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Lozano A, Cervantes RC, Estrada Y, Prado G. Impacts of Acculturative, Parenting, and Family Stress on US Born and Immigrant Latina/o/x Parent's Mental Health and Substance Use. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024; 25:296-306. [PMID: 36166167 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Latina/o/x face acculturative stressors which are unique to being an immigrant and/or racial/ethnic minority. Furthermore, Latina/o/x parents face an additional layer of stress related to parenting and family challenges. Little is known about how immigrant and non-immigrant parents cope with stress related to parenting and family stress and how these additional stressors impact parental mental health and substance use. The sample for this secondary data analysis included 1197 parents between 18 and 56 years of age. All analyses controlled for age, gender and number of persons living at home; for the immigrant subsample, we controlled for time in the USA and for the non-immigrant sample, we controlled for generational status. Analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between (1) acculturative stress and mental health and substance use and (2) parenting and family stress and mental health and substance use for immigrants and non-immigrants. Results of multivariate regression models revealed that acculturative stress was significantly associated with mental health, alcohol use, cigarette use, and other tobacco product use for both immigrant and non-immigrants. For both immigrants and non-immigrants, parenting stress and family stress were consistently associated with psychological distress. Parenting stress was associated with greater substance use, including cigarette, other tobacco use, and alcohol use. Given the different associations between acculturative, parenting, and family stress with mental health and substance use among immigrant and non-immigrant parents, family-based interventions should address these stressors to prevent poor health outcomes among Latina/o/x parents and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Lozano
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Richard C Cervantes
- Behavioral Assessment, Inc, 291 South La Cienega Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90211, USA
| | - Yannine Estrada
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, 5030 Brunson Dr, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Guillermo Prado
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, 5030 Brunson Dr, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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Lo Bianco G, Schatman ME. "The Italian Job": How Social, Family Cohesion, and the Church Have Helped Spare Italy from a Prescription Opioid Crisis. J Pain Res 2023; 16:2939-2942. [PMID: 37664486 PMCID: PMC10473396 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s435218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Lo Bianco
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Fondazione Istituto “G. Giglio”, Cefalù, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michael E Schatman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health - Division of Medical Ethics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Fanfan D, Rodríguez C, Stacciarini JMR. Strès ak Pwoblèm Pap Janm Fini: Deciphering migration-related stress from the perspectives of Haitian immigrants in Florida. Transcult Psychiatry 2023; 60:717-732. [PMID: 37097922 DOI: 10.1177/13634615231164524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Relocating and starting a new life in a foreign country may entail a constellation of new stressors for Haitian immigrants; thus, research that enhances our understanding of how this vulnerable population contextualizes migration-related stress is necessary. The objectives of this study were to: (a) identify what factors are associated with migration-related stress, and (b) describe which and why specific migration-related stressors were most significant from the perspective of those suffering from high migration-related stress post migration via the stress proliferation lens of the stress process model. In this mixed-methods, sequential, explanatory pilot study, first-generation Haitian immigrants (N = 76) were recruited to operationalize migration-related stress, using the Demands of Immigration Scale (DIS). Participants (n = 8), who scored 25 or higher on the DIS, completed an in-depth audio-recorded follow-up interview that consisted of open-ended questions and a stressor-ranking questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, multiple linear regression (quantitative), and thematic analysis with a double-coded approach (qualitative) were employed to analyze the data. Female gender, older age, English fluency, and migration after the age of 18 years were associated with higher migration-related stress. However, only gender and English fluency predicted migration-related stress. In interviews, participants ranked five migration-related stressors as most stressful: language barriers, financial strains, loss of social networks, family conflicts, and exposure to discrimination/stigma. A nuanced depiction of migration-related stressors and proliferation mechanisms of migration-related stress may help identify areas where support and preventive efforts should be directed to improve social integration, stress levels, and mental well-being among immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Fanfan
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Rivera T. A Social Ecological Approach to Latino Immigrant Trauma and Intervention: An Integrative Review. J Immigr Minor Health 2023:10.1007/s10903-023-01474-5. [PMID: 37004677 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an application that can be taken when conducting mental health intervention within the Latino immigrant population. Using a social ecological lens, it provides an overview of experiences and factors to detail the characteristics, trauma, and resilience factors present within this population. Utilizing Ungar's framework on resilience, that decenters the individual from experiences of trauma to position them alongside their social network and resources, it proposes an application for future intervention and research efforts. Addressing intervention at a foundational level allows for the supplementing and shaping of current methods to address the mental health needs of this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rivera
- Department of Social Work, Ferris State University, 820 Campus Drive, ASC 2108, Big Rapids, MI, 49307, USA.
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Hamel K, Abdelmaseh M, Bohr Y. An exploration of parenting styles, cultural values, and infant development in a sample of Latin American immigrants in Canada. Infant Ment Health J 2023; 44:319-334. [PMID: 36840974 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current research was to investigate the relationship between parenting style, culture, and infant development in a sample of Latin American mother-infant dyads in Toronto, Canada. We examined associations between mothers' self-reported parenting style and infant cognitive and socioemotional development, which we compared to results from mothers belonging to two other Canadian immigrant populations. We further examined whether specific cultural correlates, including affiliation with traditional Latinx cultural beliefs familism and fatalism and acculturation, were associated with positive parenting behaviors in the Latin American sample. Across all three cultural groups, authoritative parenting predicted adaptive socio-emotional development , an effect which differed in magnitude across groups, providing support for the hypothesis that the effect of parenting behaviors on infant development are moderated by culture. Within the Latin American sample, affiliation with the value of familism was associated with higher scores of authoritative parenting, but familism decreased as acculturation to the host culture increased. This research adds to our understanding of factors that contribute to the well-being of Latin American families in Canada. Findings carry implications for provision of infant mental health services to Latin American immigrant families by identifying cultural variables which should be considered when providing parenting interventions to make such interventions more culturally relevant.
