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Lee MS, Dolek M, Otto M, Lang A. Larval consumption of Cry1F maize pollen causes adverse effects in four non-target Lepidoptera species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2025; 970:178951. [PMID: 40050132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025]
Abstract
The cultivation of genetically modified maize expressing Bt proteins against Lepidopteran pests poses a risk for non-target (NT) Lepidoptera, particularly for species inhabiting agroecosystems and whose larvae are susceptible to Bt toxins expressed in maize pollen. Here, laboratory studies were conducted to determine the adverse effects of larval exposure to Cry1F pollen (event TC1507) on host plants on two butterfly (Pieris napi, Aglais io) and two moth species (Plutella xylostella, Ematurga atomaria). All NT Lepidoptera tested were affected by the Cry1F toxin in the pollen, albeit in different degrees depending on the species and the recorded parameter. Adverse sublethal effects of increasing Bt pollen concentrations included reduced larval feeding, lower larval body weight and prolonged development times, but no significant effects on adult size or fecundity were observed. Dose-response mortality, measured when all survivors reached adult stage, showed that three species were susceptible to field-realistic pollen concentrations (LC50 = 76, 126 and 171 Cry1F pollen grains/cm2 on host plants for P. xylostella, E. atomaria, and A. io, respectively), whereas P. napi was only affected by higher concentrations (5070 Cry1F pollen grains/cm2). Assessing mortality at day seven substantially underestimated effects compared to the end of the larval period highlighting the importance of experiment duration until adulthood to detect delayed effects, and stressing the need for more ecologically realistic testing conditions for risk assessment. Given the fact that only few data exist on the susceptibility of non-pest Lepidoptera to Cry1F, our results indicate that NT Lepidoptera populations may be more vulnerable to the cultivation of Cry1F maize TC1507 than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Lee
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Agrotecnio Center-University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Matthias Dolek
- Büro Geyer & Dolek, Alpenblick 12, 82237 Wörthsee, Germany.
| | - Mathias Otto
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Lang
- Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Büro Lang, Gresgen 108, 79669 Zell im Wiesental, Germany.
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Pott A, Bundschuh M, Otto M, Schulz R. Assessing Effects of Genetically Modified Plant Material on the Aquatic Environment Using higher-tier Studies. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:35. [PMID: 36592218 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified organisms are used extensively in agriculture. To assess potential side effects of genetically modified (GM) plant material on aquatic ecosystems, only a very small number of higher-tier studies have been performed. At the same time, these studies are particularly important for comprehensive risk assessment covering complex ecological relationships. Here we evaluate the methods of experimental higher-tier effect studies with GM plant material (or Bt toxin) in comparison to those well-established for pesticides. A major difference is that nominal test concentrations and thus dose-response relationships cannot easily be produced with GM plant material. Another important difference, particularly to non-systemic pesticides, is that aquatic organisms are exposed to GM plant material primarily through their feed. These and further differences in test requirements, compared with pesticides, call for a standardisation for GM-specific higher-tier study designs to assess their potentially complex effects in the aquatic ecosystems comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pott
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Otto
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
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Roberts A, Boeckman CJ, Mühl M, Romeis J, Teem JL, Valicente FH, Brown JK, Edwards MG, Levine SL, Melnick RL, Rodrigues TB, Vélez AM, Zhou X, Hellmich RL. Sublethal Endpoints in Non-target Organism Testing for Insect-Active GE Crops. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:556. [PMID: 32582674 PMCID: PMC7295912 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, genetically engineered (GE) plants that have incorporated genes conferring insect protection have primarily used Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to achieve their insecticidal phenotype. As a result, regulators have developed a level of familiarity and confidence in reviewing plants incorporating these insecticidal proteins. However, new technologies have been developed that produce GE plants that incorporate pest protection by triggering an RNA interference (RNAi) response or proteins other than Bt Cry proteins. These technologies have new modes of action. Although the overall assessment paradigm for GE plants is robust, there are ongoing discussions about the appropriate tests and measurement endpoints needed to inform non-target arthropod assessment for technologies that have a different mode of action than the Bt Cry proteins. As a result, increasing attention is being paid to the use of sublethal endpoints and their value for environmental risk assessment (ERA). This review focuses on the current status and history of sublethal endpoint use in insect-active GE crops, and evaluates the future use of sublethal endpoints for new and emerging technologies. It builds upon presentations made at the Workshop on Sublethal Endpoints for Non-target Organism Testing for Non-Bt GE Crops (Washington DC, USA, 4-5 March 2019), and the discussions of government, academic and industry scientists convened for the purpose of reviewing the progress and status of sublethal endpoint testing in non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Roberts
- Agriculture and Food Systems Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Marina Mühl
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Dirección de Biotecnología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John L Teem
- Agriculture and Food Systems Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Martin G Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel L Melnick
- Agriculture and Food Systems Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Ana M Vélez
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Richard L Hellmich
