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Lei P, Chen M, Rong N, Tang W, Zhang H. A passive sampler for synchronously measuring inorganic and organic pollutants in sediment porewater: Configuration and field application. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:201-212. [PMID: 37923430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In situ measurement of multiple pollutants coexisting in sediment porewater is an essential step in comprehensively assessing the bioavailability and risk of pollutants, but to date, this needs to be better developed. In this study, a passive sampler, consisting of an "I-shaped" supporting frame and inorganic/organic sampling units, incorporating equilibrium dialysis theory and kinetic/equilibrium sorption principle, was developed for the synchronous measurement of inorganic (e.g., phosphorus and metal(loid)s) and organic pollutants (e.g., parent and substituted PAHs). The equilibrium time and sampling rates were explored in laboratory tests to support in situ application. Profiles of pollutants in porewater within a vertical resolution of centimeters, i.e., 1 cm and 2 cm for inorganic and organic pollutants, respectively, were obtained by field deployment of the sampler for further estimation of diffusive fluxes across the sediment-water interface. The results suggested that the role of sediments for a specific pollutant may change (e.g., from "sink" to "source") during the sampling time. This study demonstrated the feasibility of synchronous measurement of inorganic and organic pollutants in sediment porewater by the passive sampler. In addition, it provided new insight for further investigation into the combined pollution effects of various pollutants in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lei
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mingying Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nan Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Wenzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Xiong J, Li H, Ma X, Tan B, Gong Y, Xie D, Wang L, Yi H, You J. Tracing the attenuation of fipronil and its transformation products from a rice paddy field to receiving rivers using polar organic chemical integrative samplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166824. [PMID: 37673241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Irrational use of fipronil for rice pest control often occurred, resulting in high concentrations of fipronil and its transformation products (TPs) (collectively termed fiproles) in aquatic sediment, calling for a better understanding of the migration and transformation of fipronil in surface water as well as efficient methods for source identification. Herein, the fate and transport of fiproles from a paddy field to receiving rivers were assessed in Poyang Lake basin, Jiangxi, China using polar organic chemical integrative samplers with mixed-mode adsorbents (POCIS-MMA). Average concentrations of fiproles in water were 6.16 ± 6.32 ng/L, with median, minimum, and maximum values being 2.99 ± 0.67, 0.40 ± 0.08, and 18.6 ± 3.1 ng/L, respectively. In all samples, over half of fiproles (55.9 %-90.8 %) presented in the form of TPs and fipronil desulfinyl was the dominant TP. Two approaches were applied for source identification, including the change of molar concentration ratios of fipronil to its TPs and the relative attenuation values of fiproles normalized to a reference compound (acetamiprid) that was stable in aquatic environment. While the paddy field upstream was the main source of waterborne fiproles, additional input sources in the downstream region were identified. The present study indicated that the combination of attenuation of molar concentration ratios of micro-pollutants to their respective TPs and relative attenuation values of micro-pollutants' concentrations normalized to a reference compound measured by POCIS is an effective means to study the migration and transformation of micro-pollutants in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Baoxiang Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yongting Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Danping Xie
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hao Yi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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3
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Soriano Y, Alvarez-Ruiz R, Clokey JE, Gorji SG, Kaserzon SL, Picó Y. Determination of organic contaminants in L'Albufera Natural Park using microporous polyethylene tube passive samplers: An environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166594. [PMID: 37640071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
L'Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain) is a protected wetland of international significance that provides critical habitats to endemic and threatened bird and plant species. This study aims to use multiple cross-validation techniques to generate an accurate estimation of the environmental risk of organic contaminants (OCs) in an internationally important coastal wetland, to identify compounds of concern and their potential sources and risk factors. Microporous polyethylene tube (MPT) passive samplers were deployed at 12 locations across L'Albufera Natural Park with concurrent grab samples collected. A subset of MPT samplers were also analysed by an additional laboratory in Australia to widen the range of contaminants and assess interlaboratory reproducibility of results. Forty-three pesticides, 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 20 per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and 4 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) were detected in the MPT samplers. The fungicides tebuconazole and difenoconazole were detected at the highest concentrations in passive samplers (maximum concentrations, 153 ng sampler-1 and 106 ng sampler-1, respectively). Several other pesticides were detected in all locations (mean concentrations >1 ng sampler-1). The compounds fenamiphos, propyzamide, difenoconazole, propiconazole, metsulfuron methyl, sodium bis (perfluorohexyl) phosphinate (6:6 PFPiA), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), 6:2 fluorotelomersulfonate (6:2 FTS), citalopram desmethyl and citalopram were reported in the wetland for the first time. Spatial distribution analysis revealed higher pesticide concentrations in the North of L'Albufera. A risk quotient (RQ) analysis showed that ibuprofen is of concern in the area. Overall, the MPT sampling approach is promising as a risk assessment tool for better understanding the transport and fate of OCs in protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Soriano
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Alvarez-Ruiz
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joseph E Clokey
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sara Ghorbani Gorji
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sarit L Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
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Castaño-Ortiz JM, Gil-Solsona R, Ospina-Alvarez N, García-Pimentel MM, León VM, Santos LHMLM, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S. Bioaccumulation and fate of pharmaceuticals in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: Temporal variation and impact of a flash flood event. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115887. [PMID: 37054836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to terrestrial inputs from human-impacted areas. The prevalence of wastewater treatment plants, unable to remove contaminants such as pharmaceuticals (PhACs), leads to their continuous input into the marine environment. In this paper, the seasonal occurrence of PhACs in a semi-confined coastal lagoon (the Mar Menor, south-eastern Spain) was studied during 2018 and 2019 by evaluating their presence in seawater and sediments, and their bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. Temporal variation in the contamination levels was evaluated by comparison to a previous study carried out between 2010 and 2011 before the cessation of permanent discharges of treated wastewater into the lagoon. The impact of a flash flood event (September 2019) on PhACs pollution was also assessed. A total of seven compounds (out of 69 PhACs analysed) were found in seawater during 2018-2019, with a limited detection frequency (<33%) and concentrations (up to 11 ng/L of clarithromycin). Only carbamazepine was found in sediments (ND-1.2 ng/g dw), suggesting an improved environmental quality in comparison to 2010-2011 (when 24 and 13 compounds were detected in seawater and sediments, respectively). However, the biomonitoring of fish and molluscs showed a still remarkable accumulation of analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs, lipid regulators, psychiatric drugs and β-blocking agents, albeit not higher than in 2010. The flash flood event from 2019 increased the prevalence of PhACs in the lagoon, compared to the 2018-2019 sampling campaigns, especially in the upper water layer. After the flash flood the antibiotics clarithromycin and sulfapyridine yielded the highest concentrations ever reported in the lagoon (297 and 145 ng/L, respectively), alongside azithromycin in 2011 (155 ng/L). Flash flood events associated with sewer overflows and soil mobilisation, which are expected to increase under climate change scenarios, should be considered when assessing the risks posed by pharmaceuticals to vulnerable aquatic ecosystems in the coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Castaño-Ortiz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - R Gil-Solsona
