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Hurrah IM, Kumar A, Abbas N. Functional characterisation of Artemisia annua jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase: a key enzyme enhancing artemisinin biosynthesis. PLANTA 2024; 259:152. [PMID: 38735012 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Overexpression of Artemisia annua jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (AaJMT) leads to enhanced artemisinin content in Artemisia annua. Artemisinin-based combination therapies remain the sole deterrent against deadly disease malaria and Artemisia annua remains the only natural producer of artemisinin. In this study, the 1101 bp gene S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM): Artemisia annua jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (AaJMT), was characterised from A. annua, which converts jasmonic acid (JA) to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). From phylogenetic analysis, we confirmed that AaJMT shares a common ancestor with Arabidopsis thaliana, Eutrema japonica and has a close homology with JMT of Camellia sinensis. Further, the Clustal Omega depicted that the conserved motif I, motif III and motif SSSS (serine) required to bind SAM and JA, respectively, are present in AaJMT. The relative expression of AaJMT was induced by wounding, MeJA and salicylic acid (SA) treatments. Additionally, we found that the recombinant AaJMT protein catalyses the synthesis of MeJA from JA with a Km value of 37.16 µM. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis of serine-151 in motif SSSS to tyrosine, asparagine-10 to threonine and glutamine-25 to histidine abolished the enzyme activity of AaJMT, thus indicating their determining role in JA substrate binding. The GC-MS analysis validated that mutant proteins of AaJMT were unable to convert JA into MeJA. Finally, the artemisinin biosynthetic and trichome developmental genes were upregulated in AaJMT overexpression transgenic lines, which in turn increased the artemisinin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Majid Hurrah
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Nazia Abbas
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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Villamil N, Sommervogel B, Pannell JR. Disentangling the effects of jasmonate and tissue loss on the sex allocation of an annual plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:812558. [PMID: 36119626 PMCID: PMC9478112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.812558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selection through pollinators plays a major role in the evolution of reproductive traits. However, herbivory can also induce changes in plant sexual expression and sexual systems, potentially influencing conditions governing transitions between sexual systems. Previous work has shown that herbivory has a strong effect on sex allocation in the wind-pollinated annual plant Mercurialis annua, likely via responses to resource loss. It is also known that many plants respond to herbivory by inducing signaling, and endogenous responses to it, via the plant hormone jasmonate. Here, we attempt to uncouple the effects of herbivory on sex allocation in M. annua through resource limitation (tissue loss) versus plant responses to jasmonate hormone signaling. We used a two-factorial experiment with four treatment combinations: control, herbivory (25% chronic tissue loss), jasmonate, and combined herbivory and jasmonate. We estimated the effects of tissue loss and defense-inducing hormones on reproductive allocation, male reproductive effort, and sex allocation. Tissue loss caused plants to reduce their male reproductive effort, resulting in changes in total sex allocation. However, application of jasmonate after herbivory reversed its effect on male investment. Our results show that herbivory has consequences on plant sex expression and sex allocation, and that defense-related hormones such as jasmonate can buffer the impacts. We discuss the physiological mechanisms that might underpin the effects of herbivory on sex allocation, and their potential implications for the evolution of plant sexual systems.
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Zhou HX, Milne RI, Cui P, Gu WJ, Hu MF, Liu XY, Song YQ, Cao J, Zha HG. Comparing the contents, functions and neonicotinoid take-up between floral and extrafloral nectar within a single species (Hemerocallis citrina Baroni). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:429-441. [PMID: 35018412 PMCID: PMC8944713 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many angiosperms can secrete both floral (FN) and extrafloral (EFN) nectar. However, much remains unclear about how EFN and FN differ in secretion, composition and ecological function, especially when both FN and EFN are secreted on flowers of the same species. METHODS Hemerocallis citrina flowers secrete both FN and EFN. The FN and EFN traits including volume, presentation pattern and temporal rhythms of secretion were compared by field observation. Sugar and amino acid contents were analysed using regular biochemical methods, whereas the proteome was investigated by combined gel-based and gel-free approaches. Animal feeders on FN and EFN were investigated by field observation. Hemerocallis citrina plants were exposed by soil drenching to two systemic insecticides, acetamiprid and imidacloprid, and the concentration of these in FN and EFN was measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS Hemerocallis citrina FN was concentrated and sucrose dominant, secreted in the mature flower tube and served as a reward for pollinators. Conversely, EFN was hexose rich, more dilute and less rich in sugar and amino acids. EFN was secreted on the outside of developing floral buds, and was likely to attract predatory animals for defence. EFN had fewer phenolics, but more pathogenesis-related components, such as chitinase and glucanase. A significantly different proteomic profile and enzymatic activities between FN and EFN suggest that they had different biosynthesis mechanisms. Both neonicotinoid insecticides examined became present in both nectar types soon after application, but in greater concentration within EFN; EFN also attracted a wider range of insect species than FN. CONCLUSIONS Hemerocallis citrina FN and EFN differed in production, composition and ecological function. The EFN pathway could be a significant way for neonicotinoids to enter the wild food chain, and must be considered when evaluating the risks to the environment of other systemic insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhou
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Richard I Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Peng Cui
- Instrumental Analysis Centre, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Wen-Jing Gu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Meng-Fang Hu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Yue-Qin Song
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Jun Cao
- For correspondence. E-mail , or
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4
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Bustos‐Segura C, Hernández‐Cumplido J, Traine J, Benrey B. Herbivory and jasmonate treatment affect reproductive traits in wild Lima bean, but without transgenerational effects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2096-2104. [PMID: 34693514 PMCID: PMC9297984 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant responses to herbivores and their elicitors include changes in traits associated with phenology, defense, and reproduction. Induced responses by chewing herbivores are known to be hormonally mediated by the jasmonate pathway and can cascade and affect late-season seed predators and pollinators. Moreover, herbivore-induced plant responses can be transmitted to the next generation. Whether herbivore-induced transgenerational effects also apply to phenological traits is less well understood. METHODS Here, we explored responses of wild lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus) to herbivory and jasmonate treatment and possible transgenerational effects of herbivore-induced early flowering. In a controlled field experiment, we exposed lima bean plants to herbivory by leaf beetles or methyl jasmonate sprays (MJ). We then compared plant development, phenology, reproductive fitness and seed traits among these treatments and undamaged, untreated control plants. RESULTS We found that MJ and leaf herbivory induced similar responses, with treated plants growing less, flowering earlier, and producing fewer seeds than undamaged plants. However, seed size, phenolics and cyanogenic glycosides concentrations did not differ among treatments. Seed germination rates and flowering time of the offspring were similar among maternal treatments. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results confirm that responses of lima bean to herbivory by leaf beetles are mediated by jasmonate; however, effects on phenological traits are not transmitted to the next generation. We discuss why transgenerational effects of herbivory might be restricted to traits that directly target herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos‐Segura
