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Abdel-Wahhab KG, Elqattan GM, El-Sahra DG, Hassan LK, Sayed RS, Mannaa FA. Immuno-antioxidative reno-modulatory effectiveness of Echinacea purpurea extract against bifenthrin-induced renal poisoning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5892. [PMID: 38467789 PMCID: PMC10928203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemical detoxifying activities of Echinacea purpurea ethanolic extract (EEE) against bifenthrin-induced renal injury. Adult male albino rats (160-200 g) were divided into four groups (10 rats each) and orally treated for 30 days as follows: (1) normal control; (2) healthy animals were treated with EEE (465 mg/kg/day) dissolved in water; (3) healthy animals were given bifenthrin (7 mg/kg/day) dissolved in olive oil; (4) animals were orally administered with EEE 1-h prior bifenthrin intoxication. The obtained results revealed that administration of the animals with bifenthrin caused significant elevations of serum values of urea, creatinine, ALAT and ASAT, as well as renal inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α & IFN-γ), apoptotic (Caspase-3) and oxidative stress (MDA and NO) markers coupled with a marked drop in the values of renal antioxidant markers (GSH, GPx, and SOD) in compare to those of normal control. Administration of EEE prior to bifenthrin resulted in a considerable amelioration of the mentioned deteriorated parameters near to that of control; moreover, the extract markedly improved the histological architecture of the kidney. In conclusion, Echinacea purpurea ethanolic extract has promising ameliorative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, renoprotective, and detoxifying efficiencies against bifenthrin-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada M Elqattan
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Doaa G El-Sahra
- Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila K Hassan
- Dairy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Rehab S Sayed
- Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fathia A Mannaa
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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Nagumalli SK, Salley JT, Carstens JD. Assessment of clinical chemistry and hematological parameters in female Sprague-Dawley rats following a 7-day oral exposure to three different species of Echinacea. J Environ Sci Health C Toxicol Carcinog 2024; 42:154-171. [PMID: 38454746 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2325851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Echinacea has grown in popularity due to its broad therapeutic benefits. Despite its popularity, comprehensive safety evaluations for three medicinal species are limited. In this study, female Sprague-Dawley rats received oral doses (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d) of 75% (v/v) ethanol extract from the aerial parts of 9 Echinacea samples of three species - Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida - over a 7-day period. Blood and serum samples, collected twenty-four hours post the final dose, were analyzed for hematology and clinical chemistry parameters. The results revealed varied effects across the tested samples, with many parameters showing no discernible impacts at administered doses. Subtle alterations were observed in parameters such as relative liver weight, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and platelet count. Parameters like relative spleen weight, alanine transaminase (ALT), glucose, urea, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and RBC count exhibited effects in only one out of the nine samples tested. These findings emphasize the heterogeneity in the effects of Echinacea. While the results suggest that Echinacea samples might be considered relatively safe, potential clinical implications warrant caution and underscore the importance of extended testing. A comprehensive toxicity profile assessment remains paramount to conclusively ascertain the safety of three Echinacea species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Nagumalli
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Joshua T Salley
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Carstens
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS), Ames, IA, USA
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Jing G, Xu W, Ma W, Yu Q, Zhu H, Liu C, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H. Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide intervene in hepatocellular carcinoma via modulation of gut microbiota to inhibit TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129917. [PMID: 38309407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide (EPP) exhibit various pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism of EPP intervention in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The results demonstrated that EPP effectively mitigated liver injury caused by HCC, inhibited the proliferation of HCC, and induced apoptosis. Following EPP intervention, there was a significant increase in propionic acid and butyric acid-producing gut microbiota such as Coprococcus, Clostridium and Roseburia, leading to enhanced expression of intestinal tight junction proteins and the repair of the intestinal barrier. This controls lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leakage, which in turn inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and reduces the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, as well as migration factors like MMP-2. Metabolomics revealed the downregulation of pyrimidine metabolism and nucleotide metabolism, along with the upregulation of butyrate metabolism in tumor cells. This study demonstrated that EPP effectively regulated LPS leakage by modulating gut microbes, and this modulation influenced the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, ultimately disrupting tumor cell survival induced by HCC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Wuxi Yi-Hope Food Industry Development Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongkang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, Karadeniz B, Romero-Reyes S, Espín JC, Pelvan E, González-Sarrías A. Polyphenolic Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of In Vitro Digested Extracts of Echinacea purpurea L. Plant Parts in an Inflammatory Model of Human Colon Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1744. [PMID: 38339018 PMCID: PMC10855148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea L. (EP) preparations are globally popular herbal supplements known for their medicinal benefits, including anti-inflammatory activities, partly related to their phenolic composition. However, regarding their use for the management of inflammation-related intestinal diseases, the knowledge about the fate of orally ingested constituents throughout the human gastrointestinal tract and the exposition of in vitro digested extracts in relevant inflammatory models are unknown. This study investigated for the first time the impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST) on the phenolic composition and anti-inflammatory properties of EP extracts from flowers (EF), leaves (EL), and roots (ER) on IL-1β-treated human colon-derived CCD-18Co cells. Among the seven hydroxycinnamic acids identified using HPLC-UV-MS/MS, chicoric and caftaric acids showed the highest concentrations in EL, followed by EF and ER, and all extracts exerted significant reductions in IL-6, IL-8, and PGE2 levels. After digestion, despite reducing the bioaccessibility of their phenolics, the anti-inflammatory effects were preserved for digested EL and, to a lesser extent, for EF, but not for digested ER. The lower phenolic content in digested EF and ER could explain these findings. Overall, this study emphasizes the potential of EP in alleviating intestinal inflammatory conditions and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Ávila-Gálvez
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.Á.Á.-G.); (J.A.G.-B.); (S.R.-R.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.Á.Á.-G.); (J.A.G.-B.); (S.R.-R.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Bulent Karadeniz
- Life Sciences, TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, P.O. Box 21, 41470 Gebze-Kocaeli, Türkiye; (B.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Salvador Romero-Reyes
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.Á.Á.-G.); (J.A.G.-B.); (S.R.-R.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.Á.Á.-G.); (J.A.G.-B.); (S.R.-R.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Ebru Pelvan
- Life Sciences, TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, P.O. Box 21, 41470 Gebze-Kocaeli, Türkiye; (B.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.Á.Á.-G.); (J.A.G.-B.); (S.R.-R.); (J.C.E.)
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Wang X, Chen J, Chan Y, Li S, Li M, Lin F, Mehmood K, Idrees A, Lin R, Su Y, Wang C, Shi D. Effect of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and its extracts on the immunization outcome of avian influenza vaccine in broilers. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 319:117306. [PMID: 37839770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP) is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant with immunomodulatory effects. However, the immunomodulatory effects of EP on broilers after vaccination are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim is to study the effect of EP and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench extracts(EE) on avian influenza virus (AIV) immunity, and further explore the potential mechanism of immune regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Broilers were fed with feed additives containing 2% EP or 0.5% EE, and vaccinated against avian influenza. The samples were collected on the 7th, 21st, and 35th day after vaccination, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Blood antibody titer, jejunal sIgA content, tight junction protein, gene and protein expression of TLR4-MAPK signaling pathway were also detected. RESULTS The results showed that vaccination could cause immune stress, weight loss, increase sIgA content, and up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins, including zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1, as well as the genes of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), activator protein 1 (AP-1) protein gene expression on TLR4-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and the protein expression of MyD88, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). EP and EE could increase the body weight of broilers, further improve antibody titers, decrease FCR, increase sIgA levels, up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins, including ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1, as well as the genes of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and AP-1 and the protein expression of MyD88, ERK, and JNK in the TLR4-MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION In conclusion, EP and EE can increase the broiler's production performance and improve vaccine immune effect through the TLR4-MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nanomedicine Center, The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Yanzi Chan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Sihan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Menglin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Fei Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Asif Idrees
- KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan.