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Ospina-Alvarez
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Atlantic International Research Centre (AIR Centre), 9700-702, Angra Do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - M M García-Pimentel
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/ Varadero 1, San Pedro Del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/ Varadero 1, San Pedro Del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - L H M L M Santos
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Kamali N, Abbas F, Lehane M, Griew M, Furey A. A Review of In Situ Methods-Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the Collection and Concentration of Marine Biotoxins and Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:7898. [PMID: 36431996 PMCID: PMC9698218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are in situ methods that have been applied to pre-concentrate a range of marine toxins, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds that occur at low levels in marine and environmental waters. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of biotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters (marine, brackish and freshwater) highlighting the need for the development of effective techniques to generate accurate quantitative water system profiles. In this manuscript, we reviewed in situ methods known as Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the collection and concentration of marine biotoxins, freshwater cyanotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters since the 1980s to present. Twelve different adsorption substrates in SPATT and 18 different sorbents in POCIS were reviewed for their ability to absorb a range of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, antibiotics and microcystins in marine water, freshwater and wastewater. This review suggests the gaps in reported studies, outlines future research possibilities and guides researchers who wish to work on water contaminates using Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kamali
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Feras Abbas
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Griew
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
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Khulu S, Ncube S, Nuapia Y, Madikizela LM, Mavhunga E, Chimuka L. Development and application of a membrane assisted solvent extraction-molecularly imprinted polymer based passive sampler for monitoring of selected pharmaceuticals in surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119145. [PMID: 36179429 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the development, evaluation and pre-liminary application of a novel passive sampler for monitoring of selected pharmaceuticals in environmental waters. The samplers were calibrated in laboratory-based experiments to obtain sampling rates (Rs) for carbamazepine, methocarbamol, etilefrine, venlafaxine and nevirapine. Passive sampling was based on the diffusion of the target pharmaceuticals from surface water through a membrane bag which housed an ionic liquid as a green receiving solvent and a molecularly imprinted polymer. Effects of biofouling, deployment time and solvent type for the receiver phase were optimized for selective uptake of analytes in surface water. Notably, there was a decrease in the uptake of selected pharmaceuticals and consequently a decrease in their sampling rates in the presence of biofouling. The optimum matrix-matched sampling rates ranged from 0.0007 - 0.0018 L d-1 whilst the method detection and quantification limits ranged from 2.45 - 3.26 ng L-1 and 8.06 - 10.81 ng L-1, respectively. The optimized passive sampler was deployed in a dam situated in the heart of a typical highly populated township in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Only etilefrine and methocarbamol were detected and quantified at maximum time weighted average concentrations of 12.88 and 72.29 ng L-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinegugu Khulu
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O Box 60, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa
| | - Yannick Nuapia
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Pharmacy Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Mavhunga
- School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
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Benedetti B, Baglietto M, MacKeown H, Scapuzzi C, Di Carro M, Magi E. An optimized processing method for polar organic chemical integrative samplers deployed in seawater: Toward a maximization of the analysis accuracy for trace emerging contaminants. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463309. [PMID: 35853423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Passive sampling of emerging contaminants (ECs) in seawater represents a challenge in environmental monitoring. A specific protocol for Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) processing may be necessary when dealing with marine applications, due to the peculiarity of the considered matrix. Herein, both the instrumental LC-MS/MS analysis and the sampler processing for the determination of 22 ECs in seawater were carefully optimized. The study entailed a test simulating POCIS sorbent exposure to seawater as well as the processing of replicated field POCIS with different elution solvents. The final method involved washing the sorbent with water, to eliminate most salts, and a two-step elution, by using methanol and a small volume of a dichloromethane-isopropanol mixture. With this protocol, recoveries between 58 and 137% (average 106%) were obtained for most analytes, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, UV-filters, perfluorinated substances and caffeine. Still, the protocol was not suitable for very hydrophilic compounds (recovery under 20% for artificial sweeteners and the pharmaceutical salbutamol), which also showed remarkable ion suppression (matrix effects in the range 4-46%). For all other chemicals, the matrix effects were in the range 67-103% (average 86%), indicating satisfactory accuracy. Also, the overall method showed high sensitivity (detection limits in the range 0.04-9 ng g-1 of POCIS sorbent) and excellent specificity, thanks to the monitoring of two "precursor ion-product ion" MS transitions for identity confirmation. The method was applied to samplers deployed in the Ligurian coast (Italy), detecting caffeine, bisphenol A, ketoprofen and two UV-filters as the most concentrated in the POCIS sorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa 16146, Italy
| | - Matteo Baglietto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa 16146, Italy
| | - Henry MacKeown
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa 16146, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa 16146, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa 16146, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa 16146, Italy
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MacKeown H, Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Magi E. The study of polar emerging contaminants in seawater by passive sampling: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134448. [PMID: 35364083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in marine waters include different classes of compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, showing "emerging concern" related to the environment and human health. Their measurement in seawater is challenging mainly due to the low concentration levels and the possible matrix interferences. Mass spectrometry combined with chromatographic techniques represents the method of choice to study seawater ECs, due to its sensitivity and versatility. Nevertheless, these instrumental techniques have to be preceded by suitable sample collection and pre-treatment: passive sampling represents a powerful approach in this regard. The present review compiles the existing occurrence studies on passive sampling coupled to mass spectrometry for the monitoring of polar ECs in seawater and discusses the availability of calibration data that enabled quantitative estimations. A vast majority of the published studies carried out during the last two decades describe the use of integrative samplers, while applications of equilibrium samplers represent approximately 10%. The polar Chemcatcher was the first applied to marine waters, while the more sensitive Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler rapidly became the most widely employed passive sampler. The organic Diffusive Gradients in Thin film technology is a recently introduced and promising device, due to its more reliable sampling rates. The best passive sampler selection for the monitoring of ECs in the marine environment as well as future research and development needs in this area are further discussed. On the instrumental side, combining passive sampling with high resolution mass spectrometry to better assess polar ECs is strongly advocated, despite the current challenges associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy.