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile‐Argand 112000Switzerland
| | | | - Juan Traine
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile‐Argand 112000Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile‐Argand 112000Switzerland
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5
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Bustos-Segura C, Hernández-Cumplido J, Traine J, Benrey B. Herbivory and jasmonate treatment affect reproductive traits in wild Lima bean, but without transgenerational effects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2096-2104. [PMID: 34693514 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4725696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant responses to herbivores and their elicitors include changes in traits associated with phenology, defense, and reproduction. Induced responses by chewing herbivores are known to be hormonally mediated by the jasmonate pathway and can cascade and affect late-season seed predators and pollinators. Moreover, herbivore-induced plant responses can be transmitted to the next generation. Whether herbivore-induced transgenerational effects also apply to phenological traits is less well understood. METHODS Here, we explored responses of wild lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus) to herbivory and jasmonate treatment and possible transgenerational effects of herbivore-induced early flowering. In a controlled field experiment, we exposed lima bean plants to herbivory by leaf beetles or methyl jasmonate sprays (MJ). We then compared plant development, phenology, reproductive fitness and seed traits among these treatments and undamaged, untreated control plants. RESULTS We found that MJ and leaf herbivory induced similar responses, with treated plants growing less, flowering earlier, and producing fewer seeds than undamaged plants. However, seed size, phenolics and cyanogenic glycosides concentrations did not differ among treatments. Seed germination rates and flowering time of the offspring were similar among maternal treatments. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results confirm that responses of lima bean to herbivory by leaf beetles are mediated by jasmonate; however, effects on phenological traits are not transmitted to the next generation. We discuss why transgenerational effects of herbivory might be restricted to traits that directly target herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Johnattan Hernández-Cumplido
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Juan Traine
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Switzerland
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6
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Wang Y, Mostafa S, Zeng W, Jin B. Function and Mechanism of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8568. [PMID: 34445272 PMCID: PMC8395333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant responses and defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have received extensive research attention. Although some reviews of JAs are available, this review focuses on JAs in the regulation of plant stress responses, as well as JA synthesis, metabolism, and signaling pathways. We summarize recent progress in clarifying the functions and mechanisms of JAs in plant responses to abiotic stresses (drought, cold, salt, heat, and heavy metal toxicity) and biotic stresses (pathogen, insect, and herbivore). Meanwhile, the crosstalk of JA with various other plant hormones regulates the balance between plant growth and defense. Therefore, we review the crosstalk of JAs with other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Finally, we discuss current issues and future opportunities in research into JAs in plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (S.M.); (W.Z.)
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7
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Schifani E, Castracani C, Giannetti D, Spotti FA, Reggiani R, Leonardi S, Mori A, Grasso DA. New Tools for Conservation Biological Control: Testing Ant-Attracting Artificial Nectaries to Employ Ants as Plant Defenders. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020129. [PMID: 32079350 PMCID: PMC7074267 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the role of ants in many agroecosystems is relatively scarce, and in temperate regions the possibility to exploit ants as biocontrol agents for crop protection is still largely unexplored. Drawing inspiration from mutualistic ant–plant relationships mediated by extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), we tested the use of artificial nectaries (ANs) in order to increase ant activity on pear trees and to evaluate the effects on the arthropods, plant health and fruit production. While EFNs secrete a complex solution mainly composed of sugars and amino acids, ANs were filled with water and sucrose only. The results suggest that ANs can be used as manipulative instruments to increase ant activity over long periods of time. High ant activity was significantly linked to lower incidence of the pathogen fungus Venturia pyrina (pear scab) on pear leaves, and of the presence of Cydia pomonella (codling moth) caterpillars on pear fruit production. These results further encourage exploring underrated possibilities in the development of new tools for conservation biological control (CBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Schifani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (F.A.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Castracani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (F.A.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Daniele Giannetti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (F.A.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Fiorenza Augusta Spotti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (F.A.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Roberto Reggiani
- Azienda Agraria Sperimentale Stuard, Strada Madonna dell’Aiuto, 7/a, 43126 San Pancrazio, Parma, Italy;
| | - Stefano Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (F.A.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (F.A.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Donato Antonio Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (F.A.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
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8
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Jones AG, Hoover K, Pearsons K, Tooker JF, Felton GW. Potential Impacts of Translocation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum (Malvales: Malvaceae)) Extrafloral Nectar on Parasitoids. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:159-168. [PMID: 31880775 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid seed treatments are frequently used in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. [Malvales: Malvaceae]) production to provide protection against early-season herbivory. However, there is little known about how these applications affect extrafloral nectar (EFN), an important food resource for arthropod natural enemies. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we found that neonicotinoids were translocated to the EFN of clothianidin- and imidacloprid-treated, greenhouse-grown cotton plants at concentrations of 77.3 ± 17.3 and 122.6 ± 11.5 ppb, respectively. We did not find differences in the quantity of EFN produced by neonicotinoid-treated cotton plants compared to untreated controls, either constitutively or after mechanical damage. Metabolomic analysis of sugars and amino acids from treated and untreated plants did not detect differences in overall composition of EFN. In bioassays, female Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoid wasps that fed on EFN from untreated, clothianidin-treated, or imidacloprid-treated plants demonstrated no difference in mortality or parasitization success. We also conducted acute toxicity assays for C. marginiventris fed on honey spiked with clothianidin and imidacloprid and established LC50 values for male and female wasps. Although LC50 values were substantially higher than neonicotinoid concentrations detected in EFN, caution should be used when translating these results to the field where other stressors could alter the effects of neonicotinoids. Moreover, there are a wide range of possible sublethal impacts of neonicotinoids, none of which were explored here. Our results suggest that EFN is a potential route of exposure of neonicotinoids to beneficial insects and that further field-based studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher G Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kirsten Pearsons
