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Ansari FJ, Tafti HA, Amanzadeh A, Rabbani S, Shokrgozar MA, Heidari R, Behroozi J, Eyni H, Uversky VN, Ghanbari H. Comparison of the efficiency of ultrafiltration, precipitation, and ultracentrifugation methods for exosome isolation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101668. [PMID: 38405663 PMCID: PMC10885727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are enclosed by a lipid-bilayer membrane and secreted by all types of cells. They are classified into three groups: apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Exosomes play a number of important roles in the intercellular communication and crosstalk between tissues in the body. In this study, we use three common methods based on different principles for exosome isolation, namely ultrafiltration, precipitation, and ultracentrifugation. We use field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses for characterization of exosomes. The functionality and effect of isolated exosomes on the viability of hypoxic cells was investigated by alamarBlue and Flow-cytometry. The results of the FESEM study show that the ultrafiltration method isolates vesicles with higher variability of shapes and sizes when compared to the precipitation and ultracentrifugation methods. DLS results show that mean size of exosomes isolated by ultrafiltration, precipitation, and ultracentrifugation methods are 122, 89, and 60 nm respectively. AlamarBlue analysis show that isolated exosomes increase the viability of damaged cells by 11%, 15%, and 22%, respectively. Flow-cytometry analysis of damaged cells also show that these vesicles increase the content of live cells by 9%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. This study shows that exosomes isolated by the ultracentrifugation method are characterized by smaller size and narrow size distribution. Furthermore, more homogenous particles isolated by this method show increased efficiency of the protection of hypoxic cells in comparison with the exosomes isolated by the two other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Jaberi Ansari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahmadi Tafti
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Rabbani
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Heidari
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411718541, Iran
| | - Javad Behroozi
- Research Center for Cancer Screening and Epidemiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Eyni
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Hossein Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Biomaterials, University of Tehran & Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Zinc ionophores isolated from Terminalia bellirica fruit rind extract protect against cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116394. [PMID: 34509160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to isolate and characterize zinc ionophores from Terminalia bellirica fruit using a liposome assay and test its utility in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Ethyl acetate extract that exhibited zinc ionophore activity was resolved to yield three polyphenols that were characterized as epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and epigallocatechin (EGC) by nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectra. The polyphenols enhanced the uptake of zinc into the liposomes and increased FluoZin-3 fluorescence. These polyphenols in the presence of 10 μM ZnCl2 enhanced the zinc import into H9c2 cells, whose intracellular zinc levels were otherwise lowered upon hypoxia/reoxygenation. EGCG proved to be more potent than ECG, which indeed was more effective than EGC in improving cellular zinc levels and in attenuating the apoptosis of H9c2 cells after hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. The polyphenols required zinc for anti-apoptotic effect. The cardioprotective effect is indeed due to enhanced zinc uptake mediated by these polyphenols.
