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Malloy LC, Sutherland JE, Cauffman E. Sexual abuse disclosure among incarcerated female adolescents and young adults. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 116:104147. [PMID: 31495522 PMCID: PMC7056491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is over-represented among incarcerated girls and women. In order to inform effective methods of response, they represent a critical group for better understanding disclosure processes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to assess the CSA and CSA disclosure experiences of incarcerated female adolescents and young adults. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 94 serious female offenders, ages 15-24 (M = 18.72, SD = 1.94), incarcerated in a secure juvenile facility. METHOD In one-on-one interviews, participants answered questions about abuse characteristics, whether they had previously disclosed, to whom they had disclosed and after how long, and reasons for prior disclosure or nondisclosure. RESULTS Over half of the sample (51.8%,n = 44) reported experiencing CSA. Most individuals who reported a CSA history had previously disclosed (79.5%, n = 35), with approximately equal proportions claiming to disclose within one week (40%) and after a year or years (45.8%). However, 20.5% (n = 9) claimed that our study interview was their first disclosure. Several reasons for their disclosure patterns were endorsed: Most commonly feelings of shame or embarrassment prevented disclosure (56%) and no longer wanting to keep the abuse a secret motivated disclosure (44%). CONCLUSIONS Although many incarcerated girls and women share a history of CSA, our results indicate that the abuse and disclosure experiences of incarcerated females are diverse. Understanding their disclosure patterns can inform mental health services, rehabilitation, and professional interviewing strategies that may facilitate disclosure (e.g., forensic interviews, facility intake interviews).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Malloy
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe St North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
| | - Jessica E Sutherland
- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe St North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Cauffman
- Psychology and Social Behavior, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 4308 Social & Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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Toledanes YD, Tran L, Lara J, Injijian N, Neeki A, Dong F, Mejia Aguilar MD, Borger K, Neeki MM. The Impact of Quality Improvement Measures in the Management of Asthma Patients in Juvenile Detention Facilities. Cureus 2021; 13:e13351. [PMID: 33747652 PMCID: PMC7968705 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a serious chronic lung disease with a significant economic burden. The population of the San Bernardino County Juvenile Detention and Assessment Centers have higher odds of asthma as compared to the general population. Research has shown that a significant number of patients with a prior history of asthma were misdiagnosed. A protocol using objective testing, along with the detailed patient's history, was successfully implemented to verify the diagnosis and guide more effective medical care. After the implementation of those steps, the prevalence of asthma was found to be lower with the new protocol, from 18.1% in the pre-protocol period to 11.2% in the post-protocol period. This decrease resulted in an associated reduction in both direct and indirect healthcare costs and more efficient medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette D Toledanes
- Public Health, San Bernardino County Department of Probation, San Bernardino, USA
| | - Louis Tran
- Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA.,Emergency Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Jocelyn Lara
- Public Health, San Bernardino County Department of Probation, San Bernardino, USA
| | - Natali Injijian
- Public Health, San Bernardino County Department of Probation, San Bernardino, USA
| | - Arianna Neeki
- Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
| | - Fanglong Dong
- Clinical Research, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
| | | | - Kylee Borger
- Public Health, California University of Science and Medicine, San Bernardino, USA
| | - Michael M Neeki
- Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA.,Emergency Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA.,Emergency Medicine, San Bernardino County Department of Probation, San Bernardino, USA
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3
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Logan-Greene P, Bascug EW, DiClemente RJ, Voisin DR. Heterogeneity of Sexual Risk Profiles Among Juvenile Justice-Involved African American Girls. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-020-09594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Underwood JM, Brener N, Halpern-Felsher B. Tracking Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. NAM Perspect 2020; 2020:202010a. [DOI: 10.31478/202010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Maalouf O, Daigneault I, Dargan S, McDuff P, Frappier JY. Relationship between Child Sexual Abuse, Psychiatric Disorders and Infectious Diseases: A Matched-Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2020; 29:749-768. [PMID: 32045342 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1709242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been strongly associated with a range of psychological and physical problems in childhood and adulthood, such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and infectious diseases. Despite the strength of these associations, no studies to date have investigated psychobiological processes that might underlie the relationship between CSA and physical health problems occurring during childhood, such as infectious diseases. The goal of the current study is to evaluate PTSD as a potential mediator between CSA and the occurrence of infectious diseases among children and adolescents. Furthermore, we postulate that PTSD plays a specific role as an indicator of chronic stress during childhood, in comparison to other mental disorders, such as anxious and non-anxious disorders (e.g., depression). Via a prospective matched-cohort design, administrative data were used to document PTSD, anxious and non-anxious disorders, and infectious diseases. The sample size was 882 persons with a substantiated report of sexual abuse and 882 matched controls. Negative binomial regressions revealed that CSA is associated with a greater number of anxious diseases diagnoses that, in turn, predict more infectious diseases diagnoses. These findings highlight the importance of preventing and intervening among sexually abused youth with anxious disorder symptoms to limit negative outcomes on physical health.