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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9
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Bustos‐Segura C, Cuny MAC, Benrey B. Parasitoids of leaf herbivores enhance plant fitness and do not alter caterpillar‐induced resistance against seed beetles. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos‐Segura
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Maximilien A. C. Cuny
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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10
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Stefani V, Alves VN, Lange D. Induced indirect defence in a spider-plant system mediated by pericarpial nectaries. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Stefani
- Laboratório de História Natural e Reprodutiva de Artrópodes (LHINRA); Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia 38400-902 Brazil
| | - Vinícius Nunes Alves
- Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação dos Recursos Naturais; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Denise Lange
- Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais e Sustentabilidade; Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná; Santa Helena PR Brazil
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11
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Ruan J, Zhou Y, Zhou M, Yan J, Khurshid M, Weng W, Cheng J, Zhang K. Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102479. [PMID: 31137463 PMCID: PMC6566436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and dervatives, referred as jasmonates (JAs) are important molecules in the regulation of many physiological processes in plant growth and development, and especially the mediation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. JAs biosynthesis, perception, transport, signal transduction and action have been extensively investigated. In this review, we will discuss the initiation of JA signaling with a focus on environmental signal perception and transduction, JA biosynthesis and metabolism, transport of signaling molecules (local transmission, vascular bundle transmission, and airborne transportation), and biological function (JA signal receptors, regulated transcription factors, and biological processes involved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yuexia Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Schools of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Muhammad Khurshid
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Wenfeng Weng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Jianping Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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12
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Nelson AS, Carvajal Acosta N, Mooney KA. Plant chemical mediation of ant behavior. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:98-103. [PMID: 31113639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ants are ecologically dominant members of terrestrial communities. Ant foraging is often strongly associated with plants and depends upon associative learning of chemicals in the environment. As a result, plant chemicals can affect ant behaviors and, in so doing, have strong multi-trophic indirect effects. Plant chemicals mediate ant behaviors in the contexts of floral visitation, seed dispersal and predation, leaf cutting, interactions with ant-mutualist host plants, interactions with mutualist and prey insects in plant canopies, and plant predation of ants by carnivorous plants. Here, we review what is known about these differing contexts in which plant chemicals influence ant behavior, the mechanisms by which ants are affected by plant chemicals, and future directions within these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika S Nelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319, Crested Butte, CO 81224, United States
| | - Nalleli Carvajal Acosta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 319, Crested Butte, CO 81224, United States.
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13
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Aljbory Z, Chen MS. Indirect plant defense against insect herbivores: a review. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:2-23. [PMID: 28035791 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivore attack by launching 2 types of defenses: direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defense includes all plant traits that increase the resistance of host plants to insect herbivores by affecting the physiology and/or behavior of the attackers. Indirect defense includes all traits that by themselves do not have significant direct impact on the attacking herbivores, but can attract natural enemies of the herbivores and thus reduce plant loss. When plants recognize herbivore-associated elicitors, they produce and release a blend of volatiles that can attract predators, parasites, and other natural enemies. Known herbivore-associated elicitors include fatty acid-amino acid conjugates, sulfur-containing fatty acids, fragments of cell walls, peptides, esters, and enzymes. Identified plant volatiles include terpenes, nitrogenous compounds, and indoles. In addition, constitive traits including extrafloral nectars, food bodies, and domatia can be further induced to higher levels and attract natural enemies as well as provide food and shelter to carnivores. A better understanding of indirect plant defense at global and componential levels via advanced high throughput technologies may lead to utilization of indirect defense in suppression of herbivore damage to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Aljbory
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Hernández-Zepeda OF, Razo-Belman R, Heil M. Reduced Responsiveness to Volatile Signals Creates a Modular Reward Provisioning in an Obligate Food-for-Protection Mutualism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1076. [PMID: 30087690 PMCID: PMC6066664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants in more than 100 families secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) to establish food-for-protection mutualisms with ants. Facultative ant-plants secrete EFN as a jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent response to attract generalist ants. In contrast, obligate ant-plants like the Central American "Swollen-Thorn Acacias" are colonized by specialized ants, although an individual host can carry ant colonies from different species that differ in the degree of protection they provide. We hypothesized that hosts that associate simultaneously with various partners should produce rewards in a modular manner to preferentially reward high quality partners. To test this hypothesis, we applied JA to distinct leaves and quantified cell wall invertase activity (CWIN; a regulator of nectar secretion) and EFN secretion by these "local" (i.e., treated) and the "systemic" (i.e., non-treated) leaves of the same branch. Both CWIN activity and EFN secretion increased in local and systemic leaves of the facultative ant-plant Acacia cochliacantha, but only in the local leaves of the obligate ant-plant, A. cornigera. The systemic EFN secretion in A. cochliacantha was associated with an enhanced emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Such VOCs function as "external signals" that control systemic defense responses in diverse plant species. Indeed, the headspace of JA-treated branches of A. cochliacantha induced EFN secretion in both plant species, whereas the headspace of A. cornigera caused no detectable induction effect. Analyses of the headspace using GC-MS identified six VOCs in the headspace of A. cochliacantha that were not emitted by A. cornigera. Among these VOCs, β-caryophyllene and (cis)-hexenyl isovalerate have already been reported in other plant species to induce defense traits, including EFN secretion. Our observations underline the importance of VOCs as systemic within-plant signals and show that the modular rewarding in A. cornigera is likely to result from a reduced emission of the systemic signal, rather than from a reduced responsiveness to the signal. We suggest that modular rewarding allows hosts to restrict the metabolic investment to specific partners and to efficiently sanction potential exploiters.