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3
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Bodiga VL, Vemuri PK, Nimmagadda G, Bodiga S. Zinc-dependent changes in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress during cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation. Biol Chem 2020; 401:1257-1271. [PMID: 32549180 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial zinc dyshomeostasis is associated with caspase-3 activation, ErbB2 degradation and apoptosis during hypoxia/reoxygenation. Zinc pyrithione replenishes intracellular zinc, suppresses caspase-3, augments ErbB2 levels and improves cell survival. We hypothesize that zinc is capable of modulating redox and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the setting of cardiomyocyte hypoxia-reoxygenation. Hypoxia/reoxygenation lowered intracellular zinc, increased ER as well as oxidative stress in H9c2 cells, both of which were effectively attenuated by zinc supplementation. Silencing of gp91phox attenuated oxidative and ER stress, decreased caspase-3 activation and improved cell survival. Mimicking the oxidative insult using 50 μM H2O2 increased the caspase-3 activity that correlated with decreased ErbB2 levels, concomitant with augmented ER stress. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) administration completely suppressed ER stress as well as caspase-3 activity. Zinc depletion using TPEN also resulted in lowered ErbB2 and increased apoptosis, along with NOX2 mRNA upregulation, increased oxidative and ER stress. Repletion with zinc suppressed NOX2 mRNA, lowered oxidative as well as ER stress and decreased cell death. These results suggest that zinc dyshomeostasis, along with oxidative stress contribute to the unfolded protein response during myocardial H/R and that zinc replenishment corrects zinc homeostasis, alleviates associated stress and improves cardiomyocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Lakshmi Bodiga
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics & Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Greeshma Nimmagadda
- Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sreedhar Bodiga
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Forest College and Research Institute, Mulugu, Siddipet 502279, India
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4
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Yang JJ, Zhang XH, Ma XH, Duan WJ, Xu NG, Chen YJ, Liang L. Astragaloside IV enhances GATA-4 mediated myocardial protection effect in hypoxia/reoxygenation injured H9c2 cells. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:829-842. [PMID: 32278611 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The transcription factor GATA-4 plays an important role in myocardial protection. Astragaloside IV (Ast-IV) was reported with the effects on improving cardiac function after ischemia. In this study, we explored how Ast-IV interacts with GATA-4 to protect myocardial cells H9c2 against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) stress. METHODS AND RESULTS H9c2 cells were cultured under the H/R condition. Various cell activity and morphology assays were used to assess the rates of apoptosis and autophagy. In these H/R injured H9c2 cells, increased apoptosis (P < 0.01) and autophagosome number (P < 0.01) were observed, and the addition of Ast-IV ameliorated this tendency. Mechanistically, we used the RT-qPCR and Western blot to evaluate the expressions of various molecules. The results showed that Ast-IV treatment upregulated gene expression of GATA-4 (P < 0.01) and the survival factors (Bcl-2, P < 0.05; p62, P < 0.01), but suppressed apoptosis and autophagy related genes (PARP, Caspase-3, Beclin-1, and LC3-II; All P < 0.01). Furthermore, overexpressing of GATA-4 by its agonist phenylephrine can also protect H/R injured H9c2 cells, and the addition of Ast-IV further enhanced this protection of GATA-4. In contrast, silencing GATA-4 expression abolished the H/R protection of Ast-IV, which demonstrated that the myocardial protection of Ast-IV is mediated by GATA-4. Lastly, along with GATA overexpression, enhanced interactions between Bcl-2 and Beclin-1 were detected by Chromatin immunoprecipitation (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Ast-IV rescued the H/R injury induced apoptosis and autophagy in H9c2 cells. Ast-IV treatment can stimulate the overexpression of GATA-4, and further enhanced the myocardial protection effect of GATA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Pharmacy Department, Huizhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Xu-Hui Zhang
- Second Department of Oncology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Xingangzhong Road, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wen-Jun Duan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Neng-Gui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Lei Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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5
