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Chowdhury SD, Hasim Suhaib K, Bhunia P, Surampalli RY. A Critical Review on the Vermicomposting of Organic Wastes as a Strategy in Circular Bioeconomy: Mechanism, Performance, and Future Perspectives. Environ Technol 2023:1-38. [PMID: 37192135 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2215458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTo meet the current need for sustainable development, vermicomposting (VC), a natural, eco-friendly, and cost-effective technology, can be a wise selection for the bioconversion of organic wastes into value-added by-products. However, no one has tried to establish the VC technology as an economically sustainable technology by exploring its linkage to circular bioeconomy. Even, no researcher has made any effort to explore the usability of the earthworms (EWs) as a protein supplement while assessing the economic perspectives of VC technology. Very few studies are available on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission potential of VC technology. Still, the contribution of VC technology towards the non-carbon waste management policy is not yet explored. In the current review, a genuine effort has been made to inspect the contribution of VC technology towards the circular bioeconomy, along with evaluating its capability to bioremediate the organic wastes generated from domestic, industrial, and agricultural premises. The potential of the EWs as a protein source has also been explored to strengthen the contribution of VC technology towards the circular bioeconomy. Moreover, the linkage of the VC technology to the non-carbon waste management policy has been comprehensively demonstrated by highlighting its carbon sequestration and GHG emission potentials during the treatment of organic wastes. It has been observed that the cost of food production was reduced by 60--70% by replacing chemical fertilizers with vermicompost. The implication of the vermicompost significantly lessened the harvesting period of the crops, thereby helping the farmers attain higher profits by cultivating more crops in a single calendar year on the same plot. Furthermore, the vermicompost could hold the soil moisture for a long time, lessening the water demand up to 30-40%, which, in turn, reduced the frequency of irrigation. Also, the replacement of the chemical fertilizers with vermicompost resulted in a 23% increment in the grapes' yield, engendering an extra profit of up to 110000 rupees/ha. In Nepal, vermicompost has been produced at a cost of 15.68 rupees/kg, whereas it has been sold to the local market at a rate of 25 rupees/kg as organic manure, ensuring a net profit of 9.32 rupees/kg of vermicompost. EWs embraced 63% crude protein, 5-21% carbohydrates, 6-11% fat, 1476 kJ/100 g of metabolizable energy, and a wide range of minerals and vitamins. EWs also contained 4.11, 2.04, 4.43, 2.83, 1.47, and 6.26 g/kg (on protein basis) of leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, arginine, histidine, and phenylalanine, respectively, enhancing the acceptability of the EW meal (EWM) as the protein supplement. The inclusion of 3 and 5% EWM in the diet of broiler pullets resulted in a 12.6 and 22.5% increase in their feed conversion ratio (FCR), respectively after one month. Similarly, when a 100% fish meal was substituted by 50% EWM and 50% fish meal, the FCR and growth rate of Parachanna obscura were increased substantially. The VC of maize crop residues mixed with pig manure, cow dung, and biochar, in the presence of Eisenia fetida EWs, yielded only 0.003-0.081, 0-0.17, and 130.40-189.10 g CO2-eq.kg-1 emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O, respectively. Similarly, the VC of tomato stems and cow dung ensured 2.28 and 5.76 g CO2-eq.kg-1 CO2 emissions of CH4 and N2O, respectively. Additionally, the application of vermicompost at a rate of 5 t/ha improved the soil organic carbon proportion and aggravated carbon sequestration. The land application of vermicompost improved micro-aggregation and cut down the tillage, reducing GHG emissions and triggering carbon sequestration. The significant findings of the current review suggest that VC technology potentially contributes to the concept of circular bioeconomy, substantially negotiates potential GHG emissions, and complies with the non-carbon waste management policy, reinforcing its acceptability as an economically sound and environmentally benevolent organic waste bioremediation alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Dey Chowdhury
- Research Scholar, Environmental Engineering, School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar-752 050, Odisha, India, ,
| | - K Hasim Suhaib
- Research Scholar, Environmental Engineering, School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar-752 050, Odisha, India, ,
| | - Puspendu Bhunia
- Research Scholar, Environmental Engineering, School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar-752 050, Odisha, India, ,
| | - Rao Y Surampalli
- CEO and President, Global Institute for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, P.O. Box 14354 Lenexa, Kansas 66285, USA,