| | - Renzhao Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yalin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Chunkai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Dayou Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Abdel-Wahhab KG, Sayed RS, El-Sahra DG, Hassan LK, Elqattan GM, Mannaa FA. Echinacea purpurea extract intervention for counteracting neurochemical and behavioral changes induced by bifenthrin. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:101-113. [PMID: 38150137 PMCID: PMC10799807 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate the possible protective efficiency of Echinacea purpurea hydroethanolic extract (EchEE) against bifenthrin (BIF)-induced neuro-chemical and behavioral changes in rats. Total phenolics content, reducing power and radical scavenging activity of EchEE were estimated. Four groups of adult male albino rats were used (10 rats each) as follows: 1) Control healthy rats ingested with placebo, 2) Healthy rats orally received EchEE (465 mg/kg/day), 3) Rats intoxicated with BIF (7mg/kg/day) dissolved in olive oil, and 4) Rats co-treated with EchEE (465 mg/kg/day) besides to BIF (7mg/kg/day) intoxication. After 30 days, some neuro-chemical and behavioral tests were assessed. The behavioral tests revealed that rats received BIF exhibited exploratory behavior and spatial learning impairments, memory and locomotion dysfunction, and enhanced anxiety level. Biochemical findings revealed that BIF induced-oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus; this was appeared from the significant rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, coupled with decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) level in both brain areas. Also, BIF induced a significant increase caspas-3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) in both areas; dopamine and serotonin levels, and ACh-ase activity were markedly decreased in both areas. Interestingly, treatment of rats with EchEE in combination with BIF resulted in a significant decrease in oxidative stress damage, and modulation of the apoptotic and pro-inflammatory markers. Also, EchEE markedly improved behavioral activities and neurotransmitters level that were impaired by BIF. In conclusion, the present study clearly indicated that EchEE can attenuate brain dysfunction induced by pesticides exposure through preventing the oxidative stress. This may be attributed to its high antioxidant component.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rehab S Sayed
- Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa G El-Sahra
- Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila K Hassan
- Dairy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Elqattan
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Fathia A Mannaa
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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Dosoky NS, Kirpotina LN, Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Lisonbee BL, Black JL, Woolf H, Thurgood TL, Graf BL, Satyal P, Quinn MT. Volatile Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and In Vitro Innate Immunomodulatory Activity of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Essential Oils. Molecules 2023; 28:7330. [PMID: 37959750 PMCID: PMC10647913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is a medicinal plant commonly used for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, the common cold, sore throat, migraine, colic, stomach cramps, and toothaches and the promotion of wound healing. Based on the known pharmacological properties of essential oils (EOs), we hypothesized that E. purpurea EOs may contribute to these medicinal properties. In this work, EOs from the flowers of E. purpurea were steam-distilled and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), and chiral GC-MS. The EOs were also evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial and innate immunomodulatory activity. About 87 compounds were identified in five samples of the steam-distilled E. purpurea EO. The major components of the E. purpurea EO were germacrene D (42.0 ± 4.61%), α-phellandrene (10.09 ± 1.59%), β-caryophyllene (5.75 ± 1.72%), γ-curcumene (5.03 ± 1.96%), α-pinene (4.44 ± 1.78%), δ-cadinene (3.31 ± 0.61%), and β-pinene (2.43 ± 0.98%). Eleven chiral compounds were identified in the E. purpurea EO, including α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, β-phellandrene, α-copaene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and δ-cadinene. Analysis of E. purpurea EO antimicrobial activity showed that they inhibited the growth of several bacterial species, although the EO did not seem to be effective for Staphylococcus aureus. The E. purpurea EO and its major components induced intracellular calcium mobilization in human neutrophils. Additionally, pretreatment of human neutrophils with the E. purpurea EO or (+)-δ-cadinene suppressed agonist-induced neutrophil calcium mobilization and chemotaxis. Moreover, pharmacophore mapping studies predicted two potential MAPK targets for (+)-δ-cadinene. Our results are consistent with previous reports on the innate immunomodulatory activities of β-caryophyllene, α-phellandrene, and germacrene D. Thus, this study identified δ-cadinene as a novel neutrophil agonist and suggests that δ-cadinene may contribute to the reported immunomodulatory activity of E. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura S. Dosoky
- Essential Oil Science, dōTERRA International, 1248 W 700 S, Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA;
| | - Liliya N. Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (L.N.K.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (L.N.K.); (I.A.S.)
| | | | - Brent L. Lisonbee
- Innova Bio, Utah Valley University, 800 W University Pkwy, Orem, UT 84058, USA; (B.L.L.); (J.L.B.); (T.L.T.)
| | - Jeffrey L. Black
- Innova Bio, Utah Valley University, 800 W University Pkwy, Orem, UT 84058, USA; (B.L.L.); (J.L.B.); (T.L.T.)
| | - Hillary Woolf
- Research and Development, dōTERRA International, 389 S 1300 W, Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA; (H.W.); (B.L.G.)
| | - Trever L. Thurgood
- Innova Bio, Utah Valley University, 800 W University Pkwy, Orem, UT 84058, USA; (B.L.L.); (J.L.B.); (T.L.T.)
| | - Brittany L. Graf
- Research and Development, dōTERRA International, 389 S 1300 W, Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA; (H.W.); (B.L.G.)
| | - Prabodh Satyal
- Essential Oil Science, dōTERRA International, 1248 W 700 S, Pleasant Grove, UT 84062, USA;
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (L.N.K.); (I.A.S.)
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Percaccio E, De Angelis M, Acquaviva A, Nicotra G, Ferrante C, Mazzanti G, Di Giacomo S, Nencioni L, Di Sotto A. ECHOPvir: A Mixture of Echinacea and Hop Extracts Endowed with Cytoprotective, Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Properties. Nutrients 2023; 15:4380. [PMID: 37892456 PMCID: PMC10609862 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections continue to pose significant challenges, particularly for more susceptible and immunocompromised individuals. Nutraceutical strategies have been proposed as promising strategies to mitigate their impact and improve public health. In the present study, we developed a mixture of two hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (ECP) and the cones of Humulus lupulus L. (HOP) that can be harnessed in the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory diseases. The ECP/HOP mixture (named ECHOPvir) was characterized for the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties in airway cells. Moreover, the immunomodulating properties of the mixture in murine macrophages against antioxidant and inflammatory stimuli and its antiviral efficacy against the PR8/H1N1 influenza virus were assayed. The modulation of the Nrf2 was also investigated as a mechanistic hypothesis. The ECP/HOP mixture showed a promising multitarget bioactivity profile, with combined cytoprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulating and antiviral activities, likely due to the peculiar phytocomplexes of both ECP and HOP, and often potentiated the effect of the single extracts. The Nrf2 activation seemed to trigger these cytoprotective properties and suggest a possible usefulness in counteracting the damage caused by different stressors, including viral infection. Further studies may strengthen the interest in this product and underpin its future nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Percaccio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.A.); (L.N.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Acquaviva
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (C.F.)
| | | | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (C.F.)
| | - Gabriela Mazzanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.M.)
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.M.)
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Narita FB, Balbueno MCDS, Yang ML, Peixoto KDC, Vanstreels RET, Coelho CDP. Evaluation of the Effects of Administering Ultradiluted Avena sativa and Echinacea angustifolia on the Hematological Parameters of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) during the Reproductive Period. HOMEOPATHY 2023; 112:198-204. [PMID: 36328190 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Penguins are seabirds that manifest physiological and immunological alterations during the reproductive season. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the laboratory parameters of male and female Magellanic penguins and to determine the penguins' hematological response to homeopathic medicines during that reproductive period. METHODS Penguins (N = 18), kept under human care in a zoological park setting, were evaluated during the reproductive period and were divided randomly into two groups: a group subjected to treatment with Echinacea angustifolia 6cH and Avena sativa 6cH (N = 8; four breeding couples), and a placebo control group (N = 10; five breeding couples). The investigators were blinded to treatment allocation. Two-way ANOVA was performed to determine whether the experimental group (control or verum) and the sex of the animal had any significant effect on the variation of each hematological parameter between the samples. One-way ANOVA was performed on hematological parameters for which the sex did not present a significant effect. The significance level was p ≤0.05. RESULTS Significant effects were seen regarding the following: mean corpuscular volume (MCV), in which the verum group showed an increase (29.78 ± 52.95 fL) while the control group showed stability/reduction (-3.08 ± 46.36 fL) (p = 0.049); proportion of heterophils, in which the verum group showed a less marked increase (8.38 ± 12.53%) than that of the control group (18.00 ± 9.37%) (p = 0.010); lymphocyte concentration, in which the verum group showed less marked reduction (-4.39 ± 2.21 × 109 cells/L) than that of the control group (-1.56 ± 2.76 × 109 cells/L) (p = 0.001); and proportion of lymphocytes, in which the verum group showed a less marked reduction (-6.75 ± 10.35%) than that of the control group (-17.3 ± 8.73%) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Comparison of samples collected before and during the reproductive period showed that, regardless of group allocation, there were differences in the effects on MCV, heterophils and lymphocytes. Treatment with Echinacea angustifolia and Avena sativa resulted in maintenance of lymphocyte levels in Magellanic penguins during the breeding period, thus aiding these birds' immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cidéli de Paula Coelho
- High Dilution Science, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil
- Santo Amaro University, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Lin XJ, Lai ZSY, Luo Q, Kong M, Liang MJ, Wu H, Bai M. Correlation between Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Different Echinacea Purpurea Varieties. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:831-837. [PMID: 37480412 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyphenols are complex compounds containing multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups. They are widely distributed in plants and have antioxidant activities. Whether the antioxidant activities of the cultivated varieties of Echinacea are similar to or better than those of the wild ones and the relationship between the accumulation of polyphenols and their antioxidant activities are still not clear. METHODS Folin-Ciocalteu method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and Fe2+ chelating ability assay were used, respectively, to detect the total polyphenols and 5 kinds of caffeic acid derivatives (chicoric acid, caffeic acid, caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, and the antioxidant activities of 3 varieties of Echinacea: E. purpurea L., cultivar E. purpurea 'Aloha', and E. purpurea 'White Swan'. RESULTS E. purpurea L. had the highest contents of total polyphenols, 5 caffeic acid derivatives and antioxidant activities, followed by E. purpurea 'White Swan' and E. purpurea 'Aloha', respectively. E. purpurea 'White Swan' had the strongest ability to remove the DPPH, ABTS•+ and free radicals, and to chelate Fe2+; E. purpurea L. had the strongest ability to reduce FRAP. The correlation analyses revealed that the contents of total polyphenols and caffeic acid derivatives of E. purpurea L. and E. purpurea 'White Swan' were correlated with their antioxidant activities. CONCLUSION E. purpurea L. was the most appropriate material for the development of medicinal plants. E. purpurea 'White Swan' could be used as a substitute for E. purpurea L. in terms of its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Lin
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zheng-Shi-Yu Lai
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qun Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mei Kong
- Qilu Animal Health Products Company, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Min-Jian Liang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Mei Bai
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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11