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15
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Response of a Predatory ant to Volatiles Emitted by Aphid- and Caterpillar-Infested Cucumber and Potato Plants. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:1007-1022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Lortzing T, Firtzlaff V, Nguyen D, Rieu I, Stelzer S, Schad M, Kallarackal J, Steppuhn A. Transcriptomic responses of Solanum dulcamara to natural and simulated herbivory. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:e196-e211. [PMID: 28449359 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by diverse herbivores and respond with manifold defence responses. To study transcriptional and other early regulation events of these plant responses, herbivory is often simulated to standardize the temporal and spatial dynamics that vary tremendously for natural herbivory. Yet, to what extent such simulations of herbivory are able to elicit the same plant response as real herbivory remains largely undetermined. We examined the transcriptional response of a wild model plant to herbivory by lepidopteran larvae and to a commonly used herbivory simulation by applying the larvae's oral secretions to standardized wounds. We designed a microarray for Solanum dulcamara and showed that the transcriptional responses to real and to simulated herbivory by Spodoptera exigua overlapped moderately by about 40%. Interestingly, certain responses were mimicked better than others; 60% of the genes upregulated but not even a quarter of the genes downregulated by herbivory were similarly affected by application of oral secretions to wounds. While the regulation of genes involved in signalling, defence and water stress was mimicked well by the simulated herbivory, most of the genes related to photosynthesis, carbohydrate- and lipid metabolism were exclusively regulated by real herbivory. Thus, wounding and application of oral secretions decently mimics herbivory-induced defence responses but likely not the reallocation of primary metabolites induced by real herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Firtzlaff
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Stelzer
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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López-González RC, Gómez-Cornelio S, De la Rosa-García SC, Garrido E, Oropeza-Mariano O, Heil M, Partida-Martínez LP. The age of lima bean leaves influences the richness and diversity of the endophytic fungal community, but not the antagonistic effect of endophytes against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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19
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Herbivory-induced changes in the olfactory and visual display of flowers and extrafloral nectaries affect pollinator behavior. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Stenberg JA, Heil M, Åhman I, Björkman C. Optimizing Crops for Biocontrol of Pests and Disease. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:698-712. [PMID: 26447042 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds and extrafloral nectar are common defenses of wild plants; however, in crops they bear an as-yet underused potential for biological control of pests and diseases. Odor emission and nectar secretion are multigene traits in wild plants, and thus form difficult targets for breeding. Furthermore, domestication has changed the capacity of crops to express these traits. We propose that breeding crops for an enhanced capacity for tritrophic interactions and volatile-mediated direct resistance to herbivores and pathogens can contribute to environmentally-friendly and sustainable agriculture. Natural plant volatiles with antifungal or repellent properties can serve as direct resistance agents. In addition, volatiles mediating tritrophic interactions can be combined with nectar-based food rewards for carnivores to boost indirect plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan A Stenberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection Biology, PO Box 102, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36670 México.
| | - Inger Åhman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Breeding, PO Box 101, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, PO Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Godschalx AL, Schädler M, Trisel JA, Balkan MA, Ballhorn DJ. Ants are less attracted to the extrafloral nectar of plants with symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Ecology 2015; 96:348-54. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1178.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Kautz S, Trisel JA, Ballhorn DJ. Jasmonic Acid Enhances Plant Cyanogenesis and Resistance to Herbivory in Lima Bean. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1186-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Zhang R, Zhang W, Zuo Z, Li R, Wu J, Gao Y. Inhibition effects of volatile organic compounds from Artemisia frigida Willd. on the pasture grass intake by lambs. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Ballhorn DJ, Godschalx AL, Smart SM, Kautz S, Schädler M. Chemical defense lowers plant competitiveness. Oecologia 2014; 176:811-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Pierik R, Ballaré CL, Dicke M. Ecology of plant volatiles: taking a plant community perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1845-53. [PMID: 24689452 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although plants are sessile organisms, they can modulate their phenotype so as to cope with environmental stresses such as herbivore attack and competition with neighbouring plants. Plant-produced volatile compounds mediate various aspects of plant defence. The emission of volatiles has costs and benefits. Research on the role of plant volatiles in defence has focused primarily on the responses of individual plants. However, in nature, plants rarely occur as isolated individuals but are members of plant communities where they compete for resources and exchange information with other plants. In this review, we address the effects of neighbouring plants on plant volatile-mediated defences. We will outline the various roles of volatile compounds in the interactions between plants and other organisms, address the mechanisms of plant neighbour perception in plant communities, and discuss how neighbour detection and volatile signalling are interconnected. Finally, we will outline the most urgent questions to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Symptomless Endophytic Fungi Suppress Endogenous Levels of Salicylic Acid and Interact With the Jasmonate-Dependent Indirect Defense Traits of Their Host, Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus). J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:816-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Synthesis of 6-substituted 1-oxoindanoyl isoleucine conjugates and modeling studies with the COI1-JAZ co-receptor complex of lima bean. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:687-99. [PMID: 25008776 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The conjugates of 6-substituted 1-oxoindanoyl carboxylic acids with L-isoleucine are mimics of the plant hormone (+)-7-iso-JA-L-Ile (3) that controls and regulates secondary metabolism and stress responses. In order to generate ligands that can be used as hormone-like compounds possessing different biological activities, an efficient and short synthesis of 6-bromo-1-oxoindane-4-carboxylic acid opens a general route to 6-Br-1-oxoindanoyl L-isoleucine conjugate (Br-In-L-Ile) (9a) as a key intermediate for several bioactive 6-halogen-In-L-Ile analogs (7a, 8a, 10a). The 6-ethynyl-In-L-Ile analog (11a) might be a valuable tool to localize macromolecular receptor molecules by click-chemistry. The activities of In-Ile derivatives were evaluated by assays inducing the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Each compound showed slightly different VOC induction patterns. To correlate such differences with structural features, modeling studies of In-Ile derivatives with COI-JAZa/b/c co-receptors of P. lunatus were performed. The modeling profits from the rigid backbone of the 1-oxoindanonoyl conjugates, which allows only well defined interactions with the receptor complex.