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da Silva LF, da Silva EF, Morais FMS, Portela JC, de Oliveira FHT, de Freitas DF, de Almeida Ferreira E, Gurgel MT, Pinheiro AM, Lima RB, Vasconcelos AA, Antunes LFS. Potential of vermicomposting with mixtures of animal manure and vegetable leaves in the development of Eisenia foetida, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activity under semi-arid conditions. J Environ Manage 2023; 330:117169. [PMID: 36621314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting is the bio-oxidation and stabilization of organic matter involving relationships between the action of earthworms and microorganisms and the activation and dynamics of several enzyme activities. Semi-arid farmers to make (extra) money and organic production, produce their vermicompost using plant residues and animal manure, but there is no information about the final product generated. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the potential of vermicomposting with mixtures of animal manure and vegetable leaves in the development of Eisenia foetida, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activity in the semi-arid region, Brazil. The experimental design applied was randomized block in a 6 × 4 factorial scheme with four replicates, with six treatments (mixtures of cattle manure, goat manure, cashew leaves, and catanduva leaves) and evaluated at four-time intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120 days of vermicomposting). The treatments were placed in polyethylene pots in the same site, environmental conditions, and residues proportions as used by farmers. The characteristics analyzed were the number of earthworms (NE), total earthworm biomass (TEB) and earthworm multiplication index (MI), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and activities of enzymes β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatases. The cattle manure vermicomposted shows the highest average values observed for NE, MI, TEB, MBC, and enzymatic activity, regardless of the plant leaves mix. In general, the enzymes activities were found in the descending order of β-glucosidase > alkaline phosphatase > dehydrogenase > acid phosphatase. The maturation dynamics of vermicompost were characterized by a decline in the microbial population and number and biomass of earthworms in the substrate and consequently a decrease in new enzyme synthesis and degradation of the remaining enzyme pool. Microbial biomass and enzymatic activity were indicators for changes in the quality of vermicompost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa F da Silva
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Eulene F da Silva
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Francimar Maik S Morais
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Jeane C Portela
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Diana F de Freitas
- Federal University of Ceará, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 60020181, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - E de Almeida Ferreira
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Bioscience, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Gurgel
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Antônio M Pinheiro
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Renner B Lima
- Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, 59625900, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Aline A Vasconcelos
- Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Departament of Agrarian Sciences, 35702031, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
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Cui J, Cui J, Li J, Wang W, Xu B, Yang J, Li B, Chang Y, Liu X, Yao D. Improving earthworm quality and complex metal removal from water by adding aquatic plant residues to cattle manure. J Hazard Mater 2023; 443:130145. [PMID: 36368070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting is an economical and environmentally friendly process. However, related knowledge of vermicomposting aquatic plant residues (APRs), earthworm quality, and mechanisms for metal removal from water is still lacking. Nelumbo and Oenanthe javanica residues and their mixture were treated with Eisenia foetida and cattle manure for 45 days. Compared with the control comprising only cattle manure, addition of the APR mixture improved earthworm quality, mainly for low crude ash, high alkaloid compounds and different fat compositions in the Nelumbo residue and the balanced protein proportion of the APR mixture. All the vermicompost especial O. javanica residue added (VO) played efficient roles in removing metals from water initially containing 2.0 mg Cu L-1 and 8.0 mg Zn L-1. There were higher removal efficiencies (Ers) at the dosage of 4 g L-1 with a small microbial contribution. VO significantly increased Ers, which could be from the decrease of phylum Firmicutes (especial Bacteroides) abundance, stronger CH2, C = O, and CH, the addition of COOH groups, and higher organic matter and total phosphorus contents. The combination of VO and Hippuris vulgaris was optimized as an ecological and economical method for treating complex-metal polluted water. Moreover, our study widened the route for APR reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cui
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jianwei Cui
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - John Yang
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science & Cooperative Research, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65201, USA
| | - Bei Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yajun Chang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Dongrui Yao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Plant Resources and Water Environment Remediation, Nanjing 210014, China.