- USDA, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Romeis J, Widmer F. Assessing the Risks of Topically Applied dsRNA-Based Products to Non-target Arthropods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:679. [PMID: 32582240 PMCID: PMC7289159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful technology that offers new opportunities for pest control through silencing of genes that are essential for the survival of arthropod pests. The approach relies on sequence-specificity of applied double-stranded (ds) RNA that can be designed to have a very narrow spectrum of both the target gene product (RNA) as well as the target organism, and thus allowing highly targeted pest control. Successful RNAi has been reported from a number of arthropod species belonging to various orders. Pest control may be achieved by applying dsRNA as foliar sprays. One of the main concerns related to the use of dsRNA is adverse environmental effects particularly on valued non-target species. Arthropods form an important part of the biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and contribute important ecosystem services. Consequently, environmental risk assessment (ERA) for potential impacts that plant protection products may have on valued non-target arthropods is legally required prior to their placement on the market. We describe how problem formulation can be used to set the context and to develop plausible pathways on how the application of dsRNA-based products could harm valued non-target arthropod species, such as those contributing to biological pest control. The current knowledge regarding the exposure to and the hazard posed by dsRNA in spray products for non-target arthropods is reviewed and suggestions are provided on how to select the most suitable test species and to conduct laboratory-based toxicity studies that provide robust, reliable and interpretable results to support the ERA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franco Widmer
- Competence Division Method Development and Analytics, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
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Souza CSF, Silveira LCP, Souza BHS, Nascimento PT, Damasceno NCR, Mendes SM. Efficiency of biological control for fall armyworm resistant to the protein Cry1F. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:154-163. [PMID: 32159617 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.224774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological and toxicological relationship between genetically modified cultivars (GM) and biological control agents is of great importance for discussions related to the compatability of GM cultivars and integrated management strategies for pest resistance. The present study evaluated the search behavior and predatory capacity of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) on eggs and caterpillars of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistant or not to the protein Cry1F expressed in Bt corn. To determine the search time, a stopwatch was run until the capture of the first prey, predation capacity was evaluated by counting the prey remaining after 24 hours of infestation. The injuries of S. frugiperda in genetically modified and conventional corn in the presence and absence of predators was also evaluated. The predators were not able to distinguish between resistant and susceptible prey (eggs or caterpillars), given the predatory behaviour observed. There was no difference in searching time or predatory capacity between the predators for eggs and caterpillars of either resistant or susceptible S. frugiperda. In the presence of predators, the injury scores for resistant S. frugiperda on the Bt corn plants were lower. It was concluded that O. insidiosus and D. luteipes did not notice the presence of the protein Cry1F in the prey S. frugiperda, which may facilitate the combined use of GM corn and biological control in integrated management programs and for management of pest resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S F Souza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitario, CP 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - L C P Silveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitario, CP 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - B H S Souza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitario, CP 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - P T Nascimento
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Campus Universitario, CP 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - N C R Damasceno
- Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas - UNIFEMM, Av. Marechal Castelo Branco, 2765, Santo Antonio, CEP 35701-242, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
| | - S M Mendes
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Milho e Sorgo - CNPMS, Rodovia MG 424, Km 45, CP 285, CEP 35701-970, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
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Haller S, Widmer F, Siegfried BD, Zhuo X, Romeis J. Responses of two ladybird beetle species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to dietary RNAi. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2652-2662. [PMID: 30729648 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One concern with the adoption of RNAi-based genetically engineered (GE) crops is the potential harm to valued non-target organisms. Species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) are important natural enemies and might be exposed to the insecticidal dsRNA produced by the plant. To assess their susceptibility to dietary RNAi, we fed Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella septempunctata with a dsRNA designed to target the vATPase A of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Dvv dsRNA). Specific dsRNAs designed to target the vATPase A of the two ladybird beetle species served as positive controls. RESULTS Our results revealed that both species were sensitive to dietary RNAi when ingesting their own dsRNAs, with C. septempunctata being more sensitive than A. bipunctata. Dvv dsRNA also adversely affected the two ladybird beetles as indicated by a significantly (but marginally) prolonged developmental time for A. bipunctata and a significantly reduced survival rate for C. septempunctata. These results, however, were obtained at Dvv dsRNA concentrations that were orders of magnitude higher than expected to occur in the field. Gene expression analyses confirmed the bioactivity of the dsRNA treatments and the results from the feeding bioassays. These results are consistent with the bioinformatics analyses, which revealed a higher number of 21-nucleotide-long matches, a requirement for effective RNAi, of the Dvv dsRNA with the vATPase A of C. septempunctata (34 matches) than with that of A. bipunctata (six matches). CONCLUSION Feeding bioassays revealed that two ladybird species are responsive to dietary RNAi. The two species, however, differed in their sensitivity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Haller
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franco Widmer
- Competence Division Method Development and Analytics, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Blair D Siegfried
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xuguo Zhuo
