Rutin protects rat liver and kidney from sodium valproate-induce damage by attenuating oxidative stress, ER stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy

Targeting the p38MAPK/STAT3/NF-κB65 pathway modulates the hepatoprotective effect of pentoxifylline against sodium valproate-induced liver injury in rats; A study based on integrating network pharmacology and experiment validation

Sodium valproate (SVP) is frequently utilized in the treatment of epilepsy. Extended administration of SVP elevates the likelihood of hepatotoxicity. Pentoxifylline (PTX) functions as a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and is commonly utilized in the treatment of vascular conditions, exhibiting extensive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This research examined PTX's protective role in mitigating SVP-induced liver injury, clarifying the potential molecular mechanisms involved. SVP and PTX intersection targets were identified through network pharmacology. In addition, we conducted an in vivo experiment utilizing the SVP-induced liver injury model. Eighteen adult male rats were allocated to three groups, with the control group receiving oral normal saline. The SVP group was administered SVP (dissolved in normal saline) daily for 2 weeks. The PTX + SVP group was administered SVP in conjunction with PTX daily for two weeks. PTX hepatoprotective effect against SVP could include apoptosis, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and various signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, STAT3, and MAPK, as indicated by the KEGG and GO enrichment analysis of the 272 common targets. We identified BCL2, IL6, and TNF as potential hub targets of PTX for liver injury treatment based on the construction of the PPI network. In vivo experiments demonstrated that PTX hindered MAPK P38/STAT3/NF-κB-related pathways' activation, diminished oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory response, and substantially ameliorated SVP-induced liver injury. The network pharmacology study concluded that the MAPK P38/STAT3/NF-κB pathway plays a role in PTX protective effect against SVP-induced liver injuries, as demonstrated by the in vivo experiment results.

Rutin Attenuates Distraction Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Microglial Inflammation Through Downregulation of P38 MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3 Pathway

Distraction spinal cord injury (DSCI) is a severe complication following scoliosis correction surgery, for which there are currently no effective clinical treatments. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of rutin, a natural product, on inflammation in DSCI and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. In vitro, microglial cells were exposed directly to rutin to assess its ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. In rats with DSCI, the inhibitory effect of rutin on DSCI was evaluated using behavioral tests. mRNA sequencing was performed on spinal cord tissues to elucidate the mechanism of rutin's action. Rutin significantly suppressed the LPS-induced increase in inflammatory factors in microglial cells. In DSCI rats treated with rutin, scores in the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) were significantly improved. The mechanism of rutin's action was found to be related to its ability to reduce inflammatory infiltration in spinal cord tissue, protecting neurons from apoptosis and microstructural demyelination. Through assays of transcriptomic differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and RT-qPCR validation of the top DEGs, MAPK13 (also known as P38 MAPK) was finally identified as the key target gene in promoting DSCI development. Further molecular docking analysis indicated an interaction between rutin and P38 MAPK, supporting the rutin's action and the underlying mechanism in anti-inflammation. In conclusion, rutin effectively inhibited the development of DSCI in rats. The mechanism of rutin's action was associated with its activity in blocking the P38 MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3 pathway in the microglial cells of spinal cord. Rutin could be developed as a potential anti-DSCI drug for clinical applications.

Interplay Between Polyphenols and Autophagy: Insights From an Aging Perspective

The relationship between polyphenols and autophagy, particularly in the context of aging, presents a promising avenue for therapeutic interventions in age-related diseases. A decline in autophagy is associated with aging-related affections, and an increasing number of studies suggest that this enhancement is linked to cellular resilience and longevity. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of autophagy in cellular homeostasis and the potential of polyphenols to modulate autophagic pathways. We revised the most updated literature regarding the modulatory effects of polyphenols on autophagy in cardiovascular, liver, and kidney diseases, highlighting their therapeutic potential. We highlight the role of polyphenols as modulators of autophagy to combat age-related diseases, thus contributing to improving the quality of life in aging populations. A better understanding of the interplay of autophagy between autophagy and polyphenols will help pave the way for future research and clinical applications in the field of longevity medicine.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Royal Jelly Against Vincristine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: A Biochemical and Molecular Study

Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent classified as a vinca alkaloid. Royal jelly (RJ) is a significant bee product produced by worker bees, characterized by its high protein content. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of RJ against VCR-induced liver damage. VCR was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) and RJ was orally administered at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w. Both treatments were applied to the rats on days 1-6 and 9-14. The composition of RJ was analyzed using LC-MS/MS, revealing the presence of 15 different phytochemical compounds with strong antioxidant properties. Serum samples obtained from the rats were analyzed for ALT, ALP, and AST levels. While these enzyme levels were significantly elevated in the VCR group, a notable reduction was observed following RJ administration. Additionally, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH antioxidant parameters, along with MDA levels, were evaluated in liver tissue samples. The results indicated a decrease in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH activities/levels and an increase in MDA levels in the VCR group. Furthermore, ELISA was used to assess JAK2, STAT3, and mTOR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. VCR administration led to a decrease in mTOR/PI3K/AKT levels and an increase in JAK2 and STAT3 levels. In addition, the mRNA transcription levels of inflammation (NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (IRE-1, GRP78, PERK, and ATF-6), and autophagy markers (LC3A and LC3B) were examined. A significant increase in inflammation, ER stress, and autophagy-related markers was observed in the VCR-treated group. Lastly, the protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and NF-κB were evaluated. VCR treatment increased Bax, Caspase 3, and NF-κB levels, whereas Bcl-2 levels were decreased. However, following RJ administration, all these parameters were reversed, demonstrating significant improvements. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RJ may exert a protective effect against VCR-induced liver damage.