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9
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Brunelle LD, Huang IJ, Angeles LF, Running LS, Sirotkin HI, McElroy AE, Aga DS. Comprehensive assessment of chemical residues in surface and wastewater using passive sampling, chemical, biological, and fish behavioral assays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154176. [PMID: 35245556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from ten full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that discharge into the Hudson River, surface waters, and wild-caught fish samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to examine the influence of wastewater discharge on the concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and their ecological impacts on fish. Analysis was based on targeted detection of 41 pharmaceuticals, and non-targeted analysis (suspect screening) of CECs. Biological effects of treated WWTP effluents were assessed using a larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) swimming behavior assay. Concentrations of residues in surface waters were determined in grab samples and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). In addition, vitellogenin peptides, used as biomarkers of endocrine disruption, were quantified using LC/MS/MS in the wild-caught fish plasma samples. Overall, 94 chemical residues were identified, including 63 pharmaceuticals, 10 industrial chemicals, and 21 pesticides. Eight targeted pharmaceuticals were detected in 100% of effluent samples with median detections of: bupropion (194 ng/L), carbamazepine (91 ng/L), ciprofloxacin (190 ng/L), citalopram (172 ng/L), desvenlafaxine (667 ng/L), iopamidol (3790 ng/L), primidone (86 ng/L), and venlafaxine (231 ng/L). Over 30 chemical residues were detected in wild-caught fish tissues. Notably, zebrafish larvae exposed to chemical extracts of effluents from 9 of 10 WWTPs, in at least one season, were significantly hyperactive. Vitellogenin expression in male or immature fish occurred 2.8 times more frequently in fish collected from the Hudson River as compared to a reference site receiving no direct effluent input. Due to the low concentrations of pharmaceuticals detected in effluents, it is likely that chemicals other than pharmaceuticals measured are responsible for the behavioral changes observed. The combined use of POCIS and non-target analysis demonstrated significant increase in the chemical coverage for CEC detection, providing a better insight on the impacts of WWTP effluents and agricultural practices on surface water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brunelle
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Irvin J Huang
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Luisa F Angeles
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Logan S Running
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Howard I Sirotkin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Anne E McElroy
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Kanwischer M, Asker N, Wernersson AS, Wirth MA, Fisch K, Dahlgren E, Osterholz H, Habedank F, Naumann M, Mannio J, Schulz-Bull DE. Substances of emerging concern in Baltic Sea water: Review on methodological advances for the environmental assessment and proposal for future monitoring. AMBIO 2022; 51:1588-1608. [PMID: 34637089 PMCID: PMC9005613 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic Sea is among the most polluted seas worldwide. Anthropogenic contaminants are mainly introduced via riverine discharge and atmospheric deposition. Regional and international measures have successfully been employed to reduce concentrations of several legacy contaminants. However, current Baltic Sea monitoring programs do not address compounds of emerging concern. Hence, potentially harmful pharmaceuticals, UV filters, polar pesticides, estrogenic compounds, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or naturally produced algal toxins are not taken into account during the assessment of the state of the Baltic Sea. Herein, we conducted literature searches based on systematic approaches and compiled reported data on these substances in Baltic Sea surface water and on methodological advances for sample processing and chemical as well as effect-based analysis of these analytically challenging marine pollutants. Finally, we provide recommendations for improvement of future contaminant and risk assessment in the Baltic Sea, which revolve around a combination of both chemical and effect-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Kanwischer
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Noomi Asker
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18A, 41390 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Wernersson
- Department for Management of Contaminated Sites, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Hugo Grauers gata 5 B, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marisa A. Wirth
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fisch
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elin Dahlgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, 178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Osterholz
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Friederike Habedank
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fisheries, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Thierfelderstraße 18, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Department of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jaakko Mannio
- Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production/Contaminants, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Detlef E. Schulz-Bull
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
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11
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Passive Sampling of Organic Contaminants as a Novel Approach to Monitor Seawater Quality in Aquarium Ocean Tanks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The determination of trace pollutants in seawater is challenging, and sampling is a crucial step in the entire analytical process. Passive samplers combine in situ sampling and preconcentration, thus limiting the tedious treatment steps of the conventional sampling methods. Their use to monitor water quality in confined marine environment could bring several advantages. In this work, the presence of organic contaminants at trace and ultra-trace levels was assessed in the Genoa Aquarium supply-and-treated water using Polar Organic Integrative Samplers (POCIS). Both untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were employed. The untargeted approach showed the presence of hydrocarbons, diphenyl sulfone and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol. Only hydrocarbons were detected in all the samples. Nineteen emerging contaminants, belonging to different classes (pharmaceuticals, UV-filters, hormones and perfluorinated compounds), were selected for the target analysis. Thirteen analytes were detected, mainly in supply water, even though the majority of them were below the quantitation limit. It is worthy to note that two of the detected UV-filters had never been reported in seawater using the POCIS samplers. The comparison of the analytes detected in supply and treated water indicated a good performance of the Aquarium water treatment system in the abatement of seawater contaminants.
