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Jeppesen MJ, Powers R. Multiplatform untargeted metabolomics. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2023; 61:628-653. [PMID: 37005774 PMCID: PMC10948111 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics samples like human urine or serum contain upwards of a few thousand metabolites, but individual analytical techniques can only characterize a few hundred metabolites at best. The uncertainty in metabolite identification commonly encountered in untargeted metabolomics adds to this low coverage problem. A multiplatform (multiple analytical techniques) approach can improve upon the number of metabolites reliably detected and correctly assigned. This can be further improved by applying synergistic sample preparation along with the use of combinatorial or sequential non-destructive and destructive techniques. Similarly, peak detection and metabolite identification strategies that employ multiple probabilistic approaches have led to better annotation decisions. Applying these techniques also addresses the issues of reproducibility found in single platform methods. Nevertheless, the analysis of large data sets from disparate analytical techniques presents unique challenges. While the general data processing workflow is similar across multiple platforms, many software packages are only fully capable of processing data types from a single analytical instrument. Traditional statistical methods such as principal component analysis were not designed to handle multiple, distinct data sets. Instead, multivariate analysis requires multiblock or other model types for understanding the contribution from multiple instruments. This review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and recent achievements of a multiplatform approach to untargeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Jeppesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
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2
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Le V, Sukhikh A, Larichev T, Ivanova S, Prosekov A, Dmitrieva A. Isolation of the Main Biologically Active Substances and Phytochemical Analysis of Ginkgo biloba Callus Culture Extracts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041560. [PMID: 36838548 PMCID: PMC9966355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The work reveals the results of studying the content of biologically active substances in samples of extracts of Ginkgo biloba callus cultures. Callus cultures grown in vitro on liquid nutrient media were the objects of the study. Considering various factors affecting the yield of the target components during extraction, the volume fraction of the organic modifier in the extracting mixture, the temperature factor, and the exposure time were identified as the main ones. The maximum yield of extractive substances (target biologically active substances with a degree of extraction of at least 50%) from the samples of callus culture extracts was detected at a ratio of extragent of 70% ethanol, a temperature of 50 °C, and exposure time of 6 h. Flavonoids, such as luteolin, quercetin, isoramentin, kaempferol, and amentoflavone, were isolated in the extract samples. As a result of column chromatography, fractions of individual biologically active substances (bilobalide, ginkgolide A, B, and C) were determined. The proposed schemes are focused on preserving the nativity while ensuring maximum purification from associated (ballast) components. Sorbents (Sephadex LH-20, poly-amide, silica gel) were used in successive stages of chromatography with rechromatography. The degree of purity of individually isolated substances was at least 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Le
- Natural Nutraceutical Biotesting Laboratory, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
| | - Andrey Sukhikh
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemical Studies of Pharmacologically Active and Natural Compounds, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
| | - Timothy Larichev
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Natural Nutraceutical Biotesting Laboratory, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
- Department of General Mathematics and Informatics, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-384-239-6832
| | - Alexander Prosekov
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
| | - Anastasia Dmitrieva
- Natural Nutraceutical Biotesting Laboratory, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
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Tao Y, Zhu F, Pan M, Liu Q, Wang P. Pharmacokinetic, Metabolism, and Metabolomic Strategies Provide Deep Insight Into the Underlying Mechanism of Ginkgo biloba Flavonoids in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Nutr 2022; 9:857370. [PMID: 35399672 PMCID: PMC8984020 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.857370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba, known as the “living fossil,” has a long history of being used as botanical drug for treating cardiovascular diseases and the content of flavonoids as high as 24%. More than 110 different kinds of flavonoids and their derivatives have been separated from G. biloba, including flavones, flavonols, biflavonoids, catechins, and their glycosides, etc., all of which display the ability to dilate blood vessels, regulate blood lipids, and antagonize platelet activating factor, and protect against ischemic damage. At present, many types of preparations based on G. biloba extract or the bioactive flavonoids of it have been developed, which are mostly used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. We herein review recent progress in understanding the metabolic regulatory processes and gene regulation of cellular metabolism in cardiovascular diseases of G. biloba flavonoids. First, we present the cardioprotective flavonoids of G. biloba and their possible pharmacological mechanism. Then, it is the pharmacokinetic and liver and gut microbial metabolism pathways that enable the flavonoids to reach the target organ to exert effect that is analyzed. In the end, we review the possible endogenous pathways toward restoring lipid metabolism and energy metabolism as well as detail novel metabolomic methods for probing the cardioprotective effect of flavonoids of G. biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- *Correspondence: Yi Tao, ,
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4
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Zhao J, Wang M, Saroja SG, Khan IA. NMR technique and methodology in botanical health product analysis and quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114376. [PMID: 34656935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botanicals have played an important role in maintaining human health and well-being throughout history. During the past few decades in particular, the use of botanical health products has gained more popularity. Whereas, quality, safety and efficacy concerns have continuously been critical issues due to the intrinsic chemical complexity of botanicals. Chemical analytical technologies play an imperative role in addressing these issues. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful and useful tool for the investigation of botanical health products. In this review, NMR techniques and methodologies that have been successfully applied to the research and development of botanical health products in all stages, from plants to products, are discussed and summarized. Furthermore, applications of NMR together with other analytical techniques in a variety of domains of botanical health products investigation, such as plant species differentiation, adulteration detection, and bio-activity evaluation, are discussed and illustrated with typical examples. This article provides an overview of the potential uses of NMR techniques and methodologies in an attempt to further promote their recognition and utilization in the field of botanical health products analysis and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Seethapathy G Saroja
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Emwas AHM, Al-Rifai N, Szczepski K, Alsuhaymi S, Rayyan S, Almahasheer H, Jaremko M, Brennan L, Lachowicz JI. You Are What You Eat: Application of Metabolomics Approaches to Advance Nutrition Research. Foods 2021; 10:1249. [PMID: 34072780 PMCID: PMC8229064 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy condition is defined by complex human metabolic pathways that only function properly when fully satisfied by nutritional inputs. Poor nutritional intakes are associated with a number of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and osteoporosis. In recent years, nutrition science has undergone an extraordinary transformation driven by the development of innovative software and analytical platforms. However, the complexity and variety of the chemical components present in different food types, and the diversity of interactions in the biochemical networks and biological systems, makes nutrition research a complicated field. Metabolomics science is an "-omic", joining proteomics, transcriptomics, and genomics in affording a global understanding of biological systems. In this review, we present the main metabolomics approaches, and highlight the applications and the potential for metabolomics approaches in advancing nutritional food research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Hamid M. Emwas
- Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nahla Al-Rifai
- Environmental Technology Management (2005-2012), College for Women, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait;
| | - Kacper Szczepski
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.); (S.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Shuruq Alsuhaymi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.); (S.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Saleh Rayyan
