1
|
Burton GP, Prescott TAK, Fang R, Lee MA. Regional variation in the antibacterial activity of a wild plant, wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 202:107959. [PMID: 37619271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial activity is a common and highly studied property of plant secondary metabolites. Despite the extensive literature focusing on identifying novel antibacterial metabolites, little work has been undertaken to examine variation in levels of antibacterial activity in any plant species. Here, we used large-scale sampling of leaves of the antibacterial plant, wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.), assembling a set of tissue extracts from 168 plants, with 504 leaves collected and analysed. We assayed extracts for antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and used LC-MS to carry out a chemometric analysis examining variation in individual metabolites, comparing them with several ecological parameters. We found that allicin was the only metabolite which was positively related to antibacterial activity. Soil temperature was a key determinant of variability in the concentrations of many foliar metabolites, however, neither allicin concentrations nor antibacterial activity was related to any of our measured ecological parameters, other than roadside proximity. We suggest that the synthesis of allicin precursors may be largely independent of growing conditions. This may be to ensure that allicin is synthesised rapidly and in sufficiently high concentrations to effectively prevent herbivory and pest damage. This finding contrasts with flavonoids which were found to vary greatly between plants and across sites. Our findings suggest that key biologically active metabolites are constrained in their concentration range compared to other compounds in the metabolome. This has important implications for the development of wild garlic as a health supplement or animal feed additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George P Burton
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AB, UK; Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Rui Fang
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Mark A Lee
- Department of Health Studies, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei X, Klinkhamer PGL, Mulder PPJ, van der Veen-van Wijk K, Vrieling K. Seasonal variation in defence compounds: A case study on pyrrolizidine alkaloids of clones of Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and their hybrids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111067. [PMID: 34763859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of plant secondary metabolites (SMs) show seasonal variations. However, it is still not well understood how these abiotic and biotic factors influence the seasonal variations of SMs. In addition, it is of interest to know if and how SMs are reallocated to the different plant organs, in particular whether SMs are reallocated to the remaining tissues when biomass is lost, e.g., during winter. Here we used Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica, two F1 and four F2 hybrids that differed in their pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) bouquet as a study system. A series of clones of these genotypes were investigated during their vegetative stage spanning 14 months in a semi-natural environment. We found that the total PA concentration in roots and shoots showed a gradual increase until the spring of the second year, whereafter it dropped substantially in shoots. The variation in PA composition due to seasonal changes was significant but relatively small. Senecionine-like PAs were the dominant PAs in roots, while jacobine-/erucifoline-like PAs were dominant in shoots. The variation of PA concentration was significantly correlated with temperature, day length, and plant age. A correlation analysis showed that PAs were not reallocated when biomass was lost in winter. Overall, our study showed that PA composition of each genotype changed over seasons in a different manner but seasonal variation did not overrule the differences in PA composition among genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China; Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research-Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Veen-van Wijk
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seasonal Variation in Host Plant Chemistry Drives Sequestration in a Specialist Caterpillar. