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Montory M, Habit E, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO, Kolok AS, Barra RO, Ferrer J. Biotransport of persistent organic pollutants in the southern Hemisphere by invasive Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the rivers of northern Chilean Patagonia, a UNESCO biosphere reserve. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105803. [PMID: 32563009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biotransport is often associated with migration patterns of species, including large, anadromous salmonids. Several studies have reported biotransport of persistent organic pollutants in the Northern Hemisphere, but there is no published information on biotransport ocurring south of the equator. Chile's Patagonia is one of the last largely intact natural areas in the world. The objective of this study was to determine whether persistent organic pollutants are transported by the invasive Pacific Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from the Pacific Ocean to Chilean Patagonia. Samples of juvenile and adult Chinook salmon were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The results revealed that concentrations of POPs in adults migrating into Patagonian rivers were significantly higher than those found in juveniles migrating seaward. A mass balance analysis indicates that Chinook salmon are a source of persistent organic pollutants to Chilean Patagonia inland waters. Capsule: Biotransport of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from the Pacific Ocean to Chilean Patagonia has been confirmed by mass balance of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Montory
- Hydro-environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences/EULA-Chile Centre, Department of Aquatic Systems, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, PO Box 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Pilar Fernandez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Research Resources Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences/EULA-Chile Centre, Department of Aquatic Systems, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, PO Box 160-C Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Ferrer
- Hydro-environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
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Montory M, Ferrer J, Rivera D, Villouta MV, Grimalt JO. First report on organochlorine pesticides in water in a highly productive agro-industrial basin of the Central Valley, Chile. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:148-156. [PMID: 28161515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ñuble River flows through an agricultural area in the central zone of Chile in which different types of fruits are grown. The objective of this study was to identify the levels and source of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface waters of the Ñuble River. Surface water samples were collected at 10 sampling points and analyzed for 19 organochlorine pesticides during the dry (spring-summer) and wet (autumn-winter) periods of 2013 and 2014. The results revealed that concentrations of total OCPs in surface waters ranged from 0.12 to 26.28 ng/l. Endosulfan and lindane were the main OCPs in the water. The maximum OCP levels were found in the dry period, while significantly lower concentrations were recorded in the wet period. This indicates that patterns of OCPs have varied in the last 10 years as this study found low concentrations of DDT and metabolites but significantly increased concentrations of α-endosulfan. Given the fact that OCPs were withdrawn from agricultural used many years ago, their presence indicates that they may be still in use clandestinely. Findings of significant concentrations of endosulfan and lindane in this study lead to the conclusion that the chemical fallow practices contribute to runoff into the river and surface water infiltration into groundwater. Because no studies have previously measured OCP levels in agricultural basins in Chile, this study is an important contribution to the knowledge of organochlorine contaminants present in surface water in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montory
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile.
| | - Javier Ferrer
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Rivera
- Laboratory of Comparative Policy in Water Resources Management, Department of Water Resources, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - María Valentina Villouta
- Laboratory of Hydro-Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Water Resources, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Lundebye AK, Lock EJ, Rasinger JD, Nøstbakken OJ, Hannisdal R, Karlsbakk E, Wennevik V, Madhun AS, Madsen L, Graff IE, Ørnsrud R. Lower levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants, metals and the marine omega 3-fatty acid DHA in farmed compared to wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 155:49-59. [PMID: 28189073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants and fatty acid levels in farmed- versus wild Atlantic salmon have been a hot topic of debate in terms of food safety. The present study determined dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), metals and fatty acids in wild and farmed Atlantic salmon. Contaminant levels of dioxins, PCBs, OCPs (DDT, dieldrin, lindane, chlordane, Mirex, and toxaphene), and mercury were higher in wild salmon than in farmed salmon, as were the concentrations of the essential elements selenium, copper, zinc and iron, and the marine omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). PBDE, endosulfan, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, cadmium and lead levels were low and comparable in both wild and farmed fish, and there was no significant difference in the marine omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration. The total fat content was significantly higher in farmed than wild salmon due to a higher content of both saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as a higher content of omega-6 fatty acids. The omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acid ratio was considerably lower in farmed than wild salmon due to the high level of omega-6 fatty acids. Contaminant concentrations in Atlantic salmon were well below maximum levels applicable in the European Union. Atlantic salmon, both farmed and wild, is a good source of EPA and DHA with a 200g portion per week contributing 3.2g or 2.8g respectively, being almost twice the intake considered adequate for adults by the European Food Safety Authority (i.e. 250mg/day or 1.75g/week).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrine Lundebye
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole Jakob Nøstbakken
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rita Hannisdal
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Institute of Marine Research,, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar Wennevik