Investigation of the Effects of Silymarin on Ovarian Ischemia Reperfusion via Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO1, Ki-67 and Wnt Signaling Pathways

Ovarian ischemia is a pathological condition that usually occurs due to ovarian torsion, resulting in the interruption of blood supply to the ovaries and oxygen deficiency. Silymarin (SLM) is a flavonoid complex of plant origin with pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of SLM through different pathways in rats subjected to experimental ovarian ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, SLM (50 mg/kg), I/R, I/R + SLM25 (25 mg/kg), and I/R + SLM50 (50 mg/kg). SLM was given orally for 7 days, followed by ischemia (2 h) and reperfusion (2 h) on day 8. Biochemical (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx) and histological (H&E, Ki-67 IHC) analyses were performed. Also, molecular (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and Wnt signaling. I/R increased MDA and NO levels in ovarian tissue while decreasing SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH. Antioxidant defense genes (Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO1) were suppressed, and inflammation markers (NF-ĸB, IL-1β, TNF-α) along with apoptotic markers (Bax, Caspase-3) were elevated, while Bcl-2 decreased. The Wnt signaling pathway was inhibited, particularly at Wnt-3A, LRP5, Dvl-2, and Cyclin-1, reducing Ki-67 protein levels and IHC positivity. Silymarin has shown a therapeutic effect on ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury with its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects and cell cycle regulatory activity.

The Potential of Naturally Derived Compounds for Treating Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of Autophagy and Cellular Senescence

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible progressive worsening of kidney function leading to kidney failure. CKD is viewed as a clinical model of premature aging and to date, there is no treatment to reverse kidney damage. The well-established treatment for CKD aims to control factors that may aggravate kidney progression and to provide kidney protection effects to delay the progression of kidney disease. As an alternative, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been shown to have fewer adverse effects for CKD patients. However, there is a lack of clinical and molecular studies investigating the mechanisms by which natural products used in TCM can improve CKD. In recent years, autophagy and cellular senescence have been identified as key contributors to aging and age-related diseases. Exploring the potential of natural products in TCM to target these processes in CKD patients could slow disease progression. A better understanding of the characteristics of these natural products and their effects on autophagy and cellular senescence through clinical studies, coupled with the use of these products as complementary therapy alongside mainstream treatment, may maximize therapeutic benefits and minimize adverse effects for CKD patients. While promising, there is currently a lack of thorough research on the potential synergistic effects of these natural products. This review examines the use of natural products in TCM as an alternative treatment for CKD and discusses their active ingredients in terms of renoprotection, autophagy, and cellular senescence.

Ameliorative effects of Edaravone against Valproic Acid-Induced kidney damage

Valproic acid (VPA) is a well-known and increasingly documented antiepileptic drug that has been widely used in the treatment of epilepsy and/or epilepsy-related disorders. Prolonged clinical use of VPA has been reported to cause side effects such as nephrotoxicity. Edaravone (EDA) is a powerful free radical scavenger. The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effects of EDA against VPA-induced oxidative renal injury. Four experimental groups were formed by randomly assigning thirty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats. The first group, (Control Group, n = 8), consisted of healthy rats. The second group, (Group II, n = 10), comprised control rats given intraperitoneally EDA (30 mg/kg/day) for seven days. The third group (Group III, n = 10) was administered intraperitoneally only VPA (500 mg/kg/day) for seven days. The last group (Group IV, n = 10) was treated with VPA + EDA for seven days. On the 8th day, kidney tissues were immediately removed from rats. In kidney homogenates, reduced glutathione levels and Na/K+-ATPase, paraoxonase1 and prolidase activities were remarkably decreased while catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, myeloperoxidase, and xanthine oxidase activities and lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, advanced oxidized protein products, and hydroxyproline contents were notably elevated in VPA given group. Consistently, administration of EDA decreased renal degenerative changes seen in the kidney tissue of VPA given rats. Treatment with EDA in the VPA group significantly resulted in the recovery of both biochemical and histopathological alterations. As a result, EDA is potentially beneficial to revert oxidative renal damage induced by VPA.

Deoxynivalenol-mediated kidney injury via endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice

OBJECTIVE

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common fungal toxin that poses significant health risks to humans and animals. The present study aimed to investigate the adverse effects and molecular mechanisms of DON-induced kidney injury.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 mice aged 5-6 weeks were used to establish a DON-induced acute kidney injury model. Histological analysis, biochemical assays, molecular techniques, Western blot, RNA sequencing, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to analyze kidney damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

RESULTS

DON disrupted kidney morphology, induced inflammatory cell infiltration, and triggered inflammatory responses. DON increased MDA content while decreasing antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT). It also triggered apoptosis, evidenced by elevated levels of caspase-12, cleaved caspase-3, and BAX, and reduced levels of Bcl-2. Transcriptomic analysis identified distinct expression patterns in 1756 genes in DON-exposed mouse kidneys, notably upregulating ER stress-related genes. Further investigation revealed ultrastructural changes in the ER and mitochondrial damage induced by DON, along with increased levels of p-IRE1, p-PERK, and their downstream targets, indicating unfolded protein response (UPR) activation in the kidney. The ER stress inhibitor 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) significantly mitigated DON-induced ER stress, oxidative damage, apoptosis, tissue injury, ER expansion, and mitochondrial damage.

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlight the role of ER stress in DON-induced kidney injury and the protective effect of 4-PBA against these adverse effects.