- Chemistry Department, Birzeit University, Birzeit 627, Palestine;
| | - Hanan Almahasheer
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam 31441-1982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.); (S.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, School of Agriculture & Food Science, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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6
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Petersen MJ, Bergien SO, Staerk D. A systematic review of possible interactions for herbal medicines and dietary supplements used concomitantly with disease-modifying or symptom-alleviating multiple sclerosis drugs. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3610-3631. [PMID: 33624893 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system, with no curative medicine available. The use of herbal drugs and dietary supplements is increasing among people with MS (PwMS), raising a need for knowledge about potential interactions between conventional MS medicine and herbal drugs/dietary supplements. This systematic review provides information about the safety of simultaneous use of conventional MS-drugs and herbal drugs frequently used by PwMS. The study included 14 selected disease-modifying treatments and drugs frequently used for symptom-alleviation. A total of 129 published papers found via PubMed and Web of Science were reviewed according to defined inclusion- and exclusion criteria. Findings suggested that daily recommended doses of Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba should not be exceeded, and herbal preparations differing from standardized products should be avoided, especially when combined with anticoagulants or substrates of certain cytochrome P450 isoforms. Further studies are required regarding ginseng's ability to increase aspirin bioavailability. Combinations between chronic cannabis use and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs should be carefully monitored, whereas no significant evidence for drug-interactions between conventional MS-drugs and ginger, cranberry, vitamin D, fatty acids, turmeric, probiotics or glucosamine was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene J Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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PSYCHE-A Valuable Experiment in Plant NMR-Metabolomics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215125. [PMID: 33158186 PMCID: PMC7662903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1H-NMR is a very reproducible spectroscopic method and, therefore, a powerful tool for the metabolomic analysis of biological samples. However, due to the high complexity of natural samples, such as plant extracts, the evaluation of spectra is difficult because of signal overlap. The new NMR “Pure Shift” methods improve spectral resolution by suppressing homonuclear coupling and turning multiplets into singlets. The PSYCHE (Pure Shift yielded by Chirp excitation) and the Zangger–Sterk pulse sequence were tested. The parameters of the more suitable PSYCHE experiment were optimized, and the extracts of 21 Hypericum species were measured. Different evaluation criteria were used to compare the suitability of the PSYCHE experiment with conventional 1H-NMR. The relationship between the integral of a signal and the related bin value established by linear regression demonstrates an equal representation of the integrals in binned PSYCHE spectra compared to conventional 1H-NMR. Using multivariate data analysis based on both techniques reveals comparable results. The obtained data demonstrate that Pure Shift spectra can support the evaluation of conventional 1H-NMR experiments.
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Cruz MB, Place BJ, Wood LJ, Urbas A, Wasik A, de Carvalho Rocha WF. A nontargeted approach to determine the authenticity of Ginkgo biloba L. plant materials and dried leaf extracts by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and chemometrics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6969-6982. [PMID: 32757063 PMCID: PMC7953348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lack of stringent regulations regarding raw materials for herbal supplements used for medicinal purposes has been a constant challenge in the industry. Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts attract consumers because of the supposed positive effect on mental performance and memory. Supplements are produced using dried leaf materials and standardized leaf extracts such as EGb 761. Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba L. plants and extracts are becoming more and more common practice due to economically driven motivation from increasing demand in the market and the high cost of raw materials and production. Reinforcement in quality control (QC) to avoid adulterations is necessary to ensure the efficacy of the supplements. In this study, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was used with principal component analysis (PCA) as an unsupervised exploratory method to analyze, identify, and evaluate the adulterated Ginkgo biloba L. plant materials and dried leaf extracts using the PCA scores and loadings obtained and compound identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl B Cruz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Benjamin J Place
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Laura J Wood
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Aaron Urbas
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Abd Ghafar SZ, Mediani A, Maulidiani M, Rudiyanto R, Mohd Ghazali H, Ramli NS, Abas F. Complementary NMR- and MS-based metabolomics approaches reveal the correlations of phytochemicals and biological activities in Phyllanthus acidus leaf extracts. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Gimenes L, Luna-Dulcey L, Batista JM, Dos Santos FM, Popolin CP, Cominetti MR, Fernandes JB, Staerk D. Structure Elucidation and Absolute Configuration Determination of Nortriterpenoids from Picramnia glazioviana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1859-1875. [PMID: 32530627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, HPLC-PDA-HRMS-SPE-NMR data were used for initial analysis of the CH2Cl2 fraction of an EtOH extract of the leaves of Picramnia glazioviana. The HRMS, UV, and NMR data obtained from the HPLC-PDA-HRMS-SPE-NMR analysis were used to direct semipreparative HPLC isolation toward nortriterpenoids, which resulted in the isolation of 18 new and highly oxygenated nortriterpenoids (1-3, 5-10, 12-19, and 21), named picravianes C-T. Their structures were determined on the basis of analysis of UV, HRMS, and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, including determination of the relative configuration on the basis of coupling pattern analysis and nuclear Overhauser effect correlations. The absolute configurations of compounds 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, and 21 were assigned using electronic circular dichroism data, and the cytotoxicity of compounds 6, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 21 was evaluated against MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer, SKBR-3 Her2-overexpressing breast cancer, and A549 lung cancer cells lines. The isolated compounds contain a hitherto undescribed modification of the terminal backbone and/or E-ring, and a possible biosynthetic pathway for their formation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gimenes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liany Luna-Dulcey
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, 13565-905, Sao Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Joao M Batista
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 12231-280 Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Dos Santos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), 24110-090 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cecília P Popolin
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, 13565-905, Sao Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Cominetti
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, 13565-905, Sao Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Joao B Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Salem MA, Perez de Souza L, Serag A, Fernie AR, Farag MA, Ezzat SM, Alseekh S. Metabolomics in the Context of Plant Natural Products Research: From Sample Preparation to Metabolite Analysis. Metabolites 2020; 10:E37. [PMID: 31952212 PMCID: PMC7023240 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have long been considered a valuable source of lead compounds for drug development. Natural extracts are usually composed of hundreds to thousands of metabolites, whereby the bioactivity of natural extracts can be represented by synergism between several metabolites. However, isolating every single compound from a natural extract is not always possible due to the complex chemistry and presence of most secondary metabolites at very low levels. Metabolomics has emerged in recent years as an indispensable tool for the analysis of thousands of metabolites from crude natural extracts, leading to a paradigm shift in natural products drug research. Analytical methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are used to comprehensively annotate the constituents of plant natural products for screening, drug discovery as well as for quality control purposes such as those required for phytomedicine. In this review, the current advancements in plant sample preparation, sample measurements, and data analysis are presented alongside a few case studies of the successful applications of these processes in plant natural product drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (L.P.d.S.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Ahmed Serag
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt;
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (L.P.d.S.); (A.R.F.)