- Institute of Marine Research,, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Abdullah S Madhun
- Institute of Marine Research,, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise Madsen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Eide Graff
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Robin Ørnsrud
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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Rudolph I, Chiang G, Galbán-Malagón C, Mendoza R, Martinez M, Gonzalez C, Becerra J, Servos MR, Munkittrick KR, Barra R. Persistent organic pollutants and porphyrins biomarkers in penguin faeces from Kopaitic Island and Antarctic Peninsula. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1390-1396. [PMID: 27450255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels were determined in the faeces of three Antarctic Peninsula penguin species to assess viability as a non-invasive approach for sampling PCBs in Antarctic biota. These determinations were complemented with stable isotope and porphyrins assessments, and together this methodology determined the role of diet and metabolic disruption in penguins. Up to 60% of the collected faecal samples evidenced low molecular weight PCBs, of which, the more volatile compounds were predominant, in agreement with previous results. The highest PCB levels were reported in the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua; 35.3ngg-1 wet weight average), followed by the chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica; 6.4ngg-1 wet weight average) and Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae; 12.9ngg-1 wet weight average). Stable isotope analyses (δ15N and δ13C) demonstrated that gentoo feeding and foraging habits differed from those of Adélie and chinstrap penguins. A strong positive correlation was found between PCB concentrations and δ15N, indicating the role of diet on the observed pollutant levels. Porphyrins metabolite levels were also directly correlated with PCB concentrations. These results suggest that PCB levels impair the health of Antarctic penguins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rudolph
- Aquatic Systems Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA-Chile Centre, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Gustavo Chiang
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, St. John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada; Fundación MERI, Santiago 7650720, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370371, Chile
| | - Rafael Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Dpto. de Estudios Ambientales, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
| | - Miguel Martinez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Carlos Gonzalez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - José Becerra
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, St. John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Ricardo Barra
- Aquatic Systems Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA-Chile Centre, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
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Cussac VE, Habit E, Ciancio J, Battini MA, Riva Rossi C, Barriga JP, Baigún C, Crichigno S. Freshwater fishes of Patagonia: conservation and fisheries. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:1068-1097. [PMID: 27284012 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The absence of much literature on the Patagonian fish fauna in comparison with that of the neotropics, has previously been blamed on its poor species diversity. Knowledge of the fishes of Patagonia, however, rose sharply at the beginning of the present century, allowing for an understanding of the complex biogeographical history that has led to the present diversity and distribution patterns. There are several new and potential threats to biodiversity and conservation of Patagonian fishes, such as the introduction of exotic species, damming, climate change and changes geared to safeguard economic interests, often acting synergistically. A great amount of new information is now available and the aim of the present review is to articulate this knowledge in a comprehensive way in order to aid in the development of tools to face the increasing challenges posed by environmental change and human activity. Knowledge about fishes of Patagonia has grown at the same time as human actions, and presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Cussac
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina
| | - E Habit
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales& Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - J Ciancio
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), CONICET, Argentina
| | - M A Battini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina
| | - C Riva Rossi
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), CONICET, Argentina
| | - J P Barriga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina
| | - C Baigún
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET, Argentina
| | - S Crichigno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina
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Halm-Lemeille MP, Abbaszadeh Fard E, Latire T, Ferard JF, Costil K, Lebel JM, Bureau R, Serpentini A. The effect of different polychlorinated biphenyls on two aquatic models, the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the haemocytes from the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 110:120-128. [PMID: 24630249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the toxicity of different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the haemocytes from the European abalone, Haliotis tuberculata. Using the algal growth inhibition test, the green algae median Effective Concentration (EC50) values ranged from 0.34μM for PCB28 to more than 100μM for PCBs 101 and 153. Considering the MTT viability test, the abalone EC50 values ranged from 1.67μM for PCB153 to 89μM for PCB28. Our results in contrast to previous observation in vertebrates did not show significant differences between the dioxin like- and non dioxin like-PCBs toxicities regardless of the model used. However, our results demonstrated that the toxicities of PCBs were species dependent. For example, PCB28 was the most toxic compound for P. subcapitata whereas PCBs 1, 180 and 153 were less toxic for that species. On the contrary, PCB153 was reported as the most toxic for H. tuberculata haemocytes and PCB28 the least toxic. To investigate the mode of action of these compounds, we used an in silico method. Our results suggested that PCBs have a non-specific mode of action (e.g., narcosis) on green algae, and another mode of action, probably more specific than narcosis, was reported for PCBs on the abalone haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, SFR ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UFR des Sciences pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen cedex, France.
