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Bektas H, Dasdag S. Radiofrequency radiation and Alzheimer's disease: harmful and therapeutic implications. Int J Radiat Biol 2025; 101:559-571. [PMID: 40131785 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2025.2481854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 03/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. The relationship between AD and radiofrequency (RF) radiation emitted by wireless devices remains under investigation. The aim of this review is to comprehensively explore the effects of RF radiation on AD by evaluating existing literature. This review used Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed to find relevant studies on AD and RF radiation. This review evaluates a total of 81 studies, including animal models, human studies, and in vitro experiments, with results summarized in tables for clarity. CONCLUSION Some studies suggest RF aggravates AD by increasing oxidative stress, impairing blood-brain barrier integrity, and promoting amyloid-beta deposition. Conversely, other studies indicate RF may have protective benefits, such as enhancing brain mitochondrial functions and reducing amyloid-beta levels. Understanding the RF-AD relationship, including parameters like frequency and exposure time, is crucial for therapeutic strategies. The studies reviewed highlight RF radiation's dual effects on AD, underscoring the need for a detailed approach. Further studies are required to clarify these effects and inform preventive and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Bektas
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Perez FP, Walker B, Morisaki J, Kanakri H, Rizkalla M. Neurostimulation devices to treat Alzheimer's disease. EXPLORATION OF NEUROSCIENCE 2025; 4:100674. [PMID: 40084342 PMCID: PMC11904933 DOI: 10.37349/en.2025.100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
The use of neurostimulation devices for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing field. In this review, we examine the mechanism of action and therapeutic indications of these neurostimulation devices in the AD process. Rapid advancements in neurostimulation technologies are providing non-pharmacological relief to patients affected by AD pathology. Neurostimulation therapies include electrical stimulation that targets the circuitry-level connection in important brain areas such as the hippocampus to induce therapeutic neuromodulation of dysfunctional neural circuitry and electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation that targets anti-amyloid molecular pathways to promote the degradation of beta-amyloid (Aβ). These devices target specific or diffuse cortical and subcortical brain areas to modulate neuronal activity at the electrophysiological or molecular pathway level, providing therapeutic effects for AD. This review attempts to determine the most effective and safe neurostimulation device for AD and provides an overview of potential and current clinical indications. Several EMF devices have shown a beneficial or harmful effect in cell cultures and animal models but not in AD human studies. These contradictory results may be related to the stimulation parameters of these devices, such as frequency, penetration depth, power deposition measured by specific absorption rate, time of exposure, type of cell, and tissue dielectric properties. Based on this, determining the optimal stimulation parameters for EMF devices in AD and understanding their mechanism of action is essential to promote their clinical application, our review suggests that repeated EMF stimulation (REMFS) is the most appropriate device for human AD treatments. Before its clinical application, it is necessary to consider the complicated and interconnected genetic and epigenetic effects of REMFS-biological system interaction. This will move forward the urgently needed therapy of EMF in human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe P. Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brett Walker
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jorge Morisaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Haitham Kanakri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maher Rizkalla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Deena K, Maadurshni GB, Manivannan J, Sivasamy R. Short-term exposure of 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiation on cellular ROS generation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell line and impact on developing chick embryo brain tissue. Mol Biol Rep 2025; 52:144. [PMID: 39836269 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-025-10217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless technology and mobile phones, operates at various frequencies. The present study analyses the major impact of short-term exposure to 2.4 GHz frequency EMR, using the two model systems chick embryos and SH-SY5Y cell lines. We hypothesized that exposure to this frequency would induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in neurons. METHODS AND RESULTS Chick embryos were exposed continuously to 2.4 GHz EMR for 4 h each day over a 5-day period, and comparisons were made with a control group. At the end of the exposure, brain tissues were dissected for histopathological analysis, antioxidant assays, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. Additionally, SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 2.4 GHz EMR to assess cell viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Our results showed that exposure to 2.4 GHz EMR induces oxidative stress in both chick embryos and the SH-SY5Y cells, though no significant tissue-level impact was observed. In SH-SY5Y cells, ROS production increased after 4 h of exposure, accompanied by moderate DNA damage and early markers of apoptosis, such as upregulation of the Bax gene. Furthermore, we observed that antioxidants, such as NAC and Mito-TEMPO, helped mitigate the cytotoxic effects of EMR in both the study models. CONCLUSION In conclusion, short-term exposure (4 h) to 2.4 GHz EMR induced moderate cellular and molecular changes, primarily oxidative stress. The oxidative stress was reduced by antioxidants, which suggests potential benefits in preventing EMR-induced cytotoxicity. Extended exposure to EMR beyond 4 h may pose adverse health risks to humans, endorsing further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Deena
- Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-46, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Jeganathan Manivannan
- Environmental Health and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-46, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Sivasamy
- Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-46, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abtin S, Seyedaghamiri F, Aalidaeijavadi Z, Farrokhi AM, Moshrefi F, Ziveh T, Zibaii MI, Aliakbarian H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Haghparast A. A review on the consequences of molecular and genomic alterations following exposure to electromagnetic fields: Remodeling of neuronal network and cognitive changes. Brain Res Bull 2024; 217:111090. [PMID: 39349259 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
The use of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is essential in daily life. Since 1970, concerns have grown about potential health hazards from EMF. Exposure to EMF can stimulate nerves and affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological and cognitive changes. However, current research results are often vague and contradictory. These effects include changes in memory and learning through changes in neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus, synapses and hippocampal neuritis, and changes in metabolism and neurotransmitter levels. Prenatal exposure to EMFs has negative effects on memory and learning, as well as changes in hippocampal neuron density and histomorphology of hippocampus. EMF exposure also affects the structure and function of glial cells, affecting gate dynamics, ion conduction, membrane concentration, and protein expression. EMF exposure affects gene expression and may change epigenetic regulation through effects on DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA biogenesis, and potentially leading to biological changes. Therefore, exposure to EMFs possibly leads to changes in cellular and molecular mechanisms in central nervous system and alter cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Abtin
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemehsadat Seyedaghamiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Aalidaeijavadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Farrokhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Moshrefi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Ziveh
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Departments of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Aliakbarian