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IndraKumar Singh S, Singh WR, Bhat SA, Sohal B, Khanna N, Vig AP, Ameen F, Jones S. Vermiremediation of allopathic pharmaceutical industry sludge amended with cattle dung employing Eisenia fetida. Environ Res 2022; 214:113766. [PMID: 35780853 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to vermiremediate allopathic pharmaceutical industry sludge (AS) amended with cattle dung (CD), in different feed mixtures (AS:CD) i.e (AS0) 0:100 [Positive control], (AS25) 25:75, (AS50) 50:50, (AS75) 75:25 and (AS100) 100:0 [Negative Control] for 180 days using earthworm Eisenia fetida. The earthworms could thrive and grow well up to the AS75 feed mixture. In the final vermicompost, there were significant decreases in electrical conductivity (29.18-18.70%), total organic carbon (47.48-22.39%), total organic matter (47.47-22.36%), and C: N ratio (78.15-54.59%). While, significant increases in pH (9.06-16.47%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (69.57-139.58%), total available phosphorus (30.30-81.56%), total potassium (8.92-22.22%), and total sodium (50.56-62.12%). The heavy metals like Cr (50-18.60%), Cd (100-75%), Pb (57.14-40%), and Ni (100-50%) were decreased, whereas Zn (8.37-53.77%), Fe (199.03-254.27%), and Cu (12.90-100%) increased significantly. The toxicity of the final vermicompost was shown to be lower in the Genotoxicity analysis, with values ranging between (76-42.33%). The germination index (GI) of Mung bean (Vigna radiata) showed a value ranging between 155.02 and 175.90%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed irregularities with high porosity of texture in the final vermicompost than in initial mixtures. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra of final vermicompost had low peak intensities than the initial samples. The AS50 feed mixture was the most favorable for the growth and fecundity of Eisenia fetida, emphasizing the role of cattle dung in the vermicomposting process. Thus, it can be inferred that a cost-effective and eco-friendly method (vermicomposting) with the proper amendment of cattle dung and employing Eisenia fetida could transform allopathic sludge into a nutrient-rich, detoxified, stable, and mature vermicompost for agricultural purposes and further could serve as a stepping stone in the allopathic pharmaceutical industry sludge management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soubam IndraKumar Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Waikhom Roshan Singh
- Manipur Pollution Control Board (MPCB), Imphal West, DC Office Complex, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Sartaj Ahmad Bhat
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Bhawana Sohal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Namita Khanna
- Department of Physiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India; Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB), Vatavaran Bhawan, Nabha Road, Patiala, 147001, Punjab, India.
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumathi Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
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Ameen F, Al-Homaidan AA. Treatment of heavy metal-polluted sewage sludge using biochar amendments and vermistabilization. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:861. [PMID: 36214918 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of sewage sludge hampers its recycling. Contaminated sewage sludge was amended with different proportions of biochar and vermistabilized. Biochar produced from wheat straw was added at four proportions (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). Ten earthworms Eisenia fetida were added, and the sludge was vermistabilized for 60 days. Heavy metal and nutrient concentrations and the accumulation of metals to E. fetida were measured. The treatment with 4% biochar was the most efficient in reducing the concentrations of heavy metals. The concentration of Cd decreased 55%, Cr 28%, Cu 30%, and Pb 21%. The concentrations of plant nutrients increased: total N 43%, total P 92%, and total K 60%. E. fetida accumulated all heavy metals in their internal tissues. The survival and reproductive rate of E. fetida improved during the vermistabilization process. We interpret that the biochar alone did not improve the decomposition process, but the main actors were the earthworms E. fetida. The most efficient proportion of biochar was 4%, not the highest tested (6%). We recommend 4% biochar to be used in the vermistabilization of heavy metal-contaminated municipal sewage sludge. The study benefits both the management of heavy metal-contaminated sewage sludge and agriculture where the final vermistabilization product can be used to improve crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali A Al-Homaidan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Rajadurai M, Karmegam N, Kannan S, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R. Vermiremediation of engine oil contaminated soil employing indigenous earthworms, Drawida modesta and Lampito mauritii. J Environ Manage 2022; 301:113849. [PMID: 34619586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engine oil consists of hazardous substances that adversely affect the environment and soil quality. Bioremediation (employing organisms) is an appropriate technique to mitigate engine oil pollution. In the present study, the earthworm species, Drawida