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28
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Van Durme J, Goiris K, De Winne A, De Cooman L, Muylaert K. Evaluation of the volatile composition and sensory properties of five species of microalgae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10881-10890. [PMID: 24138670 DOI: 10.1021/jf403112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and proteins, microalgae hold a lot of potential for nutritional applications. When microalgae are integrated into foodstuffs, the aroma is an important aspect to consider. In this study the aroma properties of microalgae were studied by correlating data on the volatile composition with sensory evaluations. Four species of marine microalgae ( Botryococcus braunii, , Rhodomonas , Tetraselmis species, and Nannochloropsis oculata ) and one fresh water microalga ( Chlorella vulgaris ) were investigated. Multivariate data processing revealed that microalgal samples having a seafood-like odor character contain high levels of sulfuric compounds (dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and methional), diketones, α-ionone, and β-ionone. Fresh green, fruity flavors were linked with typical aldehydes such as 2,4-alkadienals and 2,4,6-alkatrienals. The presence of these compounds in fresh microalga pastes is explained by aroma formation mechanisms such as enzymatic lipid oxidation, enzymatic and chemical degradation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (generating dimethyl sulfide), phenylalanine (generating benzaldehyde), and carotenoids (generating ionones).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Van Durme
- Research Group Molecular Odor Chemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Cluster Food and Biotechnology, KU Leuven Campus Ghent , Technology Campus, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Ali JG, Campos-Herrera R, Alborn HT, Duncan LW, Stelinski LL. Sending mixed messages: a trophic cascade produced by a belowground herbivore-induced cue. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:1140-7. [PMID: 23925492 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivores both directly (chemical toxins and physical barriers) and indirectly (attracting natural enemies of their herbivores). Previous work has shown that plant roots of citrus defend against root herbivores by releasing an herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV), pregeijerene (1,5-dimethylcyclodeca-1,5,7-triene), that attracts naturally occurring entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae when applied in the field. However, the soil community is complex and contains a diversity of interspecific relationships that modulate food web assemblages. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that other nematode types beyond EPNs, as well as, nematophagous fungi are affected by the same HIPV that attracts EPNs to herbivore-damaged roots. We employed molecular probes designed to detect and quantify nematodes from the Acrobeloides-group (free-living bacterivorous nematodes, FLBNs), some of which compete with EPNs by 'hyperparasitizing' insect cadavers, and five species of nematophagous fungi (NF), which attack and kill EPNs. In two different agricultural systems (citrus and blueberry), we detected diverse species of nematodes and fungi; however, only the behavior of FLBNs was affected in a manner similar to that reported previously for EPNs. Although detected, NF abundance was not statistically affected by the presence of the belowground HIPV. We provide the first evidence showing subterranean HIPVs behave much the same as those aboveground, attracting not only parasitoids, but also hyperparasites and other food web members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared G Ali
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
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30
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Dinh ST, Baldwin IT, Galis I. The HERBIVORE ELICITOR-REGULATED1 gene enhances abscisic acid levels and defenses against herbivores in Nicotiana attenuata plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:2106-24. [PMID: 23784463 PMCID: PMC3729786 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata plants can distinguish the damage caused by herbivore feeding from other types of damage by perceiving herbivore-associated elicitors, such as the fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) in oral secretions (OS) of Manduca sexta larvae, which are introduced into wounds during feeding. However, the transduction of FAC signals into downstream plant defense responses is still not well established. We identified a novel FAC-regulated protein in N. attenuata (NaHER1; for herbivore elicitor regulated) and show that it is an indispensable part of the OS signal transduction pathway. N. attenuata plants silenced in the expression of NaHER1 by RNA interference (irHER1) were unable to amplify their defenses beyond basal, wound-induced levels in response to OS elicitation. M. sexta larvae performed 2-fold better when reared on irHER1 plants, which released less volatile organic compounds (indirect defense) and had strongly reduced levels of several direct defense metabolites, including trypsin proteinase inhibitors, 17-hydroxygeranyllinallool diterpene glycosides, and caffeoylputrescine, after real and/or simulated herbivore attack. In parallel to impaired jasmonate signaling and metabolism, irHER1 plants were more drought sensitive and showed reduced levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves, suggesting that silencing of NaHER1 interfered with ABA metabolism. Because treatment of irHER1 plants with ABA results in both the accumulation of significantly more ABA catabolites and the complete restoration of normal wild-type levels of OS-induced defense metabolites, we conclude that NaHER1 acts as a natural suppressor of ABA catabolism after herbivore attack, which, in turn, activates the full defense profile and resistance against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Truong Dinh
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D–07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D–07745 Jena, Germany
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31