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Borschmann R, Janca E, Carter A, Willoughby M, Hughes N, Snow K, Stockings E, Hill NTM, Hocking J, Love A, Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Fazel S, Puljević C, Robinson J, Kinner SA. The health of adolescents in detention: a global scoping review. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 5:e114-e126. [PMID: 31954434 PMCID: PMC7025881 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents detained within the criminal justice system are affected by complex health problems, health-risk behaviours, and high rates of premature death. We did a global synthesis of the evidence regarding the health of this population. We searched Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Web of Science, CINCH, Global Health, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference System Abstract Database, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed journal articles, including reviews, that reported the prevalence of at least one health outcome (physical, mental, sexual, infectious, and neurocognitive) in adolescents (aged <20 years) in detention, and were published between Jan 1, 1980, and June 30, 2018. The reference lists of published review articles were scrutinised for additional relevant publications. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, and three reviewed full texts of relevant articles. The protocol for this Review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016041392). 245 articles (204 primary research articles and 41 reviews) were included, with most primary research (183 [90%]) done in high-income countries. A high lifetime prevalence of health problems, risks, and conditions was reported in detained adolescents, including mental disorders (0–95%), substance use disorders (22–96%), self-harm (12–65%), neurodevelopmental disabilities (2–47%), infectious diseases (0–34%), and sexual and reproductive conditions (pregnant by age 19 years 20–37%; abnormal cervical screening test result 16%). Various physical and mental health problems and health-risk behaviours are more common among adolescents in detention than among their peers who have not been detained. As the social and structural drivers of poor health overlap somewhat with factors associated with exposure to the criminal justice system, strategies to address these factors could help to reduce both rates of adolescent detention and adolescent health inequalities. Improving the detection of mental and physical disorders, providing appropriate interventions during detention, and optimising transitional health care after release from detention could improve the health outcomes of these vulnerable young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Emilia Janca
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annie Carter
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Hughes
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kathryn Snow
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jane Hocking
- Sexual Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Love
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jo Robinson
- Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ti A, Burns R, Barnert ES, Sufrin C, Dehlendorf C. Perspectives on Patient-Centered Family Planning Care from Incarcerated Girls: A Qualitative Study. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2019; 32:491-498. [PMID: 31181329 PMCID: PMC6878150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We applied a patient-centered care (PCC) framework to explore incarcerated girls' experiences of and preferences for family planning (FP) care. DESIGN We conducted qualitative semistructured interviews with incarcerated girls to explore domains of PCC: access to care, patient preferences, information and education, emotional support, family and friends, physical comfort, coordination of care, and continuity and transition. SETTING A juvenile detention center (JDC) in an urban California county. PARTICIPANTS Girls incarcerated during the study period. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Transcripts were analyzed using directed content analysis to identify themes related to PCC and additional overarching themes. RESULTS Twenty-two participants completed interviews. Overarching themes of stigma and autonomy emerged as influential in girls' experiences and preferences for FP care. Participants described stigma related to incarceration, sexual activity, and lack of contraception use. Participants' desire for autonomy contributed to concerns around FP care. Despite this, most desired access to FP care while incarcerated. Many valued relationships they had with JDC providers, reporting more trust and familiarity with JDC providers than those in the community. Constraints of incarceration decreased availability of emotional supports and decreased involvement of family in health-related decision-making, which worsened girls' experiences with FP care and enhanced their sense of autonomy. Difficulties with care coordination and transitions between the JDC and community often resulted in fragmented care. CONCLUSION Providing patient-centered FP care in JDCs is desirable but complex, and requires prioritizing patient preferences while recognizing the strengths and limitations of providing FP care within JDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Ti
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Roshan Burns
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Elizabeth S Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carolyn Sufrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine Dehlendorf
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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8