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Long noncoding RNA UCA1 inhibits ischaemia/reperfusion injury induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis via suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:803-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00806-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Berná L, Chiribao ML, Greif G, Rodriguez M, Alvarez-Valin F, Robello C. Transcriptomic analysis reveals metabolic switches and surface remodeling as key processes for stage transition in Trypanosoma cruzi. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3017. [PMID: 28286708 PMCID: PMC5345387 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is a chronic and endemic disease which affects millions of people. Trypanosoma cruzi, its causative agent, has a life cycle that involves complex morphological and functional transitions, as well as a variety of environmental conditions. This requires a tight regulation of gene expression, which is achieved mainly by post-transcriptional regulation. In this work we conducted an RNAseq analysis of the three major life cycle stages of T. cruzi: amastigotes, epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. This analysis allowed us to delineate specific transcriptomic profiling for each stage, and also to identify those biological processes of major relevance in each state. Stage specific expression profiling evidenced the plasticity of T. cruzi to adapt quickly to different conditions, with particular focus on membrane remodeling and metabolic shifts along the life cycle. Epimastigotes, which replicate in the gut of insect vectors, showed higher expression of genes related to energy metabolism, mainly Krebs cycle, respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation related genes, and anabolism related genes associated to nucleotide and steroid biosynthesis; also, a general down-regulation of surface glycoprotein coding genes was seen at this stage. Trypomastigotes, living extracellularly in the bloodstream of mammals, express a plethora of surface proteins and signaling genes involved in invasion and evasion of immune response. Amastigotes mostly express membrane transporters and genes involved in regulation of cell cycle, and also express a specific subset of surface glycoprotein coding genes. In addition, these results allowed us to improve the annotation of the Dm28c genome, identifying new ORFs and set the stage for construction of networks of co-expression, which can give clues about coded proteins of unknown functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Berná
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Maria Laura Chiribao
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matias Rodriguez
- Sección Biomatemática, Unidad de Genómica Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Alvarez-Valin
- Sección Biomatemática, Unidad de Genómica Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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7
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Zinc pyrithione inhibits caspase-3 activity, promotes ErbB1-ErbB2 heterodimerization and suppresses ErbB2 downregulation in cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 153:49-59. [PMID: 26436560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart tissue becomes zinc-depleted and the capacity to mobilize labile zinc is diminished, indicating zinc dyshomeostasis during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Apparently, zinc pyrithione restores the basal zinc levels during I/R and prevents apoptosis by activating phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase/Akt and targeting mitochondrial permeability transition. Receptor tyrosine kinases of the ErbB family (ErbB1 to ErbB4) are cell surface proteins that can regulate cell growth, proliferation and survival. Previous studies have shown that zinc pyrithione-induced activation of PI3kinase/Akt requires ErbB2 expression. On the other hand, while I/R decreases ErbB2 levels causing cardiomyocyte dysfunction and cell death, zinc pyrithione restores ErbB2 levels and maintains cardiomyocyte function. H9c2 cells expressed all the four ErbBs, although the expression of ErbB1 and ErbB2 were higher compared to ErbB3 and ErbB4. Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) had opposing effects on the mRNA expression of ErbB1 and ErbB2. ErbB2 mRNA levels were enhanced, but corresponding ErbB2 protein levels decreased after reoxygenation. H/R induced the degradation of ErbB2 in caspase-3 dependent manner, with the formation of a 25kDa fragment. This fragment could be detected after H/R only upon treatment of the cells with a proteasomal inhibitor, ALLN, suggesting that caspase-mediated cleavage of 185kDa ErbB2 results in C-terminal cleavage and formation of 25kDa fragment, which is further degraded by proteasome. Heterodimerization and phosphorylation of ErbB2/ErbB1 which decreased upon reoxygenation, was promoted by zinc pyrithione. Zinc pyrithione effectively suppressed the caspase activation, decreased the proteolytic cleavage of ErbB2, enhanced the phosphorylation and activation of ErbB1-ErbB2 complexes and improved the cell survival after hypoxia/reoxygenation.