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Ali JG, Campos-Herrera R, Alborn HT, Duncan LW, Stelinski LL. Sending mixed messages: a trophic cascade produced by a belowground herbivore-induced cue. J Chem Ecol 2013. [PMID: 23925492 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-10013-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivores both directly (chemical toxins and physical barriers) and indirectly (attracting natural enemies of their herbivores). Previous work has shown that plant roots of citrus defend against root herbivores by releasing an herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV), pregeijerene (1,5-dimethylcyclodeca-1,5,7-triene), that attracts naturally occurring entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae when applied in the field. However, the soil community is complex and contains a diversity of interspecific relationships that modulate food web assemblages. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that other nematode types beyond EPNs, as well as, nematophagous fungi are affected by the same HIPV that attracts EPNs to herbivore-damaged roots. We employed molecular probes designed to detect and quantify nematodes from the Acrobeloides-group (free-living bacterivorous nematodes, FLBNs), some of which compete with EPNs by 'hyperparasitizing' insect cadavers, and five species of nematophagous fungi (NF), which attack and kill EPNs. In two different agricultural systems (citrus and blueberry), we detected diverse species of nematodes and fungi; however, only the behavior of FLBNs was affected in a manner similar to that reported previously for EPNs. Although detected, NF abundance was not statistically affected by the presence of the belowground HIPV. We provide the first evidence showing subterranean HIPVs behave much the same as those aboveground, attracting not only parasitoids, but also hyperparasites and other food web members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared G Ali
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
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32
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Radhika V, Kost C, Bonaventure G, David A, Boland W. Volatile emission in bracken fern is induced by jasmonates but not by Spodoptera littoralis or Strongylogaster multifasciata herbivory. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185246 PMCID: PMC3502421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonate-mediated regulation of VOC emission has been extensively investigated in higher plants, however, only little is known about VOC production and its regulation in ferns. Here, we investigate whether the emission of VOCs from bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum is triggered by herbivory and if so - whether it is regulated by the octadecanoid signaling pathway. Interestingly, feeding of both generalist (Spodoptera littoralis) and specialist (Strongylogaster multifasciata) herbivores as well as application of singular and continuous mechanical wounding of fronds induced only very low levels of VOC emission. In contrast, treatment with jasmonic acid (JA) led to the emission of a blend of VOCs that was mainly comprised of terpenoids. Likewise, treatment with the JA precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and α-linolenic acid also induced VOC emission, albeit to a lower intesity than the JA treatment. Accumulation of endogenous JA was low in mechanically wounded fronds and these levels were unaffected by the application of oral secretions from both generalist or specialist herbivores. The emission of terpenoids upon JA treatment could be blocked with fosmidomycin and mevinolin, which are inhibitors of the MEP- and MVA pathways, respectively. These results indicate that similar to higher plants, terpenoid VOCs are produced via these pathways in bracken fern and that these pathways are JA-responsive. However, the very low amounts of terpenoids released after herbivory or mechanical damage are in stark contrast to what is known from higher plants. We speculate that S. multifasciata and S. littoralis feeding apparently did not induce the threshold levels of JA required for activating the MEP and MVA pathways and the subsequent volatile emission in bracken fern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Radhika
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Plant Productivity System Research, Plant Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama City, Japan
| | - Christian Kost
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Experimental Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gustavo Bonaventure
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja David
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bixenmann RJ, Coley PD, Kursar TA. Developmental Changes in Direct and Indirect Defenses in the Young Leaves of the Neotropical Tree GenusInga(Fabaceae). Biotropica 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Escalante-Pérez M, Jaborsky M, Lautner S, Fromm J, Müller T, Dittrich M, Kunert M, Boland W, Hedrich R, Ache P. Poplar extrafloral nectaries: two types, two strategies of indirect defenses against herbivores. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1176-91. [PMID: 22573802 PMCID: PMC3387703 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.196014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species grow extrafloral nectaries and produce nectar to attract carnivore arthropods as defenders against herbivores. Two nectary types that evolved with Populus trichocarpa (Ptr) and Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides (Ptt) were studied from their ecology down to the genes and molecules. Both nectary types strongly differ in morphology, nectar composition and mode of secretion, and defense strategy. In Ptt, nectaries represent constitutive organs with continuous merocrine nectar flow, nectary appearance, nectar production, and flow. In contrast, Ptr nectaries were found to be holocrine and inducible. Neither mechanical wounding nor the application of jasmonic acid, but infestation by sucking insects, induced Ptr nectar secretion. Thus, nectaries of Ptr and Ptt seem to answer the same threat by the use of different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Lautner
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Jörg Fromm
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Tobias Müller
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Maritta Kunert
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- University Würzburg, Biozentrum, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (M.E.-P., M.J., R.H., P.A.)
- University Hamburg, Zentrum Holzwirtschaft, D–21031 Hamburg, Germany (S.L., J.F.)
- University Würzburg, Bioinformatics Department, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, D–97074 Wuerzburg, Germany (T.M., M.D.)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (M.K., W.B.); and
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (R.H.)
