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Fortelny N, Farlik M, Fife V, Gorki AD, Lassnig C, Maurer B, Meissl K, Dolezal M, Boccuni L, Ravi Sundar Jose Geetha A, Akagha MJ, Karjalainen A, Shoebridge S, Farhat A, Mann U, Jain R, Tikoo S, Zila N, Esser-Skala W, Krausgruber T, Sitnik K, Penz T, Hladik A, Suske T, Zahalka S, Senekowitsch M, Barreca D, Halbritter F, Macho-Maschler S, Weninger W, Neubauer HA, Moriggl R, Knapp S, Sexl V, Strobl B, Decker T, Müller M, Bock C. JAK-STAT signaling maintains homeostasis in T cells and macrophages. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:847-859. [PMID: 38658806 PMCID: PMC11065702 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells need to sustain a state of constant alertness over a lifetime. Yet, little is known about the regulatory processes that control the fluent and fragile balance that is called homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that JAK-STAT signaling, beyond its role in immune responses, is a major regulator of immune cell homeostasis. We investigated JAK-STAT-mediated transcription and chromatin accessibility across 12 mouse models, including knockouts of all STAT transcription factors and of the TYK2 kinase. Baseline JAK-STAT signaling was detected in CD8+ T cells and macrophages of unperturbed mice-but abrogated in the knockouts and in unstimulated immune cells deprived of their normal tissue context. We observed diverse gene-regulatory programs, including effects of STAT2 and IRF9 that were independent of STAT1. In summary, our large-scale dataset and integrative analysis of JAK-STAT mutant and wild-type mice uncovered a crucial role of JAK-STAT signaling in unstimulated immune cells, where it contributes to a poised epigenetic and transcriptional state and helps prepare these cells for rapid response to immune stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Victoria Fife
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Dorothea Gorki
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Maurer
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Meissl
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Boccuni
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mojoyinola Joanna Akagha
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anzhelika Karjalainen
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen Shoebridge
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Asma Farhat
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Mann
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohit Jain
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Zila
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Esser-Skala
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Penz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Zahalka
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Senekowitsch
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Barreca
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Halbritter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Macho-Maschler
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi A Neubauer
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Urbiola-Salvador V, Jabłońska A, Miroszewska D, Huang Q, Duzowska K, Drężek-Chyła K, Zdrenka M, Śrutek E, Szylberg Ł, Jankowski M, Bała D, Zegarski W, Nowikiewicz T, Makarewicz W, Adamczyk A, Ambicka A, Przewoźnik M, Harazin-Lechowicz A, Ryś J, Filipowicz N, Piotrowski A, Dumanski JP, Li B, Chen Z. Plasma protein changes reflect colorectal cancer development and associated inflammation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1158261. [PMID: 37228491 PMCID: PMC10203952 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1158261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Efficient non-invasive blood-based biomarkers for CRC early detection and prognosis are urgently needed. Methods To identify novel potential plasma biomarkers, we applied a proximity extension assay (PEA), an antibody-based proteomics strategy to quantify the abundance of plasma proteins in CRC development and cancer-associated inflammation from few μL of plasma sample. Results Among the 690 quantified proteins, levels of 202 plasma proteins were significantly changed in CRC patients compared to age-and-sex-matched healthy subjects. We identified novel protein changes involved in Th17 activity, oncogenic pathways, and cancer-related inflammation with potential implications in the CRC diagnosis. Moreover, the interferon γ (IFNG), interleukin (IL) 32, and IL17C were identified as associated with the early stages of CRC, whereas lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6 (ACP6), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (FLT4), and MANSC domain-containing protein 1 (MANSC1) were correlated with the late-stages of CRC. Discussion Further study to characterize the newly identified plasma protein changes from larger cohorts will facilitate the identification of potential novel diagnostic, prognostic biomarkers for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Urbiola-Salvador