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Tam CC, Dauria EF, Cook MC, Ti A, Comfort M, Tolou-Shams M. Justice involvement and girls' sexual health: Directions for policy and practice. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2019; 98:278-283. [PMID: 31341344 PMCID: PMC6656393 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arrested girls in the United States (US) are often diverted from detention through referrals to juvenile specialty courts (e.g., juvenile drug court), community-based diversion programs, or pre-adjudicated probation services. Limited research suggests that sexual and reproductive health needs for diverted, or court-involved, non-incarcerated (CINI) girls are similar to that of their detained counterparts. Despite the US justice system's emphasis on diverting youth from detention, research and programmatic efforts to improve sexual and reproductive health outcomes has primarily focused on detained girls. Policy and programming for CINI girls is scant and thus warrants further attention. This report details the immediate sexual and reproductive health needs of CINI girls. We discuss implications of current health care policies and practices for this population and conclude with recommendations for research focused on improving access to sexual and reproductive health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Tam
- University of California, Berkeley and Alcohol Research Group
| | | | | | | | - Megan Comfort
- RTI International and University of California, San Francisco
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- University of California, San Francisco and UCSF Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
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Abstract
Adolescents involved with the juvenile justice system have higher rates of risky sexual behaviors, resulting in high rates of sexually transmitted infections and increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus, early or complicated pregnancy, and parenting issues. Comorbid substance abuse, gang association, mental health issues, and history of having been abused as children result in further elevated rates. Girls and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths represent growing subpopulations with special risks. Increasingly diverted to community-based alternatives, juvenile justice-involved teens obtain most of their medical care from community providers, who need to understand their risks to provide appropriate, optimal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Sattler
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Abram KM, Stokes ML, Welty LJ, Aaby DA, Teplin LA. Disparities in HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors After Youth Leave Detention: A 14-Year Longitudinal Study. Pediatrics 2017; 139:e20160360. [PMID: 28115541 PMCID: PMC5260145 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine changes in the prevalence of 15 HIV/AIDS sex and drug risk behaviors in delinquent youth during the 14 years after they leave detention, focusing on sex and racial/ethnic differences. METHODS The Northwestern Juvenile Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois, recruited between 1995 and 1998 and reinterviewed up to 11 times. Independent interviewers assessed HIV/AIDS risk behaviors using the National Institutes on Drug Abuse Risk Behavior Assessment. RESULTS Fourteen years after detention (median age, 30 years), one-quarter of males and one-tenth of females had >1 sexual partner in the past 3 months. One-tenth of participants reported recent unprotected vaginal sex with a high-risk partner. There were many sex and racial/ethnic differences. For example, African American males had 4.67 times the odds of having >1 partner than African American females (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.22-6.76). Over time, compared with non-Hispanic white males, African American males had 2.56 times the odds (95% CI, 1.97-3.33) and Hispanic males had 1.63 times the odds (95% CI, 1.24-2.12) of having multiple partners, even after adjusting for incarceration and age. Non-Hispanic white females were more likely to have multiple partners than racial/ethnic minority females. CONCLUSIONS Although rates decrease over time, prevalence of sex risk behaviors are much higher than the general population. Among males, racial/ethnic minorities were at particular risk. The challenge for pediatric health is to address how disproportionate confinement of racial/ethnic minority youth contributes to disparities in the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Abram
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
| | | | - Leah J Welty
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
- Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
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Clements-Nolle K, Larson S, Buttar A, Dermid-Gray L. Childhood Maltreatment and Unprotected Sex among Female Juvenile Offenders: Evidence of Mediation by Substance Abuse and Psychological Distress. Womens Health Issues 2017; 27:188-195. [PMID: 28087129 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research has shown that childhood maltreatment is associated with sexual risk taking among female juvenile offenders; however, the mechanisms by which maltreatment influences sexual risk remain poorly understood. We assessed whether substance abuse, psychological distress, and dating violence mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and unprotected sex. METHODS Sexually active female juvenile offenders (13-17 years of age) completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews (n = 232). Logistic regression with a risk decrement approach, the Sobel test, and the Goodman I test were used to evaluate mediation. RESULTS Maltreatment before sixth grade was common in our sample, including physical abuse (48.7%), sexual abuse (14.7%), supervision neglect (57.3%), and physical neglect (18.5%). Cumulative childhood maltreatment was also high with 42.2% reporting two or more types. In the fully adjusted model, cumulative childhood maltreatment remained associated with unprotected sex (odds ratio, 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.27, 4.65). The percent of the total effect in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and unprotected sex that was mediated by substance abuse was 16.4% (Sobel = 2.54 [p = .01]; Goodman I = 2.49 [p = .01]) and psychological distress accounted for 23.7% (Sobel = 2.55 [p = .01]; Goodman I = 2.51 [p = .01]). Dating violence was not a significant mediator in our analyses. CONCLUSION We found a strong relationship between childhood maltreatment and unprotected sex among female juvenile offenders that was partially mediated through substance abuse and psychological distress. These findings can be used to develop public health strategies to increase condom use among female juvenile offenders. Trauma-informed approaches to sexual health promotion that address substance abuse and psychological distress are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Larson