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.A.F.); (S.M.E.)
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.A.F.); (S.M.E.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 11787, Egypt
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (L.P.d.S.); (A.R.F.)
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
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12
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Gaubert J, Greff S, Thomas OP, Payri CE. Metabolomic variability of four macroalgal species of the genus Lobophora using diverse approaches. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 162:165-172. [PMID: 30925377 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Among comparative metabolomic studies used in marine sciences, only few of them are dedicated to macroalgae despite their ecological importance in marine ecosystems. Therefore, experimental data are needed to assess the scopes and limitations of different metabolomic techniques applied to macroalgal models. Species of the genus Lobophora belong to marine brown algae (Family: Dictyotaceae) and are widely distributed, especially in tropical coral reefs. The species richness of this genus has only been unveiled recently and it includes species of diverse morphologies and habitats, with some species interacting with corals. This study aims to assess the potential of different metabolomic fingerprinting approaches in the discrimination of four well known Lobophora species (L. rosacea, L. sonderii, L. obscura and L. monticola). These species present distinct morphologies and are found in various habitats in the New Caledonian lagoon (South-Western Pacific). We compared and combined different untargeted metabolomic techniques: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and gas chromatography (GC-MS). Metabolomic separations were observed between each Lobophora species, with significant differences according to the techniques used. LC-MS was the best approach for metabotype distinction but a combination of approaches was also useful and allowed identification of chemomarkers for some species. These comparisons provide important data on the use of metabolomic approaches in the Lobophora genus and will pave the way for further studies on the sources of metabolomic variations for this ecologically important macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gaubert
- Sorbonne Universités, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France; UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, UR, CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, B.P. A5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France
| | - Stéphane Greff
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), UMR 7263 CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d'Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Claude E Payri
- UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, UR, CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, B.P. A5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France.
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13
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Simmler C, Graham JG, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Integrated analytical assets aid botanical authenticity and adulteration management. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:401-414. [PMID: 29175549 PMCID: PMC5963993 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews and develops a perspective for the meaning of authenticity in the context of quality assessment of botanical materials and the challenges associated with discerning adulterations vs. contaminations vs. impurities. Authentic botanicals are by definition non-adulterated, a mutually exclusive relationship that is confirmed through the application of a multilayered set of analytical methods designed to validate the (chemo)taxonomic identity of a botanical and certify that it is devoid of any adulteration. In practice, the ever-increasing sophistication in the process of intentional adulteration, as well as the growing number of botanicals entering the market, altogether necessitate a constant adaptation and reinforcement of authentication methods with new approaches, especially new technologies. This article summarizes the set of analytical methods - classical and contemporary - that can be employed in the authentication of botanicals. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of untargeted metabolomics and chemometrics. An NMR-based untargeted metabolomic model is proposed as a rapid, systematic, and complementary screening for the discrimination of authentic vs. potentially adulterated botanicals. Such analytical model can help advance the evaluation of botanical integrity in natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Simmler
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James G Graham
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), United States; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Liang T, Miyakawa T, Yang J, Ishikawa T, Tanokura M. Quantification of terpene trilactones in Ginkgo biloba with a 1H NMR method. J Nat Med 2018; 72:793-797. [PMID: 29569220 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. has been used as a herbal medicine in the traditional treatment of insufficient blood flow, memory deficits, and cerebral insufficiency. The terpene trilactone components, the bioactive agents of Ginkgo biloba L., have also been reported to exhibit useful functionality such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Therefore, in the present research, we attempted to analyze quantitatively the terpene trilactone components in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, with quantitative 1H NMR (qNMR) and obtained almost identical results to data reported using HPLC. Application of the qNMR method for the analysis of the terpene trilactone contents in commercial Ginkgo extract products, such as soft gel capsules and tablets, produced the same levels noted in package labels. Thus, qNMR is an alternative method for quantification of the terpene trilactone components in commercial Ginkgo extract products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfu Liang
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co. Ltd, 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jinwei Yang
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co. Ltd, 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Ishikawa
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co. Ltd, 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Vasil’ev VG, Prokop’ev AS, Kalabin GA. Identification of Terpene Lactones and Flavonol Glycosides in Preparations Based on Ginkgo Biloba Extract and a New Way of Semi-Quantitative Determination of Flavonol Glycosides by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017070172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chávez-Morales R, Jaramillo-Juárez F, Rodríguez-Vázquez M, Martínez-Saldaña M, del Río FP, Garfias-López J. The Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) protects the kidney from damage produced by a single and low dose of carbon tetrachloride in adult male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:430-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Xiao J. Dietary flavonoid aglycones and their glycosides: Which show better biological significance? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1874-1905. [PMID: 26176651 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1032400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dietary flavonoids, especially their glycosides, are the most vital phytochemicals in diets and are of great general interest due to their diverse bioactivity. The natural flavonoids almost all exist as their O-glycoside or C-glycoside forms in plants. In this review, we summarized the existing knowledge on the different biological benefits and pharmacokinetic behaviors between flavonoid aglycones and their glycosides. Due to various conclusions from different flavonoid types and health/disease conditions, it is very difficult to draw general or universally applicable comments regarding the impact of glycosylation on the biological benefits of flavonoids. It seems as though O-glycosylation generally reduces the bioactivity of these compounds - this has been observed for diverse properties including antioxidant activity, antidiabetes activity, anti-inflammation activity, antibacterial, antifungal activity, antitumor activity, anticoagulant activity, antiplatelet activity, antidegranulating activity, antitrypanosomal activity, influenza virus neuraminidase inhibition, aldehyde oxidase inhibition, immunomodulatory, and antitubercular activity. However, O-glycosylation can enhance certain types of biological benefits including anti-HIV activity, tyrosinase inhibition, antirotavirus activity, antistress activity, antiobesity activity, anticholinesterase potential, antiadipogenic activity, and antiallergic activity. However, there is a lack of data for most flavonoids, and their structures vary widely. There is also a profound lack of data on the impact of C-glycosylation on flavonoid biological benefits, although it has been demonstrated that in at least some cases C-glycosylation has positive effects on properties that may be useful in human healthcare such as antioxidant and antidiabetes activity. Furthermore, there is a lack of in vivo data that would make it possible to make broad generalizations concerning the influence of glycosylation on the benefits of flavonoids for human health. It is possible that the effects of glycosylation on flavonoid bioactivity in vitro may differ from that seen in vivo. With in vivo (oral) treatment, flavonoid glycosides showed similar or even higher antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory, antidegranulating, antistress, and antiallergic activity than their flavonoid aglycones. Flavonoid glycosides keep higher plasma levels and have a longer mean residence time than those of aglycones. We should pay more attention to in vivo benefits of flavonoid glycosides, especially C-glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiao
- a Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau , Taipa , Macau.,b Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , Würzburg , Germany
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Facilitated Visual Interpretation of Scores in Principal Component Analysis by Bioactivity-Labeling of 1H-NMR Spectra-Metabolomics Investigation and Identification of a New α-Glucosidase Inhibitor in Radix Astragali. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030411. [PMID: 28272319 PMCID: PMC6155417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Astragali is a component of several traditional medicines used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in China. Radix Astragali is known to contain isoflavones, which inhibit α-glucosidase in the small intestines, and thus lowers the blood glucose levels. In this study, 21 samples obtained from different regions of China were extracted with ethyl acetate, then the IC50-values were determined, and the crude extracts were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. A principal component analysis of the 1H-NMR spectra labeled with their IC50-values, that is, bioactivity-labeled 1H-NMR spectra, showed a clear correlation between spectral profiles and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The loading plot and LC-HRMS/NMR of microfractions indicated that previously unknown long chain ferulates could be partly responsible for the observed antidiabetic activity of Radix Astragali. Subsequent preparative scale isolation revealed a compound not previously reported, linoleyl ferulate (1), showing α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 0.5 mM) at a level comparable to the previously studied isoflavones. A closely related analogue, hexadecyl ferulate (2), did not show significant inhibitory activity, and the double bonds in the alcohol part of 1 seem to be important structural features for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This proof of concept study demonstrates that bioactivity-labeling of the 1H-NMR spectral data of crude extracts allows global and nonselective identification of individual constituents contributing to the crude extract's bioactivity.
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Blunder M, Orthaber A, Bauer R, Bucar F, Kunert O. Efficient identification of flavones, flavanones and their glycosides in routine analysis via off-line combination of sensitive NMR and HPLC experiments. Food Chem 2017; 218:600-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Michopoulos F, Gika H, Palachanis D, Theodoridis G, Wilson ID. Solid phase extraction methodology for UPLC-MS based metabolic profiling of urine samples. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2170-2178. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Michopoulos
- Department of Chemistry; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Greece
- AstraZeneca; Mereside; Macclesfield Cheshire UK
| | - Helen Gika
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Dimitrios Palachanis
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Department of Chemistry; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer; Imperial College; London UK
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Pan Z, Fan G, Yang RP, Luo WZ, Zhou XD, Zhang Y. Discriminating Lamiophlomis rotata According to Geographical Origin by (1)H-NMR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2015; 26:247-252. [PMID: 25693849 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lamiophlomis rotata (Duyiwei) is a folk herbal medicine that traditionally has been used in China as a hemostatic agent. Raw plant materials used for medicinal products from different geographical regions are often inconsistent in chemical composition. Metabolic fingerprinting provides a new approach for distinguishing the geographical origins of L. rotata. OBJECTIVE To identify metabolites that contribute to the different geographical regions of L. rotata samples. METHODS Lamiophlomis rotata metabolomics were performed by (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analyses. The L. rotata metabolic profile was prepared for NMR measurements using methanol-d4 solvent. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to analyse the L. rotata (1)H-NMR spectroscopy data. RESULTS Nine iridoid glycosides, one flavonoid and three phenylpropanoid glycosides were detected in L. rotata by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. (1)H-NMR measurements and multivariate analysis were used to successfully discriminate samples from three different locations. CONCLUSION The NMR-based analysis of L. rotata is a more comprehensive approach than traditional chromatographic methods. Simple sample preparation, rapidity and reproducibility of are additional advantages of NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Pan
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Fan
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong-ping Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-zao Luo
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang-dong Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Advancement in the chemical analysis and quality control of flavonoid in Ginkgo biloba. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:212-25. [PMID: 25812435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the main active constituents in Ginkgo biloba L., which have been suggested to have broad-spectrum free-radical scavenging activities. This review summarizes the recent advances in the chemical analysis of the flavonoids in G. biloba and its finished products (from 2009 to 2014), including chemical composition, sample preparation, separation, detection and different quality criteria. More than 70 kinds of flavonoids have been identified in this plant. In this review, various analytical approaches as well as their chromatographic conditions have been described, and their advantages/disadvantages are also compared. Quantitative analyses of Ginkgo flavonoids applied by most pharmacopeias start with an acidic hydrolysis followed by determination of the resulting aglycones using HPLC. But increasing direct assay of individual flavonol glycosides found that many adulterated products were still qualified by the present tests. To obtain an authentic and applicable analytical approach for quality evaluation of Ginkgo and its finished products, related suggestions and opinions in the recent publications are mainly discussed in this review. This discussion on chemical analyses of Ginkgo flavonoids will also be found as a significant guide for widely varied natural flavonoids.