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8
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Chahine N, Nader M, Duca L, Martiny L, Chahine R. Saffron extracts alleviate cardiomyocytes injury induced by doxorubicin and ischemia-reperfusion in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:87-96. [PMID: 25885550 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1036281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), a highly active chemotherapeutic drug, faces limitations in clinical application due to severe cardiotoxic effects (mainly through increased oxidative stress). Therefore, its effect is exacerbated in subjects with ischemic heart disease. We have recently reported that saffron extract (SAF), a natural compound mainly consisting of safranal and corcins, exerts a protective effect against DOX oxidative cytotoxicity in isolated rabbit hearts. Here, we aimed to investigate whether SAF exerts cardioprotection against combined ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and DOX toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. H9c2 were subjected to simulated I/R, with or without DOX treatment at reperfusion, in the presence or absence of SAF prior to ischemia or at reperfusion. We evaluated the effects of these treatments by MTT, LDH and western blot analysis. Apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining, tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester fluorescence and caspase activity. The results showed that I/R and DOX significantly decreased cardiomyocytes viability, inhibited reperfusion injury salvage kinase cardioprotective pathway, reduced contractile proteins (α-Actinine, Troponine C and MLC), increased caspase-3 expression and induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects were remarkably inhibited by treatment with SAF (10 μg/mL) at reperfusion. SAF activated AKT/P70S6K and ERK1/2, restored contractile proteins expression, inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore and decreased caspase-3 activity. In conclusion, our findings indicate that SAF treatment exerted cardioprotection against I/R and DOX toxicity by reducing oxidative stress (LDH assay). Thereby, SAF offers a potential novel antioxidant therapeutic strategy to counteract I/R and DOX cardiotoxicity, paving the way for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chahine
- a Physiology Lab , Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University , Hadat , Beirut , Lebanon .,c Signalisation et récepteurs matriciels (SiRMa) UMR CNRS 6237 Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne , France
| | - Moni Nader
- b Department of Physiological Sciences , College of Medicine, Alfaisal University , Riyadh , KSA , and
| | - Laurent Duca
- c Signalisation et récepteurs matriciels (SiRMa) UMR CNRS 6237 Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne , France
| | - Laurent Martiny
- c Signalisation et récepteurs matriciels (SiRMa) UMR CNRS 6237 Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne , France
| | - Ramez Chahine
- a Physiology Lab , Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University , Hadat , Beirut , Lebanon
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9
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Zhao S, Zhang L, Xu Z, Chen W. Neurotoxic effects of iron overload under high glucose concentration. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:3423-33. [PMID: 25206665 PMCID: PMC4146010 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.36.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload can lead to cytotoxicity, and it is a risk factor for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We conjectured that iron overload-induced neurotoxicity might be associated with oxidative stress and the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/ARE signaling pathway. As an in vitro cellular model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, PC12 cells exposed to high glucose concentration were used in this study. PC12 cells were cultured with ferric ammonium citrate at different concentrations to create iron overload. PC12 cells cultured in ferric ammonium citrate under high glucose concentration had significantly low cell viability, a high rate of apoptosis, and elevated reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels. These changes were dependent on ferric ammonium citrate concentration. Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression in the ferric ammonium citrate groups were inhibited markedly in a dose-dependent manner. All changes could be inhibited by addition of deferoxamine. These results indicate that iron overload aggravates oxidative stress injury in neural cells under high glucose concentration and that the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway might play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan 430014, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan 430014, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zihui Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan 430014, Hubei Province, China
| | - Weiqun Chen
- Central Laboratory, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan 430014, Hubei Province, China
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10
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Puri R, Jain N, Ganesh S. Increased glucose concentration results in reduced proteasomal activity and the formation of glycogen positive aggresomal structures. FEBS J 2011; 278:3688-98. [PMID: 21815999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that glycogen, besides being a principal storage product, confers protection against cellular stress through an unknown physiological pathway. Abnormal glycogen inclusions have also been considered to underlie pathology in a few neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by proteolytic dysfunctions, although a link between proteolytic pathways and glycogen accumulation is yet to be established. In the present study, we investigated the subcellular localization of glycogen particles and report that their distribution is altered under physiological stress. Using a cellular model, we show that glycogen particles are recruited to the centrosomal aggresomal structures upon proteasomal or lysosomal blockade, and that this recruitment is dependent on the microtubule function. We also show that an increase in the glucose concentration leads to decreased cellular proteasomal activity and the formation of glycogen positive aggresomal structures. Proteasomal blockade also leads to the formation of diastase-resistant polyglucosan bodies. The glycogen particles in aggresomes might provide energy to the proteolytic process and/or function as a scaffold. Taken together, the findings of the present study suggest a functional link between proteasomal function and polyglucosan bodies, and also suggest that these two physiological processes could be linked in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Puri