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12
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Niemi L, Landová P, Taggart M, Boyd K, Zhang Z, Gibb S. Spatiotemporal trends and annual fluxes of pharmaceuticals in a Scottish priority catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118295. [PMID: 34626711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals (a class of emerging contaminants) are continuously introduced into effluent-receiving surface waters due to their incomplete removal within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This work investigated the presence and distribution of eight commonly used human pharmaceuticals in the River Dee (Scotland, UK), a Scottish Environment Protection Agency priority catchment that is a conservation site and important raw water source. Grab sampling and passive sampling (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler, POCIS) was performed over 12 months, targeting: paracetamol, ibuprofen, and diclofenac (analgesics/anti-inflammatories); clarithromycin and trimethoprim (antibiotics); carbamazepine and fluoxetine (psychoactive drugs); and 17α-ethynylestradiol (estrogen hormone). Sampling sites spanned from the river's rural source to the heavily urbanised estuary into the North Sea. Ibuprofen (ranging 0.8-697 ng/L), paracetamol (ranging 4-658 ng/L), trimethoprim (ranging 3-505 ng/L), diclofenac (ranging 2-324 ng/L) and carbamazepine (ranging 1-222 ng/L) were consistently detected at the highest concentrations through grab sampling, with concentrations generally increasing down river with increasing urbanisation. However, POCIS revealed trace contamination of most compounds throughout the river (commonly <0.5 ng/L), indicating pollution may be related to diffuse sources. Analysis of river flows revealed that low flow and warm seasons corresponded to statistically significantly higher concentrations of diclofenac and carbamazepine, two compounds of environmental and regulatory concern. Below the largest WWTP, annual average fluxes ranged 0.1 kg/yr (clarithromycin) to 143.8 kg/yr (paracetamol), with 226.2 kg/yr for total target compounds. It was estimated that this source contributed >70% of the total mass loads (dissolved phase) of the target compounds in the river. As the River Dee is an important raw water source and conservation site, additional catchment monitoring is warranted to safeguard water quality and assess environmental risk of emerging contaminants, particularly in relation to unusual weather patterns, climate change and population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Niemi
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, KW14 7JD, UK; The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
| | - Pavlína Landová
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Kenneth Boyd
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Zulin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Stuart Gibb
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, KW14 7JD, UK
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13
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Cristóvão MB, Bento-Silva A, Bronze MR, Crespo JG, Pereira VJ. Detection of anticancer drugs in wastewater effluents: Grab versus passive sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147477. [PMID: 33971591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of six anticancer drugs was evaluated in wastewater effluents. Several grab samples from wastewater effluent were collected throughout a year. Capecitabine, cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide were detected at concentrations ranging from 8 to 46 ng·L-1. Capecitabine was detected in all the sampling events whereas cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide were detected less frequently. Additionally, the suitability of using pharmaceutical-polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) to monitor the target drugs in wastewater effluents was assessed. Capecitabine, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide were detected with POCIS and showed a linear uptake over 15 days. The sampling rates, determined in situ, were used to estimate time-weighted average concentrations. A good correlation was found between the concentration of capecitabine detected with POCIS deployed during five days (32 ± 1 ng·L-1) and the average concentrations obtained in grab samples. The use of passive samplers has advantages over grab samples: easier analysis, less time and costs associated with the analytical method. Passive samplers also provide a time-weighted information about the concentration of pollutants in the aquatic environment. However, information may be lost when the concentration of the target compounds in wastewater effluents is low and the passive samplers are deployed for a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Cristóvão
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - Maria R Bronze
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João G Crespo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa J Pereira
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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14
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Kowalska D, Maculewicz J, Stepnowski P, Dołżonek J. Interaction of pharmaceutical metabolites with blood proteins and membrane lipids in the view of bioconcentration: A preliminary study based on in vitro assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146987. [PMID: 33866166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals pose a real threat to the environment, which has been proven in many studies to date. However, still little is known about the transformation products (TPs) of these compounds, which can also interact with organisms, causing adverse effects like noticeable toxicity or bioconcentration. Many recent works confirm that metabolites of pharmaceuticals are present in the environment, and preliminary studies suggest that they may be equally dangerous to or even more so than their parent compounds. Additionally, it has been proven that some of them have high hydrolytic stability, thus they may be persistent in the environment. This property also increases the likelihood that these compounds will be uptaken and accumulated in the tissues of organisms. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to preliminarily estimate the affinity of the transformation products of selected drugs for blood proteins and cell membrane-forming lipids, considered as important sorption phases during distribution in a living organism. In this study, it was shown that although the examined metabolites do not have a strong affinity for membrane lipids, they exhibit relatively strong binding to proteins, which may considerably affect the distribution of TPs in an organism and may indicate a non-classical process of bioconcentration. The results obtained confirm that the TPs of pharmaceuticals should be given much more attention and their potential for bioconcentration should be further determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Dołżonek
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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15
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Branchet P, Arpin-Pont L, Piram A, Boissery P, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Doumenq P. Pharmaceuticals in the marine environment: What are the present challenges in their monitoring? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142644. [PMID: 33077207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, there has been a growing interest in the research focused on the pharmaceutical residues in the environment. Those compounds have been recognized as a possible threat to aquatic ecosystems, due to their inherent biological activity and their "pseudo-persistence". Their presence has been relatively few investigated in the marine environment, though it is the last receiver of the continental contamination. Thus, pharmaceuticals monitoring data in marine waters are necessary to assess water quality and to allow enhancing future regulations and management decisions. A review of the current practices and challenges in monitoring strategies of pharmaceuticals in marine matrices (water, sediment and biota) is provided through the analysis of the available recent scientific literature. Key points are highlighted for the different steps of marine waters monitoring as features to consider for the targeted substance selection, the choice of the marine site configuration and sampling strategies to determine spatio-temporal trends of the contamination. Some marine environment specific features, such as the strong dilution occurring, the complex hydrodynamic and local logistical constraints are making this monitoring a very difficult and demanding task. Thus key knowledge gap priorities for future research are identified and discussed. Suitable passive samplers to monitor pharmaceutical seawater levels need further development and harmonization. Non-target analysis approaches would be promising to understand the fate of the targeted molecules and to enhance the list of substances to analyze. The implementation of integrated monitoring through long-term ecotoxicological tests on sensitive marine species at environmental levels would permit to better assess the ecological risk of these compounds for the marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Branchet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France.
| | - Lauren Arpin-Pont
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| | - Anne Piram
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France.