The ameliorative effect of carvacrol on sodium arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: Possible role of Nrf2/HO-1, RAGE/NLRP3, Bax/Bcl-2/Caspase-3, and Beclin-1 pathways

Arsenic is a toxic environmental pollutant heavy metal, and one of its critical target tissues in the body is the liver. Carvacrol is a natural phytocompound that stands out with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. The current study aims to investigate the protective feature of carvacrol against sodium arsenite-induced liver toxicity. Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups: Control, Sodium arsenite (SA), CRV, SA + CRV25, and SA + CRV50. Sodium arsenite was administered via oral gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 14 days, and 30 min later, CRV 25 or 50 mg/kg was administered via oral gavage. Oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy damage pathways parameters, and liver tissue integrity were analyzed using biochemical, molecular, western blot, histological, and immunohistological methods. Carvacrol decreased sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress by suppressing malondialdehyde levels and increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels. Carvacrol reduced inflammation damage by reducing sodium arsenite-induced increased levels of NF-κB and the cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, RAGE, and NLRP3) it stimulates. Carvacrol also reduced sodium arsenite-induced autophagic (Beclin-1, LC3A, and LC3B) and apoptotic (P53, Apaf-1, Casp-3, Casp-6, Casp-9, and Bax) parameters. Carvacrol preserved sodium arsenite-induced impaired liver tissue structure. Carvacrol alleviated toxic damage by reducing sodium arsenite-induced increases in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagic damage parameters in rat liver tissues. Carvacrol was also beneficial in preserving liver tissue integrity.

Synergistic modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis by β-amyrin and metformin in mitigating hyperglycemia-induced renal damage using adult zebrafish model

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) can be prevented with early therapeutic intervention in diabetic patients. Recent investigations suggest that β-amyrin, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, could offer significant benefits with its potential antihyperglycemic and nephroprotective effects. We investigated the protective effects of β-amyrin alone and combined it with metformin, the cornerstone therapy for diabetes, using a hyperglycemic adult Zebrafish (ZF) model. The ZF were subjected to hyperglycemia by immersing them in 111 mM glucose solutions. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring serum glucose and insulin levels and antioxidant, ER stress, apoptosis, and proinflammatory markers. ZF kidneys were also studied for immunohistochemistry and histopathology. Results revealed that the combined treatment of β-amyrin and metformin resulted in a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in blood glucose levels to 104.54 ± 1.63 mg/dL, in comparison to 388.75 ± 4.32 mg/dL in the untreated diseased control group. The reduction in hyperglycemia was more pronounced than treatment with either compound alone. Moreover, treatment with the combination restored renal function in diseased ZF, leading to significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) serum urea (SU: 19.57 ± 1.61 mg/dL) and serum creatinine (SC: 0.56 ± 0.02 mg/dL) values compared to treatment with β-amyrin (SU:27.02 ± 0.96 mg/dL; SC: 0.7 ± 0.01 mg/dL) or metformin (SU: 24.53 ± 1.29 mg/dL; SC: 0.6 ± 0.02 mg/dL) alone. The treatment also reduced oxidative stress markers, apoptosis and ER stress markers, and proinflammatory cytokines. Histopathological analysis showed improved renal architecture with significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) renal tubular injury scores with the combination than with individual treatment. This study provides novel insights into the combined therapeutic effects of β-amyrin and metformin in mitigating hyperglycemia-induced renal damage through key molecular pathways, highlighting a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy. The findings hold promising translational relevance for developing combination therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes in diabetic nephropathy patients.

Pogostemon cablin essential oil as feed additive promotes the repair of the rumen epithelial barrier in heat-stressed beef cattle

Pogostemon cablin essential oil (PEO), extracted from P. cablin, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-stress properties, as well as the ability to improve gastrointestinal digestion. This study aims to evaluate the effects of PEO on the performance, rumen epithelial morphology, and barrier function in heat-stressed beef cattle. Thirty-six male Jingjiang cattle at 18 months old were randomly assigned into four groups and fed a diet containing PEO at 0 (control), 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg in the feed concentrate (n = 9). All experimental cattle were fed under high temperature and humidity in summer for 60 days. The results indicated that 50 mg/kg of PEO treatment enhanced the average daily gain of beef cattle compared with the control group (P = 0.032). All PEO treatments reduced the diamine oxidase activity (P = 0.004) and malondialdehyde content (P = 0.008) in serum. In addition, the content of 70 kDa heat shock protein in the 100 mg/kg group was increased, and the activity of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity in both 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg groups were enhanced compared to the control group (P < 0.05). More importantly, PEO treatment with 50 mg/kg enhanced the mRNA relative expressions of occludin in ruminal epithelia but decreased the mRNA relative expressions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, caspase-3, Beclin1 (P < 0.05), and extremely significant declined the mRNA relative expressions of extracellular regulated protein kinases and ubiquitin-binding protein in contrast to the control group (P < 0.01). These findings indicated that dietary PEO supplementation might be favorable to improve growth performance and repairing damaged rumen epithelium of heat-stressed cattle by down-regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.

Polyphenols alleviate metabolic disorders: the role of ubiquitin-proteasome system

Metabolic disorders include obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. It has become a major health issue around the world. Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is essential for nearly all cellular processes, functions as a primary pathway for intracellular protein degradation. Recent researches indicated that dysfunctions in the UPS may result in the accumulation of toxic proteins, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance, all of which contribute to the development and progression of metabolic disorders. An increasing body of evidence indicates that specific dietary polyphenols ameliorate metabolic disorders by preventing lipid synthesis and transport, excessive inflammation, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, through regulation of the UPS. This review summarized the latest research progress of natural polyphenols improving metabolic disorders by regulating lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance through the UPS. In addition, the possible mechanisms of UPS-mediated prevention of metabolic disorders are comprehensively proposed. We aim to provide new angle to the development and utilization of polyphenols in improving metabolic disorders.

The ameliorative effects of chrysin on bortezomib-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Reduces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation damage, apoptotic and autophagic death

AIM

Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor antineoplastic agent that was the first to be approved for cancer treatment. One of bortezomib's most prominent dose-limiting effects is nephrotoxicity; the underlying mechanism is believed to be oxidative stress. Chrysin is a compound found actively in honey and many plant species and stands out with its antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to determine the ameliorative effects of chrysin in bortezomib-induced nephrotoxicity.