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dominika Miroszewska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Qianru Huang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Marek Zdrenka
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Śrutek
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Michał Jankowski
- Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńSurgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bała
- Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńSurgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zegarski
- Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńSurgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowikiewicz
- Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńSurgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery, Oncology Center−Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Makarewicz
- Clinic of General and Oncological Surgery, Specialist Hospital of Kościerzyna, Kościerzyna, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamczyk
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Przewoźnik
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Harazin-Lechowicz
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Jan P. Dumanski
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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3
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Moritsch S, Mödl B, Scharf I, Janker L, Zwolanek D, Timelthaler G, Casanova E, Sibilia M, Mohr T, Kenner L, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Gerner C, Müller M, Strobl B, Eferl R. Tyk2 is a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2127271. [PMID: 36185806 PMCID: PMC9519006 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2127271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase Tyk2 is implicated in cancer immune surveillance, but its role in solid tumors is not well defined. We used Tyk2 knockout mice (Tyk2Δ/Δ) and mice with conditional deletion of Tyk2 in hematopoietic (Tyk2ΔHem) or intestinal epithelial cells (Tyk2ΔIEC) to assess their cell type-specific functions in chemically induced colorectal cancer. All Tyk2-deficient mouse models showed a higher tumor burden after AOM-DSS treatment compared to their corresponding wild-type controls (Tyk2+/+ and Tyk2fl/fl), demonstrating tumor-suppressive functions of Tyk2 in immune cells and epithelial cancer cells. However, specific deletion of Tyk2 in hematopoietic cells or in intestinal epithelial cells was insufficient to accelerate tumor progression, while deletion in both compartments promoted carcinoma formation. RNA-seq and proteomics revealed that tumors of Tyk2Δ/Δ and Tyk2ΔIEC mice were immunoedited in different ways with downregulated and upregulated IFNγ signatures, respectively. Accordingly, the IFNγ-regulated immune checkpoint Ido1 was downregulated in Tyk2Δ/Δ and upregulated in Tyk2ΔIEC tumors, although both showed reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration. These data suggest that Tyk2Δ/Δ tumors are Ido1-independent and poorly immunoedited while Tyk2ΔIEC tumors require Ido1 for immune evasion. Our study shows that Tyk2 prevents Ido1 expression in CRC cells and promotes CRC immune surveillance in the tumor stroma. Both of these Tyk2-dependent mechanisms must work together to prevent CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Moritsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernadette Mödl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Scharf
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Janker
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Joint Metabolomics Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Zwolanek
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Joint Metabolomics Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Selective inhibitors of JAK1 targeting an isoform-restricted allosteric cysteine. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:1388-1398. [PMID: 36097295 PMCID: PMC7614775 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases includes four isoforms (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2) and is responsible for signal transduction downstream of diverse cytokine receptors. JAK inhibitors have emerged as important therapies for immun(onc)ological disorders, but their use is limited by undesirable side effects presumed to arise from poor isoform selectivity, a common challenge for inhibitors targeting the ATP-binding pocket of kinases. Here we describe the chemical proteomic discovery of a druggable allosteric cysteine present in the non-catalytic pseudokinase domain of JAK1 (C817) and TYK2 (C838), but absent from JAK2 or JAK3. Electrophilic compounds selectively engaging this site block JAK1-dependent trans-phosphorylation and cytokine signaling, while appearing to act largely as 'silent' ligands for TYK2. Importantly, the allosteric JAK1 inhibitors do not impair JAK2-dependent cytokine signaling and are inactive in cells expressing a C817A JAK1 mutant. Our findings thus reveal an allosteric approach for inhibiting JAK1 with unprecedented isoform selectivity.