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:79-88. [PMID: 34738204 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sequestration of plant secondary metabolites by herbivores can vary across both host plant phenology and herbivore ontogeny, but few studies have explored how they concurrently change in the field. We explored variation in iridoid glycoside concentration and composition in white turtlehead, Chelone glabra, as well as sequestration of iridoid glycosides by its specialist herbivore, the Baltimore checkerspot, Euphydryas phaeton, across the development of both herbivore and host plant. In 2012 we sampled plants to describe seasonal variation in the concentrations of two iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol. In 2017, we sampled both host plants and caterpillars over an entire growing season and explored the relationship between plant chemistry and herbivore sequestration. We also compared iridoid glycoside concentrations of plants with and without herbivory to gain insight into whether levels of secondary compounds were impacted by herbivory. We found that total plant iridoid glycosides varied across the season and that total sequestered iridoid glycosides in caterpillars closely mirrored concentration patterns in plants. However, the magnitude of sequestration by caterpillars ranged from 2 to 20 times the concentrations in host plants, with different proportions of aucubin and catalpol. In addition, plants with herbivory had lower iridoid glycoside concentrations than plants without herbivory, although this difference changed over time. These results suggest that while variation in host plant secondary metabolites may be a dominant factor driving sequestration, other ecological factors may mitigate the relationship between host plant chemistry and herbivore sequestration.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ninkovic V, Markovic D, Rensing M. Plant volatiles as cues and signals in plant communication. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1030-1043. [PMID: 33047347 PMCID: PMC8048923 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds are important mediators of mutualistic interactions between plants and their physical and biological surroundings. Volatiles rapidly indicate competition or potential threat before these can take place, and they regulate and coordinate adaptation responses in neighbouring plants, fine-tuning them to match the exact stress encountered. Ecological specificity and context-dependency of plant-plant communication mediated by volatiles represent important factors that determine plant performance in specific environments. In this review, we synthesise the recent progress made in understanding the role of plant volatiles as mediators of plant interactions at the individual and community levels, highlighting the complexity of the plant receiver response to diverse volatile cues and signals and addressing how specific responses shape plant growth and survival. Finally, we outline the knowledge gaps and provide directions for future research. The complex dialogue between the emitter and receiver based on either volatile cues or signals determines the outcome of information exchange, which shapes the communication pattern between individuals at the community level and determines their ecological implications at other trophic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Dimitrije Markovic
- Department of Crop Production EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banja LukaBanja LukaBosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Merlin Rensing
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Root Secondary Metabolites in Populus tremuloides: Effects of Simulated Climate Warming, Defoliation, and Genotype. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:313-321. [PMID: 33683546 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming can influence interactions between plants and associated organisms by altering levels of plant secondary metabolites. In contrast to studies of elevated temperature on aboveground phytochemistry, the consequences of warming on root chemistry have received little attention. Herein, we investigated the effects of elevated temperature, defoliation, and genotype on root biomass and phenolic compounds in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). We grew saplings of three aspen genotypes under ambient or elevated temperatures (+4-6 °C), and defoliated (by 75%) half of the trees in each treatment. After 4 months, we harvested roots and determined their condensed tannin and salicinoid (phenolic glycoside) concentrations. Defoliation reduced root biomass, with a slightly larger impact under elevated, relative to ambient, temperature. Elevated temperature decreased condensed tannin concentrations by 21-43% across the various treatment combinations. Warming alone did not alter salicinoid concentrations but eliminated a small negative impact of defoliation on those compounds. Graphical vector analysis suggests that effects of warming and defoliation on condensed tannins and salicinoids were predominantly due to reduced biosynthesis of these metabolites in roots, rather than to changes in root biomass. In general, genotypes did not differ in their responses to temperature or temperature by defoliation interactions. Collectively, our results suggest that future climate warming will alter root phytochemistry, and that effects will vary among different classes of secondary metabolites and be influenced by concurrent ecological interactions such as herbivory. Temperature- and herbivory-mediated changes in root chemistry have the potential to influence belowground trophic interactions and soil nutrient dynamics.