MATERIAL-METHOD

Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into control, BTZ, CHR, BTZ + CHR25, and BTZ + CHR50. Biochemical, molecular, Western blot, and histological methods analyzed renal function indicators, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and damage pathways.

RESULTS

Chrysin decreased oxidative stress by reducing oxidants (MDA) and increasing antioxidants (SOD, CAT, Gpx, GSH, Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO1). Chrysin reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress by decreasing ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, and GRP-78 levels. Chrysin reduced inflammation damage by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Chrysin exhibited protective properties against apoptotic damage by decreasing Bax and Caspase-3 levels and increasing Bcl-2 levels. In addition, chrysin improved renal function and structural integrity and exhibited healing properties against toxic damage in tissue structure.

CONCLUSION

Overall, chrysin exhibited an ameliorative effect against bortezomib-induced nephrotoxicity.

Naringin protects against paclitaxel-induced toxicity in rat testicular tissues by regulating genes in pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and JNK/MAPK signaling pathways

Paclitaxel (PTX), which is actively used in the treatment of many types of cancer, has a toxic effect by causing increased oxidative stress in testicular tissues. Naringin (NRG) is a natural flavonoid found in plants, and its antioxidant properties are at the forefront. This study aims to investigate the protective feature of NRG in PTX-induced testicular toxicity. Thirty-five male Sprague rats were divided into five groups: control, NRG, PTX, PTX + NRG50, and PTX + NRG100. Rats were administered PTX (2 mg/kg, BW) intraperitoneally once daily for the first 5 days. Then, between the 6th and 14th days, NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered orally once a day. NRG reduced PTX-induced lipid peroxidation and increased testicular tissue antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione). While NRG reduces the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, inducible-nitric oxide synthase, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK)14, MAPK15, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, P53, Apaf1, Caspase3, Caspase6, Caspase9, and Bax in testicular tissues; it caused an increase in Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1 and Bcl-2 levels. NRG also improved the structural and functional integrity of testicular tissue disrupted by PTX. PTX-induced sperm damage was alleviated by NRG. NRG showed a protective effect by alleviating the PTX-induced testicular toxicity by increasing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy.

Sinapic acid protects against lead acetate-induced lung toxicity by reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress damage

Lead acetate (PbAc) is a compound that produces toxicity in many tissues after exposure. Sinapic acid (SNP) possesses many biological and pharmacological properties. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of SNP on the toxicity of PbAc in lung tissue. PbAc was administered orally at 30 mg/kg and SNP at 5 or 10 mg/kg for 7 days. Biochemical, genetic, and histological methods were used to investigate inflammatory, apoptotic, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress damage levels in lung tissue. SNP administration induced PbAc-reduced antioxidant (GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx) and expression of HO-1 in lung tissue. It also reduced MDA, induced by PbAc, and thus alleviated oxidative stress. SNP decreased the inflammatory markers NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β levels induced by PbAc in lung tissue and exhibited anti-inflammatory effect. PbAc increased apoptotic Bax, Apaf-1, and Caspase-3 mRNA transcription levels and decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in lung tissues. SNP decreased apoptotic damage by reversing this situation. On the other hand, SNP regulated these markers and brought them closer to the levels of the control group. PbAc caused prolonged ER stress by increasing the levels of ATF6, PERK, IRE1α, GRP78 and this activity was stopped and tended to retreat with SNP. After evaluating all the data, While PbAc caused toxic damage in lung tissue, SNP showed a protective effect by reducing this damage.

The ameliorating effect of Rutin on hepatotoxicity and inflammation induced by the daily administration of vortioxetine in rats

BACKGROUND

Vortioxetine (VORTX) is a potent and selective type of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is mainly prescribed for treating major depression along with mood disorders as the first drug of choice. Limited previous findings have indicated evidence of liver injury and hepatotoxicity associated with daily VORTX treatment. Rutin (RUT), which is known for its antioxidant properties, has demonstrated several beneficial health actions, including hepatoprotection. Therefore the current study aimed to evaluate and assess the ameliorative effect of RUT against the hepatotoxic actions of daily low and high-dose VORTX administration.

METHODS

The experimental design included six groups of rats, each divided equally. Control, rats exposed to RUT (25 mg/kg), rats exposed to VORTX (28 mg/kg), rats exposed to VORTX (28 mg/kg) + RUT (25 mg/kg), rats exposed to VORTX (80 mg/kg), and rats exposed to VORTX (80 mg/kg) + RUT (25 mg/kg). After 30 days from the daily exposure period, assessments were conducted for serum liver enzyme activities, hepatotoxicity biomarkers, liver antioxidant endogenous enzymes, DNA fragmentation, and histopathological studies of liver tissue.

RESULTS

Interestingly, the risk of liver damage and hepatotoxicity related to VORTX was attenuated by the daily co-administration of RUT. Significant improvements were observed among all detected liver functions, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), total protein, acid phosphatase, N-Acetyl-/β-glucosaminidase (β-NAG), β-Galactosidase (β-Gal), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), caspase 3, and cytochrom-C along with histopathological studies, compared to the control and sole RUT group.

CONCLUSION

Thus, RUT can be considered a potential and effective complementary therapy in preventing hepatotoxicity and liver injury induced by the daily or prolonged administration of VORTX.