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5
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Klein K, Witalisz-Siepracka A, Gotthardt D, Agerer B, Locker F, Grausenburger R, Knab VM, Bergthaler A, Sexl V. T Cell-Intrinsic CDK6 Is Dispensable for Anti-Viral and Anti-Tumor Responses In Vivo. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650977. [PMID: 34248938 PMCID: PMC8264666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) regulates the transition through the G1-phase of the cell cycle, but also acts as a transcriptional regulator. As such CDK6 regulates cell survival or cytokine secretion together with STATs, AP-1 or NF-κB. In the hematopoietic system, CDK6 regulates T cell development and promotes leukemia and lymphoma. CDK4/6 kinase inhibitors are FDA approved for treatment of breast cancer patients and have been reported to enhance T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. The involvement of CDK6 in T cell functions remains enigmatic. We here investigated the role of CDK6 in CD8+ T cells, using previously generated CDK6 knockout (Cdk6-/-) and kinase-dead mutant CDK6 (Cdk6K43M) knock-in mice. RNA-seq analysis indicated a role of CDK6 in T cell metabolism and interferon (IFN) signaling. To investigate whether these CDK6 functions are T cell-intrinsic, we generated a T cell-specific CDK6 knockout mouse model (Cdk6fl/fl CD4-Cre). T cell-intrinsic loss of CDK6 enhanced mitochondrial respiration in CD8+ T cells, but did not impact on cytotoxicity and production of the effector cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α by CD8+ T cells in vitro. Loss of CDK6 in peripheral T cells did not affect tumor surveillance of MC38 tumors in vivo. Similarly, while we observed an impaired induction of early responses to type I IFN in CDK6-deficient CD8+ T cells, we failed to observe any differences in the response to LCMV infection upon T cell-intrinsic loss of CDK6 in vivo. This apparent contradiction might at least partially be explained by the reduced expression of Socs1, a negative regulator of IFN signaling, in CDK6-deficient CD8+ T cells. Therefore, our data are in line with a dual role of CDK6 in IFN signaling; while CDK6 promotes early IFN responses, it is also involved in the induction of a negative feedback loop. These data assign CDK6 a role in the fine-tuning of cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Klein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Witalisz-Siepracka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Division Pharmacology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Dagmar Gotthardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Agerer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Locker
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Grausenburger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Maria Knab
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Validation of the Combined Biomarker for Prediction of Response to Checkpoint Inhibitor in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102316. [PMID: 34065963 PMCID: PMC8151730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce durable responses in patients with multiple types of advanced cancer, only a limited number of patients have a known reliable biomarker. This study aimed to validate the IMmunotherapy Against GastrIc Cancer (IMAGiC) model, which was developed based on a previous study of four-gene and PD-L1 level, to predict immunotherapy response. We developed a clinical assay for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure the expression level of the previously published four-gene set. The predictive performance was validated in a cohort of 89 patients with several advanced tumor types. The IMAGiC score was derived from tumor samples of 89 patients consisting of eight cancer types, and 73 out of 89 patients available for clinical response were analyzed with clinicopathological factors. The IMAGiC group (responder vs. non-responder) was determined with a specific value of the IMAGiC score as a cutoff, which was set by log-rank statistics for progression-free survival (PFS) divided the patients into 56 (76.7%) non-responders and 17 (23.3%) responders. Clinical responders (complete response/partial response) were higher in the IMAGiC responder group than in the non-responder group (70.6 vs. 21.4%). The median PFS of the IMAGiC responder group and non-responder was 20.8 months (95% CI 9.1-not reached) and 6.7 months (95% CI 4.9-11.1, p = 0.007), respectively. Among the 17 IMAGiC responders, 11 patients had tumor mutation burden-low and microsatellite-stable tumors. This study validated a predictive model based on a four-gene expression signature. Along with conventional biomarkers, our model could be useful for predicting response to immunotherapy in patients with advanced cancer.
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7
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TYK2 licenses non-canonical inflammasome activation during endotoxemia. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:748-763. [PMID: 32929218 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-canonical inflammasome is an emerging crucial player in the development of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. It is activated by direct sensing of cytosolic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by caspase-11 (CASP11), which then induces pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of regulated cell death. Here, we report that tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), a cytokine receptor-associated kinase, is a critical upstream regulator of CASP11. Absence of TYK2 or its kinase activity impairs the transcriptional induction of CASP11 in vitro and in vivo and protects mice from LPS-induced lethality. Lack of TYK2 or its enzymatic activity inhibits macrophage pyroptosis and impairs release of mature IL-1β and IL-18 specifically in response to intracellular LPS. Deletion of TYK2 in myeloid cells reduces LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-18 production in vivo, highlighting the importance of these cells in the inflammatory response to LPS. In support of our data generated with genetically engineered mice, pharmacological inhibition of TYK2 reduced LPS-induced upregulation of CASP11 in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and of its homolog CASP5 in human macrophages. Our study provides insights into the regulation of CASP11 in vivo and uncovered a novel link between TYK2 activity and CASP11-dependent inflammation.