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Fraiman YS, Barrero-Castillero A, Litt JS. Implications of racial/ethnic perinatal health inequities on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and health services utilization. Semin Perinatol 2022; 46:151660. [PMID: 36175260 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infants born preterm and with low birth weight have increased risk for neurodevelopmental challenges later in life compared to term-born peers. These include functional motor impairment, cognitive and speech delays, neurobehavioral disorders, and atypical social development. There are well-documented inequities in the population distributions of preterm birth and associated short-term morbidities by race, ethnicity, language, and nativity. Far less is known about how these inequities affect long-term outcomes, though the impact of unequal access to post-discharge support services for preterm infants raises concerns about widening gaps in health, development, and functioning. In this review, we describe what is currently known about the impact of race, ethnicity, nativity, and language on long-term outcomes. We provide a framework for understanding inequities in social, political, and historical context. And we offer guidance for next steps to delineate mechanistic pathways and to identify interventions to eliminate inequities in long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes through research, intervention, and advocacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden S Fraiman
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandra Barrero-Castillero
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Litt
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Barton A, Novoa O, Sanchez M, Romano E, Cano M. Impact of pre-migration assets and pre-migration trauma on acculturative stress among recent Latinx immigrant young adults. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:1410-1427. [PMID: 33550826 PMCID: PMC10616781 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2021.1881766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-migration trauma is associated with adverse mental health outcomes among Latinx immigrants. Pre-migration assets like family cohesion and social support may promote positive mental health outcomes in this population. The current study aims to identify the cumulative and interaction effects of pre-migration trauma, social support, and family cohesion on acculturative stress among recent Latinx immigrants (RLIs). METHOD The current study utilizes baseline data from an on-going longitudinal study following 540 RLIs during their initial 3 years in the U.S. Simple main effects of the predictor variables on acculturative stress were estimated using hierarchical multiple regression (HMR). Predictor variables were entered into the HMR model as follows: (1) demographic variables were entered in the first block, (2) family cohesion and social support in the second block and (3) pre-migration trauma in the third block. Interaction effects between family cohesion and social support on the association between pre-migration trauma and acculturative stress were examined. RESULTS Results showed that 20.6% of the variance of acculturative stress was explained by the predictor variables entered into the HMR model. The first predictor block included demographic variables and explained 13.5% of the variability in acculturative stress, R2 = 13.5, F(6, 521) = 13.55, p < .001. The second block added family cohesion and social support to the HMR model and showed an ΔR2 of 4.5%, R2 = 18.0, F(8, 519) = 14.22, p < .001. The third block added pre- migration trauma to the HMR model and showed an ΔR2 change of 2.6%, R2 = 20.6, F(9, 518) = 14.93, p < .001. Significant interaction effects were found for family cohesion among documented RLIs. Social support was not a significant moderator. CONCLUSION Study findings suggest pre-migration resources such as family cohesion and social support may ameliorate post-immigration acculturative stress among RLI, while pre-migration trauma, may exacerbate acculturative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Barton
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Osmari Novoa
- Robert Stempel College of College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University
| | - Mariana Sanchez
- Robert Stempel College of College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University
| | | | - Miguel Cano
- Robert Stempel College of College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University
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Cooper DK, Nickodem K. Cumulative Lifetime Adversity in a National Sample of Hispanic/Latino Immigrants: Exploring Construct Validity Across Six Hispanic/Latino Groups Using Data From the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Eval Health Prof 2021; 44:348-361. [PMID: 32166975 PMCID: PMC9993236 DOI: 10.1177/0163278720910470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hispanic/Latino immigrants often experience significant adversity before, during, and after migrating to the United States. However, no extant studies have tested the construct validity of a cumulative measure of lifetime adversity with Hispanic/Latino immigrants. Our objective was to assess the construct validity of a comprehensive measurement model of lifetime adversity (i.e., adverse childhood experiences, adult chronic stress, adult perceived stress, adult acculturation stress, and lifetime ethnic discrimination) with a national sample of Hispanic/Latinos born outside the mainland United States. Guided by the life course perspective, we examined the (a) dimensionality of cumulative lifetime adversity; (b) extent to which the functioning of this measurement model differed across various Hispanic/Latino subgroups including Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Central Americans, and South Americans; and (c) association between cumulative lifetime adversity and other constructs (e.g., anxiety and depression). We used existing data from the Hispanic Community Health Survey/Study of Latinos-Sociocultural Ancillary Study, a national survey of Hispanic/Latinos living in the United States (N = 3,296). Results from confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a five-factor bifactor measurement model for cumulative lifetime adversity fit the data adequately (e.g., comparative fit index = .91, root mean square error of approximation = .04, standardized root mean square residual = .07). Results from multigroup confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the measurement model functioned similarly across Hispanic/Latino subgroups, providing evidence for measurement invariance. The model also displayed convergent and discriminant validity based on associations with other constructs. We discuss implications for advancing the precision of assessment instruments for lifetime adversity with populations with high within-group diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Cooper
- Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Nickodem
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Erausquin JT, Song E, Rhodes SD. Gender Norms, Discrimination, Acculturation, and Depressive Symptoms among Latino Men in a New Settlement State. Ethn Dis 2020; 30:519-524. [PMID: 32989351 DOI: 10.18865/ed.30.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Drawing from major theoretical and conceptual frameworks on minority men's mental health, we designed the current observational study to assess the associations of gender norms, discrimination, and acculturation with clinically significant depressive symptoms (CESD≥16) among a sample of immigrant Latino men in North Carolina. Methods We used data from a baseline survey of men (n=111) recruited for a peer-led health intervention. To assess the associations with depressive symptoms, we performed descriptive and bivariate analyses, followed by multiple logistic regression. Results Men in the sample tended to be young (mean age 18.5 years), recent immigrants (70.3% immigrated after age 16), and to have incomplete high school education (76.5%). About half (51.4%) reported experiencing discrimination due to their ethnicity and more than a third (37.8%) reported experiencing discrimination due to their race. Using the short form Conformity to Masculine Norms instrument, their mean masculinity score was 52.0; their average 12-item Short Acculturation Scale for Latinos score was 21.8. More than one-quarter of participants (26.1%) had clinically significant depressive symptoms. Multiple logistic regression models showed among this sample of immigrant Latino men in the Southeast, traditional masculine norms-but not perceived discrimination nor acculturation-were associated with clinically significant depressive symptoms. Conclusions Our results suggest a potential future avenue for intervention research: testing whether changing gender norms could result in improvements to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott D Rhodes