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Chandran J, Shintu L, Caldarelli S. Molecular signal suppression by in situ microextraction in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:694-698. [PMID: 25103092 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The detailed characterization of complex mixtures by NMR is often hampered by the presence of signals from uninformative compounds, the resonances of which overlap with those of the molecules of interest. We provide here a proof of principle for an approach to NMR signal suppression in complex samples using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPS). Addition of a few milligrams of polymer to a solution traps the target molecule in typical micromolar to millimolar concentration, thus achieving in situ signal suppression, without altering any other spectral features. This method minimized any manipulation or perturbation of the spectrum and was applied to a complex mixture of known compounds and to a plant extract, in both cases spiked with a compound (bisphenol A), which was subsequently removed by selective binding to a complementary MIP. What is described in this report is comparable with microextraction and may in due course be applied to a large number of analytical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jima Chandran
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France; Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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Mahrous EA, Farag MA. Two dimensional NMR spectroscopic approaches for exploring plant metabolome: A review. J Adv Res 2014; 6:3-15. [PMID: 25685540 PMCID: PMC4293671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, most investigations of the plant metabolome tend to be based on either nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS), with or without hyphenation with chromatography. Although less sensitive than MS, NMR provides a powerful complementary technique for the identification and quantification of metabolites in plant extracts. NMR spectroscopy, well appreciated by phytochemists as a particularly information-rich method, showed recent paradigm shift for the improving of metabolome(s) structural and functional characterization and for advancing the understanding of many biological processes. Furthermore, two dimensional NMR (2D NMR) experiments and the use of chemometric data analysis of NMR spectra have proven highly effective at identifying novel and known metabolites that correlate with changes in genotype or phenotype. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of NMR in the field of metabolomics with special focus on 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques and their applications in phytomedicines quality control analysis and drug discovery from natural sources, raising more attention at its potential to reduce the gap between the pace of natural products research and modern drug discovery demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy A Mahrous
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Kasr el Aini st. P.B. 11562, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Kasr el Aini st. P.B. 11562, Egypt
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Qiu JY, Chen X, Zheng XX, Jiang XL, Yang DZ, Yu YY, Du Q, Tang DQ, Yin XX. Target cell extraction coupled with LC-MS/MS analysis for screening potential bioactive components in Ginkgo biloba extract with preventive effect against diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:226-32. [PMID: 24925151 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and useful approach for screening potential bioactive components in Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) with preventive effect against diabetic nephropathy (DN) was developed using mesangial cells extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Mesangial cells were first divided into two groups according to their treatments with high glucose or high glucose plus GBE. After incubation for 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 48 h, the cells were harvested and extracted with 40% acetic acid in water before LC-MS/MS analysis. Then, 19 compounds and five metabolites were found to selectively combine with mesangial cells. Notably, compounds including quercetin and rutin were identified or tentatively characterized according to the results of retention time and MS spectra, which is highly consistent with our previous reports that quercetin and rutin are potent protective agents against glomerulosclerosis in DN. Therefore, all these results indicate that target cell extraction coupled with LC-MS/MS analysis can be successfully applied for predicting the bioactive components in GBE with preventive effect against DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-ying Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China
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Guan Q, Liang S, Wang Z, Yang Y, Wang S. ¹H NMR-based metabonomic analysis of the effect of optimized rhubarb aglycone on the plasma and urine metabolic fingerprints of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:65-75. [PMID: 24685586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The ischemia cerebrovascular disease is one of leading causes of death and long-term disability in modern society. Rhubarb is one of the common traditional Chinese medicine with many effects, and the main pharmacodynamic ingredients are aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion. The five components are also known as rhubarb aglycone. Rhubarb aglycone has been confirmed to play a remarkable curative effect on cerebral ischemia, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, (1)H NMR-based metabonomics approach has been used to investigate the protective effect of the optimized rhubarb aglycone on rats of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham operation group, model group, Nimodipine group and the optimized rhubarb aglycone group. Based on (1)H-NMR spectra of plasma and urine, principal component analyses were performed to identify different metabolic markers and explore the changes of associated biochemical pathways. Behavior research and brain histopathology examinations were also performed. RESULTS It was showed that the optimized rhubarb aglycone treatment improved neurological deficits, cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis. Principal component analysis scores plots demonstrated that the cluster of model rats was separated from those of sham operation group; rats of the optimized rhubarb aglycone group were classified from model group, but the optimized rhubarb aglycone group closed to the sham operation group. Optimized rhubarb aglycone regulated the associated amino acid, energy and lipid metabolisms disturbed in model rats. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the optimized rhubarb aglycone had protective effect on rats of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and explored the metabolic regulation mechanism. This work showed that the NMR-based metabonomics approach might be a promising approach to study mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxiao Guan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengwang Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhanhong Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yongxia Yang
- School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Xiao J, Chen T, Cao H. WITHDRAWN: Flavonoid glycosylation and biological benefits. Biotechnol Adv 2014:S0734-9750(14)00092-5. [PMID: 24858477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd, Shanghai 200234, China; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Anhui Academy of Applied Technology, Suixi Road 312, 230031 Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China.