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Induced Immunity Against Belowground Insect Herbivores- Activation of Defenses in the Absence of a Jasmonate Burst. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:629-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zuo ZJ, Zhu YR, Bai YL, Wang Y. Volatile communication between Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells under salt stress. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zuo Z, Zhu Y, Bai Y, Wang Y. Acetic acid-induced programmed cell death and release of volatile organic compounds in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 51:175-184. [PMID: 22153255 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Acetic acid widely spreads in atmosphere, aquatic ecosystems containing residues and anoxic soil. It can inhibit aquatic plant germination and growth, and even cause programmed cell death (PCD) of yeast. In the present study, biochemical and physiological responses of the model unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were examined after acetic acid stress. H(2)O(2) burst was found in C. reinhardtii after acetic acid stress at pH 5.0 for 10 min. The photosynthetic pigments were degraded, gross photosynthesis and respiration were disappeared gradually, and DNA fragmentation was also detected. Those results indicated that C. reinhardtii cells underwent a PCD but not a necrotic, accidental cell death event. It was noticed that C. reinhardtii cells in PCD released abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon acetic acid stress. Therefore, we analyzed the VOCs and tested their effects on other normal cells. The treatment of C. reinhardtii cultures with VOCs reduced the cell density and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Therefore, a function of VOCs as infochemicals involved in cell-to-cell communication at the conditions of applied stress is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Kost C, Tremmel M, Wirth R. Do leaf cutting ants cut undetected? Testing the effect of ant-induced plant defences on foraging decisions in Atta colombica. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22340. [PMID: 21799831 PMCID: PMC3140513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf-cutting ants (LCAs) are polyphagous, yet highly selective herbivores. The factors that govern their selection of food plants, however, remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that the induction of anti-herbivore defences by attacked food plants, which are toxic to either ants or their mutualistic fungus, should significantly affect the ants' foraging behaviour. To test this "induced defence hypothesis," we used lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), a plant that emits many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon herbivore attack with known anti-fungal or ant-repellent effects. Our results provide three important insights into the foraging ecology of LCAs. First, leaf-cutting by Atta ants can induce plant defences: Lima bean plants that were repeatedly exposed to foraging workers of Atta colombica over a period of three days emitted significantly more VOCs than undamaged control plants. Second, the level to which a plant has induced its anti-herbivore defences can affect the LCAs' foraging behaviour: In dual choice bioassays, foragers discriminated control plants from plants that have been damaged mechanically or by LCAs 24 h ago. In contrast, strong induction levels of plants after treatment with the plant hormone jasmonic acid or three days of LCA feeding strongly repelled LCA foragers relative to undamaged control plants. Third, the LCA-specific mode of damaging leaves allows them to remove larger quantities of leaf material before being recognized by the plant: While leaf loss of approximately 15% due to a chewing herbivore (coccinelid beetle) was sufficient to significantly increase VOC emission levels after 24 h, the removal of even 20% of a plant's leaf area within 20 min by LCAs did not affect its VOC emission rate after 24 h. Taken together, our results support the "induced defence hypothesis" and provide first empirical evidence that the foraging behaviour of LCAs is affected by the induction of plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kost
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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Radhika V, Kost C, Mithöfer A, Boland W. Regulation of extrafloral nectar secretion by jasmonates in lima bean is light dependent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17228-33. [PMID: 20855624 PMCID: PMC2951398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009007107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To maximize fitness, plants need to perceive changes in their light environment and adjust their physiological responses accordingly. Whether and how such changes also affect the regulation of their defense responses against herbivores remains largely unclear. We addressed this issue by studying the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), which is known to be activated by the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and functions as an indirect defense mechanism against herbivores. We found that the plant's EFN secretion in response to JA was light dependent: In the dark, JA reduced EFN secretion, whereas under light conditions, JA induced EFN secretion relative to controls. This modulation was affected by the light's spectral composition [i.e., ratio of red to far-red (R:FR) radiation], but not light intensity. These findings demonstrate a unique differential effect of JA on EFN secretion depending on the ambient light conditions. Interestingly, treatment with the isoleucine-JA conjugate (JA-Ile) enhanced EFN secretion under light conditions yet did not reduce EFN secretion in the dark. Moreover, inhibition of Ile biosynthesis in light-exposed plants significantly decreased the EFN secretion rate. This reduction could be recovered by additional application of JA-Ile, suggesting that JA-Ile is the active compound required to up-regulate EFN secretion. Finally, experiments with mechanically damaged plants revealed that light was required for the formation of JA-Ile, but not of JA. These results demonstrate that in lima bean, the light environment modulates the plant's response to jasmonates as well as JA-Ile biosynthesis, which controls the subsequent EFN secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Radhika
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kost
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Attraction of flower visitors to plants that express indirect defence can minimize ecological costs of ant–pollinator conflicts. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467410000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of plant species throughout tropical and temperate zones secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) (see www.biosci.unl.edu/emeriti/keeler/extrafloral/worldlistfamilies.htm) to attract ants, whose presence leads to an indirect defence against herbivores (Chamberlain & Holland 2009, Heil 2008, Heil & McKey 2003, Rico-Gray & Oliveira 2007). Although termed ‘extrafloral’ because the nectar is not involved in pollination, EFN can also be secreted within the inflorescences (Bentley 1977, Holland et al. 2010, Martins 2009). Because ants tend to defend reliable food sources against all types of putative competitors, it has been hypothesized that the presence of extrafloral nectaries close to flowers may lead to competition among ants and pollinators, or even to direct ant–pollinator conflicts. Such antagonistic interactions would reduce the access of pollinators to flowers and, thereby, may cause significant ‘ecological costs’ of indirect, ant-mediated defences (Heil 2002).