- Department of Social Science and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Wu S, Marsiglia FF, Ayers S, Cutrín O, Vega-López S. Familial Acculturative Stress and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Latinx Immigrant Families of the Southwest. J Immigr Minor Health 2020; 22:1193-1199. [PMID: 32930918 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-020-01084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing acculturative stress burdens Latinx families in a variety of negative and deleterious ways. Using the Family Stress Model, this study aims to explore the patterns and experiences of acculturative stress in Latinx families, and how these experiences related to Latinx adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Data came from baseline reports of three cohorts of parent-youth dyads (n = 532) participating in a longitudinal randomized control effectiveness trial testing a parenting intervention in southwestern U.S. area. Findings indicate that youth exhibited more depressive symptomology when both parent and child reported higher acculturative stress. While youths' anti-social behaviors were only associated with their own acculturative stress and not their parents' acculturative stress levels. This study advances new knowledge about the relationship between acculturative stress and youth behaviors, and provides recommendations for developing future interventions with Latinx youth to prevent the onset of internalizing and externalizing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Wu
- School of Social Work, Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Global Center for Applied Health Research, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Avenue, Suite 800, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Flavio F Marsiglia
- School of Social Work, Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Global Center for Applied Health Research, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Avenue, Suite 800, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephanie Ayers
- School of Social Work, Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Global Center for Applied Health Research, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Avenue, Suite 800, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Olalla Cutrín
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Global Center for Applied Health Research, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sonia Vega-López
- College of Health Solutions, Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Respondent Driven Sampling for Immigrant Populations: A Health Survey of Foreign-Born Korean Americans. J Immigr Minor Health 2020; 23:784-792. [PMID: 32920762 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-020-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined feasibility and methodological utilities of respondent driven sampling (RDS) for Korean immigrants. We conducted the Health and Life Study of Koreans (HLSK), a Web-based RDS study targeting foreign-born Korean Americans. Through chain referrals, n = 638 participated. Geographic coverage and estimates of HLSK were compared to foreignborn Korean samples in the American Community Survey and the California Health Interview Survey as benchmarks. Compared to the benchmarks, HLSK fared well on the geographic coverage, household type and size, employment and health insurance but over-captured those who were younger, more recent immigrants, with higher education and with disability. Existing RDS-specific estimators were largely ineffective. Conclusions. RDS may serve as a cost-effective tool for recruiting recent immigrants, a harder-to-recruit subgroup within minorities. However, recruitment noncooperation posed operational challenges, a critical gap in the literature. This leaves RDS yet to be a reliable methodology.
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Family function and eating behaviours among Hispanic/Latino youth: results from the Hispanic Community Children's Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth). Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:924-934. [PMID: 32838832 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate mechanisms across family function, home environment and eating behaviours within sociocultural context among Hispanic youth. DESIGN Two models tested via path analysis (youth fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption; empty energy consumption) using data from the Study of Latino Youth (2011-2013). SETTING Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; Bronx, NY; San Diego, CA. PARTICIPANTS Youth (8-16-year-olds), n 1466. RESULTS Youth ate 2·4 servings of FV per d and received 27 % of total energy from empty energies. Perceiving higher acculturative stress was indirectly associated with lower FV consumption via a pathway of low family function and family support for FV (β = -0·013, P < 0·001) and via lower family closeness and family support (β = -0·004, P = 0·004). Being >12-year-olds was indirectly associated with lower FV consumption via lower family closeness and family support (β = -0·006, P < 0·001). Household food security was indirectly associated with greater FV consumption via family closeness and family support (β = 0·005, P = 0·003). In contrast, perceiving higher acculturative stress was indirectly associated with higher empty energy consumption (via family closeness and family support: β = 0·003, P = 0·028 and via low family function and low family support: β = 0·008, P = 0·05). Being older was associated with higher consumption of empty energies via family closeness (related to family support: β = 0·04, P = 0·016; parenting strategies for eating: β = 0·002, P = 0·049). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest pathways of influence across demographic and sociocultural context, family dynamics and home environment. The directionality of these associations needs confirmation using longitudinal data.
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Held ML, Nulu S, Faulkner M, Gerlach B. Climate of Fear: Provider Perceptions of Latinx Immigrant Service Utilization. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:901-912. [PMID: 32086793 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Latinx immigrants endure stressors throughout the immigration process that detrimentally impact their health and wellbeing. Yet, they also face substantial barriers to accessing and utilizing services. These barriers might be heightened under the Trump administration, which has implemented policies facilitating increased immigration enforcement and punitive immigration practices. This study utilizes data collected from providers who serve Latinx immigrants in the border state of Texas to better understand current immigrant service utilization behaviors. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted shortly after the last presidential election to inquire about recruitment, retention, program completion, and resources to address key client risk factors. Applying grounded theory analysis strategies, interviews, and focus group recordings were coded for key themes. Data demonstrated central concerns held by providers serving immigrants, and especially those who are undocumented or in mixed-status families. Concerns were related to the following three themes: (1) undocumented immigrant stressors, (2) limited resources for undocumented immigrants, and (3) service utilization barriers. Lack of services for undocumented immigrants and fear related to service utilization were prominent subthemes. These findings extend our knowledge of stressors and barriers of access and utilization for immigrants during this time period of increased immigration enforcement which have valuable implications for practice and future research. Providers can take concrete actions to educate immigrants, regardless of documentation status, on how their clients' identities will be protected. In addition, intentional trust-building strategies are essential to help overcome fear of utilizing services. Future research should ascertain perspectives of immigrant families, as this study drew perspectives only from providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lehman Held
- College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Swetha Nulu
- Texas Institute for Child & Family Wellbeing, The University of Texas at Austin Steve Hicks School of Social Work, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Monica Faulkner
- Texas Institute for Child & Family Wellbeing, The University of Texas at Austin Steve Hicks School of Social Work, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Beth Gerlach
- Texas Institute for Child & Family Wellbeing, The University of Texas at Austin Steve Hicks School of Social Work, Austin, TX, USA
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Trauma, Post-Migration Stress, and Mental Health: A Comparative Analysis of Refugees and Immigrants in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health 2020; 21:909-919. [PMID: 30244330 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-018-0826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies describe mental health effects of pre-migration trauma and post-resettlement stress among refugees, yet less research examines these associations with non-refugee immigrants. Additionally, few studies assess the prevalence and impact of traumatic experiences after settlement in a new country. Using a U.S.-based representative sample of Asian (n = 1637) and Latino (n = 1620) refugees and immigrants, we investigated how traumatic events prior to and after migration, and post-migration stressors, are associated with mental illness and distress. Pre-migration trauma posed risk across a broad range of psychological outcomes for Asian refugees and Latino immigrants. Deleterious effects of post-migration trauma were notable for both groups of refugees and immigrants. Discrimination, acculturative stress, and family conflict increased risk for disorder and distress across groups in complex ways. Findings highlight the importance of examining trauma and stress at pre- and post-migration phases across migrant populations, including those not labeled as refugees.