modesta (epigeic) and Lampito mauritii (anecic) were used to restore the soil polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from used engine oil. Four treatments were set up in addition to positive and negative controls. A maximum of 68.6% PAHs and 34.3% TPHs removal in the treatment with soil (1 kg), cow dung (50 g), used engine oil (7.5 mL) and earthworms was recorded after 60 days. Undoubtedly, earthworms effectively removed PAHs and TPHs from the oil-contaminated soil. PAHs were more strongly accumulated in D. modesta (16.25 mg kg-1) than in L. mauritii (13.25 mg kg-1). Further, histological analysis revealed the epidermal surface irregularity, cellular disintegration, and cellular debris in earthworms. The pH (6.3%), electrical conductivity (12.7%), and total organic carbon (35.4%) were significantly (at P < 0.05) decreased after 60 days; while, total nitrogen (62%), total potassium (76.2%), and total phosphorus (19.2%) were substantially increased at the end of the experiment. The seed germination assay with fenugreek indicates that germination percentage (95%), and germination index (179), were dramatically increased in earthworm inoculated treatments when compared to the negative control (without earthworms). The results reveal that there is a great scope for utilizing the earthworms, D. modesta and L. mauritii for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with PAHs and TPHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Rajadurai
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
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Hussain M, Liaqat I, Bukhari SM, Khan FS, Adalat R, Shafique MS, Azam SM, Ali A, Khalid M, Shahid Z, Iqbal MJ, Slahuddin, Ehsan A. The impact of cow dung augmentation on soil restoration and bio-accumulation of metals (Lead and Cadmium) in Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata). BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e247562. [PMID: 34495155 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.247562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P ˂ 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T1 of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hussain
- GC University Lahore, Department of Zoology, Microbiology Lab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Liaqat
- GC University Lahore, Department of Zoology, Microbiology Lab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S M Bukhari
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F S Khan
- University of Sialkot, Department of Biotechnology, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - R Adalat
- University of Sialkot, Department of Biotechnology, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - M Salman Shafique
- GC University, Department of Chemistry, Atomic Absorption Lab. and Functional Material Lab., Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S M Azam
- University of Education, Division of Science and Technology, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Department of Zoology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Khalid
- Government Emerson College Multan, Department of Zoology, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Z Shahid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Javed Iqbal
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Department of Zoology, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Slahuddin
- Universityof Gujrat, Department of Zoology, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - A Ehsan
- The University of Lahore, Department of Zoology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Das D, Deka H. Vermicomposting of harvested waste biomass of potato crop employing Eisenia fetida: changes in nutrient profile and assessment of the maturity of the end products. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:35717-35727. [PMID: 33677665 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The vermicomposting potential of waste biomass of potato crops that are generated at the time of harvesting was studied employing Eisenia fetida. The experiment was carried out in pots, and two treatments were applied during the study. In the first treatment, only potato plant biomass (PPB) was taken as the raw materials; whereas in the second treatment, a mixture of PPB with cow dung was engaged in the proportion of 5:1. The vermicomposted materials showed a reduction in C/N ratio, humification index, enhancement in nutrients profiles, ash contents, nitrogen-fixing, phosphate, and potassium solubilizing bacterial population. The macronutrient enhancement in the vermicompost samples was recorded 3.8-4.4-fold for total N, 5-5.6-fold in available P, 1.6-fold in total K, 5.2-6.2-fold in total Ca, and 1.6-fold in total Mg contents. The reduction in C/N was found in the range of 92.5-94.4% in the vermicompost samples. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed higher disintegration in the vermicompost products when compared with initial raw material and compost samples. The addition of cow dung significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of vermicompost final products besides positively affecting the earthworm population and biomass by the end of 60 days of experimental trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimbeswar Das
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India
| | - Hemen Deka
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India.