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, KN Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Vitale E, Mea R. Comorbidity, Eating Behaviors and Smartphone Addiction in Italian Nurses' Characteristics. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:1431-1444. [PMID: 38317462 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303271067231129103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggested how nurses experienced worse lifestyles than the general population by recording deterioration rates in healthy conditions. AIM To assess differences between comorbidity, eating behavior, and smartphone addiction according to sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), age, work experience, shift, alcohol assumption, and physical activity in Italian nurses. METHODS An online questionnaire was spread through some professional internet pages. Data included demographic characteristics, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), the Italian Version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-SV). RESULTS A total of 456 nurses were recruited. Significant differences were registered in the smartphone addiction score (p=0.030) and BMI scores and work experience (p=0.001), as underweight participants reported higher scores in the smartphone addiction attitude (2.4714 ± 1.25812) than the other subjects and also participants with the highest number of years in work experience also reported higher smartphone addiction scores (2.8074 ± 1.2022). Significant difference was reported in the CCI scores according to age (p<0.001): subjects aged over 61 years recorded higher scores in the CCI (1.67 ± 1.528) and also according to work experience and CCI scores (p<0.001), as participants employed between 21 and 30 years reported higher scores in the CCI (1.27 ± 1.382) and also to night shift (p=0.037), as participants who worked during the night shift also reported higher scores in the CCI. A significant difference was reported only for restrained eating attitude (p=0.034), as participants who declared to assume alcohol 2-3 times per month recorded higher levels in this eating attitude aspect (32.32 ± 7.181). CONCLUSION Female nurses, overweight and obese nurses with low physical activity practice, seemed to spend more time with their smartphones. Healthcare organizations should consider findings to prevent unhealthy lifestyles among nurses, which could negatively influence the whole healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Vitale
- Centre of Mental Health, Modugno, Local Health Company Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rocco Mea
- Department of Cardiology, San Carlo Hospital, Potenza, Italy
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Qin TZ, Wang X, Du JZ, Lin JJ, Xue YZ, Guo L, Lai PP, Jing YT, Zhang ZW, Ding GR. Effects of radiofrequency field from 5G communications on the spatial memory and emotionality in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:316-327. [PMID: 36413628 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2149708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of 5G network technology has gained much popularity as well as concerns about its adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of 4.9 GHz (one of working frequencies of 5G communication) radiofrequency (RF) field on emotional behaviours and spatial memory in adult male mice. Open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST) and Y maze were used to evaluate anxiety, depression-like behaviour and spatial memory ability, respectively. It was found that the anxiety-like behaviour and spatial memory ability of mice did not change, but the depression-like behaviour was induced in mice after 4.9 GHz RF exposure. In addition, the number of neurons significantly reduced and the level of pyroptosis obviously increased in amygdala rather than hippocampus. These results suggested that 4.9 GHz RF exposure could induce depression-like behaviour, which might be associated with the neuronal pyroptosis in amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Zhou Qin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Ze Du
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Jin Lin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Xue
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan-Pan Lai
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Tao Jing
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao-Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Gui-Rong Ding
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
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Levitt BB, Lai HC, Manville AM. Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 2 impacts: how species interact with natural and man-made EMF. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:327-406. [PMID: 34243228 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient levels of nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) have risen sharply in the last five decades to become a ubiquitous, continuous, biologically active environmental pollutant, even in rural and remote areas. Many species of flora and fauna, because of unique physiologies and habitats, are sensitive to exogenous EMF in ways that surpass human reactivity. This can lead to complex endogenous reactions that are highly variable, largely unseen, and a possible contributing factor in species extinctions, sometimes localized. Non-human magnetoreception mechanisms are explored. Numerous studies across all frequencies and taxa indicate that current low-level anthropogenic EMF can have myriad adverse and synergistic effects, including on orientation and migration, food finding, reproduction, mating, nest and den building, territorial maintenance and defense, and on vitality, longevity and survivorship itself. Effects have been observed in mammals such as bats, cervids, cetaceans, and pinnipeds among others, and on birds, insects, amphibians, reptiles, microbes and many species of flora. Cyto- and geno-toxic effects have long been observed in laboratory research on animal models that can be extrapolated to wildlife. Unusual multi-system mechanisms can come into play with non-human species - including in aquatic environments - that rely on the Earth's natural geomagnetic fields for critical life-sustaining information. Part 2 of this 3-part series includes four online supplement tables of effects seen in animals from both ELF and RFR at vanishingly low intensities. Taken as a whole, this indicates enough information to raise concerns about ambient exposures to nonionizing radiation at ecosystem levels. Wildlife loss is often unseen and undocumented until tipping points are reached. It is time to recognize ambient EMF as a novel form of pollution and develop rules at regulatory agencies that designate air as 'habitat' so EMF can be regulated like other pollutants. Long-term chronic low-level EMF exposure standards, which do not now exist, should be set accordingly for wildlife, and environmental laws should be strictly enforced - a subject explored in Part 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry C Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert M Manville
- Advanced Academic Programs, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Policy, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC Campus, USA
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Gunes M, Ates K, Yalcin B, Akkurt S, Ozen S, Kaya B. An Evaluation of the Genotoxic Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz Frequencies with a SMART Assay in Drosophila melanogaster. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:254-263. [PMID: 33622140 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1878210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
With the development of today's technology, the electromagnetic radiation spread by mobile phones and base stations is also rapidly increasing, and this causes serious concerns about the environment and human health. The Drosophila model organism is widely used in genetic toxicology studies because its genome is highly similar to the genes identified in human diseases. In this study, the genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation were evaluated by the wing Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz. The SMART method is based on the observation of genetic changes occurring in the trichomes of the Drosophila wings appearing as mutant clones under the microscope. Throughout the study, total clone parameters were evaluated by exposing the Drosophila larvae to electromagnetic fields for two, four, and six hours per day for two days. As a result of the study, it was observed that the number of mutant clones was statistically increased according to the negative control group in all applications except for the six-hour application at 1800 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Gunes
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kayhan Ates
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burcin Yalcin
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sibel Akkurt
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sukru Ozen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bulent Kaya
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Selmaoui B, Touitou Y. Association Between Mobile Phone Radiation Exposure and the Secretion of Melatonin and Cortisol, Two Markers of the Circadian System: A Review. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 42:5-17. [PMID: 33238059 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The extremely important use of mobile phones in the world, at all ages of life, including children and adolescents, leads to significant exposure of these populations to electromagnetic waves of radiofrequency. The question, therefore, arises as to whether exposure to these radiofrequencies (RFs) could lead to deleterious effects on the body's biological systems and health. In the current article, we review the effects, in laboratory animals and humans, of exposure to RF on two hormones considered as endocrine markers: melatonin, a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland and cortisol, a glucocorticosteroid synthesized by the adrenal glands. These two hormones are also considered as markers of the circadian system. The literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Web of Sciences (ISI Web of Knowledge), Google Scholar, and EMF Portal. From this review on RF effects on cortisol and melatonin, it appears that scientific papers in the literature are conflicting, showing effects, no effects, or inconclusive data. This implies the need for additional research on higher numbers of subjects and with protocols perfectly controlled with follow-up studies to better determine whether the chronic effect of RF on the biological functioning and health of users exists (or not). Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:5-17. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Selmaoui