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Kolak M, Bhatt J, Park YH, Padrón NA, Molefe A. Quantification of Neighborhood-Level Social Determinants of Health in the Continental United States. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e1919928. [PMID: 31995211 PMCID: PMC6991288 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE An association between social and neighborhood characteristics and health outcomes has been reported but remains poorly understood owing to complex multidimensional factors that vary across geographic space. OBJECTIVES To quantify social determinants of health (SDOH) as multiple dimensions across the continental United States (the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia) at a small-area resolution and to examine the association of SDOH with premature mortality within Chicago, Illinois. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional study, census tracts from the US Census Bureau from 2014 were used to develop multidimensional SDOH indices and a regional typology of the continental United States at a small-area level (n = 71 901 census tracts with approximately 312 million persons) using dimension reduction and clustering machine learning techniques (unsupervised algorithms used to reduce dimensions of multivariate data). The SDOH indices were used to estimate age-adjusted mortality rates in Chicago (n = 789 census tracts with approximately 7.5 million persons) with a spatial regression for the same period, while controlling for violent crime. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Fifteen variables, measured as a 5-year mean, were selected to characterize SDOH as small-area variations for demographic characteristics of vulnerable groups, economic status, social and neighborhood characteristics, and housing and transportation availability at the census-tract level. This SDOH data matrix was reduced to 4 indices reflecting advantage, isolation, opportunity, and mixed immigrant cohesion and accessibility, which were then clustered into 7 distinct multidimensional neighborhood typologies. The association between SDOH indices and premature mortality (defined as death before age 75 years) in Chicago was measured by years of potential life lost and aggregated to a 5-year mean. Data analyses were conducted between July 1, 2018, and August 30, 2019. RESULTS Among the 71 901 census tracts examined across the continental United States, a median (interquartile range) of 27.2% (47.1%) of residents had minority status, 12.1% (7.5%) had disabilities, 22.9% (7.6%) were 18 years and younger, and 13.6% (8.1%) were 65 years and older. Among the 789 census tracts examined in Chicago, a median (interquartile range) of 80.4% (56.3%) of residents had minority status, 10.2% (8.2%) had disabilities, 23.2% (10.9%) were 18 years and younger, and 9.5% (7.1%) were 65 years and older. Four SDOH indices accounted for 71% of the variance across all census tracts in the continental United States in 2014. The SDOH neighborhood typology of extreme poverty, which is of greatest concern to health care practitioners and policy advocates, comprised only 9.6% of all census tracts across the continental United States but characterized small areas of known public health crises. An association was observed between all SDOH indices and age-adjusted premature mortality rates in Chicago (R2 = 0.63; P < .001), even after accounting for violent crime and spatial structures. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The modeling of SDOH as multivariate indices rather than as a singular deprivation index may better capture the complexity and spatial heterogeneity underlying SDOH. During a time of increased attention to SDOH, this analysis may provide actionable information for key stakeholders with respect to the focus of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marynia Kolak
- Center for Spatial Data Science, Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jay Bhatt
- Center for Health Innovation, American Hospital Association, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yoon Hong Park
- Center for Spatial Data Science, Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Norma A. Padrón
- Center for Health Innovation, American Hospital Association, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ayrin Molefe
- Center for Health Innovation, American Hospital Association, Chicago, Illinois
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Ertl MM, Rentería R, Dillon FR, Babino R, De La Rosa M, Brenner RE. Longitudinal associations between marianismo beliefs and acculturative stress among Latina immigrants during initial years in the United States. J Couns Psychol 2019; 66:665-677. [PMID: 31219267 PMCID: PMC6813856 DOI: 10.1037/cou0000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acculturative stress is commonly experienced among Latinx immigrants in the United States who may feel pressured to maintain their heritage cultural norms and beliefs and/or adopt norms and beliefs of the dominant culture. The present study examined longitudinal relations between acculturative stress and endorsement of traditional Latina gender role beliefs (i.e., marianismo). We determined strength of the relations and temporal precedence of acculturative stress and endorsement of marianismo across 3 time points during participants' initial 3 years in the United States using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Participants were 530 Latina young adult women (ages 18-23) recruited from Miami-Dade County, Florida. Results suggested that acculturative stress levels at Time 1 positively predicted endorsement of the Family Pillar belief at Time 2, but acculturative stress levels at Time 2 negatively predicted the Virtuous and Chaste and Subordinate to Others beliefs at Time 3. In terms of marianismo beliefs predicting acculturative stress levels over time, the Virtuous and Chaste belief at Time 1 positively predicted acculturative stress at Time 2, and the Silencing Self to Maintain Harmony belief at Time 2 positively predicted acculturative stress at Time 3. Findings suggest that the Family Pillar belief, or feeling responsibility for the family's unity, may be protective against acculturative stress over time. Endorsing certain gender role beliefs (i.e., Virtuous and Chaste, Subordinate to Others) may lead to greater acculturative stress, and Latina young adult women experiencing acculturative stress may alter their endorsement of marianismo beliefs in an attempt to resolve culturally conflicting stress experienced after immigration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Sanchez M, Diez S, Fava NM, Cyrus E, Ravelo G, Rojas P, Li T, Cano MA, De La Rosa M. Immigration Stress among Recent Latino Immigrants: The Protective Role of Social Support and Religious Social Capital. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 34:279-292. [PMID: 31033427 PMCID: PMC9872174 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2019.1606749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Religious institutions can be a source of support for recent Latino immigrants struggling to adjust to a new culture. For undocumented immigrants, who are often marginalized from other formal institutions, they may symbolize a place of refuge and hope through supportive social networks that mitigate common challenges such as social isolation and other forms of immigration stress. This cross-sectional study examined the impact of religious social capital and social support on immigration stress among documented and undocumented recent Latino immigrants (N = 408). Religious social capital was associated with higher levels of social support, while social support was protective against immigration stress. Social support mediated associations between religious social capital and immigration stress, but only among undocumented immigrants. Findings suggest religious social capital may be a particularly useful resource for undocumented immigrants, aiding in the provision of social support and in decreasing levels of immigration stress. Future research directions and implications for culturally tailored service delivery are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sanchez
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Robert Stempel, College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public, Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stephanie Diez
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Robert Stempel, College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole M. Fava
- School of Social Work, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elena Cyrus
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gira Ravelo
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Robert Stempel, College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patria Rojas
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Robert Stempel, College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public, Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel Angel Cano
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Robert Stempel, College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mario De La Rosa
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Robert Stempel, College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Bakhtiari F, Benner AD, Plunkett SW. Life Quality of University Students From Immigrant Families in the United States. FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL 2018; 46:331-346. [PMID: 38249429 PMCID: PMC10798651 DOI: 10.1111/fcsr.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The numbers of university students from immigrant families have been increasing in the United States, yet little research exists on factors influencing their life quality. Self-report data were collected from 2,210 students from one university in California. Direct effects of four contextual stressors (i.e., ethnic discrimination, parent-child cultural conflict, family disengagement, and family financial stress) were examined in relation to life quality. Also, the potential moderating and mediating role of perceived stress was examined, as well as the potential moderating role of students' generational status. The results provided strong support for mediation, showing contextual stressors influenced students' life quality through their perceived stress. Some evidence was found for moderation, showing the complex role of perceived stress. Generational status did not play a moderating role.