Immuno-antioxidative reno-modulatory effectiveness of Echinacea purpurea extract against bifenthrin-induced renal poisoning

This study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemical detoxifying activities of Echinacea purpurea ethanolic extract (EEE) against bifenthrin-induced renal injury. Adult male albino rats (160-200 g) were divided into four groups (10 rats each) and orally treated for 30 days as follows: (1) normal control; (2) healthy animals were treated with EEE (465 mg/kg/day) dissolved in water; (3) healthy animals were given bifenthrin (7 mg/kg/day) dissolved in olive oil; (4) animals were orally administered with EEE 1-h prior bifenthrin intoxication. The obtained results revealed that administration of the animals with bifenthrin caused significant elevations of serum values of urea, creatinine, ALAT and ASAT, as well as renal inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α & IFN-γ), apoptotic (Caspase-3) and oxidative stress (MDA and NO) markers coupled with a marked drop in the values of renal antioxidant markers (GSH, GPx, and SOD) in compare to those of normal control. Administration of EEE prior to bifenthrin resulted in a considerable amelioration of the mentioned deteriorated parameters near to that of control; moreover, the extract markedly improved the histological architecture of the kidney. In conclusion, Echinacea purpurea ethanolic extract has promising ameliorative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, renoprotective, and detoxifying efficiencies against bifenthrin-induced renal injury.

Protective effects of naringin on colistin-induced damage in rat testicular tissue: Modulating the levels of Nrf-2/HO-1, AKT-2/FOXO1A, Bax/Bcl2/Caspase-3, and Beclin-1/LC3A/LC3B signaling pathways

Antimicrobial agent resistance has become a growing health issue across the world. Colistin (COL) is one of the drugs used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria resulting in toxic effects. Naringin (NRG), a natural flavonoid, has come to the fore as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. The aim of the present study was to determine whether NRG has protective effects on COL-induced toxicity in testicular tissue. Thirty-five male Spraque rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7 per group): Control, COL, NRG, COL + NRG 50, COL + NRG 100. COL (15 mg/kg b.w., i.p., once per/day), and NRG (50 or 100 mg/kg, oral, b.w./once per/day) were administered for 7 days. The parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagic damage were evaluated by using biochemical, molecular, western blot, and histological methods in testicular issues. NRG treatment reversed the increased malondialdehyde level and reduced antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione) levels due to COL administration (p < 0.001), and oxidative stress damage was mitigated. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 pathway, one of the antioxidant defence systems, was stimulated by NRG (p < 0.001). NRG treatment reduced the levels of markers for the pathways of apoptotic (p < 0.001) and autophagic (p < 0.001) damages induced by COL. Sperm viability and the live/dead ratio were reduced by COL but enhanced by NRG treatment. Testicular tissue integrity was damaged by COL but showed a tendency to improve by NRG. In conclusion, COL exhibited toxic effect on testicular tissue by elevating the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and tissue damage. NRG demonstrated a protective effect by alleviating toxic damage.

Naringin attenuates oxaliplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity: A molecular, biochemical, and histopathological approach in a rat model

Oxaliplatin (OXL) is a significant therapy agent for the worldwide increase in cancer cases. Naringin (4',5,7-trihydroxy flavonon 7-rhamnoglucoside, NRG) has a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. This research aimed to investigate NRG activity in OXL-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Accordingly, OXL (4 mg/kg b.w.) in 5% glucose was injected intraperitoneally on the first, second, fifth, and sixth days, and NRG (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) was given orally 30 min before to treatment. Biochemical, genetic, and histological methods were utilized to investigate the function tests, oxidant/antioxidant status, inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways in kidney and liver tissues. Administration of NRG demonstrated an antioxidant effect by increasing the activities of OXL-induced reduced antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and decreasing the elevated lipid peroxidation parameter malondialdehyde levels. Nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels increased in OXL administered groups but reduced in NRG-treated groups. In the OXL-administered groups, NRG reduced the apoptosis-inducing factors Caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein levels, while elevating the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 levels. OXL triggered prolonged ER stress by increasing the levels of ER stress parameters activating transcription factor 6, protein kinase R-like ER kinase, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, and glucose-regulated protein 78. Therefore, with the NRG administration, this activity was reduced and the ER stress level decreased. Taken together, it was found that OXL induced toxicity by increasing the levels of urea and creatinine, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, inflammation, apoptosis, ER stress, and oxidants in the liver and kidney tissue, and NRG had a protective effect by reversing the deterioration in these pathways.

Effect of syringic acid on oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation pathways against testicular damage induced by lead acetate

BACKGROUND

Heavy metals are one of the environmental pollutants. Lead (Pb) is one of the most common of these heavy metals. In this study, it was aimed at investigating the effects of syringic acid (SA) against testicular toxicity in rats administered lead acetate (PbAc).

METHODS

In the present study, a total of 35 Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 in each group, were used. The rats were divided into 5 groups, with 7 male rats in each group. Rats were given PbAc and SA orally for 7 days. The effects of PbAc and SA on epididymal sperm quality and apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and histopathological changes in testicular tissue were determined.

RESULTS

While PbAc disrupted the seminiferous tubules and produced atrophic images, SA corrected these histological abnormalities. PbAc adminisration significantly reduced the levels of SOD, GSH, GPx, CAT, NRF-2 and NQO1 and significantly increased the levels of MDA and 8-OHdG in the testicular tissue of rats, while SA improved this situation. NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3, RAGE, ATF6, PERK, IRE1, CHOP, and GRP78 genes expression levels increased with PbAc administration, however these levels decreased with SA administration. In addition, PbAc increased the levels of apoptotic markers Bax, Caspase-3 and APAF-1 and decreased the level of Bcl-2, while SA improved this situation. It was observed that PbAc significantly reduced sperm quality in rats, while SA positively affected sperm quality.

CONCLUSION

As a result, SA administered against PbAc-induced testicular dysfunction in rats can provide effective protection at doses of 25 mg/kg/bw and 50 mg/kg/bw.