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Gu D, Wang H, Yan M, Li Y, Yang S, Shi D, Guo S, Wu L, Liu C. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench extract suppresses inflammation by inhibition of C3a/C3aR signaling pathway in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 307:116221. [PMID: 36754188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP) is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant, commonly known as purple conical flower. It was widely used to treat skin inflammation and gastrointestinal diseases. AIM OF STUDY Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and nonspecific inflammatory disease. Recent evidence shows that immune disorders are involved in the pathogenesis of UC. To evaluate the protective effect of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench exact (EE) on UC and explore the role of complement system in the treatment of UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS UC model was induced in rats by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and then rats were administered with EE for 10 days. Collect colon tissues for analysis of relevant mechanisms. RESULTS EE could reduce the weight loss and diarrhea of UC rats. In addition, EE could improve the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier in UC rats. EE inhibited the level of proinflammatory cytokines and promoted the antioxidation. Furthermore, EE suppressed the expression of C3aR, CFB, CD55, TLR4 and NLRP3. CONCLUSION These results indicate that EE may achieve therapeutic effect by inhibiting C3a/C3aR signal pathway, suggesting that EE may be used as a medicinal plant to alleviate UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Huiting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Mingen Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yaoxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shijing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Dayou Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Nature Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China; International Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shining Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Nature Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China; International Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Li Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Nature Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China; International Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Cui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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12
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Tang X, Fu J, Yao Y, Xu M. Identification and characterization of immune-related microRNAs in hybrid snakehead(Channa maculata♀ × Channa argus♂)after treated by Echinacea purpurea (Linn.) Moench. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 135:108653. [PMID: 36868540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea (Linn.) Moench (EP) is a globally popular herbal medicine, which showed effects on growth promotion, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities in fish culture world widely. However, there are few studies about the effects on miRNAs by EP in fish. The hybrid snakehead fish (Channa maculate♀ × Channa argus ♂) was new important economic specie of freshwater aquaculture in China with high market value and demand while there were only a few reports about its miRNAs. To overview immune-related miRNAs of the hybrid snakehead fish and to further understand the immune regulating mechanism of EP, we herein constructed and analyzed three small RNA libraries of immune tissues including liver, spleen and head kidney of the fish with or without EP treatment via Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Results showed that EP can affect the immune activities of fish by the miRNA-regulated ways. Totally, 67 (47 up and 20 down) miRNAs in liver, 138 (55 up and 83 down) miRNAs in spleen, and 251 (15 up and 236 down) miRNAs in spleen were detected, as well as 30, 60, 139 kinds of immune-related miRNAs belonging to 22, 35 and 66 families of the three tissues respectively. The expressions of 8 immune-related miRNA family members were found in all the three tissues, including miR-10, miR-133, miR-22 and etc. Some miRNAs have been identified involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses, such as the miR-125, miR-138, and miR-181 family. Ten miRNA families with antioxidant target genes were also discovered, including miR-125, miR-1306, and miR-138, etc. Results from Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis further confirmed there are a majority immune response targets of the miRNAs involved in the EP treatment process. Our study deepened understanding roles of miRNAs in fish immune system and provides new ideas for the study of immune mechanism of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Tang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Jinghua Fu
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya Yao
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minjun Xu
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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13
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Weishaupt R, Buchkov A, Kolev E, Klein P, Schoop R. Reduction of Viral Load in Patients with Acute Sore Throats: Results from an Observational Clinical Trial with Echinacea/Salvia Lozenges. Complement Med Res 2023; 30:299-306. [PMID: 36889292 PMCID: PMC10664317 DOI: 10.1159/000530017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute tonsillopharyngitis or sore throat is an initial sign of viral respiratory tract infection (RTI) and an optimal indicator for early antiviral and anti-inflammatory intervention. Both of these actions have been attributed to Echinacea purpurea and Salvia officinalis. METHODS 74 patients (age 13-69 years) with acute sore throat symptoms (<48 h) were treated with five Echinacea/Salvia lozenges per day (4,000 mg Echinacea purpurea extract [Echinaforce®] and 1,893 mg Salvia officinalis extract [A. Vogel AG, Switzerland] daily) for 4 days. Symptom intensities were recorded in a diary and oropharyngeal swab samples collected for virus detection and quantification via RT-qPCR. RESULTS The treatment was exceptionally well tolerated, no complicated RTI developed, and no antibiotic treatment was required. A single lozenge reduced throat pain by 48% (p < 0.001) and tonsillopharyngitis symptoms by 34% (p < 0.001). Eighteen patients tested virus positive at inclusion. Viral loads in these patients was reduced by 62% (p < 0.03) after intake of a single lozenge and by 96% (p < 0.02) after 4 days of treatment compared to pre-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Echinacea/Salvia lozenges represent a valuable and safe option for the early treatment of acute sore throats capable to alleviate symptoms and contribute to reducing viral loads in the throat. Hintergrund Akute Tonsillopharyngitis oder Halsschmerzen/entzündungen sind ein erstes Anzeichen einer viralen Atemwegsinfektion (vAWI) und ein optimaler Indikator für eine frühzeitige antivirale und entzündungshemmende Intervention. Beide Wirkungen werden Echinacea purpurea und Salvia officinalis zugeschrieben. Methoden 74 Patienten (Alter 13–69 Jahre) mit akuten Halsschmerzen/entzündungen (<48 h) wurden mit fünf Echinacea/Salvia-Lutschtabletten pro Tag (Tagesdosis: 4'000 mg Echinacea purpurea-Extrakt [Echinaforce®] und 1'893 mg Salvia officinalis Extrakt [A. Vogel AG, Schweiz]) behandelt für 4 Tage. Die Symptomintensität wurde in einem Tagebuch aufgezeichnet und Rachenabstrichproben wurden zum Virusnachweis und zur Quantifizierung mittels RT-qPCR entnommen. Resultate Die Behandlung wurde außergewöhnlich gut vertragen, es entwickelte sich keine komplizierten AWI und es waren keine Antibiotikabehandlungen erforderlich. Eine einzelne Lutschtablette reduzierte die akuten Halsschmerzen um 48% ( p < 0,001) und die allgemeinen Tonsillopharyngitis Symptome um 34% ( p < 0,001). Achtzehn Patienten wurden bei der Aufnahme viruspositiv getestet. Die Viruslast wurde bei diesen Patienten nach Einnahme einer einzigen Lutschtablette um 62% ( p < 0,03), und nach 4-tägiger Behandlung um 96% ( p < 0,02) reduziert im Vergleich zu vor der Behandlung. Schlussfolgerungen Echinacea/Salvia-Lutschtabletten stellen eine sichere Option für die frühzeitige Behandlung akuter Halsschmerzen/entzündungen dar, die Symptome lindern, und zur Verringerung der Viruslast im Hals beitragen können.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandar Buchkov
- Convex CRC, Diagnostics and Consultation Center Convex, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emil Kolev
- Convex CRC, Diagnostics and Consultation Center Convex, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Peter Klein
- d.s.h. Statistical Services GmbH, Rohrbach, Germany
| | - Roland Schoop
- Medical Department, A. Vogel AG, Roggwil, Switzerland
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Bajrai LH, El-Kafrawy SA, Hassan AM, Tolah AM, Alnahas RS, Sohrab SS, Rehan M, Azhar EI. In vitro screening of anti-viral and virucidal effects against SARS-CoV-2 by Hypericum perforatum and Echinacea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21723. [PMID: 36522420 PMCID: PMC9754313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum and Echinacea are reported to have antiviral activities against several viral infections. In this study, H. perforatum (St. John's Wort) and Echinacea were tested in vitro using Vero E6 cells for their anti-viral effects against the newly identified Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) through its infectious cycle from 0 to 48 h post infection. The hypericin of H. perforatum and the different parts (roots, seeds, aerial) of two types of Echinacea species (Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia) were tested for their anti-viral activities to measure the inhibition of viral load using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on cell culture assay. Interestingly, the H. perforatum-Echinacea mixture (1:1 ratio) of H. perforatum and Echinacea was tested as well on SARS-CoV-2 and showed crucial anti-viral activity competing H. perforatum then Echinacea effects as anti-viral treatment. Therefore, the results H. perforatum and Echinacea species, applied in this study showed significant anti-viral and virucidal effects in the following order of potency: H. perforatum, H. perforatum-Echinacea mixture, and Echinacea on SARS-CoV-2 infectious cycle. Additionally, molecular simulation analysis of the compounds with essential proteins (Mpro and RdRp) of the SARS-CoV-2 revealed the most potent bioactive compounds such as Echinacin, Echinacoside, Cyanin, Cyanidin 3-(6''-alonylglucoside, Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, Proanthocyanidins, Rutin, Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and Quercetin-3-O-xyloside. Thus, based on the outcome of this study, it is demanding the setup of clinical trial with specific therapeutic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Hussein Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sherif Ali El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Majdi Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabig, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabie Saleh Alnahas
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Rehan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Vieira SF, Gonçalves VMF, Llaguno CP, Macías F, Tiritan ME, Reis RL, Ferreira H, Neves NM. On the Bioactivity of Echinacea purpurea Extracts to Modulate the Production of Inflammatory Mediators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13616. [PMID: 36362404 PMCID: PMC9659013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are the focus of several clinical studies, due to limitations and serious side effects of available therapies. Plant-based drugs (e.g., salicylic acid, morphine) have become landmarks in the pharmaceutical field. Therefore, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of flowers, leaves, and roots from Echinacea purpurea. Ethanolic (EE) and dichloromethanolic extracts (DE) were obtained using the Accelerated Solvent Extractor and aqueous extracts (AE) were prepared under stirring. Their chemical fingerprint was evaluated by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), of the different extracts were evaluated using non-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Interestingly, AE were able to stimulate macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor -TNF-α, interleukin -IL-1β, and IL-6), and to generate ROS/RNS. Conversely, under an inflammatory scenario, all extracts reduced the amount of pro-inflammatory mediators. DE, alkylamides-enriched extracts, showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, E. purpurea extracts demonstrated generally a more robust anti-inflammatory activity than clinically used anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone, diclofenac, salicylic acid, and celecoxib). Therefore, E. purpurea extracts may be used to develop new effective therapeutic formulations for disorders in which the immune system is either overactive or impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F. Vieira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Virgínia M. F. Gonçalves
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carmen P. Llaguno
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe Macías
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Pilarska G, Twarużek M, Ałtyn I. The Presence of Molds and Their Secondary Metabolites in Purple Coneflower-Based Dietary Supplements ( Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench). Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090607. [PMID: 36136545 PMCID: PMC9502472 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is a plant in the family Asteraceae, mainly grown in North America. Echinacea purpurea has been used in conventional medicine. The plant has immuno-stimulating and antibacterial properties, but neither mold contamination nor a mycotoxin presence have been evaluated. Our goal is to determine the degree to which molds and mycotoxins contaminate dietary supplements based on purple coneflower distributed on the Polish market. We analyzed 21 samples divided into four groups: sachets (n = 5), dry raw material (n = 3), capsules (n = 9), and tablets (n = 4). The mycological analysis of dietary supplements shows that the average number of molds is 1012 cfu/g, and the most common molds are Aspergillus spp., Phoma spp. and Eurotium spp. The mycotoxins most common in the samples are ZEN (18/21), DON (5/21) and T-2 toxin (3/21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pilarska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Iwona Ałtyn