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Qin J, Fu X, Chen X, Cui G. Changes in physicochemical properties and microfauna community during vermicomposting of municipal sludge under different moisture conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:31539-31548. [PMID: 33608779 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effect of a range of moisture content levels, including 65%, 72%, and 78%, on physicochemical properties and microfauna communities during vermicomposting of municipal sludge. As a result, death of perishable microfauna together with the degradation of organic matter was the dominant response in all groups in the early period of vermicomposting, while the effects of moisture content levels on various physiochemical parameters did not appear until the mid-later period. After the treatment with 78% moisture content, the content of mineral nitrogen was 1.186 g/kg in the sludge, with a 9.36 × 103 ind./g of microfauna quantity and 663.01 g of earthworm biomass. The values of these three measurements in 78% group were significantly higher than other two groups (p < 0.05), indicating that the effects of 78% moisture content were more pronounced for promoting nitrogen mineralization as well as microfauna and earthworms growth during vermicomposting. Specifically, testate amoebae were strongly associated with nitrification process, while nematodes were related to ammonification and phosphorus mineralization, of which testate amoebae had great potential of being bioindicators during vermicomposting of municipal sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, China
| | - Xiaoyong Fu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Xuemin Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Guangyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Source Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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Sheikh T, Baba Z, Iqbal S, Hamid B, Wani FJ, Bhat MA, Suhail S. Unveiling the Efficiency of Psychrophillic Aporrectodea caliginosa in Deciphering the Nutrients from Dalweed and Cow Manure with Bio-Optimization of Coprolites. Sustainability 2021; 13:5338. [DOI: 10.3390/su13105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is an immense demand for vermicomposting employing psychrophilic vermiculture (Aporrectodea caliginosa) for management of wastes under the Himalayan ecosystem. Dalweed (weeds from the world-famous urban Dal Lake) and cow manure (CM) are cheaply and abundantly available bio resources in Kashmir valley. Dalweed (DW), disposed of in the heart of the city, ascribes unpleasant effects on tourism and the natural ecosystem. Initial substrate mixtures of DW and CM with different ratios (CM100, DW100, CM80:DW20, CM60:DW40, CM40:DW60 and CM20:DW80) and castings harvested were analyzed for the following parameters: pH, TOC, TN, NO3- P, K, Fe, Zn, C:N, C:P, and C:S ratio. The results of a 56day study revealed in consistency and disparity towards the bio-optimization of coprolites depending upon the type of waste residue and mixture ratio used. Treatments with medium to low dalweed residues (CM60:DW40 followed by CM80:DW20) were found to be optimum and significantly primed chemical properties of castings using A. caligenosa. C:N, C:P, and C:S ratios showed a non-linear response with maximum decrease in C:N ratio by 35%, C:P ratio by 38% in CM100, and C:S ratio by 67% in DW100. Humification ratio, humification index, and percent humic acids were changed across all the treatments with the highest respective values of 21.33 ± 1.05, 11.33 ± 0.76, and 47.83 ± 0.76 for CM60:DW40. Results also showed that the earthworm population and biomass significantly increased with the highest respective increments of 57.53% and 74.88% in CM60:DW40 over initial values. Moreover, the highest number of cocoons (95.67 ± 1.17) were recorded within CM60:DW40 and the lowest in the control (43.33 ± 1.53). Dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate activities were inconsistent with the highest in CM40:DW60 (64.64%) and CM20:DW80 (63.54%) respectively over the initial substrates, while highest urease activity (74.40%) was observed from CM100. The results highlight the role of A. caliginosa in sustainable transformation of CM and DW with insightful, beneficial, and priming impacts on castings for its agronomic value.