| | - Pierre Boissery
- Agence de l'Eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse, 2, street Henri Barbusse, CS 90464, 13207 Marseille Cedex 01, France
| | - Pascal Wong-Wah-Chung
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| | - Pierre Doumenq
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
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16
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Caban M, Lis H, Stepnowski P. Limitations of Integrative Passive Samplers as a Tool for the Quantification of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - A Critical Review with the Latest Innovations. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1386-1407. [PMID: 33673780 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1881755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review starts with a presentation of the theory of kinetic uptake by passive sampling (PS), which is traditionally used to distinguish between integrative and equilibrium samplers. Demonstrated limitations of this model for the passive sampling of pharmaceuticals from water were presented. Most notably, the contribution of the protective membrane in the resistance to mass transfer of lipophilic analytes and the well documented effect of external parameters on sampling rates contributed to the greatest uncertainty in PS application. The diffusion gradient in thin layer (DGT) technique seems to reduce the effect of external parameters (e.g., flow rate) to some degree. The laboratory-determined integrative uptake periods over defined sampler deployments was compared, and the discrepancy found suggests that the most popular Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) could in some cases utilized as an equilibrium sampler. This assertion is supported by own calculations for three pharmaceuticals with extremely different lipophilic characters. Finally, the reasons performance reference compounds (PRCs) are not recommended for the reduction in uncertainty of the TWAC found by adsorptive samplers were presented. It was concluded that techniques of passive sampling of pharmaceuticals need a new uptake model to fit the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Lis
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Vrana B, Urík J, Fedorova G, Švecová H, Grabicová K, Golovko O, Randák T, Grabic R. In situ calibration of polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) for monitoring of pharmaceuticals in surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116121. [PMID: 33272798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
POCIS is the most widely applied passive sampler of polar organic substances, because it was one of the first commercially available samplers for that purpose on the market, but also for its applicability for a wide range of substances and conditions. Its main weakness is the variability of sampling performance with exposure conditions. In our study we took a pragmatic approach and performed in situ calibration for a set of 76 pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in five sampling campaigns in surface water, covering various temperature and flow conditions. In individual campaigns, RS were calculated for up to 47 compounds ranging from 0.01 to 0.63 L d-1, with the overall median value of 0.10 L d-1. No clear changes of RS with water temperature or discharge could be found for any of the investigated substances. The absence of correlation of experimental RS with physical-chemical properties in combination with the lack of mechanistic understanding of compound uptake to POCIS implies that practical estimation of aqueous concentrations from uptake in POCIS depends on compound-specific experimental calibration data. Performance of POCIS was compared with grab sampling of water in seven field campaigns comprising multiple sampling sites, where sampling by both methods was done in parallel. The comparison showed that for 25 of 36 tested compounds more than 50% of POCIS-derived aqueous concentrations did not differ from median of grab sampling values more than by a factor of 2. Further, for 30 of 36 compounds, more than 80% of POCIS data did not differ from grab sampling data more than by a factor of 5. When accepting this level of accuracy, in situ derived sampling rates are sufficiently robust for application of POCIS for identification of spatial and temporal contamination trends in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Urík
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Švecová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Randák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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18
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How ZT, Gamal El-Din M. A critical review on the detection, occurrence, fate, toxicity, and removal of cannabinoids in the water system and the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115642. [PMID: 33032096 PMCID: PMC7489229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are a group of organic compounds found in cannabis. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two major constituents of cannabinoids, and their metabolites are contaminants of emerging concern due to the limited information on their environmental impacts. As well, their releases to the water systems and environment are expected to increase due to recent legalization. Solid-phase extraction is the most common technique for the extraction and pre-concentration of cannabinoids in water samples as well as a clean-up step after the extraction of cannabinoids from solid samples. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is the most common technique used for the analysis of cannabinoids. THC and its metabolites have been detected in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water. In particular, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) has been detected at concentrations up to 2590 and 169 ng L-1 in untreated and treated wastewater, respectively, 79.9 ng L-1 in surface water, and 1 ng L-1 in drinking water. High removal of cannabinoids has been observed in wastewater treatment plants; this is likely a result of adsorption due to the low aqueous solubility of cannabinoids. Based on the estrogenicity and cytotoxicity studies and modelling, it has been predicted that THC and THC-COOH pose moderate risk for adverse impact on the environment. While chlorination and photo-oxidation have been shown to be effective in the removal of THC-COOH, they also produce by-products that are potentially more toxic than regulated disinfection by-products. The potential of indirect exposure to cannabinoids and their metabolites through recreational water is of great interest. As cannabinoids and especially their by-products may have adverse impacts on the environment and public health, more studies on their occurrence in various types of water and environmental systems, as well as on their environmental toxicity, would be required to accurately assess their impact on the environment and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1H9
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1H9.
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19
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Sampling Rate of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS): Influence Factors and Calibration Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a passive sampling device, the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) has the characteristics of simple operation, safety, and reliability for assessing the occurrence and risk of persistent and emerging trace organic pollutants. The POCIS, allowing for the determination of time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of polar organic chemicals, exhibits good application prospects in aquatic environments. Before deploying the device in water, the sampling rate (Rs), which is a key parameter for characterizing pollutant enrichment, should be determined and calibrated accurately. However, the Rs values strongly depend on experimental hydrodynamic conditions. This paper provides an overview of the current situation of the POCIS for environmental monitoring of organic pollutants in an aquatic system. The principle and theory of the POCIS are outlined. In particular, the effect factors such as the ambient conditions, pollutant properties, and device features on the Rs are analyzed in detail from aspects of impact dependence and mechanisms. The calibration methods of the Rs under laboratory and in situ conditions are summarized. This review offers supplementary information on comprehensive understanding of mechanism and application of the POCIS. Nevertheless, the Rs were impacted by a combined effect of solute–sorbent–membrane–solution, and the influence extent of each variable was still unclear. On this basis, the ongoing challenges are proposed for the future application of the POCIS in the actual environment, for instance, the need for this device to be improved in terms of quantitative methods for more accurate measurement of the Rs.