Effects of sinapic acid on lead acetate-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in testicular tissue

In this study, the effect of lead acetate (PbAc) and sinapic acid (SNP) administration on oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, sperm quality and histopathology in testicular tissue of rats was tried to be determined. PbAc was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg/bw for 7 days to induce testicular toxicity in rats. Oral doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw SNP were administered to rats for 7 days after PbAc administration. According to our findings, while PbAc administration increased MDA content in rats, it decreased GPx, SOD, CAT activity and GSH content. NF-kB, IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2, which are among the inflammation parameters that increased due to PbAc, decreased with the administration of SNP. Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 mRNA transcript levels decreased with PbAc, but SNP treatments increased these mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. RAGE and NLRP3 gene expression were upregulated in PbAc treated rats. MAPK14, MAPK15, and JNK relative mRNA levels decreased with SNP treatment in PbAc treated rats. While the levels of apoptosis markers Bax, Caspase-3, and Apaf-1 increased in rats treated with PbAc, the level of Bcl-2 decreased, but SNP inhibited this apoptosis markers. PbAc caused histopathological deterioration in testis tissue and negatively affected spermatogenesis. When the sperm quality was examined, the decrease in sperm motility and spermatozoon density caused by PbAc, and the increase in the ratio of dead and abnormal spermatozoa were inhibited by SNP. As a result, while PbAc increased apoptosis and inflammation by inducing oxidative stress in testicles, SNP treatment inhibited these changes and increased sperm quality.

Effects of chrysin in cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in the rat; role of multi-pathway regulation

BACKGROUND

Cadmium (Cd) is a strong toxic agent and causes serious damage to testicular tissues. Chrysin (CHR) is a natural flavonoid with many effective properties, especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The current study describes new evidence for the ameliorative effects of CHR on oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation pathways in Cd-induced testicular tissue toxicity.

METHODS

Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups, control, Cd, CHR, Cd + CHR25, and Cd + CHR50. Cd was administered alone at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight or in combination with CHR 25 mg/kg and CHR 50 mg/kg for 7 days. Cd and CHR were administered orally. Biochemical, molecular, and histological methods were used to investigate inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidant pathways in testicular tissue.

RESULTS

Cd increased lipid peroxidation, JAK-2/STAT-3 levels, inflammation-related NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS levels, AKT-2, FOXO1, Bax, Apaf-1 and Caspase-3 levels, autophagic Beclin-1, LC3A and LC3B. The Cd also caused a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and GSH levels, antiapoptotic Bcl-2 levels. CHR, on the other hand, had the opposite effect of all these Cd-induced changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the data of this study indicate that testicular damage associated with Cd toxicity could be ameliorated by CHR administration.

Protective effects of sinapic acid against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity: a multi-biomarker approach

Lead acetate (PbAc) is one of the top five most dangerous toxic heavy metals, particularly leading to kidney damage and posing serious health risks in both humans and animals. Sinapic acid (SNP) is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables that stands out with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This is the first study to investigate the effects of SNP on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in PbAc-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by biochemical, molecular and histological methods. 35 Spraque dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups of 7 rats each: control, PbAc, SNP (10mg/kg), PbAc + SNP 5, PbAC + SNP 10. PbAc at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight was administered via oral gavage alone or in combination with SNP (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) via oral gavage for seven days. While PbAc impaired renal function by increasing serum urea and creatinine levels, SNP decreased these levels and contributed to the improvement in renal function. The administration of SNP reduced oxidative stress by increasing PbAc-induced decreased antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activities and GSH levels, decreasing MDA levels, a marker of increased lipid peroxidation. SNP administration reduced NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3, and RAGE mRNA transcription levels, NF-κB, and TNF-α protein levels that are among the PbAc-induced increased inflammation parameters. Decreases in antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and increases in apoptotic Bax, APAF-1, and Caspase-3 due to PbAc exposure, SNP reversed the situation. SNP reduced ER stress caused by PbAc by increasing PERK, IRE1, ATF-6, CHOP, and GRP-78 levels and made it tend to regress. SNP reduced autophagy damage by decreasing the Beclin-1 protein level increased by PbAc. The findings of the present study suggested that SNP attenuates PbAc-induced nephrotoxicity.

The protective effects of chrysin on cadmium-induced pulmonary toxicity; a multi-biomarker approach

This study aimed to determine the potential protective effects of chrysin (CHR) on experimental cadmium (Cd)-induced lung toxicity in rats. To this end, rats were divided into five groups; Control, CHR, Cd, Cd + CHR25, Cd + CHR50. In the study, rats were treated with CHR (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) 30 min after giving Cd (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. The effects of Cd and CHR treatments on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, ER stress, apoptosis and tissue damage in rat lung tissues were determined by biochemical and histological methods. Our results revealed that CHR therapy for Cd-administered rats could significantly reduce MDA levels in lung tissue while significantly increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH levels. CHR agent exerted antiinflammatory effect by lowering elevated levels of NF-κB, IL-1β IL-6, TNF-α, RAGE and NRLP3 in Cd-induced lung tissue. Moreover CHR down-regulated Cd-induced ER stress markers (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, and GRP78) and apoptosis markers (Caspase-3, Bax) lung tissue. CHR up-regulated the Bcl-2 gene, an anti-apoptotic marker. Besides, CHR attenuated the side effects caused by Cd by modulating histopathological changes such as hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, thickening of the alveolar wall and collagen increase. Immunohistochemically, NF-κB and Caspase-3 expressions were intense in the Cd group, while these expressions were decreased in the Cd + CHR groups. These results suggest that CHR exhibits protective effects against Cd-induced lung toxicity in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and histological changes.