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Radhika V, Kost C, Boland W, Heil M. Towards elucidating the differential regulation of floral and extrafloral nectar secretion. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:924-926. [PMID: 20622524 PMCID: PMC3115044 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.7.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nectar is a rich source of sugars that serves the attraction of pollinators (floral nectar) or predatory arthropods (extrafloral nectar). We just begin to understand the similarities and differences that underlie the secretory control of these two important types of plant secretions. Jasmonates are phytohormones, which are well documented to be involved in plant developmental processes and plant defence responses against herbivores, including the secretion of extrafloral nectar. Recently, jasmonates have also been implicated in the regulation of floral nectar secretion in Brassica napus. Due to a trade-off between reproduction and defence, however, plants need to functionally separate the regulation of these two secretory processes. In line with this prediction, externally applying jasmonates to leaves did indeed not affect floral nectar secretion. Here we compare the current knowledge on the regulation of floral and extrafloral nectar secretion to understand similarities and dissimilarities between these two secretory processes and highlight future research directions in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Radhika
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kost
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Heil
- Depto.de Ingeniería Genética; CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato; Guanajuato, México
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Kunert M, David A, Becher J, Boland W. Volatile sampling from biological sources by the closed-loop-stripping technique. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2009:pdb.prot5233. [PMID: 20147191 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maritta Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Snoeren TAL, Mumm R, Poelman EH, Yang Y, Pichersky E, Dicke M. The herbivore-induced plant volatile methyl salicylate negatively affects attraction of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:479-89. [PMID: 20407809 PMCID: PMC2866304 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The indirect defense mechanisms of plants comprise the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles that can attract natural enemies of plant attackers. One of the often emitted compounds after herbivory is methyl salicylate (MeSA). Here, we studied the importance of this caterpillar-induced compound in the attraction of the parasitoid wasp Diadegma semiclausum by using a mutant Arabidopsis line. Pieris rapae infested AtBSMT1-KO mutant Arabidopsis plants, compromised in the biosynthesis of MeSA, were more attractive to parasitoids than infested wild-type plants. This suggests that the presence of MeSA has negative effects on parasitoid host-finding behavior when exposed to wild-type production of herbivore-induced Arabidopsis volatiles. Furthermore, in line with this, we recorded a positive correlation between MeSA dose and repellence of D. semiclausum when supplementing the headspace of caterpillar-infested AtBSMT1-KO plants with synthetic MeSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjeerd A L Snoeren
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Kigathi RN, Unsicker SB, Reichelt M, Kesselmeier J, Gershenzon J, Weisser WW. Emission of volatile organic compounds after herbivory from Trifolium pratense (L.) under laboratory and field conditions. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:1335-48. [PMID: 20013039 PMCID: PMC2797619 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Plants emit a wide range of volatile organic compounds in response to damage by herbivores, and many of the compounds have been shown to attract the natural enemies of insect herbivores or serve for inter- and intra-plant communication. Most studies have focused on volatile emission in the laboratory while little is known about emission patterns in the field. We studied the emission of volatiles by Trifolium pratense (red clover) under both laboratory and field conditions. The emission of 24 compounds was quantified in the laboratory, of which eight showed increased emission rates after herbivory by Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, including (E)-beta-ocimene, the most abundant compound, (Z)-beta-ocimene, linalool, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), 1-octen-3-ol, and methyl salicylate (MeSA). While most of these compounds have been reported as herbivore-induced volatiles from a wide range of plant taxa, 1-octen-3-ol seems to be a characteristic volatile of legumes. In the field, T. pratense plants with varying herbivore damage growing in established grassland communities emitted only 13 detectable compounds, and the correlation between herbivore damage and volatile release was more variable than in the laboratory. For example, the emission of (E)-beta-ocimene, (Z)-beta-ocimene, and DMNT actually declined with damage, while decanal exhibited increased emission with increasing herbivory. Elevated light and temperature increased the emission of many compounds, but the differences in light and temperature conditions between the laboratory and the field could not account for the differences in emission profiles. Our results indicate that the release of volatiles from T. pratense plants in the field is likely to be influenced by additional biotic and abiotic factors not measured in this study. The elucidation of these factors may be important in understanding the physiological and ecological functions of volatiles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose N Kigathi
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Snoeren TAL, Van Poecke RMP, Dicke M. Multidisciplinary approach to unravelling the relative contribution of different oxylipins in indirect defense of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:1021-31. [PMID: 19798534 PMCID: PMC2759439 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The oxylipin pathway is commonly involved in induced plant defenses, and is the main signal-transduction pathway induced by insect folivory. Herbivory induces the production of several oxylipins, and consequently alters the so-called 'oxylipin signature' in the plant. Jasmonic acid (JA), as well as pathway intermediates are known to induce plant defenses. Indirect defense against herbivorous insects comprises the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). To unravel the precise oxylipin signal-transduction underlying the production of HIPVs in Arabidopsis thaliana and the resulting attraction of parasitoid wasps, we used a multidisciplinary approach that includes molecular genetics, metabolite analysis, and behavioral analysis. Mutant plants affected in the jasmonate pathway (18:0 and/or 16:0 -oxylipin routes; mutants dde2-2, fad5, opr3) were studied to assess the effects of JA and its oxylipin intermediates 12-oxo-phytodienoate (OPDA) and dinor-OPDA (dnOPDA) on HIPV emission and parasitoid (Diadegma semiclausum) attraction. Interference with the production of the oxylipins JA and OPDA altered the emission of HIPVs, in particular terpenoids and the phenylpropanoid methyl salicylate, which affected parasitoid attraction. Our data show that the herbivore-induced attraction of parasitoid wasps to Arabidopsis plants depends on HIPVs that are induced through the 18:0 oxylipin-derivative JA. Furthermore, our study shows that the 16:0-oxylipin route towards dnOPDA does not play a role in HIPV induction, and that the role of 18:0 derived oxylipin-intermediates, such as OPDA, is either absent or limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjeerd A L Snoeren
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Willmer PG, Nuttman CV, Raine NE, Stone GN, Pattrick JG, Henson K, Stillman P, McIlroy L, Potts SG, Knudsen JT. Floral volatiles controlling ant behaviour. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Radhika V, Kost C, Bartram S, Heil M, Boland W. Testing the optimal defence hypothesis for two indirect defences: extrafloral nectar and volatile organic compounds. PLANTA 2008; 228:449-57. [PMID: 18493790 PMCID: PMC2459232 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many plants respond to herbivory with an increased production of extrafloral nectar (EFN) and/or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to attract predatory arthropods as an indirect defensive strategy. In this study, we tested whether these two indirect defences fit the optimal defence hypothesis (ODH), which predicts the within-plant allocation of anti-herbivore defences according to trade-offs between growth and defence. Using jasmonic acid-induced plants of Phaseolus lunatus and Ricinus communis, we tested whether the within-plant distribution pattern of these two indirect defences reflects the fitness value of the respective plant parts. Furthermore, we quantified photosynthetic rates and followed the within-plant transport of assimilates with (13)C labelling experiments. EFN secretion and VOC emission were highest in younger leaves. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate increased with leaf age, and pulse-labelling experiments suggested transport of carbon to younger leaves. Our results demonstrate that the ODH can explain the within-plant allocation pattern of both indirect defences studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Radhika
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kost
- Evolutionary Genetics and Microbial Ecology Laboratory, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Heil
- Dept. de Ing. Genética, CINVESTAV, Irapuato. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato México
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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