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Schiemann J, Dietz-Pfeilstetter A, Hartung F, Kohl C, Romeis J, Sprink T. Risk Assessment and Regulation of Plants Modified by Modern Biotechniques: Current Status and Future Challenges. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:699-726. [PMID: 30822113 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the current status and future challenges of risk assessment and regulation of plants modified by modern biotechniques, namely genetic engineering and genome editing. It provides a general overview of the biosafety and regulation of genetically modified plants and details different regulatory frameworks with a focus on the European situation. The environmental risk and safety assessment of genetically modified plants is explained, and aspects of toxicological assessments are discussed, especially the controversial debate in Europe on the added scientific value of untargeted animal feeding studies. Because RNA interference (RNAi) is increasingly explored for commercial applications, the risk and safety assessment of RNAi-based genetically modified plants is also elucidated. The production, detection, and identification of genome-edited plants are described. Recent applications of modern biotechniques, namely synthetic biology and gene drives, are discussed, and a short outlook on the future follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schiemann
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
| | - Antje Dietz-Pfeilstetter
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
| | - Frank Hartung
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
| | - Christian Kohl
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorben Sprink
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany;
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Pott A, Otto M, Schulz R. Impact of genetically modified organisms on aquatic environments: Review of available data for the risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:687-698. [PMID: 29680759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is strongly connected to the surrounding agricultural landscapes, which regularly serve as sources of stressors such as agrochemicals. Genetically modified crops, which are cultivated on a large scale in many countries, may also act as stressors. Despite the commercial use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for over 20years, their impact on the aquatic environment came into focus only 10years ago. We present the status quo of the available scientific data in order to provide an input for informed aquatic risk assessment of GMOs. We could identify only 39 publications, including 84 studies, dealing with GMOs in the aquatic environment, and our analysis shows substantial knowledge gaps. The available information is restricted to a small number of crop plants, traits, events, and test organisms. The analysis of effect studies reveals that only a narrow range of organisms has been tested and that studies on combinatorial actions of stressors are virtually absent. The analysis of fate studies shows that many aspects, such as the fate of leached toxins, degradation of plant material, and distribution of crop residues in the aquatic habitat, are insufficiently investigated. Together with these research needs, we identify standardization of test methods as an issue of high priority, both for research and risk assessment needed for GMO regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pott
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Mathias Otto
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
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Gao YJ, Zhu HJ, Chen Y, Li YH, Peng YF, Chen XP. Safety Assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticidal Proteins Cry1C and Cry2A with a Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4336-4344. [PMID: 29653490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the large-scale planting of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, fish would be exposed to freely soluble Bt insecticidal protein(s) that are released from Bt crop tissues into adjacent bodies of water or by way of direct feeding on deposited plant material. To assess the safety of two Bt proteins Cry1C and Cry2A to fish, we used zebrafish as a representative species and exposed their embryos to 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L of the two Cry proteins until 132 h post-fertilization and then several developmental, biochemical, and molecular parameters were evaluated. Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a known toxicant to aquatic organisms, was used as a positive control. Although CPF exposure resulted in significant developmental, biochemical, and molecular changes in the zebrafish embryos, there were almost no significant differences after Cry1C or Cry2A exposure. Thus, we conclude that zebrafish embryos are not sensitive to Cry1C and Cry2A insecticidal proteins at test concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment , Agroscope , 8046 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Yun-He Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
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Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab does not harm two parasitoids, Cotesia marginiventris and Copidosoma floridanum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:307. [PMID: 29321488 PMCID: PMC5762887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) is an important lepidopteran pest on many vegetable and greenhouse crops, and some field crops. Although there are no commercial transgenic Bt vegetable or greenhouse crops, T. ni is a target of Bollgard II cotton, which produces Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab. We expand on previous work that examined the effect of Bt crops on parasitoids using Bt-resistant lepidopteran populations as hosts. Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab-resistant T. ni larvae were used to eliminate host quality effects and to evaluate the direct effects of Bt cotton on the parasitoids Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) and Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson). These tri-trophic studies confirm that Bt cotton had no significant impact on development, success of parasitism, survival and adult longevity of C. marginiventris when using Bt-resistant T. ni fed on Bt cotton. Similarly, this Bt cotton had no significant impact on the development, mummy weight and the number of progeny produced by C. floridanum. Our studies verified that lyophilized Bt crop tissue maintained its insecticidal bioactivity when incorporated into an artificial diet, demonstrating that hosts and parasitoids were exposed to active Cry proteins. The egg-larval parasitoid C. floridanum, or similar species that consume their entire host, should be considered useful surrogates in risk assessment of Bt crops to non-target arthropods.