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Ertl MM, Dillon FR, Martin JL, Babino R, De La Rosa M. Alcohol use Exacerbates Acculturative Stress Among Recently Immigrated, Young Adult Latinas. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 20:594-602. [PMID: 28424999 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-017-0586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Associations between theorized sociocultural factors and acculturative stress were examined among Latina immigrants (aged 18-23 years) during their initial months in the US. Participants' quantity of alcohol use was hypothesized to be linked with more acculturative stress. Using respondent-driven sampling, 530 Latinas who recently immigrated to Miami-Dade County, Florida, were recruited from community activities, Latino health fairs, advertisements at community agencies, and online postings. A path analysis revealed associations between acculturative stress and more time in the US and greater commitment to ethnic identity. Marianismo gender role beliefs differentially related with acculturative stress. Quantity of alcohol use moderated the positive association between time in US and acculturative stress, such that women in the US for less time who drank more alcohol experienced higher levels of acculturative stress than their peers. Findings suggest quantity of alcohol use may exacerbate acculturative stress during some Latina young adult immigrants' initial months in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Ertl
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Frank R Dillon
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| | - Jessica L Martin
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Rosa Babino
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Cano MÁ, Sánchez M, Rojas P, Ramírez-Ortiz D, Polo KL, Romano E, De La Rosa M. Alcohol Use Severity Among Adult Hispanic Immigrants: Examining the Roles of Family Cohesion, Social Support, and Gender. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:668-676. [PMID: 28910173 PMCID: PMC5820212 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1356333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined (a) the direct association of family cohesion on alcohol use severity among adult Hispanic immigrants; (b) the indirect association of family cohesion on alcohol use severity via social support; and (c) if gender moderates the direct and indirect associations between family cohesion and alcohol use severity. METHOD Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 411 (men = 222, women = 189) participants from Miami-Dade, Florida. RESULTS Findings indicate that higher family cohesion was directly associated with higher social support and lower alcohol use severity. Higher social support was also directly associated with lower alcohol use severity. Additionally, family cohesion had an indirect association with alcohol use severity via social support. Moderation analyses indicated that gender moderated the direct association between family cohesion and alcohol use severity, but did not moderate the indirect association. CONCLUSIONS Some potential clinical implications may be that strengthening family cohesion may enhance levels of social support, and in turn, lower alcohol use severity among adult Hispanic immigrants. Furthermore, strengthening family cohesion may be especially beneficial to men in efforts to lower levels of alcohol use severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Cano
- Florida International University, Department of Epidemiology
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
| | - Mariana Sánchez
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
| | - Patria Rojas
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
- Florida International University, Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
| | | | | | - Eduardo Romano
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Impaired Driving Center
| | - Mario De La Rosa
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
- Florida International University, School of Social Work
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21
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Peles E, Schreiber S, Adelson M. Characteristics and outcome of minority group patients in methadone maintenance treatment. J Psychoactive Drugs 2018; 46:317-24. [PMID: 25188702 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2014.944289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Minority status is associated with mental and physical morbidity, substance dependence, and poor outcomes. To compare characteristics and treatment outcomes between patients from two minority groups in Israel (Christians and Muslims) and patients from the majority population (Jews) in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), we prospectively studied all patients admitted to our clinic between 1993 and 2012 and followed up until 2013; 655 Jews, 67 Christians, and 37 Muslims. Christian patients differed from Jews and Muslims by younger age at admission to MMT, greater prevalence of drug injectors, and a higher proportion of Hepatitis-C and HIV sera positive. Muslims had comparatively less education and a lower proportion of females. The three groups had similar rates of one-year retention (75.9%) and opiate abstinence (68.1%). They also did not differ in long-term retention (up to 20 years): Muslims 5.5 years (95%CI 3.6-7.4), Christians 7.5 years (95%CI 6-9.1), and Jews 7.6 years (95%CI 7-8.2, p = .3). The Hepatitis-C incidence, however, was higher among the 21 admitted Hepatitis-C seronegative minorities (5.0/100 person years) than the 207 Hepatitis-C seronegative non-minority patients (1.7/100 person years, p=0.03). All groups had good treatment outcomes, except for Hepatitis-C seroconversion, which necessitates a specific preventive intervention among the minority groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Peles
- a Epidemiologist, The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment and Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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Young MEDT, Madrigal DS. Documenting legal status: a systematic review of measurement of undocumented status in health research. Public Health Rev 2017; 38:26. [PMID: 29450097 PMCID: PMC5809888 DOI: 10.1186/s40985-017-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undocumented status is rarely measured in health research, yet it influences the lives and well-being of immigrants. The growing body of research on undocumented status and health shows the need to assess the measurement of this legal status. We discuss the definition of undocumented status, conduct a systematic review of the methodological approaches currently taken to measure undocumented status of immigrants in the USA, and discuss recommendations for advancement of measurement methods. Methods We conducted a systematic review of 61 studies indexed in PubMed, conducted in the USA, and published from 2004 to 2014. We categorized each of the studies’ data source and type, measurement type, and information for classifying undocumented participants. Studies used self-reported or proxy measures of legal status. Results Information to classify undocumented participants included self-reported status, possession of a Social Security number, possession of health insurance or institutional resources, concern about deportation, and participant characteristics. Findings show it is feasible to collect self-reported measures of undocumented status. Conclusions We recommend that researchers collect self-reported measures of undocumented status whenever possible and limit the use of proxy measures. Validated and standardized measures are needed for within and across country measurement. Authors should provide methodological information about measurement in publications. Finally, individuals who are undocumented should be included in the development of these methodologies. Trial registration This systematic review is not registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elena De Trinidad Young
- 1Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, 36-071 CHS, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772 USA
| | - Daniel S Madrigal
- 2California Environmental Health Tracking Program, Public Health Institute, 555 12th Street, 10th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607 USA
