not necessarily associated with the high levels of glycolysis and lactate production. More studies are needed to confirm whether and how much the measured apparent rate constants are affected by the membrane transporter activity and whether they are primarily determined by the LDH activity.
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Xu HN, Zheng G, Tchou J, Nioka S, Li LZ. Characterizing the metabolic heterogeneity in human breast cancer xenografts by 3D high resolution fluorescence imaging. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:73. [PMID: 23543813 PMCID: PMC3610024 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that tumor mitochondrial redox state and its heterogeneity distinguished between the aggressive and the indolent breast cancer xenografts, suggesting novel metabolic indices as biomarkers for predicting tumor metastatic potential. Additionally, we reported that the identified redox biomarkers successfully differentiated between the normal breast tissue and the cancerous breast tissue from breast cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to further characterize intratumor heterogeneity by its distribution of mitochondrial redox state and glucose uptake pattern in tumor xenografts and to further investigate the metabolic heterogeneity of the clinical biopsy samples. We employed the Chance redox scanner, a multi-section cryogenic fluorescence imager to simultaneously image the intratumor heterogeneity in the mitochondrial redox state and glucose uptake at a high spatial resolution (down to 50 × 50 × 20 μm(3)). The mitochondrial redox state was determined by the ratio of the intrinsic fluorescence signals from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp including FAD, i.e., flavin adenine dinucleotide), and the glucose uptake was measured using a near-infrared fluorescent glucose-analogue, pyropheophorbide 2-deoxyglucosamide (Pyro-2DG). Significant inter- and intratumor metabolic heterogeneity were observed from our imaging data on various types of breast cancer xenografts. The patterns and degrees of heterogeneity of mitochondrial redox state appeared to relate to tumor size and metastatic potential. The glucose uptake was also heterogeneous and generally higher in tumor peripheries. The oxidized and reduced regions mostly corresponded with the lower and the higher pyro-2DG uptake, respectively. However, there were some regions where the glucose uptake did not correlate with the redox indices. Pronounced glucose uptake and high NADH were observed in certain localized areas within the tumor necrotic regions, indicative of the existence of viable cells which was also supported by the H&E staining. Significant heterogeneity of the redox state indices was also observed in clinical specimens of breast cancer patients. As abnormal metabolism including the Warburg effect (high glycolysis) plays important roles in cancer transformation and progression, our observations that reveal the 3D intratumor metabolic heterogeneity as a characteristic feature of breast tumors are of great importance for understanding cancer biology and developing diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Tchou
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shoko Nioka
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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XU HEN, FENG MIN, MOON LILY, DOLLOFF NATHAN, EL-DEIRY WAFIK, LI LINZ. REDOX IMAGING OF THE p53-DEPENDENT MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX STATE IN COLON CANCER EX VIVO. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2013; 6:1350016. [PMID: 26207147 PMCID: PMC4508871 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545813500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial redox state and its heterogeneity of colon cancer at tissue level have not been previously reported. Nor has how p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration been measured at (deep) tissue level, presumably due to the unavailability of the technology that has sufficient spatial resolution and tissue penetration depth. Our prior work demonstrated that the mitochondrial redox state and its intratumor heterogeneity is associated with cancer aggressiveness in human melanoma and breast cancer in mouse models, with the more metastatic tumors exhibiting localized regions of more oxidized redox state. Using the Chance redox scanner with an in-plane spatial resolution of 200 μm, we imaged the mitochondrial redox state of the wild-type p53 colon tumors (HCT116 p53 wt) and the p53-deleted colon tumors (HCT116 p53-/-) by collecting the fluorescence signals of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins [Fp, including flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)] from the mouse xenografts snap-frozen at low temperature. Our results show that: (1) both tumor lines have significant degree of intratumor heterogeneity of the redox state, typically exhibiting a distinct bi-modal distribution that either correlates with the spatial core-rim pattern or the "hot/cold" oxidation-reduction patches; (2) the p53-/- group is significantly more heterogeneous in the mitochondrial redox state and has a more oxidized tumor core compared to the p53 wt group when the tumor sizes of the two groups are matched; (3) the tumor size dependence of the redox indices (such as Fp and Fp redox ratio) is significant in the p53-/- group with the larger ones being more oxidized and more heterogeneous in their redox state, particularly more oxidized in the tumor central regions; (4) the H&E staining images of tumor sections grossly correlate with the redox images. The present work is the first to reveal at the submillimeter scale the intratumor heterogeneity pattern of the mitochondrial redox state in colon cancer and the first to indicate that at tissue level the mitochondrial redox state is p53 dependent. The findings should assist in our understanding on colon cancer pathology and developing new imaging biomarkers for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- HE N. XU
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - MIN FENG
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - LILY MOON
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - NATHAN DOLLOFF
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - WAFIK EL-DEIRY
- Hematology/Oncology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - LIN Z. LI