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | - Yvan Touitou
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Unité de Chronobiologie, Paris, France
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BAHADIR A. Radyofrekans/Mikrodalga Elektromanyetik Radyasyonun Anksiyete ve Depresyon Üzerine Etkileri: Deneysel Hayvan Modellerine Dayalı Çalışmalara Ait Literatür Taraması. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.716526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Yanagawa A, Tomaru M, Kajiwara A, Nakajima H, Quemener EDL, Steyer JP, Mitani T. Impact of 2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation on the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090598. [PMID: 32899629 PMCID: PMC7564283 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The physiological and behavioral influences of 2.45 GHz microwaves on Drosophila melanogaster were examined. This study indicated that there was no concern regarding the thermal effects of microwave irradiation for levels of daily usage if it is traveling waves. However, it still gave non-thermal effects. We detected genotoxicity and behavioral alterations associated with travelling wave irradiation. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that fruit flies possessed paramagnetic substances in the body such as Fe3+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and organic radicals, and the behavioral tests supported the microwave susceptibility of the insects. Abstract The physiological and behavioral influences of 2.45 GHz microwaves on Drosophila melanogaster were examined. Standing waves transitioned into heat energy effectively when passing through the insect body. On the contrary, travelling waves did not transit into heat energy in the insect body. This indicated that there was no concern regarding the thermal effects of microwave irradiation for levels of daily usage. However, we detected genotoxicity and behavioral alterations associated with travelling wave irradiation, which can be attributed to the non-thermal effects of the waves. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that fruit flies possessed paramagnetic substances in the body such as Fe3+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and organic radicals. The temperature dependent intensities of these paramagnetic substances indicated that females possessed more of the components susceptible to electromagnetic waves than males, and the behavioral tests supported the differences between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yanagawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.Y.); (E.D.-L.Q.)
| | - Masatoshi Tomaru
- Department of Drosophila Genomics and Genetic Resources, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 616-8354, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Kajiwara
- Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara 630-8528, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan;
| | - Elie Desmond-Le Quemener
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France;
- Correspondence: (A.Y.); (E.D.-L.Q.)
| | | | - Tomohiko Mitani
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan;
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Tafakori S, Farrokhi A, Shalchyan V, Daliri MR. Investigating the impact of mobile range electromagnetic radiation on the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat during working memory. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112703. [PMID: 32461126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research has been focused on the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted from a mobile phone on general health, especially the nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of RF-EMR on the brain mechanism of rats by recording local field potentials (LFPs) signals during working memory (WM) task. Subjects were exposed to 900 MHz from a dipole antenna daily for three hours. Exposure was applied, first on a short term base (1 week) and then on a long term base (4 weeks). Behavioral parameters were measured weekly while rats performed T-maze tasks in two types of normal and delayed. LFPs signals were simultaneously recorded by implanted microelectrode arrays on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats. Results showed a significant increase (*p < 0.05) in the task completion time of exposed rats which vanished shortly after the end of short term RF-EMR exposure. Before exposure, during correctly performed delayed tasks, an increase (peak) in power changes of theta band (4-12 Hz) was observed. But during correctly performed normal tasks, an increase appeared only by applying RF-EMR exposure. The similarity in power changes pattern of theta band in both types of tasks was observed after long term exposure. Classification accuracy of LFPs in truly done normal and delayed tasks was compared in pre and post-exposure states. Initial classification accuracy was 84.2 % which decreased significantly (*P < 0.05) after exposure. These observations indicated that RF-EMR may cause unusual brain functioning which is temporary at least for short term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Tafakori
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Farrokhi
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Shalchyan
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Daliri
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
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Narayanan SN, Jetti R, Kesari KK, Kumar RS, Nayak SB, Bhat PG. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced behavioral changes and their possible basis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30693-30710. [PMID: 31463749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of mobile phone technology is to achieve communication with any person at any place and time. In the modern era, it is impossible to ignore the usefulness of mobile phone technology in cases of emergency as many lives have been saved. However, the biological effects they may have on humans and other animals have been largely ignored and not been evaluated comprehensively. One of the reasons for this is the speedy uncontrollable growth of this technology which has surpassed our researching ability. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony currently reaches to its fifth generation without being screened extensively for any biological effects that they may have on humans or on other animals. Mounting evidences suggest possible non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on brain and behavior. Behavioral studies have particularly concentrated on the effects of RF-EMR on learning, memory, anxiety, and locomotion. The literature analysis on behavioral effects of RF-EMR demonstrates complex picture with conflicting observations. Nonetheless, numerous reports suggest a possible behavioral effect of RF-EMR. The scientific findings about this issue are presented in the current review. The possible neural and molecular mechanisms for the behavioral effects have been proposed in the light of available evidences from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, PO Box 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
| | - Raghu Jetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions-Jeddah, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, P. O. Box 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Satheesha B Nayak
- Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - P Gopalakrishna Bhat
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
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Sienkiewicz Z, van Rongen E. Can Low-Level Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields Effect Cognitive Behaviour in Laboratory Animals? A Systematic Review of the Literature Related to Spatial Learning and Place Memory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1607. [PMID: 31071933 PMCID: PMC6539921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review considers whether exposure to low-level radiofrequency (RF) fields, mostly associated with mobile phone technology, can influence cognitive behaviour of laboratory animals. Studies were nominated for inclusion using an a priori defined protocol with preselected criteria, and studies were excluded from analysis if they did not include sufficient details about the exposure, dosimetry or experimental protocol, or if they lacked a sham-exposed group. Overall, 62 studies were identified that have investigated the effects of RF fields on spatial memory and place learning and have been published since 1993. Of these, 17 studies were excluded, 20 studies reported no significant field-related effects, 21 studies reported significant impairments or deficits, and four studies reported beneficial consequences. The data do not suggest whether these outcomes are related to specific differences in exposure or testing conditions, or simply represent chance. However, some studies have suggested possible molecular mechanisms for the observed effects, but none of these has been substantiated through independent replication. Further behavioural studies could prove useful to resolve this situation, and it is suggested that these studies should use a consistent animal model with standardized exposure and testing protocols, and with detailed dosimetry provided by heterogeneous, anatomically-realistic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Sienkiewicz