Hesperidin has a protective effect on paclitaxel-induced testicular toxicity through regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Paclitaxel (PTX) is widely used to treat a number of malignancies, although it has toxic side effects. Hesperidin (HES) has a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities. This research aims to investigate the role of HES in PTX-induced testicular toxicity. For 5 days, 2 mg/kg/bw i.p. of PTX was administered to induce testicular toxicity. Rats were administered oral dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw HES for 10 days after PTX injection. The mechanisms of inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidants were investigated using biochemical, genetic, and histological techniques. As a result of PTX administration, decreased antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) activities and increased malondialdehyde level were regulated, and the severity of oxidative stress was reduced. NF-κB, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, which are among the increased inflammation parameters caused by PTX, decreased with HES administration. Although AKT2 gene expression decreased in PTX administered rats, it was determined that HES administration up-regulated AKT2 mRNA expression. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 decreased with PTX administration, and apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 increased while HES administration reverted these effects towards control level. As a result of toxicity, the increase in ATF6, PERK, IRE1α, GRP78 levels caused prolonged ER stress, and this activity was diminished with HES and tended to regress. While all data were evaluated, Paclitaxel caused damage by increasing inflammation, apoptosis, ER stress and oxidant levels in testicular tissue, and Hesperidin showed a protective effect by correcting the deterioration in these levels.

Rutin and Hesperidin Revoke the Hepatotoxicity Induced by Paclitaxel in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities

Paclitaxel, one of the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs, is used to treat various cancers but it is exceedingly toxic when used long-term and can harm the liver. This study aimed to see if rutin, hesperidin, and their combination could protect male Wistar rats against paclitaxel (Taxol)-induced hepatotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats were subdivided into 5 groups (each of six rats). The normal group was orally given the equivalent volume of vehicles for 6 weeks. The paclitaxel-administered control group received intraperitoneal injection of paclitaxel at a dose of 2 mg/Kg body weight twice a week for 6 weeks. Treated paclitaxel-administered groups were given paclitaxel similar to the paclitaxel-administered control group together with oral supplementation of rutin, hesperidin, and their combination at a dose of 10 mg/Kg body weight every other day for 6 weeks. The treatment of paclitaxel-administered rats with rutin and hesperidin significantly reduced paclitaxel-induced increases in serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities as well as total bilirubin level and liver lipid peroxidation. However, the levels of serum albumin, liver glutathione content, and the activities of liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase increased. Furthermore, paclitaxel-induced harmful hepatic histological changes (central vein and portal area blood vessel congestion, fatty changes, and moderate necrotic changes with focal nuclear pyknosis, focal mononuclear infiltration, and Kupffer cell proliferation) were remarkably enhanced by rutin and hesperidin treatments. Moreover, the elevated hepatic proapoptotic mediator (caspase-3) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α) expressions were decreased by the three treatments in paclitaxel-administered rats. The cotreatment with rutin and hesperidin was the most effective in restoring the majority of liver function and histological integrity. Therefore, rutin, hesperidin, and their combination may exert hepatic protective effects in paclitaxel-administered rats by improving antioxidant defenses and inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis.

Beneficial effects of Chrysin on Cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Modulating the levels of Nrf2/HO-1, RAGE/NLRP3, and Caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathways

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that targets the kidney directly in the body. Chrysin (CHR) is a natural flavonoid with many properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic. The current study discloses new evidence as regards of the curative effects of CHR on Cd-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation. Cd was administered orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight alone or in combination with orally administered CHR (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Biochemical, molecular, and histological methods were used to investigate inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidant pathways in renal tissue. Renal function tests were also evaluated. Cd caused an increase in serum toxicity markers, lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Nrf-2 triggered inflammatory responses by suppressing HO-1 and NQO1 mRNA transcripts and increasing NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS mRNA transcripts. Cd caused inflammasome by increasing RAGE and NLRP3 mRNA transcripts. In addition, Cd application caused apoptosis by increasing Bax, Apaf-1 and Caspase-3 mRNA transcripts and decreasing Bcl-2 mRNA transcript level. It caused autophagy by increasing the activity of Beclin-1 level. CHR treatment had the opposite effect on all these values and reduced the damage caused by all these signal pathways. Overall, the data of this study indicate that renal damage associated with Cd toxicity could be ameliorated by CHR administration.

Carvacrol protects against λ-Cyhalothrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy

λ-Cyhalothrin, a type II synthetic pyrethroid, has been widely used in households, agriculture, public health, and gardening to control insect pests. Despite its widespread usage, it is known to induce a variety of adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The goal of this study was to investigate the protective effect of carvacrol, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and some other properties, on λ-Cyhalothrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups for this purpose: I-Control group: II-CRV group (50 mg/kg carvacrol), III-LCT group (6.23 mg/kg LCT), IV-LCT + CRV 25 group (6.23 mg/kg LCT + 25 mg/kg carvacrol), and V-LCT + CRV 50 group (6.23 mg/kg LCT + 50 mg/kg carvacrol). Using biochemical, real-time PCR, and western blotting methods, the collected tissues were analyzed. While λ-Cyhalothrin treatment increased MDA levels, which are indicated of lipid peroxidation, but reduced SOD, CAT, GPx activities, and GSH levels. After receiving carvacrol therapy, the degree of oxidative stress reduced as the values of these parameters approached those of the control group. Increased inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy with λ-Cyhalothrin administration reduced with carvacrol co-administration, and liver and kidney tissues were protected from damage, depending on the degree of oxidative stress. After considering all of these data, it was discovered that λ-Cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy in the liver and kidneys; however, carvacrol protected the tissues from damage. Our findings indicate that carvacrol may be a promising protective agent in λ-Cyhalothrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

Molecular and biochemical investigation of the protective effects of rutin against liver and kidney toxicity caused by malathion administration in a rat model