Collapse
|
6
|
Martínez-Crego B, Prado P, Marco-Méndez C, Fernández-Torquemada Y, Espino F, Sánchez-Lizaso JL, de la Ossa JA, Vilella DM, Machado M, Tuya F. Driving factors of biogeographical variation in seagrass herbivory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143756. [PMID: 33333301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of herbivory in shaping community assembly, our understanding on biogeographical patterns of herbivory on seagrasses is limited compared to that on terrestrial plants. In particular, the drivers of such patterns remain largely unexplored. Here, we used a comparative-experimental approach in Cymodocea nodosa meadows, across all possible climate types within the seagrass distribution, 2000 km and 13° of latitude in two ocean basins, to investigate biogeographical variation in seagrass herbivory intensity and their drivers during July 2014. Particularly, the density and richness of herbivores and their food resources, seagrass size, carbon and nitrogen content, as well as latitude, sea surface temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and sediment grain size, were tested as potential drivers. We found that shallow meadows can be subjected to intense herbivory, with variation in herbivory largely explained by fish density, seagrass size, and annual sea temperature range. The herbivorous fish density was the most important determinant of such variation, with the dominant seagrass consumer, the fish Sarpa salpa, absent at meadows from regions with low herbivory. In temperate regions where herbivorous fish are present, annual temperature ranges drive an intense summer herbivory, which is likely mediated not only by increased herbivore metabolic demands at higher temperatures, but also by higher fish densities. Invertebrate grazing (mainly by sea urchins, isopods, amphipods, and/or gastropods) was the dominant leaf herbivory in some temperate meadows, with grazing variation mainly influenced by seagrass shoot size. At the subtropical region (under reduced annual temperature range), lower shoot densities and seagrass nitrogen contents contributed to explain the almost null herbivory. We evidenced the combined influence of drivers acting at geographic (region) and local (meadow) scales, the understanding of which is critical for a clear prediction of variation in seagrass herbivory intensity across biogeographical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Prado
- IRTA-Institute of Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Candela Marco-Méndez
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB, CSIC), Carrer Accés Cala Sant Francesc, 14, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Fernando Espino
- Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, IU-Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Lizaso
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio de la Ossa
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - David Mateu Vilella
- IRTA-Institute of Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Margarida Machado
- University of Algarve (UAlg-CCMAR), Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Tuya
- Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, IU-Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rucińska A, Olszak M, Świerszcz S, Nobis M, Zubek S, Kusza G, Boczkowska M, Nowak A. Looking for Hidden Enemies of Metabarcoding: Species Composition, Habitat and Management Can Strongly Influence DNA Extraction while Examining Grassland Communities. Biomolecules 2021; 11:318. [PMID: 33669773 PMCID: PMC7921978 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the raising preoccupation, the critical question of how the plant community is composed belowground still remains unresolved, particularly for the conservation priority types of vegetation. The usefulness of metabarcoding analysis of the belowground parts of the plant community is subjected to a considerable bias, that often impedes detection of all species in a sample due to insufficient DNA quality or quantity. In the presented study we have attempted to find environmental factors that determine the amount and quality of DNA extracted from total plant tissue from above- and belowground samples (1000 and 10,000 cm2). We analyzed the influence of land use intensity, soil properties, species composition, and season on DNA extraction. The most important factors for DNA quality were vegetation type, soil conductometry (EC), and soil pH for the belowground samples. The species that significantly decreased the DNA quality were Calamagrostis epigejos, Coronilla varia, and Holcus lanatus. For the aboveground part of the vegetation, the season, management intensity, and certain species-with the most prominent being Centaurea rhenana and Cirsium canum-have the highest influence. Additionally, we found that sample size, soil granulation, MgO, organic C, K2O, and total soil N content are important for DNA extraction effectiveness. Both low EC and pH reduce significantly the yield and quality of DNA. Identifying the potential inhibitors of DNA isolation and predicting difficulties of sampling the vegetation plots for metabarcoding analysis will help to optimize the universal, low-cost multi-stage DNA extraction procedure in molecular ecology studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rucińska
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-976 Warszawa, Poland; (A.R.); (M.O.); (M.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Marcin Olszak
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-976 Warszawa, Poland; (A.R.); (M.O.); (M.B.); (A.N.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sebastian Świerszcz
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-976 Warszawa, Poland; (A.R.); (M.O.); (M.B.); (A.N.)
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Nobis
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.N.); (S.Z.)
- Research Laboratory ‘Herbarium’, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Grzegorz Kusza
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052 Opole, Poland;
| | - Maja Boczkowska
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-976 Warszawa, Poland; (A.R.); (M.O.); (M.B.); (A.N.)
- National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR)–National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Nowak
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden, Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-976 Warszawa, Poland; (A.R.); (M.O.); (M.B.); (A.N.)
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052 Opole, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|