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Eric van Rongen
- Health Council of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 16052, 2500 BB The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Influence of High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Produced by Antennas for Mobile Communication on the Structure of the Pancreas in Rats: Histological and Unbiased Stereological Analysis. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2018-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The emission of high frequency electromagnetic fields (HF EMF) produced by antennas for mobile communications has been controversially alleged to have adverse health effects. The aim of our work was to examine whether there are effects on living organisms from HF EMF produced by mobile communication antennas. In this experiment Wistar strain rats were exposed to HF EMF with the following characteristics: 1.9 GHz frequency, 0.24 A/m intensity, electric field strength of 4.79 V/m, and SAR (specific absorption rate) value of 2.0 W/m2. Exposure time was 7 hours per day, 5 days per week, over the course of sixty days. This experiment was conducted on a total of 30 male rats divided randomly into two equal groups: one group of animals was exposed to GSM fields (Global System of antennas for Mobile Communications) as described above whereas the other group of animals was not exposed to any GSM fields. In our study, results show that the quantity, diameter and numerical density of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreatic tissue increased in rats exposed to HF EMF compared to the unexposed group. The volume density, number and numerical density of pancreatic cells also changed in rats that were exposed to the HF EMF compared to the unexposed group. Our study shows a change in the stereological and histological parameters of rat pancreatic tissue due to the effects of HF EM fields produced by antennas for mobile communication.
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Keleş Aİ, Yıldırım M, Gedikli Ö, Çolakoğlu S, Kaya H, Baş O, Sönmez OF, Odacı E. The effects of a continuous 1-h a day 900-MHz electromagnetic field applied throughout early and mid-adolescence on hippocampus morphology and learning behavior in late adolescent male rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 94:46-53. [PMID: 30189239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate hippocampus morphology and changes in learning behavior in male rats in late adolescence exposed to the effect of a continuous 1-h a day 900-megahertz (MHz) electromagnetic field (EMF). Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats aged 3-weeks were divided equally into control, sham and EMF groups. EMF group rats were exposed to a 900-MHz EMF inside an EMF cage, while the sham group rats were placed in the same cage but were not exposed to such an effect. No procedure was performed on the control group. Following 25-day application of EMF, passive avoidance, 8-arm radial maze and Y-maze tests were applied to determine rats' learning and memory performances. Open field and rotarod tests were applied to assess locomotor activity. At the end of the tests, the animals' brains were removed. Sections were taken and stained with toluidine blue. The regions of the hippocampus were subjected to histopathological evaluation. At histopathological examination, impairments of pyramidal and granular cell structures were observed in the EMF group hippocampus. No significant change was observed in learning, memory or locomotor behavior in any group. In conclusion, 900-MHz EMF applied in early and mid-adolescence causes no changes in learning, memory or locomotor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe İkinci Keleş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Yıldırım
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Öznur Gedikli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sedar Çolakoğlu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Haydar Kaya
- Department of Electrical and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Orhan Baş
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Osman Fikret Sönmez
- Department of of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ersan Odacı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences University, İstanbul, Turkey; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey; Department of Electrical and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey; Department of of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
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Pawlak K, Nieckarz Z, Sechman A, Wojtysiak D, Bojarski B, Tombarkiewicz B. Effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted during embryogenesis on chick development and hatchability. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:222-230. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Pawlak
- Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare; Institute of Veterinary Sciences; University of Agriculture in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - Z. Nieckarz
- Experimental Computer Physics Department; Institute of Physics; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - A. Sechman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology; University of Agriculture in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - D. Wojtysiak
- Department of Animal Anatomy; Institute of Veterinary Sciences; University of Agriculture in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - B. Bojarski
- Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare; Institute of Veterinary Sciences; University of Agriculture in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - B. Tombarkiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare; Institute of Veterinary Sciences; University of Agriculture in Kraków; Kraków Poland
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Su L, Yimaer A, Xu Z, Chen G. Effects of 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure on DNA damage and cellular functions in primary cultured neurogenic cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:295-305. [PMID: 29368975 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1432913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically evaluate the effects of 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure on DNA damage and cellular functions in primary cultured neurogenic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary cultured astrocytes, microglia and cortical neurons were exposed to RF-EMF at a SAR of 4.0 W/kg. The DNA damage was evaluated by γH2AX foci formation assay. The secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in astrocytes and microglia, microglial phagocytic activity and neuronal development were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, phagocytosis assay and immunofluorescent staining on microtubule-associated protein tau, microtubule-associated protein 2, postsynaptic density 95 and gephyrin, respectively. RESULTS RF-EMF exposure did not significantly induce γH2AX foci formation in three primary cultured neurogenic cells. Furthermore, RF-EMF exposure did not significantly affect the secretion of cytokines in astrocytes and microglia, and the morphological indicators of dendrites or synapses of cortical neurons. However, the exposure significantly reduced the phagocytic activity of microglia and inhibited the axon branch length and branch number of cortical neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that exposure to RF-EMF did not elicit DNA damage but inhibited the phagocytic ability of microglia and the axon branch length and branch number of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Su
- a Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Clinical Medicine , Jiangxi Medical College , Shangrao , PR China
| | - Aziguli Yimaer
- a Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- a Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- a Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , PR China.,c Institute of Environmental Health , Zhejiang University School of Public Health , Hangzhou , PR China
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19
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Sage C, Hardell L. Fatal collision? Are wireless headsets a risk in treating patients? Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 37:95-99. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1422261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lennart Hardell