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8
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TYK2 in Tumor Immunosurveillance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010150. [PMID: 31936322 PMCID: PMC7017180 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the history of the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) as the founding member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family and outline its structure-function relation. Gene-targeted mice and hereditary defects of TYK2 in men have established the biological and pathological functions of TYK2 in innate and adaptive immune responses to infection and cancer and in (auto-)inflammation. We describe the architecture of the main cytokine receptor families associated with TYK2, which activate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). We summarize the cytokine receptor activities with well characterized dependency on TYK2, the types of cells that respond to cytokines and TYK2 signaling-induced cytokine production. TYK2 may drive beneficial or detrimental activities, which we explain based on the concepts of tumor immunoediting and the cancer-immunity cycle in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we summarize current knowledge of TYK2 functions in mouse models of tumor surveillance. The biology and biochemistry of JAKs, TYK2-dependent cytokines and cytokine signaling in tumor surveillance are well covered in recent reviews and the oncogenic properties of TYK2 are reviewed in the recent Special Issue ‘Targeting STAT3 and STAT5 in Cancer’ of Cancers.
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9
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Qin W, Godec A, Zhang X, Zhu C, Shao J, Tao Y, Bu X, Hirbe AC. TYK2 promotes malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor progression through inhibition of cell death. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5232-5241. [PMID: 31278855 PMCID: PMC6718590 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive sarcomas that arise most commonly in the setting of the Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) cancer predisposition syndrome. Despite aggressive multimodality therapy, outcomes are dismal and most patients die within 5 years of diagnosis. Prior genomic studies in our laboratory identified tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) as a frequently mutated gene in MPNST. Herein, we explored the function of TYK2 in MPNST pathogenesis. Methods Immunohistochemistry was utilized to examine expression of TYK2 in MPNSTs and other sarcomas. To establish a role for TYK2 in MPNST pathogenesis, murine and human TYK2 knockdown and knockout cells were established using shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 systems, respectively. Results We have demonstrated that TYK2 was highly expressed in the majority of human MPNSTs examined. Additionally, we demonstrated that knockdown of Tyk2/TYK2 in murine and human MPNST cells significantly increased cell death in vitro. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in the levels of activated Stats and Bcl‐2 as well as an increase in the levels of Cleaved Caspase‐3. In addition, Tyk2‐KD cells demonstrated impaired growth in subcutaneous and metastasis models in vivo. Conclusion Taken together, these data illustrate the importance of TYK2 in MPNST pathogenesis and suggest that the TYK2 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for these deadly cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abigail Godec
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Cuige Zhu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jieya Shao
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Yu Tao
- Cancer Center Biostatistics Shared Resource, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xianzhang Bu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Angela C Hirbe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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10
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Prutsch N, Gurnhofer E, Suske T, Liang HC, Schlederer M, Roos S, Wu LC, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Alvarez-Hernandez A, Kornauth C, Leone DA, Svinka J, Eferl R, Limberger T, Aufinger A, Shirsath N, Wolf P, Hielscher T, Sternberg C, Aberger F, Schmoellerl J, Stoiber D, Strobl B, Jäger U, Staber PB, Grebien F, Moriggl R, Müller M, Inghirami GG, Sanda T, Look AT, Turner SD, Kenner L, Merkel O. Dependency on the TYK2/STAT1/MCL1 axis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2019; 33:696-709. [PMID: 30131584 PMCID: PMC8076043 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TYK2 is a member of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases that is involved in chromosomal translocation-induced fusion proteins found in anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) that lack rearrangements activating the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Here we demonstrate that TYK2 is highly expressed in all cases of human ALCL, and that in a mouse model of NPM-ALK-induced lymphoma, genetic disruption of Tyk2 delays the onset of tumors and prolongs survival of the mice. Lymphomas in this model lacking Tyk2 have reduced STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation and reduced expression of Mcl1, a pro-survival member of the BCL2 family. These findings in mice are mirrored in human ALCL cell lines, in which TYK2 is activated by autocrine production of IL-10 and IL-22 and by interaction with specific receptors expressed by the cells. Activated TYK2 leads to STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, activated expression of MCL1 and aberrant ALCL cell survival. Moreover, TYK2 inhibitors are able to induce apoptosis in ALCL cells, regardless of the presence or absence of an ALK-fusion. Thus, TYK2 is a dependency that is required for ALCL cell survival through activation of MCL1 expression. TYK2 represents an attractive drug target due to its essential enzymatic domain, and TYK2-specific inhibitors show promise as novel targeted inhibitors for ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prutsch
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gurnhofer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huan Chang Liang
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Roos
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lawren C Wu
- Department of Oncology, Amgen Discovery Research, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Christoph Kornauth
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dario A Leone
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Svinka
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Limberger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Aufinger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nitesh Shirsath
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Sternberg
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paris Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paris Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp B Staber
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Grebien
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgio G Inghirami
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NYC, USA
- European Research Initiative for ALK related malignancies (www.erialcl.net), Vienna, Austria
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- European Research Initiative for ALK related malignancies (www.erialcl.net), Vienna, Austria
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria.