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Farag MA, Gad HA, Heiss AG, Wessjohann LA. Metabolomics driven analysis of six Nigella species seeds via UPLC-qTOF-MS and GC–MS coupled to chemometrics. Food Chem 2014; 151:333-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Schmidt JS, Nyberg NT, Staerk D. Assessment of constituents in Allium by multivariate data analysis, high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition assay and HPLC-SPE-NMR. Food Chem 2014; 161:192-8. [PMID: 24837940 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bulbs and leaves of 35 Allium species and cultivars bought or collected in 2010-2012 were investigated with multivariate data analysis, high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition assays and HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR with the aim of exploring the potential of Allium as a future functional food for management of type 2 diabetes. It was found that 30 out of 106 crude extracts showed more than 80% inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme at a concentration of 40mg/mL (dry sample) or 0.4g/mL (fresh sample). High-resolution α-glucosidase biochromatograms of these extracts allowed fast identification of three analytes with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and subsequent HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR experiments allowed identification of these as N-p-coumaroyloctopamine, N-p-coumaroyltyramine, and quercetin. The distribution of these three compounds was mapped for all samples by HPLC-ESI-HRMS. Unsupervised principal component analysis of samples from 2012 indicated that a major difference between fresh material and dried material is the increased amount of quercetin, a known α-glucosidase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe S Schmidt
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils T Nyberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lee H, Lim H, Yang J, Hong J. Rapid Determination of Ginkgolic Acids in Ginkgo biloba Leaf Using Online Column Switching High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection and Confirmation by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.12.3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wiese S, Wubshet SG, Nielsen J, Staerk D. Coupling HPLC-SPE-NMR with a microplate-based high-resolution antioxidant assay for efficient analysis of antioxidants in food – Validation and proof-of-concept study with caper buds. Food Chem 2013; 141:4010-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pan S, Neeraj A, Srivastava KS, Kishore P, Danquah MK, Sarethy IP. A Proposal for a Quality System for Herbal Products. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4230-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wubshet SG, Schmidt JS, Wiese S, Staerk D. High-resolution screening combined with HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR for identification of potential health-promoting constituents in sea aster and searocket--new Nordic food ingredients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8616-23. [PMID: 23962163 DOI: 10.1021/jf402949y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sea aster (Aster tripolium L.) and searocket (Cakile maritima Scop.), potential ingredients in the New Nordic Diet, were analyzed by high-resolution radical scavenging and high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Results from the two bioactivity profiles were used to guide subsequent structural analysis toward constituents with potential health-promoting effects. Structural analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-solid-phase extraction and automated tube transfer nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, that is, HPLC-HRMS-SPE-ttNMR. High-resolution mass spectrometry together with detailed analysis of one- and two-dimensional proton detected NMR experiments enabled unambiguous assignment of the targeted analytes. This revealed a series of caffeoyl esters (1, 2, 5), flavonoid glycosides (3, 4, 6, 11-15), flavonoids (7-9), sinapate esters (10, 16, 17), and sinapinic acid (18) associated with radical scavenging and/or α-glucosidase inhibition. In vitro assays implemented in this study showed that sea aster holds potential as a future functional food ingredient for lowering postprandial blood glucose level for diabetics, but further investigations are needed to prove the effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sileshi G Wubshet
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Targeting high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis with high-resolution radical scavenging profiles-Bioactive secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Penicillium namyslowskii. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:34-9. [PMID: 23827469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The high-resolution radical scavenging profile of an extract of the endophytic fungus Penicillium namyslowskii was used to target analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, i.e., HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR, for identification of anti-oxidative secondary metabolites. This revealed the two chromatographic peaks with the highest relative response in the radical scavenging profile to be griseophenone C and peniprequinolone. The HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR analysis was performed in the tube-transfer mode using a cryogenically cooled NMR probe designed for 1.7mm NMR tubes. To further explore the potential of the above HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR platform for analysis of endophytic extracts, six peaks displaying no radical scavenging activity were also analyzed. This allowed unambiguous identification of six metabolites, i.e., dechlorogriseofulvin, dechlorodehydrogriseofulvin, griseofulvin, dehydrogriseofulvin, mevastatin acid, and mevastatin. The high mass sensitivity of the 1.7mm cryogenically cooled NMR probe allowed for the first time acquisition of direct detected (13)C NMR spectra of fungal metabolites, i.e., dechlorogriseofulvin and griseofulvin, directly from crude extract via HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR. Dechlorodehydrogriseofulvin was reported for the first time from nature.
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Garcia-Manteiga JM. Data Analysis and Interpretation in Metabolomics. Bioinformatics 2013. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3604-0.ch077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics represents the new ‘omics’ approach of the functional genomics era. It consists in the identification and quantification of all small molecules, namely metabolites, in a given biological system. While metabolomics refers to the analysis of any possible biological system, metabonomics is specifically applied to disease and physiopathological situations. The data collected within these approaches is highly integrative of the other higher levels and is hence amenable to be explored with a top-down systems biology point of view. The aim of this chapter is to give a global view of the state of the art in metabolomics describing the two analytical techniques usually used to give rise to this kind of data, nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, and mass spectrometry. In addition, the author will focus on the different data analysis tools that can be applied to such studies to extract information with special interest at the attempts to integrate metabolomics with other ‘omics’ approaches and its relevance in systems biology modeling.
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Kuehnbaum NL, Britz-McKibbin P. New Advances in Separation Science for Metabolomics: Resolving Chemical Diversity in a Post-Genomic Era. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2437-68. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300484s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Kuehnbaum
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Grosso C, Jäger AK, Staerk D. Coupling of a high-resolution monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor assay and HPLC-SPE-NMR for advanced bioactivity profiling of plant extracts. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:141-147. [PMID: 22987664 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is a mental disease causing large personal and socio-economic problems, and new improved drugs are therefore needed. Selective monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitors are potential anti-depressants, but discovering new MAO-A inhibitors from natural sources by bioassay-guided approaches are a lengthy and time-consuming process. New analytical technologies that allow simultaneously chemical and biological screening of extracts are therefore urgently needed. METHOD In the present study we describe coupling of a photometric microplate-based high-resolution MAO-A inhibitor assay with a hyphenated system consisting of high-performance liquid chromatography, solid-phase extraction and tube transfer nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-SPE-ttNMR). The standard compound clorgyline, and an extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), representing a complex plant matrix, were used for proof-of-concept. RESULTS The work with clorgyline showed that the microplate-based high-resolution assay produced MAO-A inhibition profiles that easily allowed detection of submicrogram amounts of this selective MAO-A inhibitor. Furthermore, the HPLC-SPE-ttNMR/high-resolution MAO-A inhibition assay platform allowed identification of piperine and two piperine analogues as the main MAO-A inhibitors in the black pepper petroleum ether extract. CONCLUSION The HPLC-SPE-ttNMR/high-resolution MAO-A inhibition assay platform is a powerful tool for fast and efficient identification of new MAO-A inhibitors from complex extracts, and promise future advancement in the search for new anti-depressants from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Grosso
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are linked to PD pathogenesis, its etiology and pathology remain to be elucidated. Metabolomics investigates metabolite changes in biofluids, cell lysates, tissues and tumors in order to correlate these metabolomic changes to a disease state. Thus, the application of metabolomics to investigate PD provides a systematic approach to understand the pathology of PD, to identify disease biomarkers, and to complement genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics studies. This review will examine current research into PD mechanisms with a focus on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Neurotoxin-based PD animal models and the rationale for metabolomics studies in PD will also be discussed. The review will also explore the potential of NMR metabolomics to address important issues related to PD treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Lei
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Chemistry, 722
Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304
| | - Robert Powers
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Chemistry, 722
Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304
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Systems biology of meridians, acupoints, and chinese herbs in disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:372670. [PMID: 23118787 PMCID: PMC3483864 DOI: 10.1155/2012/372670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Meridians, acupoints, and Chinese herbs are important components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). They have been used for disease treatment and prevention and as alternative and complementary therapies. Systems biology integrates omics data, such as transcriptional, proteomic, and metabolomics data, in order to obtain a more global and complete picture of biological activity. To further understand the existence and functions of the three components above, we reviewed relevant research in the systems biology literature and found many recent studies that indicate the value of acupuncture and Chinese herbs. Acupuncture is useful in pain moderation and relieves various symptoms arising from acute spinal cord injury and acute ischemic stroke. Moreover, Chinese herbal extracts have been linked to wound repair, the alleviation of postmenopausal osteoporosis severity, and anti-tumor effects, among others. Different acupoints, variations in treatment duration, and herbal extracts can be used to alleviate various symptoms and conditions and to regulate biological pathways by altering gene and protein expression. Our paper demonstrates how systems biology has helped to establish a platform for investigating the efficacy of TCM in treating different diseases and improving treatment strategies.