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20
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Guibal R, Lissalde S, Guibaud G. Experimental Estimation of 44 Pharmaceutical Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler Sampling Rates in an Artificial River under Various Flow Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1186-1195. [PMID: 32222997 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study pertains to a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) laboratory calibration to estimate the sampling rates for 44 pharmaceuticals featuring a wide range of polarity (-0.6 < octanol/water partition coefficient [log KOW ] < 5.4). The calibration was performed at 16.0 ± 1.5 °C for 4 water flow velocities (0, 2-3, 6-7, and 20 cm/s) in both a tank (for calibration at 0 cm/s) and a laboratory-scale artificial river filled with 200 and 500 L of tap water spiked with 0.3 µg/L of each compound, respectively. Twelve new sampling rates and 26 sampling rates already available in the literature were determined, whereas the sampling rates for 6 pharmaceuticals could not be determined due to nonlinearity or poor accumulation in POCIS. An increase in the sampling rate value with flow velocity was observed, which is consistent with a decrease in the effective thickness of the water boundary layer at the POCIS membrane surface. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1186-1195. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guibal
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, University of Limoges, Unité de Recherche Associée Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Limoges-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle, Limoges, France
| | - S Lissalde
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, University of Limoges, Unité de Recherche Associée Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies, Limoges, France
| | - G Guibaud
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, University of Limoges, Unité de Recherche Associée Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies, Limoges, France
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21
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Ebomah KE, Okoh AI. An African perspective on the prevalence, fate and effects of carbapenem resistance genes in hospital effluents and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) final effluents: A critical review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03899. [PMID: 32420480 PMCID: PMC7215200 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the antibiotic era and discovery of earliest antibiotics until the present day state of affairs, coupled with the emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria. The ways of response to challenges of antibiotic resistance (AR) such as the development of novel strategies in the search of new antibiotics, designing more effective preventive measures as well as the ecology of AR have been discussed. The applications of plant extract and chemical compounds like nanomaterials which are based on recent developments in the field of antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and chemotherapy were briefly discussed. The agencies responsible for environmental protection have a role to play in dealing with the climate crisis which poses an existential threat to the planet, and contributes to ecological support towards pathogenic microorganisms. The environment serves as a reservoir and also a vehicle for transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes hence, as dominant inhabitants we have to gain a competitive advantage in the battle against AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Ehi Ebomah
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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22
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de Castro Lima JAM, Labanowski J, Bastos MC, Zanella R, Prestes OD, de Vargas JPR, Mondamert L, Granado E, Tiecher T, Zafar M, Troian A, Le Guet T, Dos Santos DR. "Modern agriculture" transfers many pesticides to watercourses: a case study of a representative rural catchment of southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10581-10598. [PMID: 31942716 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The total cultivated area in Brazil reached to 62 million ha in 2018, with the predominance of genetically modified soybean and corn (36 and 17 million ha, respectively) in no-tillage systems. In 2018, 5.3 × 105 Mg of active ingredient of pesticides was applied in cropfields, representing about 7.3 L of commercial product by habitant. However, the monitoring of water courses contamination by pesticides remains scarce and is based on traditional grab sampling systems. In this study, we used the grab (water) and passive sampling (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler-POCIS) to monitor pesticide contamination in the river network of a representative agricultural catchment of southern Brazil. We selected 18 sampling sites located in tributaries and in the main course of the Guaporé River, in Rio Grande do Sul State, with different land use predominance including forest, urban, and agricultural areas. Altogether, 79 and 23 pesticides were, respectively, analyzed in water and POCIS samples. The water of Guaporé River and its tributaries were highly contaminated by many pesticides, especially by four herbicides (2,4-D, atrazine, deethyl-atrazine, and simazine), three fungicides (carbendazim, tebuconazole, and epoxiconazole), and one insecticide (imidacloprid). The amount, type, and concentration of pesticides detected were completely different depending on the sampling technic used. POCIS was effective to discriminate the contamination according to the main land use of each sampling site. The monitored areas with the predominance of soybean cultivation under no-tillage tended to have higher concentrations of fungicide, while in the more diversified region, the herbicides showed higher values. The presence of five herbicides used in corn and grassland forage production was correlated with areas of integrated crop-livestock systems, in contrast to higher contamination by 2,4-D in areas of intensive production of soybean and winter cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Labanowski
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, 7 rue Marcel Dore, B16, 860073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Marília Camotti Bastos
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Osmar Damian Prestes
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Leslie Mondamert
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, 7 rue Marcel Dore, B16, 860073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Eugenie Granado
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, 7 rue Marcel Dore, B16, 860073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Tales Tiecher
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Mohsin Zafar
- University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, 12350, Pakistan
| | - Alexandre Troian
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Thibaut Le Guet
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, 7 rue Marcel Dore, B16, 860073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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23
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Miarov O, Tal A, Avisar D. A critical evaluation of comparative regulatory strategies for monitoring pharmaceuticals in recycled wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109794. [PMID: 31780268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are a subset of micropollutants, present in the environment in trace concentrations. Because of their persistent nature, these chemicals are of particular concern. Little is known about how mixtures of pharmaceutical residues, found in WWTP effluents, affect the environment or public health. Yet, numerous studies show negative outcomes for both aquatic and terrestrial organisms, suggesting that they are given both to bioaccumulation and uptake in plants. Israel leads the world in effluent reuse (86%), almost exclusively utilized for purposes of agricultural irrigation. Pharmaceuticals, however, are not included in Israel's water regulatory oversight or management, essentially creating an epidemiological experiment among its citizens and environment. Globally, these compounds also are not commonly subject to monitoring or regulation. This study reviews and analyzes water policies and regulation worldwide that address the presence of pharmaceuticals in water resources, with a particular focus on Australia, Singapore, Switzerland, and the USA. Furthermore, the study investigates the reasons why these chemicals are not yet regulated in Israel. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the data and analysis of the regulatory rationale in other countries, a list of recommended pharmaceutical standards that should be measured and monitored in Israel's wastewater treatment system is proposed. The suggested prioritization criteria should be at the heart of a new regulatory agenda for controlling pharmaceutical contamination in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Miarov
- The Water Research Center, Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Alon Tal
- Department of Public Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Dror Avisar
- The Water Research Center, Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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24
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Lotufo GR, George RD, Belden JB, Woodley C, Smith DL, Rosen G. Release of Munitions Constituents in Aquatic Environments Under Realistic Scenarios and Validation of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers for Monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2383-2391. [PMID: 31365142 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Munitions constituents (MC) may be released into aquatic environments as a result of underwater military munitions (UWMM) corrosion and breach. The present study investigated the release of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) from Composition B fragments under 2 realistic exposure scenarios in a large flume with flow set at 15 cm/s: the first represented the release of MC from fully exposed Composition B, and the second represented release through a small hole, simulating a breached munition. Release of MC through a small hole was approximately 10 times lower than from exposed Composition B, demonstrating the strong influence of exposure to flow on release. The rate of release of MC into the flume was similar to that previously reported in a related field experiment, but a similar mass loss resulted in MC concentration in the field >300 times lower, likely by the dilution effect of hydrodynamic transport. The present study corroborates previous findings of release of MC at UWMM sites resulting in concentrations below the toxicity threshold to most species. In the flume water, MC was quantified using frequent grab sampling and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). For TNT, POCIS-estimated time-weighted average concentrations were up to 40% higher than those derived from grab samples, whereas for RDX differences were 6% or less, demonstrating that POCIS provide reliable temporal integration of changing environmental concentrations for common MC. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2383-2391. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Robert D George
- US Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego, California
| | - Jason B Belden
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christa Woodley
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - David L Smith
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Gunther Rosen
- US Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego, California
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25
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Godlewska K, Stepnowski P, Paszkiewicz M. Application of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler for Isolation of Environmental Micropollutants – A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:1-28. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1565983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Godlewska
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Paszkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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26
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Mhadhbi T, Pringault O, Nouri H, Spinelli S, Beyrem H, Gonzalez C. Evaluating polar pesticide pollution with a combined approach: a survey of agricultural practices and POCIS passive samplers in a Tunisian lagoon watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:342-361. [PMID: 30397753 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A study of pesticides in the Bizerte lagoon watershed on the Mediterranean coast of Tunisia showed that herbicides and fungicides are the most commonly used compounds. A survey was made of selected farmers. Pesticide contamination was monitored in the water column and sediments at four selected sampling sites (lagoon (A) and in three oueds-Chegui (B), Garaa (C), and Tinja (D)). Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were used to assess pesticide contamination. Thirty-two pesticides were investigated; the total concentration of active ingredients ranged from 35.9 ng L-1 in Tinja oued to 1246 ng L-1 in Chegui oued. In the lagoon, the total concentration of pesticides was 67.7 ng L-1. In the sediments, the highest concentration was measured in Chegui oued in the spring (31 ng g-1 dw). The main compounds found in the analyzed sediments were prosulfocarb and tebuconazole molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takoua Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Industrial Environmental Engineering (LGEI), IMT Mines Alès, University of Montpellier, Ales, France.