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Pham AV, Goforth AN, Chun H, Castro-Olivo S, Costa A. Acculturation and Help-Seeking Behavior in Consultation: A Sociocultural Framework for Mental Health Service. JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10474412.2017.1287574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cano MÁ, Sánchez M, Trepka MJ, Dillon FR, Sheehan DM, Rojas P, Kanamori MJ, Huang H, Auf R, De La Rosa M. Immigration Stress and Alcohol Use Severity Among Recently Immigrated Hispanic Adults: Examining Moderating Effects of Gender, Immigration Status, and Social Support. J Clin Psychol 2017; 73:294-307. [PMID: 27228112 PMCID: PMC5159315 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying and understanding determinants of alcohol use behavior among Hispanic immigrants is an increasingly significant public health concern. Although prior research has examined associations of cultural stressors with alcohol use among Hispanics, few studies have tested these associations among recent adult immigrants. As such, this study aimed to examine (a) the association of immigration stress on alcohol use severity among recently immigrated Hispanic adults (≤ 1 year in the United States) and (b) the moderating effects of gender, immigration status, and social support. METHOD A hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were conducted on a sample of 527 participants in South Florida. RESULTS Results indicated that, after controlling for demographic variables, preimmigration drinking behavior, and dimensions of social support, the association of higher immigration stress with higher alcohol use severity was statistically significant. Moderation analyses indicated that immigration stress had a statistically significant association with alcohol use severity among men, but not women. Also, dimensions of social support consistently reduced the deleterious effect of immigration stress on alcohol use severity. CONCLUSION This study adds to the scarce literature on cultural stressors and alcohol use among recent Hispanic immigrants. Findings suggest that it may be important to design gender-specific interventions and that increasing levels of social support may offset the effects of immigration stress on alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Cano
- Florida International University, Department of Epidemiology
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
| | - Mariana Sánchez
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
| | - Mary Jo Trepka
- Florida International University, Department of Epidemiology
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
| | - Frank R. Dillon
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
- University at Albany, School of Education
| | | | - Patria Rojas
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
| | - Mariano J. Kanamori
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
| | - Hui Huang
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
- Florida International University, School of Social Work
| | - Rehab Auf
- Florida International University, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Mario De La Rosa
- Florida International University, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse
- Florida International University, School of Social Work
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Torres CA, Crowther MR, Brodsky S. Addressing Acculturative Stress in Psychotherapy: A Case Study of a Latino Man Overcoming Cultural Conflicts and Stress Related to Language Use. Clin Case Stud 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1534650116686180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To foster engagement in treatment and improve therapeutic outcomes for immigrant clients, it is important for therapists to integrate cultural values and to recognize the psychological stressors faced as immigrants learn to adapt and assimilate changes associated with moving to a new country. This case study describes the integration of cultural values when working with immigrant Latino clients who are at an increased risk of experiencing acculturative stress as a result of moving to the United States and having limited English knowledge. The integration of cultural values of familismo and personalismo are also discussed as it related to case conceptualization and treatment process. Finally, the current case provides information about conducting therapy in two languages and transitioning from Spanish to English as part of acculturation process while also addressing multifaceted aspects involved when working with Latino clients.
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Lo CC, Hopson LM, Simpson GM, Cheng TC. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Emotional Health: A Longitudinal Study of Immigrants' Adolescent Children. Community Ment Health J 2017; 53:92-101. [PMID: 27470262 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-016-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
First, discrimination was conceptualized as a major source of stress for immigrants' adolescent children. Next, such children's emotional health (indicated by measures of self-esteem and depression) was examined for possible associations with discrimination, psychosocial supports, and social structure; additionally, race/ethnicity's possible moderating role in such associations was evaluated. Data from the first 2 waves of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (1991-2006) were employed, focusing on 3 groups: Asians, Hispanics, and Whites. Linear regression analyses were used to weigh how discrimination, psychosocial supports, and social structure measured at Wave 1 and Wave 2 related to self-esteem and depression measured at Wave 2. Asians exhibited the highest level of depression and were most likely to perceive discrimination; Asians' self-esteem was also low, compared to other groups'. Discrimination and psychosocial supports appeared to operate differentially in explaining the 3 groups' emotional health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia C Lo
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Texas Woman's University, CFO 306, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.
| | - Laura M Hopson
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35480-0314, USA
| | - Gaynell M Simpson
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35480-0314, USA
| | - Tyrone C Cheng
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35480-0314, USA
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Social support and networks: cardiovascular responses following recall on immigration stress among Chinese Americans. J Immigr Minor Health 2016; 17:543-52. [PMID: 24288021 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Social support has been shown to act as a buffer for cardiovascular responses to stress. However, little is known about how social support and networks are related to cardiovascular responses to immigration stress recall. The current study evaluated the impact of structural and functional support on cardiovascular reaction following immigrant stress recall provocation as well as the moderation effect of interdependent self-construal among first-generation Chinese immigrants. One hundred fifty Chinese immigrants were recruited in the New York Chinatown area. Participants completed questionnaires assessing their levels of social support and networks, and interdependent self-construal. Following adaptation, participants recalled a recent post-immigration stress-provoking situation. Cardiovascular measures were taken during adaptation, stressor task, and recovery period. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. Social network size and type, as well as perceived emotional support were positively predictive of systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity changes. Instrumental support seeking was a positive predictor of SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity. The moderation effect between instrumental support seeking and interdependent self-construal were significantly predictive of DBP reactivity and recovery, suggesting that perceptions about themselves in relation to others is a crucial factor for determining whether support seeking is beneficial or not. Social support was not a direct buffer on cardiovascular responses to stress among Chinese immigrants. Chinese values of interdependence and collectivism may partly explain the disconfirming results. Still, when interdependent self-construal was taken into account, Chinese immigrants who had less interdependent self-construal, but solicited more instrumental support, had faster adaptation to stress over the long term.