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Yu T, He Y, Chen H, Lu X, Ni H, Ma Y, Chen Y, Li C, Cao R, Ma L, Li Z, Lei Y, Luo X, Zheng C. Polysaccharide from Echinacea purpurea plant ameliorates oxidative stress-induced liver injury by promoting Parkin-dependent autophagy. Phytomedicine 2022; 104:154311. [PMID: 35843188 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose represents one of the most common drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) worldwide. Oxidative damage to the hepatocytes and their resultant autophagy are the key components in the APAP-induced DILI. Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide (EPPS), the component extracted from the root of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, shows various biological functions including immunoregulation and antioxidant activity. PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of EPPS against APAP-induced DILI and the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS EPPS attenuates APAP overdose induced DILI in mice and ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in mice with APAP overdose-induced DILI. Furthermore, EPPS protected the hepatocytes against APAP-induced liver injury by suppressing apoptosis. EPPS ameliorates APAP-induced DILI via an autophagy-dependent mechanism in vivo and increases autophagy with a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro. Parkin knockdown prevents the autophagic-dependent manner of EPPS effects in APAP-treated hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS EPPS exhibited a strong hepatoprotective effect against APAP-induced DILI and was correlated with reduction of autophagy-dependent oxidant response, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, the findings indicated that EPPS exerts its hepatoprotective effect against APAP mainly via Parkin-dependent autophagy, and the use of EPPS can serve as a promising novel therapeutic strategy for APAP-induced DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingdong Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China; Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Regional Tumor in High Altitude Area, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yanan He
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650041, PR China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Lu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Huijing Ni
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yimin Ma
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010000, PR China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Regional Tumor in High Altitude Area, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Run Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Regional Tumor in High Altitude Area, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Liju Ma
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, PR China
| | - Zhiyao Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Yujie Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Regional Tumor in High Altitude Area, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaomao Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Chenhong Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China.
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Riemma G, Schettino MT, Munno GM, Fasulo DD, Sandullo L, Amabile E, La Verde M, Torella M. Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea Supplementation Combined with Vaginal Hyaluronic Acid to Boost the Remission of Cervical Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (L-SILs): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58050646. [PMID: 35630063 PMCID: PMC9145219 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Echinacea angustifolia and purpurea have known immunomodulatory effects which boost viral clearance, including HPV infection. However, evidence regarding the improvement due to Echinacea-based supplements of cervical HPV-related pathologies is still lacking. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Echinacea supplementation on the remission of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (L-SIL). Materials and Methods: A single-blind 1:1:1 parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Colposcopy Unit of a tertiary care referral center. Reproductive-aged women were allocated either to (a) an oral supplement based on Echinacea extracts plus vaginal hyaluronic acid-based soft gel capsules, (b) the Echinacea supplement alone, or (c) vaginal hyaluronic acid-based soft gel capsules alone for 3 months. The primary outcome was the regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)-1 for each treatment arm at 3, 6 and 12 months after the diagnosis. Secondary outcomes included changes in the epithelialization, pap smear, colposcopic parameters, histological reports, and vaginal health indexes (VHI) in the study groups. Results: 153 women (52 for arm A, 50 for arm B and 51 for arm C) completed the follow-up and were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences in both primary and secondary outcomes for the three groups after 3 months. At the 6-month follow-up, the number of persistent CIN-1 diagnoses was significantly lower in arm A (15/51), rather than in arm B (23/48, p = 0.03) and C (27/49, p = 0.03). Similarly, the same effect was seen after 12 months for treatment A (5/51) relative to B (15/48, p = 0.03) and C (14/48, p = 0.03). Colposcopic, histological and vaginal parameters were all significantly improved at 6 and 12 months for arm A relative to B and C, while no beneficial effects were seen after 3 months. Conclusions: Echinacea extracts supplementation in women with L-SIL/CIN-1 significantly boosts HPV lesion clearance, reducing the overall amount of diagnosis, histological, colposcopic and vaginal parameters after 6 and 12 months. However, a limited sample size reduces the quality of evaluated evidence, emphasizing the need for additional studies to validate these findings.
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Lukman Y, Bala DA, Malik KI, Saidu A, Saleh KA, Abubakar BJ, Abubakar AI. Identification of HPV16’s E6 gene in suspected cases of cervical lesions and docking study of its L1 protein with active components of Echinacea purpurae. Afr Health Sci 2022; 22:98-105. [PMID: 36032471 PMCID: PMC9382523 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HPV 16 is the primary etiologic agent of cervical cancer and the presence of L1 and E6 oncoproteins are largely responsible for its virulence. It was the objective of this study to identify HPV16 isolates from suspected cases of cervical cancer at Specialist Hospital Sokoto and Sir Yahaya Memorail Hospiatal Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria and also to identify potent HPV16's L1 protein inhibitor using in silico analysis. Methods A total of 144 cervical samples consisting of 21 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 6 high grade lesion and 117 negative pap smears were collected. The samples were subjected for molecular detection using PCR targeting E6 gene of the virus. Data generated for the molecular prevalence was statistically analyzed using Chi-square method. AutoDock Vina was used to carry out the molecular docking between 2hr5 and Chicoric acid, curcumin and Echinacoside. Results Out of the 144 samples, 24 samples were positive for the PCR representing 16.9% molecular prevalence rate. There is statistically significant association between cyto-diagnoses and presence of HPV16 (P < 0.05). Docking analysis showed that the Chicoric acid components of Echinacea purpurae have strong binding affinity (-8.7 kcal/mol) to the L1 protein of the HPV. Conclusion This study provides data on HPV 16 epidemiology in northern Nigeria, and also provides novel evidence for consideration on certain interacting residues, when synthesizing Anti-HPV compounds in the wet lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Lukman
- Microbiology unit, Department of medical laboratory science faculty of allied health science, Bayero University kano, Nigeria, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Doro A Bala
- Microbiology unit, Department of medical laboratory science faculty of allied health science, Bayero University kano, Nigeria, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
- Federal Medical Centre Katsina, PMB 2121, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Kabir I Malik
- Microbiology unit, Department of medical laboratory science faculty of allied health science, Bayero University kano, Nigeria, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abdulkadir Saidu
- Microbiology unit, Department of medical laboratory science faculty of allied health science, Bayero University kano, Nigeria, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Kumurya A Saleh
- Microbiology unit, Department of medical laboratory science faculty of allied health science, Bayero University kano, Nigeria, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Bala J Abubakar
- Microbiology unit, Department of medical laboratory science faculty of allied health science, Bayero University kano, Nigeria, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
- Virology unit, Department of pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400, Serndang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Aliyu I Abubakar
- Microbiology unit, Department of medical laboratory science faculty of allied health science, Bayero University kano, Nigeria, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria
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Yalçın E, Macar O, Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Çavuşoğlu D, Çavuşoğlu K. Multi-protective role of Echinacea purpurea L. water extract in Allium cepa L. against mercury(II) chloride. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:62868-62876. [PMID: 34218367 PMCID: PMC8254617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a persistent and dangerous heavy metal with genotoxic properties. Echinacea purpurea L. is a well-known therapeutic plant with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. In this study, multi-protective role of Echinacea purpurea L. extract against toxicity caused by mercury(II) chloride (HgCI2) on Allium cepa L. investigated in a multifaceted way. As a consequence of 100 mgL-1 HgCI2 administration, root elongation, weight increase, germination rate, and mitotic index were reduced, whereas micronucleus frequency, chromosomal abnormalities frequency, meristematic cell injuries severity, malondialdehyde level, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity were increased. On the other hand, co-administration of increasing doses of E. purpurea extract (265 mgL-1 and 530 mgL-1) and HgCI2 gradually alleviated all observed toxic effects of HgCI2. Protective role of E. purpurea extract against HgCI2-toxicity on A. cepa were clearly demonstrated in this study. The results of this study will lead to future researches investigating use of E. purpurea extract against genotoxic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Yalçın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Oksal Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Sebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Sebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Dilek Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Atabey Vocational High School, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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21
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Corn J, Tibbitts D, Ito H, Schafer M, Vasilevsky N. Effects of Hydrastis Canadensis, Commiphora Habessinica, Phytolacca Americana, and Echinacea Purpurea on Bacterial Growth. Altern Ther Health Med 2021; 27:24-27. [PMID: 32619202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT With the rise of antibiotic resistance, new strategies are needed to treat minor bacterial infections so that conventional antibiotics may be reserved for more serious conditions. One herbal formula, known as the HMPE formula, is often prescribed for minor infections. It includes Hydrastis canadensis (H. canadensis), Commiphora habessinica (C. habessinica), Phytolacca americana (P. americana), and Echinacea purpurea (E. purpurea). These herbs offer promise as treatments that may inhibit bacterial growth and stimulate the immune system. OBJECTIVE To investigate the antibacterial effects of the HMPE formula and its constituent herbs against two organisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. DESIGN The research team performed an in-vitro study. SETTING The study occurred at the Helfgott Research Institute at the National University of Natural Medicine in Portland, OR, USA. INTERVENTION The study tested HMPE and each of its ingredients alone for antibacterial properties. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome measure was a disc diffusion assay. Sterile paper discs were impregnated with 15 µl of E. purpurea, H. canadensis, C. habessinica , or P. americana as herbal tinctures; with the complete HMPE formula; or with 65% ethanol as the negative control, and dried at room temperature for 40 minutes. Commercially prepared 10 µg ampicillin discs were used as a positive control. RESULTS H. Canadensis and, to a lesser extent, the complete HMPE formula significantly inhibited the growth of the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, but not the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. C. habessinica, P. americana, and E. purpurea alone did not inhibit growth of either bacterial strain. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that H. canadensis had antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis, but the HMPE formula was not active against S. epidermidis, when a zone of inhibition threshold of 12 millimeters (mm) was used to determine antibiotic activity. Because the HMPE formula was shown to be less effective than H. canadensis alone, the formula might benefit from an increased percentage of H. canadensis.