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomonitoring (LBE), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Avenue de la République, Tunisia.
| | - Olivier Pringault
- UMR 9190 MARBEC IRD-Ifremer-CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Habiba Nouri
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sylvie Spinelli
- Laboratory of Industrial Environmental Engineering (LGEI), IMT Mines Alès, University of Montpellier, Ales, France
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomonitoring (LBE), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Avenue de la République, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Industrial Environmental Engineering (LGEI), IMT Mines Alès, University of Montpellier, Ales, France
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27
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Nurmi TMA, Kiljunen TK, Knuutinen JS. A fugacity model assessment of ibuprofen, diclofenac, carbamazepine, and their transformation product concentrations in an aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:328-341. [PMID: 30397752 PMCID: PMC6318256 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An updated version of FATEMOD, a multimedia fugacity model for environmental fate of organic chemicals, was set up to assess environmental behaviour of three pharmaceuticals in northern Lake Päijänne, Finland. Concentrations of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and carbamazepine were estimated at various depths at two sites: near a wastewater treatment plant and 3.5 km downstream the plant. When compared with environmental sampling data from corresponding depths and sites, the predicted concentrations, ranging from nanograms to hundreds of nanograms per litre, were found to be in good agreement. Weather data were utilised with the model to rationalise the effects of various environmental parameters on the sampling results, and, e.g. the roles of various properties of lake dynamics and photodegradation were identified. The new model also enables simultaneous assessment of transformation products. Environmentally formed transformation product concentrations were estimated to be at highest an order of magnitude lower than those of the parent compounds, and unlikely to reach a detectable level. However, a possibility that conjugates of ibuprofen are present at higher levels than the parent compound was identified. Simulation results suggest that environmental degradation half-lives of the inspected contaminants under stratified lake conditions are in the range of some weeks to months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas M A Nurmi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Toni K Kiljunen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha S Knuutinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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28
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Di Carro M, Magi E, Massa F, Castellano M, Mirasole C, Tanwar S, Olivari E, Povero P. Untargeted approach for the evaluation of anthropic impact on the sheltered marine area of Portofino (Italy). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 131:87-94. [PMID: 29887008 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seawater passive sampling with Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) combined with Gaschromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis were employed as a tool for screening unknown contaminants in a complex Ligurian marine coastal area. The untargeted approach allowed recognizing different classes of compounds, mainly hydrocarbons from C20 to C30. Besides, two chemicals, deriving from anthropic activities, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS) and diphenyl sulfone (DPS), were identified and quantified in all samples. Both analytes showed decreasing concentrations from the more confined site to the outer one. The oceanographic characterization of the area performed with multiparametric probes provided useful information, in agreement with chemical analyses. The presence of NBBS and DPS in the site presenting lower continental inputs demonstrated the usefulness of the integrative sampling approach for temporal and spatial monitoring, especially for low level and/or short-term pollution events that traditional monitoring can fail to detect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Massa
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Castellano
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mirasole
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Shivani Tanwar
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Olivari
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Povero
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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29
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Bottoni P, Caroli S. Presence of residues and metabolites of pharmaceuticals in environmental compartments, food commodities and workplaces: A review spanning the three-year period 2014–2016. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Franquet-Griell H, Pueyo V, Silva J, Orera VM, Lacorte S. Development of a macroporous ceramic passive sampler for the monitoring of cytostatic drugs in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:681-690. [PMID: 28528314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and calibrate a macroporous ceramic passive sampler (MCPS) for the monitoring of anticancer drugs in wastewater. This system was designed by the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) and consists in a porous ceramic tube to allow a high diffusion of contaminants. The MCPS has been calibrated for 16 cytostatic drugs over time periods up to 9 d in spiked water under controlled laboratory conditions. Optimal uptake was accomplished for 7 compounds, namely ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide, capecitabine, prednisone, megestrol, cyproterone and mycophenolic acid, whereas cytarabine was not adsorbed in the receiving phase and the rest were hydrolyzed over the deployment period. The sampling rate for these 7 compounds was between 0.825 and 3.350 mL day-1 and the diffusion coefficients varied from 1.01E-07 to 4.12E-07 cm2 s-1. To prove the applicability of the MCPSs, samplers (n = 3) were deployed in influent and effluent waters of a WWTP for a period of 6 d and results were compared to grab sampling and extraction with Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). In influent waters, MCPS were clogged due to the high amount of suspended solids in these waters. In effluents, MCPS detected cyclophosphamide and mycophenolic acid at concentrations of 19 ± 3 and 136 ± 28 ng L-1 with a good agreement with the levels obtained by grab sampling. The study discusses the use and performance of the MCPS for the monitoring of stable cytostatic compounds in a complex matrix such as wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Franquet-Griell
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Pueyo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Silva
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor M Orera
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Aristizabal-Ciro C, Botero-Coy AM, López FJ, Peñuela GA. Monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal care products in reservoir water used for drinking water supply. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7335-7347. [PMID: 28105593 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the presence of selected emerging contaminants has been investigated in two reservoirs, La Fe (LF) and Rio Grande (RG), which supply water to two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) of Medellin, one of the most populated cities of Colombia. An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) of the sample followed by measurement by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for this purpose. Five monitoring campaigns were performed in each reservoir, collecting samples from 7 sites (LF) and 10 sites (RG) at 3 different depths of the water column. In addition, water samples entering in the DWTPs and treated water samples from these plans were also analysed for the selected compounds. Data from this work showed that parabens, UV filters and the pharmaceutical ibuprofen were commonly present in most of the reservoir samples. Thus, methyl paraben was detected in around 90% of the samples collected, while ibuprofen was found in around 60% of the samples. Water samples feeding the DWTPs also contained these two compounds, as well as benzophenone at low concentrations, which was in general agreement with the results from the reservoir samples. After treatment in the DWTPs, these three compounds were still present in the samples although at low concentrations (<40 ng/L), which evidenced that they were not completely removed after the conventional treatment applied. The potential effects of the presence of these compounds at the ppt levels in drinking water are still unknown. Further research is needed to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to these compounds via consumption of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Aristizabal-Ciro