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Nam B, Kim JY, DeVylder JE, Song A. Family functioning, resilience, and depression among North Korean refugees. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:451-457. [PMID: 27620328 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
North Korean refugees in South Korea are at high risk of depression, but there are few studies exploring protective factors in this population. We hypothesized that family functioning (family adaptability and cohesion) and resilience would protect North Korean refugees from developing depressive symptoms. A subsample of 304 adult North Korean refugees drawn from the cross-sectional 2010 Nationwide Survey of Domestic Violence in South Korea was analyzed. Approximately 44% of respondents were identified as having depression, using scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. In models capturing the full spectrum of depressive symptoms (continuous), family cohesion was significantly associated with depression, and the relationship was partially mediated by resilience. In models predicting clinical depression (dichotomous), resilience fully mediated the relationship between family cohesion and clinical depression. In contrast, family adaptability was not associated with depression or resilience in this sample. These findings suggest that assessing and enhancing family cohesion and resilience may be essential for professionals working with refugees, and that refugees without family support may be at particularly high risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Nam
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 525W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jae Yop Kim
- School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jordan E DeVylder
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 525W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Ahyoung Song
- Department of Social Welfare, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Gonzalez-Guarda RM, McCabe BE, Leblanc N, De Santis JP, Provencio-Vasquez E. The contribution of stress, cultural factors, and sexual identity on the substance abuse, violence, HIV, and depression syndemic among Hispanic men. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 22:563-571. [PMID: 27159650 PMCID: PMC5053835 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to confirm the substance abuse, violence, HIV, and depression syndemic among Hispanic men, and to test whether stress and sociocultural factors, including acculturation, family support, and sexual orientation, predict this syndemic. METHOD A cross-sectional survey was administered to 164 Hispanic men using standardized measures for Hispanic Stress (Cervantes, Padilla, & Salgado de Snyder, 1991), substance abuse (Kelly et al., 1994), violence (Peragallo et al., 2005), risk for HIV (González-Guarda, Peragallo, Urrutia, Vasquez, & Mitrani, 2008), and depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale, CES-D; Radloff, 1977). RESULTS Results from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) supported the syndemic factor among Hispanic men. While family/cultural stress and homosexual identity were risk factors for the syndemic factor, family support was protective. CONCLUSIONS More longitudinal research is needed to identify influences on the syndemic factor among diverse Hispanic communities. Interventions that address stress and enhance family supports may show promise in addressing and preventing syndemics among Hispanic men. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Gonzalez-Guarda
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Center of Excellence for Health Disparities Research: El Centro
| | - Brian E. McCabe
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Center of Excellence for Health Disparities Research: El Centro
| | - Natalie Leblanc
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Center of Excellence for Health Disparities Research: El Centro
| | - Joseph P. De Santis
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Center of Excellence for Health Disparities Research: El Centro
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Cano MÁ. Intracultural accusations of assimilation and alcohol use severity among Hispanic emerging adults: Moderating effects of acculturation, enculturation, and gender. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:850-856. [PMID: 27560996 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals, including Hispanics, tend to drink most heavily during emerging adulthood (ages 18-25 years old). Research has suggested that intercultural stressors (e.g., ethnic discrimination) may increase levels of alcohol use among Hispanics. However, the relationship between intracultural stressors (e.g., accusations of assimilation-when Hispanics accuse a member of their heritage group of acculturating to U.S. culture) and alcohol use has been examined to a lesser extent. Accordingly, the present study aimed to (a) examine the association between family accusations of assimilation and alcohol use severity; and (b) examine if acculturation domains, enculturation domains, and gender moderated that association. A hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 181 Hispanic emerging adults. Results indicated that higher family accusations of assimilation were associated with higher levels of alcohol use severity (β = .18, p < .05), and all variables entered in the model accounted for ΔR2 = 15.1% of the variance of alcohol use severity. A moderation analysis indicated that higher family accusations of assimilation were associated with higher alcohol use severity among men, but not women. Of the four acculturation/enculturation domains, none had a moderation effect. However, there was a statistically significant three-way interaction among family accusations of assimilation, gender, and affective enculturation. This three-way interaction suggests that among men, higher family accusations of assimilation were associated with higher alcohol use severity at lower levels of affective enculturation. This study addresses a literature gap on intracultural stressors and substance use among Hispanics, and discusses recommendations for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Karoly HC, Callahan T, Schmiege SJ, Ewing SWF. Evaluating the Hispanic Paradox in the Context of Adolescent Risky Sexual Behavior: The Role of Parent Monitoring. J Pediatr Psychol 2016; 41:429-40. [PMID: 25972373 PMCID: PMC4829736 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the United States, Hispanic adolescents are at elevated risk for negative outcomes related to risky sexual behavior. To evaluate potential protective factors for this group, we examined the fit of the Hispanic Paradox for sexual behavior among high-risk youth and the moderating role of parent monitoring. METHOD We enrolled 323 justice-involved Hispanic youth (73% male; mean age 16 years), and measured generational status, parent monitoring (monitoring location, who children spend time with outside of school, family dinner frequency), and sexual risk behavior. RESULTS There were no main effects for generational status on sexual behavior. Parent monitoring of location moderated the relationship between generational status and sexual behavior, such that greater monitoring of location was associated with less risky sexual behavior, but only for youth second generation and above. CONCLUSIONS Rather than direct evidence supporting the Hispanic Paradox, we found a more nuanced relationship for generational status in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado,
| | - Tiffany Callahan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and
| | - Sarah J Schmiege
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and
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Sternberg RM, Nápoles AM, Gregorich S, Paul S, Lee KA, Stewart AL. Development of the Stress of Immigration Survey: A Field Test Among Mexican Immigrant Women. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2016; 39:40-52. [PMID: 26605954 PMCID: PMC4747418 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Stress of Immigration Survey (SOIS) is a screening tool used to assess immigration-related stress. The mixed methods approach included concept development, pretesting, field testing, and psychometric evaluation in a sample of 131 low-income women of Mexican descent. The 21-item SOIS screens for stress related to language, immigrant status, work issues, yearning for family and home country, and cultural dissonance. Mean scores ranged from 3.6 to 4.4 (a scale of 1-5, higher is more stress). Cronbach α values were more than 0.80 for all subscales. The SOIS may be a useful screening tool for detecting high levels of immigration-related stress in low-income Mexican immigrant women.