Widely used malathion (MLT) causes environmental pollution, leading to toxicity in many living things, including humans. Rutin (RUT) is a flavonoid with various biological properties. In the present study, the protective effects of rutin against liver and kidney toxicity caused by malathion were investigated. In the study, MLT (100 mg/kg) and RUT (50 or 100 mg/kg) were administered to rats alone or in combination for 28 days. Then, oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, and autophagy markers in liver and kidney tissues were analyzed by biochemical and molecular methods. The results showed that MLT caused oxidative stress in both tissues, while RUT showed antioxidant properties and protected these tissues from oxidative damage. Moreover, MLT upregulated the expressions of ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, GRP78, and CHOP, leading to ERS. However, RUT alleviated ER stress and suppressed these markers. The study also found that MLT increased inflammatory, apoptotic, and autophagic markers. All these factors affected liver and kidney functions and caused an increase in plasma ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels. On the other hand, it has been observed that RUT may protect liver and kidney tissues from the destructive effect of MLT by showing anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-autophagic properties. Thus, it was determined that ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels decreased after RUT treatment. As a result, it was observed that MLT had a toxic effect on the liver and kidney tissues of rats, and it was determined that this toxicity could be alleviated by RUT treatment.

Rutin and Hesperidin Alleviate Paclitaxel-Induced Nephrocardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats via Suppressing the Oxidative Stress and Enhancing the Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms

Paclitaxel is a primary chemotherapy agent that displays antitumor activity against a variety of solid tumors. However, the clinical effectiveness of the drug is hampered by its nephrotoxic and cardiotoxic side effects. Thus, this investigation aimed at assessing the protective effects of rutin, hesperidin, and their combination to alleviate nephrotoxicity caused by paclitaxel (Taxol), cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats, as well as oxidative stress. Rutin (10 mg/kg body weight), hesperidin (10 mg/kg body weight), and their mixture were given orally every other day for six weeks. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of paclitaxel twice weekly, on the second and fifth days of the week, at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight. In paclitaxel-treated rats, the treatment of rutin and hesperidin decreased the elevated serum levels of creatinine, urea, and uric acid, indicating a recovery of kidney functions. The cardiac dysfunction in paclitaxel-treated rats that got rutin and hesperidin treatment also diminished, as shown by a substantial reduction in elevated CK-MB and LDH activity. Following paclitaxel administration, the severity of the kidney and the heart's histopathological findings and lesion scores were markedly decreased by rutin and hesperidin administration. Moreover, these treatments significantly reduced renal and cardiac lipid peroxidation while markedly increased GSH content and SOD and GPx activities. Thus, paclitaxel likely induces toxicity in the kidney and the heart by producing oxidative stress. The treatments likely countered renal and cardiac dysfunction and histopathological changes by suppressing oxidative stress and augmenting the antioxidant defenses. Rutin and hesperidin combination was most efficacious in rescuing renal and cardiac function as well as histological integrity in paclitaxel-administered rats.

Mechanistic Approach for Protective Effect of ARA290, a Specific Ligand for the Erythropoietin/CD131 Heteroreceptor, against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity, the Involvement of Apoptosis and Inflammation Pathways

ARA 290, an 11-amino acid linear nonhematopoietic peptide derived from the three-dimensional structure of helix B of the erythropoietin (EPO), interacts selectively with the innate repair receptor (IRR) that arbitrates tissue protection. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of ARA290 against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. For this purpose, HEK-293 and ACHN cells were treated with ARA290 (50-400 nM) and cisplatin (2.5 μM) in pretreatment condition. Then, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress parameters (ROS, GPx, SOD, and MDA), and inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL6, and IL1β) were evaluated. Furthermore, apoptotic cell death was assessed via caspase-3 activity and tunnel assay. To determine the molecular mechanisms of the possible nephroprotective effects of ARA290, gene and protein expressions of TNFα, IL1β, IL6, Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl2 were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot assay, respectively. The findings indicated that ARA290 significantly reduced the DNA damage parameters of comet assay and the frequency of micronuclei induced by cisplatin. Besides, ARA290 improved cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by reducing MDA/ROS levels and enhancing antioxidant enzyme levels. In addition, reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicated that cisplatin-induced renal inflammation was mitigated upon the treatment with ARA290. Besides, ARA290 ameliorates cisplatin-induced cell injury by antagonizing apoptosis. Furthermore, the molecular findings indicated that gene and protein levels of TNFα, IL1β, IL6, Caspase-3, and Bax were significantly decreased and gene and protein levels of Bcl2 significantly increased in the ARA290 plus cisplatin group compared with the cisplatin group. These findings revealed that ARA290 as a potent chemo-preventive agent exerted a protective effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity mostly through its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials and also suggested that ARA290 might be a new therapeutic approach for patients with acute kidney injury.

Emodin protects against apoptosis and inflammation by regulating reactive oxygen species-mediated NF-κB signaling in interleukin-1β-stimulated human nucleus pulposus cells

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a complex degradative disorder associated with inflammation. Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, possesses strong anti-inflammatory activity. This study focused on the in vitro therapeutic action of emodin in a cellular model of IDD. Human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to induce inflammation. Cell Counting Kit-8 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining assays were performed to evaluate the viability and apoptosis of NPCs, respectively. Caspase-3 activity was measured to indirectly assess cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed to detect protein expression levels. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for the detection of relative mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze TNF-α and IL-6 secretion. Our results showed that emodin treatment mitigated IL-1β-induced reduction of cell viability in NPCs. Moreover, the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptotic rate, and caspase-3 activity in IL-1β-stimulated NPCs was reduced by emodin treatment. Treatment with emodin also abolished IL-1β-induced inflammation in NPCs, as indicated by reduced secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α. Besides, the increase in expression levels of phosphorylated p65 and nuclear p65 in IL-1β-stimulated NPCs was suppressed by emodin treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate aggravated the protective effects of emodin. These results suggested that emodin protected NPCs against IL-1β-induced apoptosis and inflammation via inhibiting ROS-mediated activation of NF-κB.