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22
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Cardinale M, Viola M, Miceli E, Faddetta T, Puglia AM, Maggini V, Tani C, Firenzuoli F, Schiff S, Bogani P, Fani R, Papini A. The cypsela (achene) of Echinacea purpurea as a diffusion unit of a community of microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2951-2965. [PMID: 33687502 PMCID: PMC8007504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea is a plant cultivated worldwide for its pharmaceutical properties, mainly related to the stimulation of the immune system in the treatment of respiratory infections. The cypselas (fruits) of E. purpurea were examined in order to investigate the presence, localization and potential function(s) of endophytic microorganisms. Electron and confocal microscopy observations showed that three different components of microorganisms were associated to cypselas of E. purpurea: (i) one endocellular bacterial component in the cotyledons, enclosed within the host membrane; (ii) another more generic bacterial component adhering to the external side of the perianth; and (iii) a fungal component inside the porous layer of the perianth, the woody and porous modified residual of the flower, in the form of numerous hyphae able to cross the wall between adjacent cells. Isolated bacteria were affiliated to the genera Paenibacillus, Pantoea, and Sanguibacter. Plate tests showed a general resistance to six different antibiotics and also to an antimicrobial-producing Rheinheimera sp. test strain. Finally, microbiome-deprived E. purpurea seeds showed a reduced ability to germinate, suggesting an active role of the microbiome in the plant vitality. Our results suggest that the endophytic bacterial community of E. purpurea, previously found in roots and stem/leaves, might be already carried at the seed stage, hosted by the cotyledons. A further microbial fungal component is transported together with the seed in the perianth of the cypsela, whose remarkable structure may be considered as an adaptation for fungal transportation, and could influence the capability of the seed to germinate in the soil.Key Points• The fruit of Echinacea purpurea contains fungi not causing any damage to the plant.• The seed cotyledons contain endocellular bacteria.• Seed/fruit deprived of the microbiome showed a reduced ability to germinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, P.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marian Viola
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Teresa Faddetta
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Puglia
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Maggini
- Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Tani
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Schiff
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Alessio Papini
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Liu R, Burkett K, Rapinski M, Arnason JT, Johnson F, Hintz P, Baker J, Harris CS. Biochemometric Analysis of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibition by Echinacea Root Extracts. Planta Med 2021; 87:294-304. [PMID: 33296937 DOI: 10.1055/a-1289-9569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent research demonstrates that Echinacea possesses cannabimimetic activity with potential applications beyond common contemporary uses for relief of cold and flu symptoms. In this study, we investigated the in vitro inhibitory effect of root extracts of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia on fatty acid amide hydrolase, the main enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide. The objective was to relate variation in bioactivity between commercial Echinacea genotypes to their phytochemical profiles and to identify determinants of activity using biochemometric analysis. Forty root extracts of each of species were tested for inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase and analyzed by HPLC-DAD/MS to identify and quantitate alkylamides and caffeic acid derivatives. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition ranged from 34 - 80% among E. angustifolia genotypes and from 33 - 87% among E. purpurea genotypes. Simple linear regression revealed the caffeic acid derivatives caftaric acid and cichoric acid, and the alkylamide dodeca-2E,4Z-diene-8,10-diynioc acid 2-methylbutylamide, as the strongest determinants of inhibition in E. purpurea (r* = 0.53, 0.45, and 0.20, respectively) while in E. angustifolia, only CADs were significantly associated with activity, most notably echinacoside (r* = 0.26). Regression analysis using compound groups generated by hierarchical clustering similarly indicated that caffeic acid derivatives contributed more than alkylamides to in vitro activity. Testing pure compounds identified as determinants of activity revealed cichoric acid (IC50 = 45 ± 4 µM) and dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (IC50 = 54 ± 2 µM) as the most active. The results suggest that several phytochemicals may contribute to Echinacea's cannabimimetic activity and that ample variation in genotypes exists for selection of high-activity germplasm in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Burkett
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Rapinski
- Institut de recheche en biologie végétale (IRBV), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John T Arnason
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Phil Hintz
- Trout Lake Farm, LLC, Trout Lake, WA, USA
| | | | - Cory S Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Handy SM, Pawar RS, Ottesen AR, Ramachandran P, Sagi S, Zhang N, Hsu E, Erickson DL. HPLC-UV, Metabarcoding and Genome Skims of Botanical Dietary Supplements: A Case Study in Echinacea. Planta Med 2021; 87:314-324. [PMID: 33445185 DOI: 10.1055/a-1336-1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of DNA-based methods to authenticate botanical dietary supplements has been vigorously debated for a variety of reasons. More comparisons of DNA-based and chemical methods are needed, and concordant evaluation of orthogonal approaches on the same products will provide data to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. The overall application of DNA-based methods is already firmly integrated into a wide array of continually modernizing stand alone and complementary authentication protocols. Recently, the use of full-length chloroplast genome sequences provided enhanced discriminatory capacity for closely related species of Echinacea compared to traditional DNA barcoding approaches (matK and rbcL). Here, two next-generation sequencing approaches were used: (1) genome skimming and (2) PCR amplicon (metabarcoding). The two genetic approaches were then combined with HPLC-UV to evaluate 20 commercially available dietary supplements of Echinacea representing "finished" products. The trade-offs involved in different DNA approaches were discussed, with a focus on how DNA methods support existing, accepted chemical methods. In most of the products (19/20), HPLC-UV suggested the presence of Echinacea spp. While metabarcoding was not useful with this genus and instead only resolved 7 products to the family level, genome skimming was able to resolve to species (9) or genus (1) with the 10/20 products where it was successful. Additional ingredients that HPLC-UV was unable to identify were also found in four products along with the relative sequence proportion of the constituents. Additionally, genome skimming was able to identify one product that was a different Echinacea species entirely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Handy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Rahul S Pawar
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Satyanarayanaraju Sagi
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Erica Hsu
- Joint Institute of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - David L Erickson
- Joint Institute of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
- DNA4 Technologies LLC, Halethorpe, Maryland, United States
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Mesri M, Esmaeili Saber SS, Godazi M, Roustaei Shirdel A, Montazer R, Koohestani HR, Baghcheghi N, Karimy M, Azizi N. The effects of combination of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea on alleviation of clinical symptoms and hospitalization rate of suspected COVID-19 outpatients: a randomized controlled trial. J Complement Integr Med 2021; 18:775-781. [PMID: 33787192 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Herbal medicines, as a treatment method, have received a great deal of attention. The effects of two herbal medicines namely Zingiber officinale and Echinacea on alleviation of clinical symptoms and hospitalization rate of suspected COVID-19 outpatients were examined. METHODS A clinical trial with 100 suspected COVID-19 outpatients as participants was conducted. The participants were allocated randomly to two groups of 50 members. The intervention group received concurrent Zingiber officinale (Tablet Vomigone 500 mg II tds) and Echinacea (Tablet Rucoldup I tds) for seven days in addition to the standard treatment. The control group only received the standard treatment (Hydroxychloroquine). After seven days, alleviation of clinical symptoms and hospitalization rate were examined. In addition, 14 days after treatment, the hospitalization was assessed again by telephone follow up. RESULTS The two groups were identical in terms of basic characteristics. Improvement level as to coughing, dyspnea, and muscle pain was higher in the intervention group (p value <0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the other symptoms. In addition, the hospitalization rate in the intervention and control groups were 2 and 6% respectively, which are not significantly different (p value >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taking into account the efficiency and trivial side-effects of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea, using them for alleviation and control of the clinical symptoms in COVID-19 outpatients is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mesri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Godazi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | | | - Reza Montazer
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Koohestani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Nayereh Baghcheghi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Mahmood Karimy
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Nemat Azizi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
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Cheng ZY, Sun X, Liu P, Lin B, Li LZ, Yao GD, Huang XX, Song SJ. Sesquiterpenes from Echinacea purpurea and their anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemistry 2020; 179:112503. [PMID: 32919289 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Six unreported sesquiterpenes, purpureaterpenes A‒F, together with six known sesquiterpenes, were isolated and identified from the aerial part of Echinacea purpurea. Their chemical structures were established by detailed analyses of 1D and 2D NMR data. The relative configurations were assigned on the basis of their NOESY spectra and the calculated 13C NMR spectra. Their absolute configurations were determined by X-ray crystallographic analyses and optical rotation calculations. All the isolated compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects against NO production in LPS-induced RAW246.7 macrophages. Among these compounds, purpureaterpene E was the most active (IC50 value 13.27 μM), even better than the positive control, minocycline (IC50 value 34.81 μM). Further investigation found that purpureaterpene E might exert anti-inflammatory property via the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Yang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research and Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research and Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research and Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research and Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research and Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research and Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Abdel-Naby Awad OG. Echinacea can help with Azithromycin in prevention of recurrent tonsillitis in children. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102344. [PMID: 32487336 PMCID: PMC7132457 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrent tonsillitis in children is a common disease affecting children quality of life and extends to their families. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of combined use of oral Azithromycin (AZT) plus Echinacea compared to exclusive use of AZT in children with recurrent tonsillitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective comparative study including three groups of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Group 1: (100 patients) had no prophylactic treatment. Group 2 (100 patients) received [60 mg/kg] prophylactic dose of AZT divided as (10 mg/kg/day) over 6 consecutive days every month for 6 consecutive months. Group 3 (100 patients) received AZT as in group 2 plus commercially available Echinacea in a dose of 5 ml oral suspension; 3 times daily for 10 consecutive days every month for 6 consecutive months. Number of tonsillitis attacks and severity of tonsillitis symptoms were assessed and compared in different groups. RESULTS Group 2 and group 3 had significant less number of tonsillitis attacks and severity of assessed symptoms during 6 months of prophylactic treatment with significant better results in group 3 (i.e. AZT plus Echinacea) compared to group 2 (I.e. AZT alone). However; there was no significant difference in patients with any prophylaxis. CONCLUSION The combined use of Echinacea with Azithromycin produced favorable outcome than Azithromycin alone in pediatric patients with recurrent tonsillitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama G Abdel-Naby Awad
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Department, Minia University Hospital, 122 Kornish El-Neel Street, Minia City, Minia, Egypt.