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Ibañez GE, Dillon F, Sanchez M, DE LA Rosa M, Li T, Villar ME. Changes in Family Cohesion and Acculturative Stress among Recent Latino Immigrants. JOURNAL OF ETHNIC & CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL WORK 2015; 24:219-234. [PMID: 27087789 PMCID: PMC4831569 DOI: 10.1080/15313204.2014.991979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Family relationships can serve as an important source of support during the acculturation process; yet, how the stress related to acculturation, or acculturative stress, may impact family functioning across time is not clear. Participants (n = 479), between the ages of 18-34 were recruited using respondent driven sampling methodology. Findings suggest family cohesion decreased over time; however, it decreased less for those reporting more acculturative stress. The implication is that for those Latino immigrants who struggle to adapt to their new host culture, family remains a source of support more so than for those who do not struggle as much.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys E Ibañez
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, Florida 33174
| | - Frank Dillon
- Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, Florida 33174; Miami, Florida;
| | - Mariana Sanchez
- Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, Florida 33174; Miami, Florida;
| | - Mario DE LA Rosa
- Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, Florida 33174; Miami, Florida;
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, Florida 33174; Miami, Florida;
| | - Maria Elena Villar
- Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, Florida 33174; Miami, Florida;
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Holtrop K, Smith SM, Scott JC. Associations between positive parenting practices and child externalizing behavior in underserved Latino immigrant families. FAMILY PROCESS 2015; 54:359-375. [PMID: 25287585 PMCID: PMC4666495 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether five specific parenting practices (i.e., monitoring, discipline, skill encouragement, problem solving, and positive involvement) were associated with reduced child externalizing behaviors among a sample of Latino immigrant families. It utilized baseline data from 83 Latino couples with children participating in a larger randomized controlled trial of a culturally adapted parenting intervention. Results reveal that monitoring, discipline, skill encouragement, and problem solving each made independent contributions to the prediction of child externalizing behavior, although not all in the expected direction. Further analyses examining mothers and fathers separately suggest that mother-reported monitoring and father-reported discipline practices uniquely contributed to these findings. These results may have important implications for prevention and clinical intervention efforts with Latino immigrant families, including the cultural adaptation and implementation of parenting interventions with this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal Holtrop
- Family and Child Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Sharde' Mcneil Smith
- African American Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jenna C. Scott
- Family and Child Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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Salas-Wright CP, Robles EH, Vaughn MG, Córdova D, Pérez-Figueroa RE. Toward a Typology of Acculturative Stress. HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0739986315573967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to identify latent classes of Hispanic immigrants on the basis of acculturative stress and, in turn, examine the links between membership in acculturative stress classes and the prevalence of mental disorders. We use latent class analysis (LCA) and multinomial logistic regression with data from a population-based study of Hispanic immigrants in the United States ( n = 1,630). Classes were identified as “Low Acculturative Stress” (38.40%); “Social and Linguistic Stress” (32.27%); “Acculturative Stress, No Fear of Deportation” (20.06%); and “Acculturative Stress, Fear of Deportation” (9.26%). Members of the “Acculturative Stress, Fear of Deportation” class were significantly more likely than members of the “Low Acculturative Stress” class to meet criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (risk ratios [RR] = 3.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.00, 12.56]). The present study represents an important step in the development of a typology of acculturative stress among Hispanic immigrants in the United States.
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Brown MJ, Cohen SA, Mezuk B. Duration of U.S. residence and suicidality among racial/ethnic minority immigrants. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:257-67. [PMID: 25108531 PMCID: PMC4469644 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immigration experience embodies a range of factors including different cultural norms and expectations, which may be particularly important for groups who become racial/ethnic minorities when they migrate to the U.S. However, little is known about the correlates of mental health indicators among these groups. The primary and secondary aims were to determine the association between duration of U.S. residence and suicidality, and 12-month mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, respectively, among racial/ethnic minority immigrants. METHODS Data were obtained from the National Survey of American Life and the National Latino and Asian American Survey. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between duration of US residence, and suicidality and 12-month psychopathology. RESULTS Among Afro-Caribbeans, there was a modest positive association between duration of U.S. residence and 12-month psychopathology (P linear trend = 0.016). Among Asians there was a modest positive association between duration of US residence and suicidal ideation and attempts (P linear trend = 0.018, 0.063, respectively). Among Latinos, there was a positive association between duration of US residence, and suicidal ideation, attempts and 12-month psychopathology (P linear trend = 0.001, 0.012, 0.002, respectively). Latinos who had been in the U.S. for >20 years had 2.6 times greater likelihood of suicidal ideation relative to those who had been in the U.S. for <5 years (95% CI 1.01-6.78). CONCLUSIONS The association between duration of US residence and suicidality and psychopathology varies across racial/ethnic minority groups. The results for Latino immigrants are broadly consistent with the goal-striving or acculturation stress hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Brown
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA. 830 East Main Street, 8th Floor, Richmond 23219, VA, USA
| | - Steven A. Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA. Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Perceived discrimination, family functioning, and depressive symptoms among immigrant women in Taiwan. Arch Womens Ment Health 2014; 17:359-66. [PMID: 24414300 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-013-0401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating effect of family functioning on the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms in immigrant women. A total of 239 immigrant women were selected from four administrative regions in Central Taiwan. Questionnaires concerning perceived discrimination, family functioning (including family cohesion and family adaptability), depressive symptoms, and demographic characteristics were completed by either women themselves (N = 120) or their husbands (N = 119). The moderating effect of family functioning on the relationship between perceived discrimination and depression symptoms was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Findings showed that a higher level of perceived discrimination among immigrant women is associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Family functioning serves as a moderator between the relationship of perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms, but the moderating effect of family adaptability was evident only in data reported by immigrant women. The results indicate that perceived discrimination has negative mental health implications, and also point to the importance of family functioning for depression. Findings suggest that providers should consider addressing immigrant women's mental health needs through declining their psychosocial distress at multiple ecological levels.
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Rodriguez-JenKins J. Complex Inequality: A Contextual Parenting Framework for Latino Infants. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2014; 44:317-327. [PMID: 25132697 PMCID: PMC4129391 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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