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Zhang L, Zhao T, Shi E, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y. The non-negligibility of greenhouse gas emission from a combined pre-composting and vermicomposting system with maize stover and cow dung. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:19412-19423. [PMID: 33394443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The acceptance of combined pre-composting and vermicomposting systems is increasing because of the advantage in rapidly stabilizing organic wastes and reducing emission of greenhouse gasses (GHG). However, GHG emission during the pre-composting phase is often neglected when evaluating the system. This study aimed to quantify GHG emission from a combined pre-composting and vermicomposting system and to investigate the effects of earthworms on GHG emission. A combined system using Eisenia fetida was employed to stabilize maize stover and cow dung (mixing ratio 60:40). The inoculating densities were 60 (T1), 120 (T2), and 180 (T3) earthworms per kilogram of substrate. A traditional composting system without earthworms was set as a control (T0). The results indicated that earthworms increased CO2 while decreased CH4 and N2O emissions compared to the control. Higher emission of CO2 suggested that the earthworms promoted the degradation of the substrates. Lower emission of CH4 and N2O showed the advantage of the combined system because CH4 and N2O possess extremely higher global warming potential than that of CO2. T2 is recommended for stabilizing maize stover and cow dung when making a tradeoff between stabilization rate and reduction of GHG. The percentages of GHG emission during pre-composting relative to total GHG emission in T1, T2, and T3 were 34%, 35%, and 30%, respectively. GHG emission is non-negligible when using a combined system, especially the emission of GHG during the pre-composting phase cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Enhui Shi
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zunhao Zhang
- The Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Costal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39567, USA
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China.
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Balachandar R, Biruntha M, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Subbaiya R, Govarthanan M, Kumar P, Karmegam N. Earthworm intervened nutrient recovery and greener production of vermicompost from Ipomoea staphylina - An invasive weed with emerging environmental challenges. Chemosphere 2021; 263:128080. [PMID: 33297079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The invasive weed, Ipomoea staphylina (IS) with cow dung (CD) and mushroom spent straw (MS) in four different combinations (IS:CD:MS), V1 (1:1:0), V2 (2:1:1), V3 (1:0:1) and V4 (1:1:1) were pre-decomposed for 21 days followed by 50 days vermicomposting using Eudrilus eugeniae in triplicates in order to alleviate and to utilize the weed biomass in an environment-friendly manner. The contents of organic matter, organic carbon, cellulose, lignin, C/N and C/P ratios showed a decrease, while electrical conductivity, total NPK, calcium, sodium, and nitrate-nitrogen showed a significant increase in vermicompost over control. Water-soluble organic carbon to organic nitrogen ratio and C/N ratio in V1 (0.52 and 17.55) and V4 (0.43 and 16.56), respectively, were in conformity with the maturity of vermicomposts. Scanning electron micrographs of the end products clearly showed more fragmented, fine, and porous particles in vermicompost. Copper, chromium, cadmium, lead, and zinc in vermicomposts were below the permissible limits. Dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, and protease activities were significantly higher in V4 than other treatments, implying the role of MS and CD addition during vermicomposting. Though V3 combination supported worm biomass, V4 combination was found to favor the fecundity of Eudrilus eugeniae. Results reveal that 1:1:1 combination of SI + CD + MS (V4) is suitable for utilizing the weed biomass for vermicompost production and nutrient recovery. From the biomass of environmentally problematic weed, Ipomoea staphylina, nutrient-rich vermicompost can be produced through vermitechnology for sustainable environmental management and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions University (Deemed to Be University), Paiyanoor, Chennai, 603 104, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box: 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rini J, Deepthi MP, Saminathan K, Narendhirakannan RT, Karmegam N, Kathireswari P. Nutrient recovery and vermicompost production from livestock solid wastes with epigeic earthworms. Bioresour Technol 2020; 313:123690. [PMID: 32585456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study nutrient recovery and vermicompost production from livestock solid wastes of indigenous and exotic cow breeds with epigeic earthworms. Fourteen days pre-decomposed dung of Vechur native (CD1) and exotic Jersey (CD2) breeds were vermicomposted with Perionyx excavatus and Eudrilus eugeniae for 45 days (Cycle I) and 90 days (Cycle II) including respective controls without earthworms. Vermicomposts from CD1 and CD2 substrates during Cycle I and II showed increase in NPK, Ca and micro-nutrients (P < 0.05); whereas, pH, total organic carbon, C/N and C/P ratios disclosed decrease (P < 0.05) over initial levels for both the earthworms. E. eugeniae was found efficient in vermicomposting cattle solid wastes in 45 days and CD1 yielded nutrient rich vermicompost. The study concludes that Cycle I is suitable for nutrient recovery and vermicompost production, in addition to mass multiplication of earthworms in Cycle II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rini