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Ana María Botero-Coy
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Francisco J López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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32
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Van Metre PC, Alvarez DA, Mahler BJ, Nowell L, Sandstrom M, Moran P. Complex mixtures of Pesticides in Midwest U.S. streams indicated by POCIS time-integrating samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:431-440. [PMID: 27697376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Midwest United States is an intensely agricultural region where pesticides in streams pose risks to aquatic biota, but temporal variability in pesticide concentrations makes characterization of their exposure to organisms challenging. To compensate for the effects of temporal variability, we deployed polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) in 100 small streams across the Midwest for about 5 weeks during summer 2013 and analyzed the extracts for 227 pesticide compounds. Analysis of water samples collected weekly for pesticides during POCIS deployment allowed for comparison of POCIS results with periodic water-sampling results. The median number of pesticides detected in POCIS extracts was 62, and 141 compounds were detected at least once, indicating a high level of pesticide contamination of streams in the region. Sixty-five of the 141 compounds detected were pesticide degradates. Mean water concentrations estimated using published POCIS sampling rates strongly correlated with means of weekly water samples collected concurrently, however, the POCIS-estimated concentrations generally were lower than the measured water concentrations. Summed herbicide concentrations (units of ng/POCIS) were greater at agricultural sites than at urban sites but summed concentrations of insecticides and fungicides were greater at urban sites. Consistent with these differences, summed concentrations of herbicides correlate to percent cultivated crops in the watersheds and summed concentrations of insecticides and fungicides correlate to percent urban land use. With the exception of malathion concentrations at nine sites, POCIS-estimated water concentrations of pesticides were lower than aquatic-life benchmarks. The POCIS provide an alternative approach to traditional water sampling for characterizing chronic exposure to pesticides in streams across the Midwest region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States.
| | - David A Alvarez
- U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 E. New Haven Road, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States
| | - Lisa Nowell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819, United States
| | | | - Patrick Moran
- U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States
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33
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Męczykowska H, Kobylis P, Stepnowski P, Caban M. Calibration of Passive Samplers for the Monitoring of Pharmaceuticals in Water-Sampling Rate Variation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:204-222. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1259063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Męczykowska
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kobylis
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Miller T, Baz-Lomba JA, Harman C, Reid MJ, Owen SF, Bury NR, Thomas KV, Barron LP. The First Attempt at Non-Linear in Silico Prediction of Sampling Rates for Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7973-81. [PMID: 27363449 PMCID: PMC5089532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Modeling and prediction of polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) sampling rates (Rs) for 73 compounds using artificial neural networks (ANNs) is presented for the first time. Two models were constructed: the first was developed ab initio using a genetic algorithm (GSD-model) to shortlist 24 descriptors covering constitutional, topological, geometrical and physicochemical properties and the second model was adapted for Rs prediction from a previous chromatographic retention model (RTD-model). Mechanistic evaluation of descriptors showed that models did not require comprehensive a priori information to predict Rs. Average predicted errors for the verification and blind test sets were 0.03 ± 0.02 L d(-1) (RTD-model) and 0.03 ± 0.03 L d(-1) (GSD-model) relative to experimentally determined Rs. Prediction variability in replicated models was the same or less than for measured Rs. Networks were externally validated using a measured Rs data set of six benzodiazepines. The RTD-model performed best in comparison to the GSD-model for these compounds (average absolute errors of 0.0145 ± 0.008 L d(-1) and 0.0437 ± 0.02 L d(-1), respectively). Improvements to generalizability of modeling approaches will be reliant on the need for standardized guidelines for Rs measurement. The use of in silico tools for Rs determination represents a more economical approach than laboratory calibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
H. Miller
- Analytical
& Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and
Medicine, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH United
Kingdom
| | - Jose A. Baz-Lomba
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Christopher Harman
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Grimstad, NO-4879, Norway
| | - Malcolm J. Reid
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca,
Global
Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas R. Bury
- Division
of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and
Medicine, King’s College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford
Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Leon P. Barron
- Analytical
& Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and
Medicine, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH United
Kingdom
- Phone: +44 20 7848 3842; fax: +44 20 7848 4980; e-mail:
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Fabbri E, Franzellitti S. Human pharmaceuticals in the marine environment: Focus on exposure and biological effects in animal species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:799-812. [PMID: 26111460 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine waters have been poorly investigated for the occurrence of pharmaceutical contamination. Recent data confirm that pharmaceuticals occur widely in marine and coastal environments; therefore, assessment of potential risk to marine species needs further efforts. The present study represents the first extensive review of pharmaceutical contamination in marine environments addressing the effects on the marine biota analyzed at the molecular, cellular, and individual levels. Because pharmaceuticals differ from conventional pollutants, being designed to interact with specific physiological pathways at low doses, the most recent evidence on modes of action and physiological alterations on marine animal species are discussed. Data on spatial distributions of pharmaceuticals in waters and sediments, as well as bioaccumulation rates, are also presented. The present review also seeks to expand knowledge of how the quality of coastal and marine environments could be efficiently monitored to anticipate possible health and environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fabbri
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Sciences Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Silvia Franzellitti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Sciences Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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