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Hematology/Oncology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Pedersen PL. Mitochondria in relation to cancer metastasis: introduction to a mini-review series. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 44:615-7. [PMID: 22926290 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This introductory article and those that follow focus on the roles that mitochondria may have in cancer metastasis (spreading) that all too frequently leads to death of cancer patients. The history of cancer dates back in time to several thousand years BC and continues to this day. Although billions of dollars have been invested, numerous cancer researchers/scientists and oncologist located at universities, hospitals, cancer centers, commercial entities (companies), and government agencies have been unable to discover "magic bullets" to quickly silence most cancers. That is, agents that are effective not only in eradicating the primary tumor at its site of origin, but eradicating also distant tumors that have arisen therefrom via metastatic cells. Fortunately, in recent years some researchers have obtained evidence that the mitochondria of cancer cells are involved not only in providing in part the necessary energy (ATP) to fuel their growth, but hold the secrets to their immortality, and propensity to metastasize (spread) from their original site of origin to other body locations. This introductory article, as well as those that follow, focus on the possible roles of mitochondria in cancer metastasis as well as strategies to arrest cancer metastasis based on this knowledge. Ideally, for a patient to become "cancer free" the anticancer agent/agents used must 1) eradicate the primary tumor at its site of origin, 2) eradicate any tumors at other body locations that have arisen via metastasis, and 3) eradicate any tumor cells that remain in the blood, i.e., circulating tumor cells. One such agent that holds promise for doing all three is the small molecule 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) discovered in the author's laboratory by Dr. Young H. Ko near the turn of the century to be a potent anti-cancer agent [Ko et al.(2001) Can Lett 173:83-91].
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pedersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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24
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Xu HN, Zhao H, Mir TA, Lee SC, Feng M, Choe R, Glickson JD, Li LZ. CHOP THERAPY INDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX STATE ALTERATION IN NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA XENOGRAFTS. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2013; 6:1350011. [PMID: 23745147 PMCID: PMC3672060 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545813500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We are interested in investigating whether cancer therapy may alter the mitochondrial redox state in cancer cells to inhibit their growth and survival. The redox state can be imaged by the redox scanner that collects the fluorescence signals from both the oxidized-flavoproteins (Fp) and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in snap-frozen tissues and has been previously employed to study tumor aggressiveness and treatment responses. Here, with the redox scanner we investigated the effects of chemotherapy on mouse xenografts of a human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line (DLCL2). The mice were treated with CHOP therapy, i.e., cyclophosphamide (C) + hydroxydoxorubicin (H) + Oncovin (O) + prednisone (P) with CHO administration on day 1 and prednisone administration on days 1-5. The Fp content of the treated group was significantly decreased (p = 0.033) on day 5, and the mitochondrial redox state of the treated group was slightly more reduced than that of the control group (p = 0.048). The decrease of the Fp heterogeneity (measured by the mean standard deviation) had a border-line statistical significance (p = 0.071). The result suggests that the mitochondrial metabolism of lymphoma cells was slightly suppressed and the lymphomas became less aggressive after the CHOP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Xu HN, Nioka S, Li LZ. Imaging heterogeneity in the mitochondrial redox state of premalignant pancreas in the pancreas-specific PTEN-null transgenic mouse model. Biomark Res 2013; 1:6. [PMID: 24252270 PMCID: PMC3776248 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alteration is one of the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. We aimed to identify certain metabolic biomarkers for the early detection of pancreatic cancer (PC) using the transgenic PTEN-null mouse model. Pancreas-specific deletion of PTEN in mouse caused progressive premalignant lesions such as highly proliferative ductal metaplasia. We imaged the mitochondrial redox state of the pancreases of the transgenic mice approximately eight months old using the redox scanner, i.e., the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/oxidized flavoproteins (NADH/Fp) fluorescence imager at low temperature. Two different approaches, the global averaging of the redox indices without considering tissue heterogeneity along tissue depth and the univariate analysis of multi-section data using tissue depth as a covariate were adopted for the statistical analysis of the multi-section imaging data. The standard deviations of the redox indices and the histogram analysis with Gaussian fit were used to determine the tissue heterogeneity. RESULTS All methods show consistently that the PTEN deficient pancreases (Pdx1-Cre;PTENlox/lox) were significantly more heterogeneous in their mitochondrial redox state compared to the controls (PTENlox/lox). Statistical analysis taking into account the variations of the redox state with tissue depth further shows that PTEN deletion significantly shifted the pancreatic tissue to an overall more oxidized state. Oxidization of the PTEN-null group was not seen when the imaging data were analyzed by global averaging without considering the variation of the redox indices along tissue depth, indicating the importance of taking tissue heterogeneity into account for the statistical analysis of the multi-section imaging data. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a possible link between the mitochondrial redox state alteration of the pancreas and its malignant transformation and may be further developed for establishing potential metabolic biomarkers for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shoko Nioka
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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