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Community Health Sciences, Reno, Nevada
| | - Aliya Buttar
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Community Health Sciences, Reno, Nevada
| | - Lindsey Dermid-Gray
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Community Health Sciences, Reno, Nevada
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Johnston EE, Argueza BR, Graham C, Bruce JS, Chamberlain LJ, Anoshiravani A. In Their Own Voices: The Reproductive Health Care Experiences of Detained Adolescent Girls. Womens Health Issues 2016; 26:48-54. [PMID: 26777283 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls involved with the juvenile justice system have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy than their nondetained peers. Although they may receive reproductive health care while detained, following clinician recommendations and accessing services in the community can be challenging. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the barriers this population faces 1) accessing reproductive health care and 2)following the recommendations they receive when they are in the community. METHODS Adolescent girls at a juvenile detention facility completed online surveys about their demographics and sexual health behaviors. A subsequent semistructured interview assessed their experiences with reproductive health care services. RESULTS Twenty-seven girls aged 14 to 19 were interviewed. The majority (86%) self-reported as Latina or Hispanic. The average age of sexual debut was 13.8 years. The major interview themes were 1) personal priorities and motivations affect decision making, 2) powerful external voices influence reproductive health choices, 3) accessing services “on the run” is particularly challenging, and 4) detention represents an opportunity for intervention and change. CONCLUSION Adolescent girls who are detained within the juvenile justice system face reproductive health challenges that vary with their life circumstances. They frequently have priorities, external voices, and situations that influence their decisions. Clinicians who care for these young women are in a unique position to address their health needs. Eliciting girls’ goals, beliefs, and influences through motivational interviewing, as well as developing targeted interventions based on their unique experiences, may be particularly helpful for this population.
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Stadlin C, Pérez T, Schmeck K, Gallo AD, Schmid M. Konstruktvalidität und Faktorenstruktur des deutschsprachigen Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) in einer repräsentativen Schulstichprobe. DIAGNOSTICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1026/0012-1924/a000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Konstruktvalidität und Faktorenstruktur der deutschen Version des Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI), einem Selbstbeurteilungsverfahren, welches psychopathische Persönlichkeitseigenschaften effizient erfasst. Die Verteilung psychopathischer Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und deren Korrelation mit der selbstberichteten Delinquenz wird in einer repräsentativen Schulstichprobe (N = 840) untersucht. Das YPI zeigte in der deutschsprachigen Version eine gute interne Konsistenz (α = .92). Die Jungen erreichten signifikant höhere Werte als die Mädchen. Die drei Faktoren (interpersonaler, affektiver und behavioraler Faktor) der Originalversion wurden sowohl für Jungen als auch für Mädchen bestätigt. Außerdem korrelierten alle drei Faktoren mit der selbstberichteten Delinquenz. Mit der deutschsprachigen Version des YPI sind psychopathische Persönlichkeitseigenschaften im Selbsturteil reliabel und valide erfassbar.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to describe inpatient hospitalization patterns among detained and nondetained youth in a large, total population of hospitalized adolescents in California. METHODS We examined the unmasked California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Patient Discharge Dataset from 1997 to 2011. We considered hospitalized youth aged 11-18 years "detained" if admitted to California hospitals from detention, transferred from hospital to detention, or both. We compared discharge diagnoses and length of stay between detained youth and their nondetained counterparts in the general population. RESULTS There were 11,367 hospitalizations for detained youth. Hospitalizations differed for detained versus nondetained youth: 63% of all detained youth had a primary diagnosis of mental health disorder (compared with 19.8% of nondetained youth). Detained girls were disproportionately affected, with 74% hospitalized for a primary mental health diagnosis. Detained youth hospitalized for mental health disorder had an increased median length of stay compared with nondetained inpatient youth with mental illness (≥ 6 days vs. 5 days, respectively). This group difference was heightened in the presence of minority status, public insurance, and concurrent substance abuse. Hospitalized detained youth discharged to chemical dependency treatment facilities had the longest hospital stays (≥ 43 days). CONCLUSIONS Detained juvenile offenders are hospitalized for very different reasons than the general adolescent population. Mental illness, often with comorbid substance abuse, requiring long inpatient stays, represents the major cause for hospitalization. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective, well-coordinated mental health services for youth before, during, and after detention.