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Comprehensive analysis of commercial willow bark extracts by new technology platform: combined use of metabolomics, high-performance liquid chromatography-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution radical scavenging assay. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:130-7. [PMID: 23021634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, proof-of-concept of a new analytical platform used for the comprehensive analysis of a small set of commercial willow bark products is presented, and compared with a traditional standardization solely based on analysis of salicin and salicin derivatives. The platform combines principal component analysis (PCA) of two chemical fingerprints, i.e., HPLC and (1)H NMR data, and a pharmacological fingerprint, i.e., high-resolution 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS(+)) reduction profile, with targeted identification of constituents of interest by hyphenated HPLC-solid-phase extraction-tube transfer NMR, i.e., HPLC-SPE-ttNMR. Score plots from PCA of HPLC and (1)H NMR fingerprints showed the same distinct grouping of preparations formulated as capsules of Salix alba bark and separation of S. alba cortex. Loading plots revealed this to be due to high amount of salicin in capsules and ampelopsin, taxifolin, 7-O-methyltaxifolin-3'-O-glucoside, and 7-O-methyltaxifolin in S. alba cortex, respectively. PCA of high-resolution radical scavenging profiles revealed clear separation of preparations along principal component 1 due to the major radical scavengers (+)-catechin and ampelopsin. The new analytical platform allowed identification of 16 compounds in commercial willow bark extracts, and identification of ampelopsin, taxifolin, 7-O-methyltaxifolin-3'-O-glucoside, and 7-O-methyltaxifolin in S. alba bark extract is reported for the first time. The detection of the novel compound, ethyl 1-hydroxy-6-oxocyclohex-2-enecarboxylate, is also described.
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Sheridan H, Krenn L, Jiang R, Sutherland I, Ignatova S, Marmann A, Liang X, Sendker J. The potential of metabolic fingerprinting as a tool for the modernisation of TCM preparations. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:482-491. [PMID: 22338647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A vast majority Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) are traditionally administered as individually prepared water decoctions (tang) which are rather complicated in practice and their dry extracts show technological problems that hamper straight production of more convenient application forms. Modernised extraction procedures may overcome these difficulties but there is lack of clinical evidence supporting their therapeutic equivalence to traditional decoctions and their quality can often not solely be attributed to the single marker compounds that are usually used for chemical extract optimisation. As demonstrated by the example of the rather simple traditional TCM formula Danggui Buxue Tang, both the chemical composition and the biological activity of extracts resulting from traditional water decoction are influenced by details of the extraction procedure and especially involve pharmacokinetic synergism based on co-extraction. Hence, a more detailed knowledge about the traditional extracts' chemical profiles and their impact on biological activity is desirable in order to allow the development of modernised extracts that factually contain the whole range of compounds relevant for the efficacy of the traditional application. We propose that these compounds can be identified by metabolomics based on comprehensive fingerprint analysis of different extracts with known biological activity. TCM offers a huge variety of traditional products of the same botanical origin but with distinct therapeutic properties, like differentially processed drugs and special daodi qualities. Through this variety, TCM gives an ideal field for the application of metabolomic techniques aiming at the identification of active constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sheridan
- Trinity College, Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, East End Development 4/5, Dublin 2, Ireland
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43
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Farag MA, Porzel A, Wessjohann LA. Comparative metabolite profiling and fingerprinting of medicinal licorice roots using a multiplex approach of GC-MS, LC-MS and 1D NMR techniques. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 76:60-72. [PMID: 22336263 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra, commonly known as licorice, is a popular herbal supplement used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions and possesses anticancer and antiviral activities. This species contains a plethora of phytochemicals including terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, polyamines and polysaccharides. The full complement of bioactive compounds has yet to be elucidated, a step necessary in order to explain its medicinal use. There are over 30 species in the Glycyrrhiza genus world-wide, most of which have been little characterized in terms of phytochemical or pharmacological properties. Here, large scale multi-targeted metabolic profiling and fingerprinting techniques were utilized to help gain a broader insight into Glycyrrhiza species chemical composition. UV, MS and NMR spectra of extracted components were connected with NMR, MS, and multivariate analyses data from Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza inflata and Glycyrrhiza echinata. Major peaks in (1)H NMR and MS spectra contributing to the discrimination among species were assigned as those of glycyrrhizin, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and glycosidic conjugates of liquiritigenin/isoliquiritigenin. Primary metabolites profiling using GC-MS revealed the presence of cadaverine, an amino acid, exclusively found in G. inflata roots. Both LC-MS and NMR were found effective techniques in sample classification based on genetic and or geographical origin as revealed from derived PCA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Napolitano JG, Gödecke T, Rodríguez-Brasco MF, Jaki BU, Chen SN, Lankin DC, Pauli G. The tandem of full spin analysis and qHNMR for the quality control of botanicals exemplified with Ginkgo biloba. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:238-48. [PMID: 22332915 PMCID: PMC3388902 DOI: 10.1021/np200949v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies are widely used for health promotion and disease prevention. Due to the high chemical complexity of these natural products, it is essential to develop new analytical strategies to guarantee their quality and consistency. In particular, the precise characterization of multiple botanical markers remains a challenge. This study demonstrates how a combination of computer-aided spectral analysis and 1D quantitative ¹H NMR spectroscopy (qHNMR) generates the analytical foundation for innovative means of simultaneously identifying and quantifying botanical markers in complex mixtures. First, comprehensive ¹H NMR profiles (fingerprints) of selected botanical markers were generated via ¹H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA) with PERCH. Next, the ¹H fingerprints were used to assign specific ¹H resonances in the NMR spectra of reference materials, enriched fractions, and crude extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves. These ¹H fingerprints were then used to verify the assignments by 2D NMR. Subsequently, a complete purity and composition assessment by means of 1D qHNMR was conducted. As its major strengths, this tandem approach enables the simultaneous quantification of multiple constituents without the need for identical reference materials, the semiquantitative determination of particular subclasses of components, and the detection of impurities and adulterants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Napolitano
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - Tanja Gödecke
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - María F. Rodríguez-Brasco
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - Birgit U. Jaki
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - David C. Lankin
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
| | - GuidoF. Pauli
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60612, U.S.A
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van der Hooft JJJ, Mihaleva V, de Vos RCH, Bino RJ, Vervoort J. A strategy for fast structural elucidation of metabolites in small volume plant extracts using automated MS-guided LC-MS-SPE-NMR. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49 Suppl 1:S55-S60. [PMID: 22290710 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In many metabolomics studies, metabolite identification by mass spectrometry (MS) often is hampered by the lack of good reference compounds, and hence, NMR information is essential for structural elucidation, especially for the very large group of secondary metabolites. The classical approach for compound identification is to perform time-consuming and laborious HPLC fractionations and purifications, before (re)dissolving the molecules in deuterated solvents for NMR measurements. Hence, a more direct and easy purification protocol would save time and efforts. Here, we propose an automated MS-guided HPLC-MS-solid phase extraction-NMR approach, which was used to fully characterize flavonoid structures present in crude tomato plant extracts. NMR spectra of plant metabolites, automatically trapped and purified from LC-MS traces, were successfully obtained, leading to the structural elucidation of the metabolites. The MS-based trapping enabled a direct link between the mass signals and NMR peaks derived from the selected LC-MS peaks, thereby decreasing the time needed for elucidation of the metabolite structures. In addition, automated 1H NMR spectrum fitting further speeded up the candidate rejection process. Our approach facilitates the more rapid unraveling of yet unknown metabolite structures and can therefore make untargeted metabolomics approaches more powerful.