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Maggini V, Mengoni A, Bogani P, Firenzuoli F, Fani R. Promoting Model Systems of Microbiota-Medicinal Plant Interactions. Trends Plant Sci 2020; 25:223-225. [PMID: 31948792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of the interaction(s) between medicinal plants (MPs) and their endophytes (bacterial microbiome) in the production of bioactive compounds (BCs) with therapeutic properties is emerging. Here, we propose Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench as a new model to reveal the intimate crosstalk between MPs and bacterial endophytes, aiming to discover (new) BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggini
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine, Careggi, University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine, Careggi, University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Nicken P, Naser B, Kuchernig JC, Brien N, Holtdirk A, Schnitker J, Nolte KU. Non-interventional observational study broadens positive benefit-risk assessment of an immunomodulating herbal remedy in the common cold. Curr Med Res Opin 2019; 35:1711-1719. [PMID: 31074674 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2019.1618252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: The unique extract of a mixture of Baptisiae tinctoriae radix, Echinaceae pallidae/purpureae radix and Thujae occidentalis herba alleviates the typical symptoms of the common cold and shortens the duration of the disease. Purpose: The risk-benefit ratio of a concentrated formulation of this herbal extract was investigated under everyday conditions. Study design: Pharmacy-based, non-interventional, multicenter, open, uncontrolled study registered at DRKS00011068. Methods: For 10 days, patients completed a diary questionnaire rating the severity of each common cold symptom on a 10-point scale. For evaluation, symptoms were combined into the scores "overall severity", "rhinitis", "bronchitis" and "general symptoms". Cox models were used to evaluate the influence of covariates on the time of stable improvement. Results: In total 955 patients (12 to 90 years) were analyzed; 85% assessed the efficacy as good or very good. Response (improvement of the overall severity by at least 50%) was reached at median day 5 (95% CImedian 5-5). General symptoms abated faster than the other complaints. The percentage of predominantly moderate or severe symptoms to predominantly mild or absent symptoms reversed on day 3.9 (interpolation). Results of adolescents and adults did not differ (p = .6013; HR = 0.918). Concomitant medication did not boost the effect of the herbal remedy. Early start of treatment of the cold accelerated the recovery (p = .0486; HR = 0.814). Thirty-four cases of adverse events were self-recorded in the diaries; none of them were serious. The tolerability was assessed as "good or very good" by 98% of the patients. Conclusion: The benefit-risk assessment of this herbal extract clearly remains positive. This non-interventional study accords with and shows transferability of the results of previous placebo-controlled studies with this extract in a real-life setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Nicken
- Schaper & Brümmer GmbH & Co. KG , Salzgitter , Germany
| | - Belal Naser
- Schaper & Brümmer GmbH & Co. KG , Salzgitter , Germany
| | | | - Nicole Brien
- Schaper & Brümmer GmbH & Co. KG , Salzgitter , Germany
| | - Annette Holtdirk
- Institute for Applied Statistics Dr Jörg Schnitker GmbH (IAS) , Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Jörg Schnitker
- Institute for Applied Statistics Dr Jörg Schnitker GmbH (IAS) , Bielefeld , Germany
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Treating the Common Cold in Adults. Am Fam Physician 2019; 100:Online. [PMID: 31478636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Treating the Common Cold in Children. Am Fam Physician 2019; 100:Online. [PMID: 31478637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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DeGeorge KC, Ring DJ, Dalrymple SN. Treatment of the Common Cold. Am Fam Physician 2019; 100:281-289. [PMID: 31478634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute upper respiratory tract infections are extremely common in adults and children, but only a few safe and effective treatments are available. Patients typically present with nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, cough, general malaise, and/or low-grade fever. Informing patients about the self-limited nature of the common cold can help manage expectations, limit antibiotic use, and avoid over-the-counter purchases that may not help. Treatments with proven effectiveness for cold symptoms in adults include over-the-counter analgesics, zinc, nasal decongestants with or without antihistamines, and ipratropium for cough. Lower-quality evidence suggests that Lactobacillus casei may be beneficial in older adults. The only established safe and effective treatments for children are acetylcysteine, honey (for children one year and older), nasal saline irrigation, intranasal ipratropium, and topical application of ointment containing camphor, menthol, and eucalyptus oils. Over-the-counter cold medications should not be used in children younger than four years. Counseling patients about the importance of good hand hygiene is the best way to prevent transmission of cold viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Ring
- University of Virginia Department of Family Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah N Dalrymple
- University of Virginia Department of Family Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Attarzadeh M, Balouchi H, Rajaie M, Movahhedi Dehnavi M, Salehi A. Growth and nutrient content of Echinacea purpurea as affected by the combination of phosphorus with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and Pseudomonas florescent bacterium under different irrigation regimes. J Environ Manage 2019; 231:182-188. [PMID: 30342330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers has caused many environmental problems and threatens the health of the human communities at the global level. However, the use of some beneficial soil microorganisms in addition to supplying nutrients to plants helps protect the environment. In order to achieve this goal, the effects of different irrigation regimes and application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer, with mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus (AMF) or Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterium (PFB), were studied on the growth and nutrients of Echinacea purpurea. The main factor included soil irrigation after 25, 50 and 75% of soil moisture depletion and a sub-factor of P supplied in six levels (100% chemical P, 50% P + AMF, AMF, 50% P + PFB, PFB and a control test without P fertilizer). Results showed that an increase in drought intensity reduced the absorption of nutrients and relative water content (RWC), while ion leakage increased in the leaf of E. purpurea. The AMF had a more clear effect on the N, Cu, Mn, and Fe, but PFB was more effective in an increase of Zn. With the use of PFB in the second harvest, the amount of leaf and root Zn was increased by 30.39% and 31.88%, respectively. Although 100% chemical P could increase more P concentration in the root, the combination of P fertilizer with AMF transferred more P from root to leaf. In the first and second harvest, a combination of P with PFB respectively increased the plant biological yield by 10.77% and 17.33% as compared to control. Vegetative traits, Mn, and Zn illustrated a significant increase in the second harvest. Finally, the results showed successful coexistence of bio-fertilizers with E. purpurea in increasing the content of nutrients, improving water absorption, and reducing the adverse effects of drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Attarzadeh
- PhD. student, Agronomy, and Plant Breeding Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Balouchi
- Associate Professor, Agronomy, and Plant Breeding Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.
| | - Majid Rajaie
- Soil and Water Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Amin Salehi
- Associate Professor, Agronomy, and Plant Breeding Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.