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Zhang JP, Zhang KY, Guo L, Chen QL, Gao P, Wang T, Li J, Guo GZ, Ding GR. Effects of 1.8 GHz Radiofrequency Fields on the Emotional Behavior and Spatial Memory of Adolescent Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1344. [PMID: 29113072 PMCID: PMC5707983 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of mobile phones by teenagers has raised concern about the cognitive effects of radiofrequency (RF) fields. In this study, we investigated the effects of 4-week exposure to a 1.8 GHz RF field on the emotional behavior and spatial memory of adolescent male mice. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated by open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test, while depression-like behavior was evaluated by sucrose preference test (SPT), tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). The spatial learning and memory ability were evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) experiments. The levels of amino acid neurotransmitters were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The histology of the brain was examined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. It was found that the depression-like behavior, spatial memory ability and histology of the brain did not change obviously after RF exposure. However, the anxiety-like behavior increased in mice, while, the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and aspartic acid (Asp) in cortex and hippocampus significantly decreased after RF exposure. These data suggested that RF exposure under these conditions do not affect the depression-like behavior, spatial memory and brain histology in adolescent male mice, but it may however increase the level of anxiety, and GABA and Asp were probably involved in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Ke-Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Qi-Liang Chen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Guo-Zhen Guo
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Gui-Rong Ding
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Effect of 1.8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on novel object associative recognition memory in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44521. [PMID: 28303965 PMCID: PMC5355939 DOI: 10.1038/srep44521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) can influence learning and memory in rodents. In this study, we examined the effects of single exposure to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR for 30 min on subsequent recognition memory in mice, using the novel object recognition task (NORT). RF-EMR exposure at an intensity of >2.2 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) power density induced a significant density-dependent increase in NORT index with no corresponding changes in spontaneous locomotor activity. RF-EMR exposure increased dendritic-spine density and length in hippocampal and prefrontal cortical neurons, as shown by Golgi staining. Whole-cell recordings in acute hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortical slices showed that RF-EMR exposure significantly altered the resting membrane potential and action potential frequency, and reduced the action potential half-width, threshold, and onset delay in pyramidal neurons. These results demonstrate that exposure to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR for 30 min can significantly increase recognition memory in mice, and can change dendritic-spine morphology and neuronal excitability in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The SAR in this study (3.3 W/kg) was outside the range encountered in normal daily life, and its relevance as a potential therapeutic approach for disorders associated with recognition memory deficits remains to be clarified.
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22
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Pawlak K, Nieckarz Z, Lis M, Bojarski B, Tombarkiewicz B, Swadźba M, Niedziółka J. The effects of exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the
hatchability of domestic chicken embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus). ROCZNIKI NAUKOWE POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA ZOOTECHNICZNEGO 2016. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From the second half of the 20th century there has been a rapid increase in electromagnetic
radiation (EMR), generated in part by mobile phone networks. The aim of the study was to examine
the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF) with a frequency of 900 MHz on the hatchability of
chicken embryos. The experimental groups were exposed to the electromagnetic field during the entire
incubation period, for 10x4 minutes per day or 1x40 minutes per day. The results obtained indicate that
an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 900 MHz, irrespective of the duration of a single exposure,
significantly accelerates the process of pipping and hatching. In the experimental groups subjected to
electromagnetic radiation the time between pipping and hatching was reduced. No influence of the 900
MHz EMF was observed on the hatching rate, number of developmental defects in the embryos, body
weight, or the number of culled chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pawlak
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Zenon Nieckarz
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Department of Experimental Computer Physics Department of Experimental Computer Physics
| | - Marcin Lis
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Bartosz Bojarski
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Barbara Tombarkiewicz
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Magdalena Swadźba
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Jerzy Niedziółka
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
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Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Chronic Nonmodulated Microwave Radiations in Mice Produce Anxiety-like and Depression-like Behaviours and Calcium- and NO-related Biochemical Changes in the Brain. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:318-327. [PMID: 28035182 PMCID: PMC5195817 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.6.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate behavioural and biochemical effects of chronic exposure of amplitude modulated and non-modulated microwave radiation on laboratory mice. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45 GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029 mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019 W/Kg with sinusoidal modulation of 400 Hz) or nonmodulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033 mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023 W/Kg) for 2 hrs daily for 1 month. Mice subjected to non-modulated microwave exposure had significantly increased acetylcholinesterase activity and increased intracellular calcium and nitric oxide levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and also had increased glucose and corticosterone levels in blood compared to control mice. These non-modulated microwave-exposed mice exhibited anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours. In contrast, mice exposed to modulated microwave for the same period did not show such changes in concomitant biochemical and behavioural analyses. These results suggest that chronic non-modulated microwave, but not modulated microwave, radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chandra M Chaturvedi
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Xu F, Bai Q, Zhou K, Ma L, Duan J, Zhuang F, Xie C, Li W, Zou P, Zhu C. Age-dependent acute interference with stem and progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus after exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:158-166. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2016.1233886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Yan J, Liu Y, Zhao Q, Li J, Mao A, Li H, Di C, Zhang H. 56Fe irradiation-induced cognitive deficits through oxidative stress in mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1672-1679. [PMID: 30090466 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00282j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of manned space flight results in more concerns about health risks and an urgent need for health assessment for space travel. The cosmic environment is complicated and full of radiation. Because of their strong biological effects, heavy ions such as 56Fe ions are considered to be an important component of these lethal galactic rays. Due to the importance of brain function to astronauts, we explored the long-term effects and potential mechanisms of 56Fe ion radiation on mice brains containing the hippocampus. In our study, radiation doses were carried out with 0.5 Gy, 1 Gy or 2 Gy. One month after whole-body 56Fe ion exposure, the Morris water maze test was performed to assess the ability of spatial learning and memory. A histological study was used for pathology analysis of the hippocampus. Alteration of oxidative stress was reflected by MDA and GSH and oxidative DNA damage marked by 8-OHdG was detected by biochemical and immunofluorescence methods. In our results, irradiated groups exhibited significant changes in behavioral performance and also showed loose and edematous arrangement in the pathological characteristics. Furthermore, whole brain levels of MDA, GSH and 8-OHdG increased in the irradiated groups. In addition, increased expression of 8-OHdG can also be detected by immunofluorescence in the hippocampus. Our findings revealed a linkage between radiation-induced oxidative stress and behavioral deficits. This may suggest an underlying mechanism of brain tissue protection and risk assessment in manned space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yan
- Institute of Modern Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86(931)496-9344.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86(931)496-9344.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China
| | - Qiuyue Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86(931)496-9344.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , PR China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Stomatology , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China