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Chen Y, Yang Y, Zhu H, Romeis J, Li Y, Peng Y, Chen X. Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1C protein for Daphnia magna based on different functional traits. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:631-636. [PMID: 28926817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cry1C is a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal protein and it can be produced by transgenic rice lines developed in China. Cladocera species are common aquatic arthropods that may be exposed to insecticidal proteins produced in Bt-transgenic plants through ingestion of pollen or crop residues in water. As the cladoceran Daphnia magna plays an important role in the aquatic food chain, it is important to assess the possible effects of Bt crops to this species. To evaluate the safety of the Cry1C protein for D. magna, individuals were exposed to different concentrations of purified Cry1C protein in M4 medium for 21 days. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), a known toxicant to D. magna, was added to M4 medium as a positive control treatment, and pure M4 medium was used as a negative control. Our results show that developmental, reproductive, and biochemical parameters of D. magna were not significantly different between Cry1C and negative control treatments but were significantly inhibited by the positive control. We thus conclude that D. magna is insensitive to Cry1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haojun Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jörg Romeis
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yunhe Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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12
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Yang H, Peng Y, Tian J, Wang J, Hu J, Song Q, Wang Z. Review: biosafety assessment of Bt rice and other Bt crops using spiders as example for non-target arthropods in China. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:505-517. [PMID: 28210764 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the birth of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin for pest control, the public debate regarding ecological and environmental risks as well as benefits of Bt crops has continued unabated. The impact of Bt crops, especially on non-target invertebrates, has received particular attention. In this review, we summarize and analyze evidences for non-target effects of Bt rice on spiders, major predators in rice fields. Bt rice has been genetically modified to express the Bt protein, which has been shown to be transferred and accumulate in spiders as part of their food chain. Moreover, the Bt protein exhibits unintended effects on the physiology of spiders and spreads to higher trophic levels. Spiders possess unique physiological and ecological characteristics, revealing traits of surrogate species, and are thus considered to be excellent non-target arthropod model systems for study of Bt protein impacts. Due to the complexities of Bt protein transfer and accumulation mechanisms, as well as the apparent lack of information about resulting physiological, biochemical, and ecological effects on spiders, we raise questions and provide recommendations for promising further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- College of Orient Science & Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Jianxiang Tian
- College of Continuing Education, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jilin Hu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Wang J, Peng Y, Xiao K, Wei B, Hu J, Wang Z, Song Q, Zhou X. Transcriptomic response of wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, to transgenic rice expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab protein. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:7. [PMID: 28100213 PMCID: PMC5241980 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillum thuringiensis (Bt) toxin produced in Cry1-expressing genetically modified rice (Bt rice) is highly effective to control lepidopteran pests, which reduces the needs for synthetic insecticides. Non-target organisms can be exposed to Bt toxins through direct feeding or trophic interactions in the field. The wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, one of the dominant predators in South China, plays a crucial role in the rice agroecosystem. In this study, we investigated transcriptome responses of the 5th instar spiders fed on preys maintained on Bt- and non-Bt rice. RESULTS Comparative transcriptome analysis resulted in 136 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between spiderlings preying upon N. lugens fed on Bt- and non-Bt rice (Bt- and non-Bt spiderlings). Functional analysis indicated a potential impact of Bt toxin on the formation of new cuticles during molting. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that GO terms associated with chitin or cuticle, including "chitin binding", "chitin metabolic process", "chitin synthase activity", "cuticle chitin biosynthetic process", "cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process", and "structural constituent of cuticle", and an array of amino acid metabolic pathways, including "alanine, asparatate and glutamate metabolism", "glycine, serine and theronine metabolism", "cysteine and methionine metabolism", "tyrosine metabolism", "phenylalanine metabolism and phenylalanine", and "tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis" were significantly influenced in response to Cry1Ab. CONCLUSIONS The Cry1Ab may have a negative impact on the formation of new cuticles during molting, which is contributed to the delayed development of spiderlings. To validate these transcriptomic responses, further examination at the translational level will be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bitechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410205, China
| | - Kaifu Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Bitechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Baoyang Wei
- College of Bioscience and Bitechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jilin Hu
- College of Bioscience and Bitechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bitechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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