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Parsons JL, Cameron SI, Harris CS, Smith ML. Echinacea biotechnology: advances, commercialization and future considerations. Pharm Biol 2018; 56:485-494. [PMID: 30303034 PMCID: PMC6179083 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1501583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Plants of the genus Echinacea (Asteraceae) are among the most popular herbal supplements on the market today. Recent studies indicate there are potential new applications and emerging markets for this natural health product (NHP). OBJECTIVE This review aims to synthesize recent developments in Echinacea biotechnology and to identify promising applications for these advances in the industry. METHODS A comprehensive survey of peer-reviewed publications was carried out, focusing on Echinacea biotechnology and impacts on phytochemistry. This article primarily covers research findings since 2007 and builds on earlier reviews on the biotechnology of Echinacea. RESULTS Bioreactors, genetic engineering and controlled biotic or abiotic elicitation have the potential to significantly improve the yield, consistency and overall quality of Echinacea products. Using these technologies, a variety of new applications for Echinacea can be realized, such as the use of seed oil and antimicrobial and immune boosting feed additives for livestock. CONCLUSIONS New applications can take advantage of the well-established popularity of Echinacea as a NHP. Echinacea presents a myriad of potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic and antibiotic activities that have yet to be fully translated into new applications. The distinct chemistry and bioactivity of different Echinacea species and organs, moreover, can lead to interesting and diverse commercial opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Parsons
- Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stewart I. Cameron
- Wood Science and Technology Centre, Hugh John Flemming Forestry Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Cory S. Harris
- Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Myron L. Smith
- Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Mao CF, Zhang XR, Johnson A, He JL, Kong ZL. Modulation of Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Male Rat Reproductive Dysfunction with Micro-Nanoencapsulated Echinacea purpurea Ethanol Extract. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:4237354. [PMID: 30246020 PMCID: PMC6136540 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4237354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem that affects a patient's life quality throughout the world due to its worst complications. It was recognized that chronic hyperglycemia with oxidative stress was the major cause of male infertility. Echinacea purpurea ethanol extract (EE) contains phenolic acid and isobutylamides had been proven to ameliorate diabetic complications. Chitosan/silica nanoparticles are well-known in the medicinal field because of its controlled release and drug delivery properties. This study was aimed at investigating whether the EE encapsulated chitosan/silica nanoparticle (nano-EE) can enhance the amelioration of male infertility. Our results indicated that the average size of nano-EE was 218 ± 42 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 66.9% and loading capacity of 39.9%. The reduction in oxidative stress and antioxidant activity of nano-EE was observed in LC-540 cells. In in vivo experiment, 33 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetes in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetic rats were treated with nano (465 mg/kg), nano-EE 1 (93mg/kg), nano-EE3 (279mg/kg), nano-EE5 (465 mg/kg), and metformin (Met) (200 mg/kg) for 7 weeks. The results show that the nano-EE5 can improve hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF 21) resistance. It was also confirmed that nano-EE5 significantly improved the testis tissue structure, increasing sperm quality and DNA integrity as well as reducing reactive oxygen species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Feng Mao
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Ru Zhang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Athira Johnson
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ling He
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Zwe-Ling Kong
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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Donoghue TJ. Herbal Medications and Anesthesia Case Management. AANA J 2018; 86:242-248. [PMID: 31580814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicine use in the United States has increased substantially. Despite this upward trend, patients often fail to disclose use of these medicines to their healthcare provider. Currently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require preclinical animal studies, controlled clinical trials, or postmarket surveillance of herbal supplements. Lack of FDA oversight leads to product variation in quality, purity, efficacy, harvesting, and storage. Intentional or unintentional addition of contaminants to these products remains substantial. Because herbal medicines have the potential to adversely react with medications used in the perioperative period, anesthesia providers should be aware of the purported uses of common herbal supplements, potential drug interactions with these medicines or possible contaminants, and the anesthetic implications for patients who use these medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Donoghue
- has been a CRNA for the past 13 years at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, where he administers anesthesia care to patients with cancer. His primary service is hepatobiliary, but he also provides anesthesia for thoracic, neurologic, orthopedic, pediatric, urologic, and plastic surgical procedures. He is a 2004 graduate of the Columbia University Nursing Anesthesia program in New York City and a 2015 graduate of the DNAP program at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang B, Chen X, Xu X, Chen H, Li W, Xu X. Echinacea pupurea extracts promote murine dendritic cell maturation by activation of JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 73:21-26. [PMID: 28263837 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise a system of highly professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) which connect innate and adaptive immunity by undergoing dramatic shift in their maturation state. Phytomedicine Echinacea purpurea extracts (EE) could modulate murine dendritic cell fate and function. However, the underlying mechanism of EE on DCs development and maturation remains limited. In this study, immature DCs were induced phenotypic maturation with up-regulated expression of key accessory molecules and the phagocytic activity was decreased after being treated with EE (400 μg/ml) for 48 h. We found that TLR1/2, JNK, p38-MAPK and NF-κB pathways were activated following EE exposure. Notably, JNK activation was demonstrated to be associated with increased IFN-γ response while p38-MAPK pathway exhibited immuno-regulatory effects via induction of IL-10 and TGF-β1. Furthermore, it was verified that NF-κB signaling was responsible for EE-induced synthesis of IFN-γ, IL-12 and TGF-β1, but not for IL-10 induction. These results indicate that EE have the immunomodulatory potency to promote both phenotypic and functional maturation of BMDCs via modulating the activation of JNK, p38-MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Our findings contributed to the current understanding of the immunoregulatory function of EE and the mechanism of DCs maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- International Medical Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Qilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Schlenger R. [Purple coneflower as antiviral agent]. MMW Fortschr Med 2016; 158:16-18. [PMID: 26961020 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-016-7730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Kaur A, Oberhofer M, Juzumaite M, Raja HA, Gulledge TV, Kao D, Faeth SH, Laster SM, Oberlies NH, Cech NB. Secondary Metabolites from Fungal Endophytes of Echinacea purpurea Suppress Cytokine Secretion by Macrophage-Type Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2016; 11:1143-1146. [PMID: 28479944 PMCID: PMC5414731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Botanical extracts of Echinacea purpurea have been widely used for the treatment of upper respiratory infections. We sought to chemically examine fungal endophytes inhabiting E. purpurea, and to identify compounds produced by these endophytes with in vitro cytokine-suppressive activity. Twelve isolates from surface sterilized seeds of E. purpurea were subjected to fractionation and major components were isolated. Sixteen secondary metabolites belonging to different structural classes were identified from these isolates based on NMR and mass spectrometry data. The compounds were tested for their influence on cytokine secretion by murine macrophage-type cells. Alternariol (1), O-prenylporriolide (4), porritoxin (10) β-zearalenol (13), and (S)-zearalenone (14) inhibited production of TNF-α from RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS in the absence of any significant cytotoxicity. This is the first report of a cytokine-suppressive effect for 4. The results of this study are particularly interesting given that they show the presence of compounds with cytokine-suppressive activity in endophytes from a botanical used to treat inflammation. Future investigations into the role of fungal endophytes in the biological activity of E. purpurea dietary supplements may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amninder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 24702, USA
| | - Martina Oberhofer
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Monika Juzumaite
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 24702, USA
| | - Travis V Gulledge
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Diana Kao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 24702, USA
| | - Stanley H Faeth
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Scott M Laster
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 24702, USA
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 24702, USA
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Red. [Phytotherapy drug is convincing once again]. MMW Fortschr Med 2015; 157:85. [PMID: 26960884 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-015-7628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Šutovská M, Capek P, Kazimierová I, Pappová L, Jošková M, Matulová M, Fraňová S, Pawlaczyk I, Gancarz R. Echinacea complex--chemical view and anti-asthmatic profile. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 175:163-171. [PMID: 26364938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is one of the mostly used herbs in the traditional medicine for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Modern interest in Echinacea is directed to its immunomodulatory activity. Recent studies have shown that secretion of asthma-related cytokines in the bronchial epithelial cells can be reversed by Echinacea preparations. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine the pharmacodynamics profile of Echinacea active principles, a complex has been isolated from its flowers by alkaline extraction and has been tested using an animal model of allergic asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS The structural features of Echinacea purpurea complex was determined using chemical and spectroscopic methods. Allergic inflammation of the airways was induced by repetitive exposure of guinea pigs to ovalbumin. Echinacea complex was then administered 14 days in 50mg/kg b.w. daily dose perorally. Bronchodilatory effect was verified as decrease in the specific airway resistance (sRaw) in vivo and by reduced contraction amplitude (mN) of tracheal and pulmonary smooth muscle to cumulative concentrations of acetylcholine and histamine in vitro. The impact on mucociliary clearance evaluated measurement of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in vitro using LabVIEW™ Software. Anti-inflammatory effect of Echinacea complex was verified by changes in exhaled NO levels and by Bio-Plex® assay of Th2 cytokine concentrations (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-alpha) in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS Chemical and spectroscopic studies confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and proteins, as well as the dominance of rhamnogalacturonan and arabinogalactan moieties in Echinacea complex. The significant decrease in sRaw values and suppressed histamine and acetylcholine-induced contractile amplitude of isolated airways smooth muscle that were similar to effects of control drug salbutamol confirmed Echinacea complex bronchodilatory activity. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable with that of control agent budesonide and was verified as significantly reduced exhaled NO levels and concentration of Th2 cytokines in serum and BALF. The values of CBF were changed only insignificantly on long-term administration of Echinacea complex suggested its minimal negative impact on mucociliary clearance. CONCLUSION Pharmacodynamic studies have confirmed significant bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Echinacea complex that was similar to effects of classic synthetic drugs. Thus, results provide a scientific basis for the application of this herb in traditional medicine as a supplementary treatment of allergic disorders of the airways, such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Šutovská
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Martin's Biomedical Center (BioMed) Malá Hora, 11161 4C, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Capek
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ivana Kazimierová
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Martin's Biomedical Center (BioMed) Malá Hora, 11161 4C, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Pappová
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Martin's Biomedical Center (BioMed) Malá Hora, 11161 4C, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marta Jošková
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Martin's Biomedical Center (BioMed) Malá Hora, 11161 4C, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mária Matulová
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Fraňová
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Martin's Biomedical Center (BioMed) Malá Hora, 11161 4C, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Izabela Pawlaczyk
- Division of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Roman Gancarz
- Division of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Schapowal A, Klein P, Johnston SL. Echinacea reduces the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections and complications: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Ther 2015; 32:187-200. [PMID: 25784510 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-015-0194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infections are common, and these infections occur frequently in children, susceptible adults, and older persons. The risk for recurrences and complications relates not only to the presence of viruses but also to immune function. Therefore, modulation of the immune system and antiviral interventions such as echinacea might reduce the risk of recurrences and possibly the development of complications. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CAplus, BIOSIS, CABA, AGRICOLA, TOXCENTER, SCISEARCH, NAHL, and NAPRALERT were searched for clinical trials that studied recurrent respiratory infections and complications on treatment with echinacea extracts in a generally healthy population. Two independent reviewers selected randomized, placebo-controlled studies of high methodological quality and a Jadad score of ≥4. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated according to a fixed effect model. RESULTS Six clinical studies with a total of 2458 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Use of echinacea extracts was associated with reduced risk of recurrent respiratory infections (RR 0.649, 95% CI 0.545-0.774; P < 0.0001). Ethanolic extracts from echinacea appeared to provide superior effects over pressed juices, and increased dosing during acute episodes further enhanced these effects. Three independent studies found that in individuals with higher susceptibility, stress or a state of immunological weakness, echinacea halved the risk of recurrent respiratory infections (RR 0.501, 95% CI 0.380-0.661; P < 0.0001). Similar preventive effects were observed with virologically confirmed recurrent infections (RR 0.420, 95% CI 0.222-0.796; P = 0.005). Complications including pneumonia, otitis media/externa, and tonsillitis/pharyngitis were also less frequent with echinacea treatment (RR 0.503, 95% CI 0.384-0.658; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Evidence indicates that echinacea potently lowers the risk of recurrent respiratory infections and complications thereof. Immune modulatory, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects might contribute to the observed clinical benefits, which appear strongest in susceptible individuals.