| | - Aihong Mao
- Institute of Modern Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86(931)496-9344.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , PR China.,Institute of Gansu Medical Science Research , Lanzhou 730050 , PR China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Institute of Modern Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86(931)496-9344.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Institute of Modern Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86(931)496-9344.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China . ; ; Tel: +86(931)496-9344.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou 730000 , PR China
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26
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Neurobiological effects of repeated radiofrequency exposures in male senescent rats. Biogerontology 2016; 17:841-857. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nirwane A, Sridhar V, Majumdar A. Neurobehavioural Changes and Brain Oxidative Stress Induced by Acute Exposure to GSM900 Mobile Phone Radiations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Res 2016; 32:123-32. [PMID: 27123163 PMCID: PMC4843974 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of mobile phone (MP) radiation on the brain is of specific interest to the scientific community and warrants investigations, as MP is held close to the head. Studies on humans and rodents revealed hazards MP radiation associated such as brain tumors, impairment in cognition, hearing etc. Melatonin (MT) is an important modulator of CNS functioning and is a neural antioxidant hormone. Zebrafish has emerged as a popular model organism for CNS studies. Herein, we evaluated the impact of GSM900MP (GSM900MP) radiation exposure daily for 1 hr for 14 days with the SAR of 1.34W/Kg on neurobehavioral and oxidative stress parameters in zebrafish. Our study revealed that, GSM900MP radiation exposure, significantly decreased time spent near social stimulus zone and increased total distance travelled, in social interaction test. In the novel tank dive test, the GSM900MP radiation exposure elicited anxiety as revealed by significantly increased time spent in bottom half; freezing bouts and duration and decreased distance travelled, average velocity, and number of entries to upper half of the tank. Exposed zebrafish spent less time in the novel arm of the Y-Maze, corroborating significant impairment in learning as compared to the control group. Exposure decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities whereas, increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was encountered showing compromised antioxidant defense. Treatment with MT significantly reversed the above neurobehavioral and oxidative derangements induced by GSM900MP radiation exposure. This study traced GSM900MP radiation exposure induced neurobehavioral aberrations and alterations in brain oxidative status. Furthermore, MT proved to be a promising therapeutic candidate in ameliorating such outcomes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nirwane
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Sridhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
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Seada MA, Elkholy SE, Meshrif WS. Does the cellphone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation during ringing or talking modes induce locomotor disturbance inDrosophila melanogaster? AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2016.1151828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sallam AED, Hassan SA, Hassaneen E, Ali EM. Environmental stress of mobile phone EM radiation on locomotor activity and melatonin circadian rhythms of rats. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1173361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Fasseas MK, Fragopoulou AF, Manta AK, Skouroliakou A, Vekrellis K, Margaritis LH, Syntichaki P. Response of Caenorhabditis elegans to wireless devices radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:286-93. [PMID: 25488006 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.995384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of electromagnetic radiation, produced by GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) mobile phones, Wi-Fi (Wireless-Fidelity) routers and wireless DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) phones, on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We exposed synchronized populations, of different developmental stages, to these wireless devices at E-field levels below ICNIRP's (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines for various lengths of time. WT (wild-type) and aging- or stress-sensitive mutant worms were examined for changes in growth, fertility, lifespan, chemotaxis, short-term memory, increased ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production and apoptosis by using fluorescent marker genes or qRT-PCR (quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction). RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the exposed and the sham/control animals in any of the experiments concerning lifespan, fertility, growth, memory, ROS, apoptosis or gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The worm appears to be robust to this form of (pulsed) radiation, at least under the exposure conditions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Fasseas
- Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Lu Y, He M, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhang L, He Y, Chen C, Liu C, Pi H, Yu Z, Zhou Z. Differential pro-inflammatory responses of astrocytes and microglia involve STAT3 activation in response to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108318. [PMID: 25275372 PMCID: PMC4183530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play important role in maintaining the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS). Several CNS impacts have been postulated to be associated with radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields exposure. Given the important role of inflammation in neural physiopathologic processes, we investigated the pro-inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes and the involved mechanism in response to RF fields. Microglial N9 and astroglial C8-D1A cells were exposed to 1800 MHz RF for different time with or without pretreatment with STAT3 inhibitor. Microglia and astrocytes were activated by RF exposure indicated by up-regulated CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, RF exposure induced differential pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes and microglia, characterized by different expression and release profiles of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2, nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). Moreover, the RF exposure activated STAT3 in microglia but not in astrocytes. Furthermore, the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic ameliorated the RF-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia but not in astrocytes. Our results demonstrated that RF exposure differentially induced pro-inflammatory responses in microglia and astrocytes, which involved differential activation of STAT3 in microglia and astrocytes. Our data provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms of the reported CNS impacts associated with mobile phone use and present STAT3 as a promising target to protect humans against increasing RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shangcheng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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LI Y, ZHANG C, SONG T. Disturbance of the Magnetic Field Did Not Affect Spatial Memory. Physiol Res 2014; 63:377-85. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) has been suggested to influence the cognitive capability but this should be dynamically evaluated in a longitudinal study. Previous training can affect performance, but the influence under magnetic field is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effects of previous training and ELF-MF exposure on learning and memory using the Morris water maze (MWM). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MWM training, ELF-MF exposure (50 Hz, 100 µT), or ELF-MF exposure combined with MWM training for 90 days. Normal rats were used as controls. The MWM was used to test. The data show that the rats exposed to training and ELF-MF with training performed better on spatial acquisition when re-tested. However, during the probe trial the rats showed no change between the training phase and the test phase. Compared with the control group, the ELF-MF group showed no significant differences. These results confirm that previous training can improve the learning and memory capabilities regarding spatial acquisition in the MWM and this effect can last for at least 90 days. However, this improvement in learning and memory capabilities was not observed during the probe trial. Furthermore, ELF-MF exposure did not interfere with the improvement in learning and memory capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. SONG