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, India Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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11
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Borchi E, Parri M, Papucci L, Becatti M, Nassi N, Nassi P, Nediani C. Role of NADPH oxidase in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells exposed to simulated ischaemia-reperfusion. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 13:2724-2735. [PMID: 18754815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with several cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Although oxidative stress is also increased after ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R), little is known about the role and the activation mechanisms, in cardiac myocytes under these conditions, of NADPH oxidase, a superoxide-producing enzyme. We found that rat cardiac muscle cells (H9c2) subjected to an in vitro simulated ischaemia (substrate-free medium plus hypoxia) followed by 'reperfusion', displayed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production attributable to a parallel increase of NADPH oxidase activity. Our investigation on mechanisms responsible for NADPH oxidase activation showed a contribution of both the increase of NOX2 expression and p47(phox) translocation to the membrane. We also found that the increase of NADPH oxidase activity was associated with higher levels of lipid peroxidation, the activation of redox-sensitive kinases, in particular ERK and JNK, and with cell death. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a flavoprotein inhibitor used as NADPH oxidase inhibitor, prevented I/R-induced ROS formation in treated cells, together with the related lipoperoxidative damage, and JNK phosphorylation without affecting ERK activation, resulting in protection against cell death. Our results provide evidence that NADPH oxidase is a key enzyme involved in I/R-induced oxidant generation and suggest it can be a possible target in cardioprotective strategies against I/R injury, a condition of great importance in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Borchi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Papucci
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Nassi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Nassi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Nediani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Glucose uptake in the mammalian stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 168:102-8. [PMID: 19631694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, alternates between different morphogenetic stages that face distinct physiological conditions in their invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, likely in the availability of glucose. While the glucose transport is well characterized in epimastigotes of T. cruzi, nothing is known about how the mammalian stages acquire this molecule. Herein glucose transport activity and expression were analyzed in the three developmental stages present in the vertebrate cycle of T. cruzi. The infective trypomastigotes showed the highest transport activity (V(max)=5.34+/-0.54 nmol/min per mg of protein; K(m)=0.38+/-0.01 mM) when compared to intracellular epimastigotes (V(max)=2.18+/-0.20 nmol/min per mg of protein; K(m)=0.39+/-0.01 mM). Under the conditions employed no transport activity could be detected in amastigotes. The gene of the glucose transporter is expressed at the mRNA level in trypomastigotes and in intracellular epimastigotes but not in amastigotes, as revealed by real-time PCR. In both trypomastigotes and intracellular epimastigotes protein expression could be detected by Western blot with an antibody raised against the glucose transporter correlating well with the transport activity measured experimentally. Interestingly, anti-glucose transporter antibodies showed a strong reactivity with glycosome and reservosome organelles. A comparison between proline and glucose transport among the intracellular differentiation forms is presented. The data suggest that the regulation of glucose transporter reflects different energy and carbon requirements along the intracellular life cycle of T. cruzi.
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14
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Luteolin as a glycolysis inhibitor offers superior efficacy and lesser toxicity of doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:497-502. [PMID: 18503759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin (Lu) exhibits a wide spectrum of anti-tumor activities, the present study was to observe whether Lu can sensitize breast cancer cells to doxorubicin (Dox) and to explain the basis underlying this phenomenon. In vitro, Lu at dose less than 100 microM had only slight effect on cells growth and cytotoxicity of Dox in 4T1 and MCF-7 cells under normoxia, but it could reverse tumor resistance to Dox and promote death of tumor cells under hypoxia. In vivo, Lu alone had also no effect on tumor growth delay, however, it could offer superior efficacy and lesser toxicity of Dox in 4T1 and MCF-7 bearing mice. Further study showed that Lu was able to suppress glycolytic flux but did not affect glucose uptake, the P-glycoprotein, anti-oxidative enzymes under hypoxia in vitro, and had not also effect on the intratumor Dox level in vivo. In addition, the activity of SOD and CAT was increased in serum and was decreased in tumor by Lu in vivo. These results suggest that luteolin as a glycolytic inhibitor might be a new adjuvant agent for chemotherapy.