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Abstract
CLINICAL QUESTION Are Echinacea products associated with a reduced incidence and a shorter duration of common colds compared with placebo? BOTTOM LINE Individual prophylaxis trials show no association with prevention of the common cold, but exploratory meta-analysis suggests that Echinacea products may be associated with a small reduction in cold incidence. In treatment trials, there was no association of Echinacea products with a shorter duration of colds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Karsch-Völk
- Institute of General Practice, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Germany
| | - Bruce Barrett
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
| | - Klaus Linde
- Institute of General Practice, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Germany
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Dogan Z, Ergul B, Sarikaya M, Filik L, Gonultaş MA, Hucumenoglu S, Can M. The protective effect of Echinacea spp. (Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea) in a rat colitis model induced by acetic acid. Pak J Pharm Sci 2014; 27:1827-1835. [PMID: 25362606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease that causes an inflammatory condition in the colon. Several cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) are crucial components of these inflammatory pathways. New therapeutic strategies are needed for improved clinical outcomes in UC and with less adverse effects. That is why alternative therapies such as herbal remedies are increasingly being used with favorable effects in the treatment of UC. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Echinacea spp in an experimental rat colitis model induced by acetic acid (AA). Acetic acid was given via a rectal route to induce acute colitis in rats. Rats were placed in four groups: control, Echinacea, Echinacea-colitis and colitis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β and TGF-β levels were measured. Histopathological comparison of the groups was also performed. The disease activity index (DAI) was significantly higher in the colitis group compared to the control, Echinacea and Echinacea-colitis groups (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the DAI of control, Echinacea and Echinacea-colitis groups (p>0.07). The inflammatory mediators IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly elevated in the colitis group compared to the other groups (p<0.007, <0.001 respectively). Therefore, Echinacea spp. may likely have some therapeutic favorable effects in the management of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynal Dogan
- Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Sukriye District, Ulucanlar Street, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilal Ergul
- Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Sukriye District, Ulucanlar Street, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Sarikaya
- Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Sukriye District, Ulucanlar Street, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Filik
- Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Sukriye District, Ulucanlar Street, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alparslan Gonultaş
- Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Pathology Department, Sukriye District, Ulucanlar Street, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Hucumenoglu
- Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Pathology Department, Sukriye District, Ulucanlar Street, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Can
- Zonguldak Karaelmas University Medical School, Medical Biochemistry, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinacea plant preparations (family Asteraceae) are widely used in Europe and North America for common colds. Most consumers and physicians are not aware that products available under the term Echinacea differ appreciably in their composition, mainly due to the use of variable plant material, extraction methods and the addition of other components. OBJECTIVES To assess whether there is evidence that Echinacea preparations are effective and safe compared to placebo in the prevention and treatment of the common cold. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL 2013, Issue 5, MEDLINE (1946 to May week 5, 2013), EMBASE (1991 to June 2013), CINAHL (1981 to June 2013), AMED (1985 to February 2012), LILACS (1981 to June 2013), Web of Science (1955 to June 2013), CAMBASE (no time limits), the Centre for Complementary Medicine Research (1988 to September 2007), WHO ICTRP and clinicaltrials.gov (last searched 5 June 2013), screened references and asked experts in the field about published and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing mono-preparations of Echinacea with placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two review authors independently assessed eligibility and trial quality and extracted data. The primary efficacy outcome was the number of individuals with at least one cold in prevention trials and the duration of colds in treatment trials. For all included trials the primary safety and acceptability outcome was the number of participants dropping out due to adverse events. We assessed trial quality using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-four double-blind trials with 4631 participants including a total of 33 comparisons of Echinacea preparations and placebo met the inclusion criteria. A variety of different Echinacea preparations based on different species and parts of plant were used. Evidence from seven trials was available for preparations based on the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea. Ten trials were considered to have a low risk of bias, six to have an unclear risk of bias and eight to have a high risk of bias. Ten trials with 13 comparisons investigated prevention and 15 trials with 20 comparisons investigated treatment of colds (one trial addressed both prevention and treatment).Due to the strong clinical heterogeneity of the studies we refrained from pooling for the main analysis. None of the 12 prevention comparisons reporting the number of patients with at least one cold episode found a statistically significant difference. However a post hoc pooling of their results, suggests a relative risk reduction of 10% to 20%. Of the seven treatment trials reporting data on the duration of colds, only one showed a significant effect of Echinacea over placebo. The number of patients dropping out or reporting adverse effects did not differ significantly between treatment and control groups in prevention and treatment trials. However, in prevention trials there was a trend towards a larger number of patients dropping out due to adverse events in the treatment groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Echinacea products have not here been shown to provide benefits for treating colds, although, it is possible there is a weak benefit from some Echinacea products: the results of individual prophylaxis trials consistently show positive (if non-significant) trends, although potential effects are of questionable clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Karsch‐Völk
- Klinikum Rechts der IsarInstitute of General PracticeOrleansstrasse 47MünchenGermany81667
| | - Bruce Barrett
- University of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonDepartment of Family Medicine777 South MillsMadisonWisconsinUSAWI 53715
| | - David Kiefer
- University of Wisconsin ‐ MadisonDepartment of Family Medicine777 South MillsMadisonWisconsinUSAWI 53715
- University of ArizonaArizona Center for Integrative MedicinePO Box 245153TucsonArizonaUSA85724
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Karl‐Franzens‐UniversityInstitute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of PharmacognosyUniversitätsplatz 4GrazAustriaA‐8010
| | - Karin Ardjomand‐Woelkart
- Karl‐Franzens‐UniversityInstitute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of PharmacognosyUniversitätsplatz 4GrazAustriaA‐8010
| | - Klaus Linde
- Klinikum Rechts der IsarInstitute of General PracticeOrleansstrasse 47MünchenGermany81667
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Livingston C, Cozzens J, Hamilton A. FPIN's clinical inquiries. Treatments for symptoms of the common cold. Am Fam Physician 2013; 88:Online. [PMID: 24364554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Lee TT, Ciou JY, Chen CL, Yu B. Effect of Echinacea purpurea L. on oxidative status and meat quality in Arbor Acres broilers. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:166-172. [PMID: 22696120 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinacea purpurea L. (EP) is a popular herbal antioxidant and immunomodulator. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of EP on meat quality and oxidative status in broilers. Two hundred and fifty (1-day-old) male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly allocated to five groups including the control (corn-soybean meal diet) and 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% EP powder groups, with two replicates per treatment group. RESULTS The results indicated that the addition of 0.5% and 1.0% EP significantly increased water-holding capacity and decreased storage loss of breast and thigh fillets at 35 days old. For fillet colour, L* (lightness) values were lower, and a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values were higher with EP supplementation. Lower crude fat contents were observed in EP groups in comparison with control at 35 days of age in breast and thigh fillets, respectively. Production of malondialdehyde was slightly reduced in serum of EP supplemented birds compared to the control group. Results for Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly higher for the 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% EP supplemental groups than control group in serum. Liver and spleen tissues results showed that the antioxidative enzymes activities were higher with EP powder at 35 days of age. CONCLUSION Dried EP can be used as a feed additive to improve the meat quality and oxidative status in Arbor Acres broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu Tai Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Dao University, Changhau 523, Taiwan
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Kormos W. On call. I always catch colds during the winter and they last more than a week. I heard that zinc and echinacea help to shorten colds. Should I try them? Harv Mens Health Watch 2012; 17:2. [PMID: 23330201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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