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Johansen KT, Wubshet SG, Nyberg NT, Jaroszewski JW. From retrospective assessment to prospective decisions in natural product isolation: HPLC-SPE-NMR analysis of Carthamus oxyacantha. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2454-2461. [PMID: 22060189 DOI: 10.1021/np200780m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An extract of Carthamus oxyacantha (wild safflower) was investigated using two approaches: a traditional, nontarget fractionation by VLC and HPLC, and the hyphenated technique HPLC-PDA-HRMS-SPE-NMR followed by targeted isolation of selected constituents for inclusion in a screening library of pure natural products. While the nontarget fractionation involved considerable time spent on pursuing fractions containing well-known or undesired compounds, the hyphenated analysis was considerably faster and required less solvent and other consumables. The results were used to design and execute an optimized, HPLC-HRMS-guided, targeted isolation scheme aiming exclusively at a series of identified spiro compounds. Thus, HPLC-PDA-HRMS-SPE-NMR is a dereplication technique of choice, allowing economical acquisition of comprehensive data about compounds in crude extracts, which can be used for rational, prospective decisions about further isolation efforts. A total of 15 compounds were identified in the extract. Six spiro compounds, of which four have not previously been characterized, and tracheloside (a lignin glucoside) are presented with assigned 1H and 13C chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T Johansen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Michl J, Modarai M, Edwards S, Heinrich M. Metabolomic analysis of Ranunculus spp. as potential agents involved in the etiology of equine grass sickness. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10388-10393. [PMID: 21842884 DOI: 10.1021/jf201430k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Identification of toxic or harmful agents continues to be a key goal in agricultural chemistry. This paper reports a metabolomic analysis of Ranunculus repens and related species, which were recently postulated to be cocausative agents in the etiology of equine grass sickness (EGS). Specifically, samples collected at EGS sites were compared with those from non-EGS sites. Furthermore, interspecific and seasonal variations and the species' response to edaphic and climatic factors were investigated. (1)H NMR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis was applied to the crude methanol extracts of the Ranunculus samples, as well as their chloroform fractions. Samples from EGS sites were significantly different from control samples. The metabolite composition varied greatly between different Ranunculus species. No significant changes could be observed between samples collected in different seasons. This work provides strong evidence that Ranunculus is involved in the etiology of EGS and has implications for agricultural management of pastures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Michl
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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Tistaert C, Dejaegher B, Heyden YV. Chromatographic separation techniques and data handling methods for herbal fingerprints: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:148-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim HK, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. NMR-based plant metabolomics: where do we stand, where do we go? Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:267-75. [PMID: 21435731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NMR-based metabolomics is an important tool for studying biological systems and has been applied in various organisms, including animals, plants and microbes. NMR is able to provide a 'holistic view' of the metabolites under certain conditions, and thus is advantageous for metabolomic studies. To maximize the use of the information obtained, it is also important to create a platform to measure, store and share data. Public databases for storing and sharing information are still lacking for NMR-based metabolomic analysis in plants. Such databases are urgently needed to make metabolic profiling a real omics technology. In addition, to understand metabolic processes in depth, single-cell analysis and the turnover of metabolites in pathways (fluxomics) should be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyong Kim
- Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Wang X, Sun H, Zhang A, Sun W, Wang P, Wang Z. Potential role of metabolomics apporoaches in the area of traditional Chinese medicine: as pillars of the bridge between Chinese and Western medicine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:859-68. [PMID: 21353755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a holistic approach to health that attempts to bring the body, mind and spirit into harmony. Entering 21st century, TCM is getting more and more popular in the whole world for improving health condition of human beings and preventing or healing diseases, especially shows great advantages in early intervention, combination therapies and personalized medicine, etc. However, like almost all other ethnopharmacology, TCM also faces severe challenges and suffers from insufficient modern research owing to lack of scientific and technologic approaches, restricts the development of TCM in the world. Fortunately, a novel analytical technique, metabolomics (or metabonomics), adopts a 'top-down' strategy to reflect the function of organisms from terminal symptoms of metabolic network and understand metabolic changes of a complete system caused by interventions in holistic context. Its property consists with the holistic thinking of TCM, may beneficially provide an opportunity to scientifically express the meaning of evidence-based Chinese medicine, such as Chinese medicine syndromes (CMS), preventive treatment, action of Chinese medicine, Chinese medical formulae (CMF) and acupuncture efficacy. This review summarizes potential applications of robust metabolomics apporoaches in the area of traditional oriental medicine, and highlights the key role of metabolomics to resolve special TCM issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China.
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