- European Research Initiative for ALK related malignancies (www.erialcl.net), Vienna, Austria.
- CBMed Core Lab2, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- European Research Initiative for ALK related malignancies (www.erialcl.net), Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Simonović N, Witalisz-Siepracka A, Meissl K, Lassnig C, Reichart U, Kolbe T, Farlik M, Bock C, Sexl V, Müller M, Strobl B. NK Cells Require Cell-Extrinsic and -Intrinsic TYK2 for Full Functionality in Tumor Surveillance and Antibacterial Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1724-1734. [PMID: 30718299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a widely expressed receptor-associated kinase that is involved in signaling by a variety of cytokines with important immune regulatory activities. Absence of TYK2 in mice results in impaired NK cell maturation and antitumor activity, although underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Using conditional ablation of TYK2 in NK cells we show that TYK2 is required for IFN-γ production by NK cells in response to IL-12 and for an efficient immune defense against Listeria monocytogenes Deletion of TYK2 in NK cells did not impact NK cell maturation and IFN-γ production upon NK cell activating receptor (actR) stimulation. Similarly, NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance was unimpaired upon deletion of TYK2 in NK cells only. In line with the previously reported maturation-associated Ifng promoter demethylation, the less mature phenotype of Tyk2-/- NK cells correlated with an increased CpG methylation at the Ifng locus. Treatment with the DNA hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine restored the ability of Tyk2-/- NK cells to produce IFN-γ upon actR but not upon IL-12 stimulation. NK cell maturation was dependent on the presence of TYK2 in dendritic cells and could be rescued in Tyk2-deficient mice by treatment with exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes. IL-15 treatment also rescued the in vitro cytotoxicity defect and the impaired actR-induced IFN-γ production of Tyk2-/- NK cells. Collectively, our findings provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for a key role of TYK2 in the host environment in promoting NK cell maturation and antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Simonović
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Witalisz-Siepracka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Meissl
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Reichart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kolbe
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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12
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Leitner NR, Witalisz-Siepracka A, Strobl B, Müller M. Tyrosine kinase 2 - Surveillant of tumours and bona fide oncogene. Cytokine 2015; 89:209-218. [PMID: 26631911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family, which transduces cytokine and growth factor signalling. Analysis of TYK2 loss-of-function revealed its important role in immunity to infection, (auto-) immunity and (auto-) inflammation. TYK2-deficient patients unravelled high similarity between mice and men with respect to cellular signalling functions and basic immunology. Genome-wide association studies link TYK2 to several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as well as carcinogenesis. Due to its cytokine signalling functions TYK2 was found to be essential in tumour surveillance. Lately TYK2 activating mutants and fusion proteins were detected in patients diagnosed with leukaemic diseases suggesting that TYK2 is a potent oncogene. Here we review the cell intrinsic and extrinsic functions of TYK2 in the characteristics preventing and enabling carcinogenesis. In addition we describe an unexpected function of kinase-inactive TYK2 in tumour rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Leitner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Witalisz-Siepracka
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Hainzl E, Stockinger S, Rauch I, Heider S, Berry D, Lassnig C, Schwab C, Rosebrock F, Milinovich G, Schlederer M, Wagner M, Schleper C, Loy A, Urich T, Kenner L, Han X, Decker T, Strobl B, Müller M. Intestinal Epithelial Cell Tyrosine Kinase 2 Transduces IL-22 Signals To Protect from Acute Colitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5011-24. [PMID: 26432894 PMCID: PMC4635564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the intestinal tract, IL-22 activates STAT3 to promote intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) homeostasis and tissue healing. The mechanism has remained obscure, but we demonstrate that IL-22 acts via tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), a member of the Jak family. Using a mouse model for colitis, we show that Tyk2 deficiency is associated with an altered composition of the gut microbiota and exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease. Colitic Tyk2(-/-) mice have less p-STAT3 in colon tissue and their IECs proliferate less efficiently. Tyk2-deficient primary IECs show reduced p-STAT3 in response to IL-22 stimulation, and expression of IL-22-STAT3 target genes is reduced in IECs from healthy and colitic Tyk2(-/-) mice. Experiments with conditional Tyk2(-/-) mice reveal that IEC-specific depletion of Tyk2 aggravates colitis. Disease symptoms can be alleviated by administering high doses of rIL-22-Fc, indicating that Tyk2 deficiency can be rescued via the IL-22 receptor complex. The pivotal function of Tyk2 in IL-22-dependent colitis was confirmed in Citrobacter rodentium-induced disease. Thus, Tyk2 protects against acute colitis in part by amplifying inflammation-induced epithelial IL-22 signaling to STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hainzl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Stockinger