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Meier R, Béchir M, Ludwig S, Sommerfeld J, Keel M, Steiger P, Stocker R, Stover JF. Differential temporal profile of lowered blood glucose levels (3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l versus 5 to 8 mmol/l) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care 2008; 12:R98. [PMID: 18680584 PMCID: PMC2575586 DOI: 10.1186/cc6974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperglycaemia is detrimental, but maintaining low blood glucose levels within tight limits is controversial in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, because decreased blood glucose levels can induce and aggravate underlying brain injury. METHODS In 228 propensity matched patients (age, sex and injury severity) treated in our intensive care unit (ICU) from 2000 to 2004, we retrospectively evaluated the influence of different predefined blood glucose targets (3.5 to 6.5 versus 5 to 8 mmol/l) on frequency of hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic episodes, insulin and norepinephrine requirement, changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, mortality and length of stay on the ICU. RESULTS Mortality and length of ICU stay were similar in both blood glucose target groups. Blood glucose values below and above the predefined levels were significantly increased in the 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l group, predominantly during the first week. Insulin and norepinephrine requirements were markedly increased in this group. During the second week, the incidences of intracranial pressure exceeding 20 mmHg and infectious complications were significantly decreased in the 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l group. CONCLUSION Maintaining blood glucose within 5 to 8 mmol/l appears to yield greater benefit during the first week. During the second week, 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l is associated with beneficial effects in terms of reduced intracranial hypertension and decreased rate of pneumonia, bacteraemia and urinary tract infections. It remains to be determined whether patients might profit from temporally adapted blood glucose limits, inducing lower values during the second week, and whether concomitant glucose infusion to prevent hypoglycaemia is safe in patients with post-traumatic oedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regula Meier
- Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Béchir
- Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Silke Ludwig
- Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Sommerfeld
- Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Marius Keel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Steiger
- Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Stocker
- Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - John F Stover
- Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
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Zhao Y, Altman BJ, Coloff JL, Herman CE, Jacobs SR, Wieman HL, Wofford JA, Dimascio LN, Ilkayeva O, Kelekar A, Reya T, Rathmell JC. Glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha and 3beta mediate a glucose-sensitive antiapoptotic signaling pathway to stabilize Mcl-1. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:4328-39. [PMID: 17371841 PMCID: PMC1900055 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00153-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake and utilization are growth factor-stimulated processes that are frequently upregulated in cancer cells and that correlate with enhanced cell survival. The mechanism of metabolic protection from apoptosis, however, has been unclear. Here we identify a novel signaling pathway initiated by glucose catabolism that inhibited apoptotic death of growth factor-deprived cells. We show that increased glucose metabolism protected cells against the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bim and attenuated degradation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1. Maintenance of Mcl-1 was critical for this protection, as glucose metabolism failed to protect Mcl-1-deficient cells from apoptosis. Increased glucose metabolism stabilized Mcl-1 in both cell lines and primary lymphocytes via inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha and 3beta (GSK-3alpha/beta), which otherwise promoted Mcl-1 degradation. While a number of kinases can phosphorylate and inhibit GSK-3alpha/beta, we provide evidence that protein kinase C may be stimulated by glucose-induced alterations in diacylglycerol levels or distribution to phosphorylate GSK-3alpha/beta, maintain Mcl-1 levels, and inhibit cell death. These data provide a novel nutrient-sensitive mechanism linking glucose metabolism and Bcl-2 family proteins via GSK-3 that may promote survival of cells with high rates of glucose utilization, such as growth factor-stimulated or cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, DUMC Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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