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Grasso DJ, Dierkhising CB, Branson CE, Ford JD, Lee R. Developmental Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Current Symptoms and Impairment in Youth Referred For Trauma-Specific Services. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 44:871-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Leve LD, Chamberlain P, Kim HK. Risks, Outcomes, and Evidence-Based Interventions for Girls in the US Juvenile Justice System. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015; 18:252-79. [PMID: 26119215 PMCID: PMC4536111 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The proportion of the juvenile justice population that comprises females is increasing, yet few evidence-based models have been evaluated and implemented with girls in the juvenile justice system. Although much is known about the risk and protective factors for girls who participate in serious delinquency, significant gaps in the research base hamper the development and implementation of theoretically based intervention approaches. In this review, we first summarize the extant empirical work about the predictors and sequelae of juvenile justice involvement for girls. Identified risk and protective factors that correspond to girls' involvement in the juvenile justice system have been shown to largely parallel those of boys, although exposure rates and magnitudes of association sometimes differ by sex. Second, we summarize findings from empirically validated, evidence-based interventions for juvenile justice-involved youths that have been tested with girls. The interventions include Functional Family Therapy, Multisystemic Therapy, Multidimensional Family Therapy, and Treatment Foster Care Oregon (formerly known as Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care). We conclude that existing evidence-based practices appear to be effective for girls. However, few studies have been sufficiently designed to permit conclusions about whether sex-specific interventions would yield any better outcomes for girls than would interventions that already exist for both sexes and that have a strong base of evidence to support them. Third, we propose recommendations for feasible, cost-efficient next steps to advance the research and intervention agendas for this under-researched and underserved population of highly vulnerable youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, 6217 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-6217, USA,
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Leve LD, Van Ryzin MJ, Chamberlain P. Sexual Risk Behavior and STI Contraction Among Young Women With Prior Juvenile Justice Involvement. JOURNAL OF HIV/AIDS & SOCIAL SERVICES 2015; 14:171-187. [PMID: 26120287 PMCID: PMC4482469 DOI: 10.1080/15381501.2014.912171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Girls in the juvenile justice system are at increased risk for contracting HIV/AIDS. Sexual risk behavior was examined in 166 females with juvenile justice involvement who were followed from adolescence to young adulthood. Results indicated that childhood sexual abuse increased the incidence of unsafe sex during young adulthood, which was subsequently associated with contraction of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Further, girls' comfort in talking with their partners about safer sex practices during adolescence moderated the association between childhood sexual abuse and unsafe sex, such that girls who had been sexually abused and were uncomfortable talking to their partners about safer sex during adolescence had an 8.5-fold increase in unsafe sex in young adulthood. The identification of behaviors amenable to intervention in the prevention of HIV/AIDS risk in this high-risk population is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D Leve
- Leslie Leve, PhD, Professor, University of Oregon, Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, Eugene, OR, 97403; Senior Scientist, Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97401;
| | - Mark J Van Ryzin
- Mark Van Ryzin, PhD, Research Scientist, Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97401;
| | - Patricia Chamberlain
- Patricia Chamberlain, PhD, Senior Scientist, Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97401;
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Grigorenko EL, Sullivan T, Chapman J. An investigation of gender differences in a representative sample of juveniles detained in Connecticut. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2015; 38:84-91. [PMID: 25712427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As the number of females served by the juvenile justice system in the United States continues to grow, both in absolute terms and relative to the number of males, it is important to understand both the general and specific characteristics of delinquent girls and boys regarding their patterns of offending and risk variables. Using systematic random sampling, 20% of all admittees to the state-run juvenile detention centers in the state of Connecticut, USA, were included in a chart review study, forming a sample (n = 371, 30.2% girls, age range 11-19 years; mean age = 14.45, sd = 1.05) that was analyzed for gender differences with regard to characteristics of offenses. These characteristics were examined for their potential associations with indicators of risk that are routinely collected at admission to detention. Findings indicate a complex set of associations between indicators of offense and risk, highlighting the importance not only of gender, but also of racial/ethnic differences, whose modulating effects appear to be important in understanding these associations. Specifically, girls in detention are characterized by a number of dimensions, some of which align with those for boys and some that are more gender-specific. For example, girls, as a group, demonstrated higher levels of substance abuse, suicide ideation, victimization, and mental-health variability, but these higher scores are more characteristic of girls from minority backgrounds. More research is needed to understand the profiles of juveniles in detention as the variables considered in this work that map onto the literature at large have resulted in effects of small magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Grigorenko
- Yale University, Child Study Center, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Tami Sullivan
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - John Chapman
- Connecticut Court Support Services Division, United States
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Gilman AB, Hill KG, Hawkins JD. Long-term consequences of adolescent gang membership for adult functioning. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:938-45. [PMID: 24625155 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the possible public health consequences of adolescent gang membership for adult functioning. METHODS Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study focusing on the development of positive and problem outcomes. Using propensity score matching and logistic regression analyses, we assessed the effects of adolescent gang membership on illegal behavior, educational and occupational attainment, and physical and mental health at the ages of 27, 30, and 33 years. RESULTS In comparison with their nongang peers, who had been matched on 23 confounding risk variables known to be related to selection into gang membership, those who had joined a gang in adolescence had poorer outcomes in multiple areas of adult functioning, including higher rates of self-reported crime, receipt of illegal income, incarceration, drug abuse or dependence, poor general health, and welfare receipt and lower rates of high school graduation. CONCLUSIONS The finding that adolescent gang membership has significant consequences in adulthood beyond criminal behavior indicates the public health importance of the development of effective gang prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Gilman
- The authors are with the Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle
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Khan MR, Rosen DL, Epperson MW, Goldweber A, Hemberg JL, Richardson J, Dyer TP. Adolescent criminal justice involvement and adulthood sexually transmitted infection in a nationally representative US sample. J Urban Health 2013; 90:717-28. [PMID: 22815054 PMCID: PMC3732694 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-012-9742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Criminal justice involvement (CJI) disrupts social and sexual networks, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) thrive on network disruption. Adolescent CJI may be a particularly important determinant of STI because experiences during adolescence influence risk trajectories into adulthood. We used Wave III (2001-2002: young adulthood) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 14,322) to estimate associations between history of adolescent (younger than 18 years) CJI and adult STI risk. Respondents who reported a history of repeat arrest in adolescence, adolescent conviction, and arrest both as an adolescent and an adult (persistent arrest) had between two to seven times the odds of STI (biologically confirmed infection with chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis) in adulthood and between two to three times the odds of multiple partnerships and inconsistent condom use in the past year in adulthood. In analyses adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors, history of having six or more adolescent arrests was associated with more than five times the odds of STI (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 5.44, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.74-17.1). Both adolescent conviction and persistent CJI appeared to remain independent correlates of STI (conviction: AOR 1.90, 95 % CI 1.02-3.55; persistent CJI: AOR 1.60, 95 % CI 0.99-2.57). Adolescents who have repeat arrests, juvenile convictions, and persist as offenders into adulthood constitute priority populations for STI treatment and prevention. The disruptive effect of adolescent CJI may contribute to a trajectory associated with STI in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Khan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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