| | - Elham Abbaszadeh Fard
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, SFR ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UFR des Sciences pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen cedex, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Latire
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Jean-François Ferard
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360 CNRS, Rue du Général Delestraint, F-57070 Metz, France
| | - Katherine Costil
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lebel
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Ronan Bureau
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA-4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, SFR ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UFR des Sciences pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Antoine Serpentini
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CNRS INEE, FRE3484 BioMEA, SFR ICORE, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, IBFA, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France.
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Meimaridou A, Haasnoot W, Shelver WL, Franek M, Nielen MWF. Multiplex immunoassay for persistent organic pollutants in tilapia: comparison of imaging- and flow cytometry-based platforms using spectrally encoded paramagnetic microspheres. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:843-52. [PMID: 23656318 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.769138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in spectrally encoded microspheres (SEMs)-based technologies provide high multiplexing possibilities. Most SEMs-based assays require a flow cytometer with sophisticated fluidics and optics. A new imaging super-paramagnetic SEMs-based alternative platform transports SEMs with considerably less fluid volume into a measuring chamber. Once there SEMs are held in a monolayer by a magnet. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are focused on the chamber to illuminate the SEMs - instead of lasers and they are imaged by a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector, offering a more compact sized, transportable and affordable system. The feasibility of utilising this system to develop a 3-plex SEMs-based imaging immunoassay (IMIA) for the screening of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied. Moreover the performance characteristics of 3-plex IMIA were critically compared with the conventional 3-plex flow cytometric immunoassay (FCIA). Both SEM technologies have potential for the multiplex analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in buffer and fish extract with insignificant differences in assay sensitivities. Furthermore, we developed a faster and simpler, modified QuEChERS-like generic POPs extraction from tilapia fillet using sodium hydrogen carbonate as one of the salt additives and dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) as a clean-up. Finally, a preliminary in-house validation using 40 different blank and spiked tilapia fillet samples was performed in both systems and the results obtained were critically compared. The lower-cost imaging SEMs-based system performed similarly to the original flow cytometer and, in combination with the new quicker QuEChERS-like extraction, it has high potential for future rapid screening of POPs in several other sample matrices such as other fish species, vegetable refined oils and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Meimaridou
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Thomas M, Lazartigues A, Banas D, Brun-Bellut J, Feidt C. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and fish from freshwater cultured fish ponds in different agricultural contexts in north-eastern France. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 77:35-44. [PMID: 22071217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (HCB, HCH with α-, β-, and γ isomers, heptachlor, cis-heptachlor epoxyde, trans-heptachlor epoxyde, endosulfan with α- and β isomers, sulfate endosulfan, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, chlorothalonil, alachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, methoxychlor, oxychlordane, chlordane with α- and γ isomers, p,p'-dicofol and o,p'-dicofol) and indicators PCBs (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) were studied both in sediments and muscles of farmed fish species (Cyprinus carpio and Perca fluviatilis). Samples were collected from fish ponds located in the hydrographic basin of the Moselle River (Lorraine Region, France). OCPs and PCBs were present at low concentrations both in sediments and fish muscles. Concerning sediments, ∑DDTs revealed concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2.30 ng g(-1) dw and ∑PCBs ranged from 0.3 to 3.5 ng g(-1) dw. Concerning fish muscles, the highest concentrations in OCPs were those of p,p'-DDE, with average concentrations of 0.57±0.44 ng g(-1) ww for carp and 0.58±0.29 ng g(-1) ww for perch. The contamination profiles proved to be different depending on the fish species. Indeed, HCH-isomers, HCB, and dieldrin were detected only for the carp and always at low concentrations. For example, the highest concentration of HCHs was observed for β-HCH with a mean value of 0.64±0.15 ng g(-1) ww for carp. As for PCBs, the levels of ∑PCBs ranged from 0.3 to 6.4 ng g(-1) ww in carp muscles and from 0.90 to 5.60 ng g(-1) ww in perch muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Thomas
- UR AFPA, Nancy Université, INRA, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, BP 172, 54505 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France.
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