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Plasma thyroid hormones and corticosterone levels in blood of chicken embryos and post hatch chickens exposed during incubation to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:114-22. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Maaroufi K, Had-Aissouni L, Melon C, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, Poucet B, Save E. Spatial learning, monoamines and oxidative stress in rats exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field in combination with iron overload. Behav Brain Res 2013; 258:80-9. [PMID: 24144546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of mobile phone technology over the last decade raises concerns about the impact of high frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on health. More recently, a link between EMF, iron overload in the brain and neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases has been suggested. Co-exposure to EMF and brain iron overload may have a greater impact on brain tissues and cognitive processes than each treatment by itself. To examine this hypothesis, Long-Evans rats submitted to 900 MHz exposure or combined 900 MHz EMF and iron overload treatments were tested in various spatial learning tasks (navigation task in the Morris water maze, working memory task in the radial-arm maze, and object exploration task involving spatial and non spatial processing). Biogenic monoamines and metabolites (dopamine, serotonin) and oxidative stress were measured. Rats exposed to EMF were impaired in the object exploration task but not in the navigation and working memory tasks. They also showed alterations of monoamine content in several brain areas but mainly in the hippocampus. Rats that received combined treatment did not show greater behavioral and neurochemical deficits than EMF-exposed rats. None of the two treatments produced global oxidative stress. These results show that there is an impact of EMF on the brain and cognitive processes but this impact is revealed only in a task exploiting spontaneous exploratory activity. In contrast, there are no synergistic effects between EMF and a high content of iron in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Maaroufi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Federation 3C FR 3512, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, UMR 7291, Marseille, France; Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna, Tunisia.
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Qin F, Zhang J, Cao H, Guo W, Chen L, Shen O, Sun J, Yi C, Li J, Wang J, Tong J. Circadian alterations of reproductive functional markers in male rats exposed to 1800 MHz radiofrequency field. Chronobiol Int 2013; 31:123-33. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.830622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 90:29-35. [PMID: 23952535 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.835883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the possible role of microwave (MW) exposure on spatial memory of Swiss albino mice and its relationship to protein concentration in whole brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were exposed to 10 GHz (Giga Hertz) microwaves with the power density of 0.25 mW/cm(2) (milliwatt per centimeter square) with average whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.1790 W/kg daily for 2 hours per day (h/day) for 30 days. After exposure mice were tested for spatial memory performance using Morris water maze test (MWT). For this purpose mice (6-8 weeks old) were divided into two groups: (i) Sham exposed, and (ii) microwaves exposed. After initial training for two days, MWT was performed for another 6 days. Protein was estimated 48 h after exposure and immediately after completion of MWT. RESULTS Both sham-exposed and microwaves-exposed animals showed a significant decrease in escape time with training. Microwaves-exposed animals had statistically significant higher mean latency to reach the target quadrant compared to sham exposed. A concurrent decrease in protein levels was estimated in whole brain of the exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded from the current study that exposure to microwave radiation caused decrements in the ability of mice to learn the special memory task, this may be due to simultaneous decrease in protein levels in the brain of mice.
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Haghani M, Shabani M, Moazzami K. Maternal mobile phone exposure adversely affects the electrophysiological properties of Purkinje neurons in rat offspring. Neuroscience 2013; 250:588-98. [PMID: 23906636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic field (EMF) radiations emitted from mobile phones may cause structural damage to neurons. With the increased usage of mobile phones worldwide, concerns about their possible effects on the nervous system are rising. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the possible effects of prenatal EMF exposure on the cerebellum of offspring Wistar rats. Rats in the EMF group were exposed to 900-MHz pulse-EMF irradiation for 6h per day during all gestation period. Ten offspring per each group were evaluated for behavioral and electrophysiological evaluations. Cerebellum-related behavioral dysfunctions were analyzed using motor learning and cerebellum-dependent functional tasks (Accelerated Rotarod, Hanging and Open field tests). Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were used for electrophysiological evaluations. The results of the present study failed to show any behavioral abnormalities in rats exposed to chronic EMF radiation. However, whole-cell patch clamp recordings revealed decreased neuronal excitability of Purkinje cells in rats exposed to EMF. The most prominent changes included afterhyperpolarization amplitude, spike frequency, half width and first spike latency. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that prenatal EMF exposure results in altered electrophysiological properties of Purkinje neurons. However, these changes may not be severe enough to alter the cerebellum-dependent functional tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haghani
- Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Cucurachi S, Tamis WLM, Vijver MG, Peijnenburg WJGM, Bolte JFB, de Snoo GR. A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 51:116-140. [PMID: 23261519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article presents a systematic review of published scientific studies on the potential ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in the range of 10 MHz to 3.6 GHz (from amplitude modulation, AM, to lower band microwave, MW, EMF). METHODS Publications in English were searched in ISI Web of Knowledge and Scholar Google with no restriction on publication date. Five species groups were identified: birds, insects, other vertebrates, other organisms, and plants. Not only clear ecological articles, such as field studies, were taken into consideration, but also biological articles on laboratory studies investigating the effects of RF-EMF with biological endpoints such as fertility, reproduction, behaviour and development, which have a clear ecological significance, were also included. RESULTS Information was collected from 113 studies from original peer-reviewed publications or from relevant existing reviews. A limited amount of ecological field studies was identified. The majority of the studies were conducted in a laboratory setting on birds (embryos or eggs), small rodents and plants. In 65% of the studies, ecological effects of RF-EMF (50% of the animal studies and about 75% of the plant studies) were found both at high as well as at low dosages. No clear dose-effect relationship could be discerned. Studies finding an effect applied higher durations of exposure and focused more on the GSM frequency ranges. CONCLUSIONS In about two third of the reviewed studies ecological effects of RF-EMF was reported at high as well as at low dosages. The very low dosages are compatible with real field situations, and could be found under environmental conditions. However, a lack of standardisation and a limited number of observations limit the possibility of generalising results from an organism to an ecosystem level. We propose in future studies to conduct more repetitions of observations and explicitly use the available standards for reporting RF-EMF relevant physical parameters in both laboratory and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cucurachi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:1117-24. [PMID: 22976773 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the current study the modulatory role of mobile phone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on emotionality and locomotion was evaluated in adolescent rats. Male albino Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old) were randomly assigned into the following groups having 12 animals in each group. Group I (Control): they remained in the home cage throughout the experimental period. Group II (Sham exposed): they were exposed to mobile phone in switch-off mode for 28 days, and Group III (RF-EMR exposed): they were exposed to RF-EMR (900 MHz) from an active GSM (Global system for mobile communications) mobile phone with a peak power density of 146.60 μW/cm(2) for 28 days. On 29th day, the animals were tested for emotionality and locomotion. Elevated plus maze (EPM) test revealed that, percentage of entries into the open arm, percentage of time spent on the open arm and distance travelled on the open arm were significantly reduced in the RF-EMR exposed rats. Rearing frequency and grooming frequency were also decreased in the RF-EMR exposed rats. Defecation boli count during the EPM test was more with the RF-EMR group. No statistically significant difference was found in total distance travelled, total arm entries, percentage of closed arm entries and parallelism index in the RF-EMR exposed rats compared to controls. Results indicate that mobile phone radiation could affect the emotionality of rats without affecting the general locomotion.