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Isabella Rauch
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Susanne Heider
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clarissa Schwab
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Rosebrock
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Milinovich
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Schleper
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Loy
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Urich
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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14
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Prchal-Murphy M, Witalisz-Siepracka A, Bednarik KT, Putz EM, Gotthardt D, Meissl K, Sexl V, Müller M, Strobl B. In vivo tumor surveillance by NK cells requires TYK2 but not TYK2 kinase activity. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1047579. [PMID: 26451322 PMCID: PMC4589058 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1047579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a Janus kinase (JAK) that is crucially involved in inflammation, carcinogenesis and defense against infection. The cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells in TYK2-deficient (Tyk2−/−) mice is severely reduced, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Using Tyk2−/− mice and mice expressing a kinase-inactive version of TYK2 (Tyk2K923E), we show that NK cell function is partly independent of the enzymatic activity of TYK2. Tyk2−/− and Tyk2K923E NK cells develop normally in the bone marrow, but the maturation of splenic Tyk2−/− NK cells (and to a lesser extent of Tyk2K923E NK cells) is impaired. In contrast, the production of interferon γ (IFNγ) in response to interleukin 12 (IL-12) or to stimulation through NK cell-activating receptors strictly depends on the presence of enzymatically active TYK2. The cytotoxic activity of Tyk2K923E NK cells against a range of target cells in vitro is higher than that of Tyk2−/− NK cells. Consistently, Tyk2K923E mice control the growth of NK cell-targeted tumors significantly better than TYK2-deficient mice, showing the physiological relevance of the finding. Inhibitors of TYK2's kinase activity are being developed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancers, but their effects on tumor immune surveillance have not been investigated. Our finding that TYK2 has kinase-independent functions in vivo suggests that such inhibitors will leave NK cell mediated tumor surveillance largely intact and that they will be suitable for use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria ; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karoline T Bednarik
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Putz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Gotthardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Meissl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria ; Biomodels Austria; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine ; Vienna, Austria
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15
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Abstract
The JAK (Janus kinase) family members serve essential roles as the intracellular signalling effectors of cytokine receptors. This family, comprising JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2), was first described more than 20 years ago, but the complexities underlying their activation, regulation and pleiotropic signalling functions are still being explored. Here, we review the current knowledge of their physiological functions and the causative role of activating and inactivating JAK mutations in human diseases, including haemopoietic malignancies, immunodeficiency and inflammatory diseases. At the molecular level, recent studies have greatly advanced our knowledge of the structures and organization of the component FERM (4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin)-SH2 (Src homology 2), pseudokinase and kinase domains within the JAKs, the mechanism of JAK activation and, in particular, the role of the pseudokinase domain as a suppressor of the adjacent tyrosine kinase domain's catalytic activity. We also review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of negative regulation exerted by the SH2 domain-containing proteins, SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) proteins and LNK. These recent studies highlight the diversity of regulatory mechanisms utilized by the JAK family to maintain signalling fidelity, and suggest alternative therapeutic strategies to complement existing ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors.
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