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Li Y, Shi C, Lu G, Xu Q, Liu S. Effects of electromagnetic radiation on spatial memory and synapses in rat hippocampal CA1. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:1248-55. [PMID: 25709623 PMCID: PMC4336960 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.16.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of mobile phone radiation on spatial learning, reference memory, and morphology in related brain regions. After the near-field radiation (0.52-1.08 W/kg) was delivered to 8-week-old Wistar rats 2 hours per day for 1 month, behavioral changes were examined using the Morris water maze. Compared with the sham-irradiated rats, the irradiated rats exhibited impaired performance. Morphological changes were investigated by examining synaptic ultrastructural changes in the hippocampus. Using the physical dissector technique, the number of pyramidal neurons, the synaptic profiles, and the length of postsynaptic densities in the CA1 region were quantified stereologically. The morphological changes included mitochondrial degenerations, fewer synapses, and shorter postsynaptic densities in the radiated rats. These findings indicate that mobile phone radiation can significantly impair spatial learning and reference memory and induce morphological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Li
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Changhua Shi
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guobing Lu
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shaochen Liu
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
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Lu Y, Xu S, He M, Chen C, Zhang L, Liu C, Chu F, Yu Z, Zhou Z, Zhong M. Glucose administration attenuates spatial memory deficits induced by chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:631-7. [PMID: 22564535 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence indicates that glucose administration attenuates memory deficits in rodents and humans, and cognitive impairment has been associated with reduced glucose metabolism and uptake in certain brain regions including the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated whether glucose treatment attenuated memory deficits caused by chronic low-power-density microwave (MW) exposure, and the effect of MW exposure on hippocampal glucose uptake. We exposed Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz pulsed MW irradiation at a power density of 1 mW/cm(2) for 3 h/day, for up to 30 days. MW exposure induced spatial learning and memory impairments in rats. Hippocampal glucose uptake was also reduced by MW exposure in the absence or presence of insulin, but the levels of blood glucose and insulin were not affected. However, these spatial memory deficits were reversed by systemic glucose treatment. Our results indicate that glucose administration attenuates the spatial memory deficits induced by chronic low-power-density MW exposure, and reduced hippocampal glucose uptake may be associated with cognitive impairment caused by MW exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Effects of long-term electromagnetic field exposure on spatial learning and memory in rats. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:157-64. [PMID: 22362331 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-0970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
With the development of communications industry, mobile phone plays an important role in daily life. Whether or not the electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone causes any adverse effects on brain function has become of a great concern. This paper investigated the effect of electromagnetic field on spatial learning and memory in rats. 32 trained Wistar rats were divided into two groups: exposure group and control group. The exposure group was exposed to 916 MHz, 10w/m2 mobile phone electromagnetic field (EMF) 6 h a day, 5 days a week, 10 weeks. The completion time, number of total errors and the neuron discharge signals were recorded while the rats were searching for food in an eight-arm radial maze at every weekend. The neuron signals of one exposed rat and one control rat in the maze were obtained by the implanted microelectrode arrays in their hippocampal regions. It can be seen that during the weeks 4-5 of the experiment, the average completion time and error rate of the exposure group were longer and larger than that of control group (p < 0.05). During the weeks 1-3 and 6-9, they were close to each other. The hippocampal neurons showed irregular firing patterns and more spikes with shorter interspike interval during the whole experiment period. It indicates that the 916 MHz EMF influence learning and memory in rats to some extent in a period during exposure, and the rats can adapt to long-term EMF exposure.
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Khalil AM, Gagaa MH, Alshamali AM. 8-Oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker of DNA damage by mobile phone radiation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:734-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111433184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of exposure to mobile phone 1800 MHz radio frequency radiation (RFR) upon the urinary excretion of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), one major form of oxidative DNA damage, in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-four rats were used in three independent experiments (RFR exposed and control, 12 rats, each). The animals were exposed to RFR for 2 h from Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) signal generator with whole-body-specific absorption rate of 1.0 W/kg. Urine samples were collected from the rat while housed in a metabolic cage during the exposure period over a 4-h period at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 h from the beginning of exposure. In the control group, the signal generator was left in the turn-off position. The creatinine-standardized concentrations of 8-oxodG were measured. With the exception of the urine collected in the last half an hour of exposure, significant elevations were noticed in the levels of 8-oxodG in urine samples from rats exposed to RFR when compared to control animals. Significant differences were seen overall across time points of urine collection with a maximum at 1 h after exposure, suggesting repair of the DNA lesions leading to 8-oxodG formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM Khalil
- Department of Biology, Taibah University, Almadina Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - MH Gagaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - AM Alshamali
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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Liu ML, Wen JQ, Fan YB. Potential Protection of Green Tea Polyphenols Against 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation-Induced Injury on Rat Cortical Neurons. Neurotox Res 2011; 20:270-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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