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madathil Peedika Deepthi
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Saminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Kathireswari
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Thanh Hai L, Tran QB, Tra VT, Nguyen TPT, Le TN, Schnitzer H, Braunegg G, Le S, Hoang CT, Nguyen XC, Nguyen VH, Peng W, Kim SY, Lam SS, Le QV. Integrated farming system producing zero emissions and sustainable livelihood for small-scale cattle farms: Case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:114853. [PMID: 32480006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes an integrated cattle breeding and cultivation system that provides zero emission and sustainable livelihood for the community in rural areas. The proposed integrated farming system improves agricultural productivity and environmental and sanitation conditions, minimizes the amount of waste, and increases the family income up to 41.55%. Several waste types can be recycled and transformed into valuable products, such as energy for cooking, organic fertilizer for crops, and cattle feed for breeding. Wastewater effluent from the biogas tank can be treated by biochar and results show that it then meets the standards for irrigation purposes. Also, the waste flow from cattle breeding supplies enough nutrients to cultivate plants, and the plants grown supply are adequate food for the 30 cows living on the farm. This research shows that the use of an integrated farming system could achieve zero-emission goal. Thereby, it provides a sustainable livelihood for cattle breeding family farms. The proposed integrated cattle breeding and cultivation system improves agricultural productivity, environmental and increases the farmer income up to 41.55%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thanh Hai
- Institute for Environment and Resources, National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, 740500, Vietnam
| | - Quoc Ba Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam; Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Van Tung Tra
- Institute for Environment and Resources, National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, 740500, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Nguyen
- Institute for Environment and Resources, National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, 740500, Vietnam
| | - Trong Nhan Le
- Institute for Environment and Resources, National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, 740500, Vietnam
| | - Hans Schnitzer
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | | | - Son Le
- Water and Environmental Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-851, Japan
| | - Cong Tin Hoang
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Sciences, Hue University, 77 Nguyen Hue Street, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Cuong Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam; Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Van-Huy Nguyen
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam.
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Rai R, Suthar S. Composting of toxic weed Parthenium hysterophorus: Nutrient changes, the fate of faecal coliforms, and biopesticide property assessment. Bioresour Technol 2020; 311:123523. [PMID: 32446237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate; composting of toxic weed Parthenium with cow dung in (2:1, and 1:1 ratio); and the changes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella population; as well as the antimicrobial property of ready compost. Organic carbon decreased by 45-52% while total nitrogen, total potassium, available phosphorus increased by 1.87- to 3.21-, 1.65- to 1.83-, and 4.03- to 3.33-folds, respectively in Parthenium setups. Germination index value (110-132%) indicates no phytotoxicity of composted Parthenium. E. coli reduced by 6.87 to 6.90 log population (<1000 CFU g-1, safe limit) while Salmonella was in non-detectable limit in compost samples. Results of the antimicrobial test indicate a strong biocidal activity by non-sterilized compost extract against plant pathogens Xanthomonas citrus, Xanthomonas campestris, and Erwinia carotovora. Xanthomonas spp. It is concluded that thermophilic composting could convert Parthenium into a product with biomanure and biopesticide property for sustainable agriculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Rai
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Surindra Suthar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
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Gusain R, Suthar S. Vermicomposting of invasive weed Ageratum conyzoids: Assessment of nutrient mineralization, enzymatic activities, and microbial properties. Bioresour Technol 2020; 312:123537. [PMID: 32474400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ageratum conyzoids biomass was vermicomposted with cow dung in 25 (T25), 50 (T50), and 75 (T75) % (v/v) ratios and changes in physicochemical characteristics, enzymatic activities (proteases, dehydrogenases, β-galactosidase and phosphatases), and microbial population (bacterial, fungal, and actinomycetes) was recorded. Vermicomposting caused a decrease in pH, OCtotal (27.3-35.3%), but an increase in Ntotal (59.6-69.9%), Paval (53.8-148.7%), Ktotal (32.2-92.43%), and Catotal (25.5-55.3%). The peaked enzymatic activities were recorded between 5 and 15 d. T50 and T75 showed the highest fold increase in bacteria (2.09-to-2.51), fungi (1.48-to-2.41), actinomycetes (1.52-to-1.79) population. The maximum biomass (883.67-1480 mg), cocoon production (85.33-145.33), and population build-up in earthworm were recorded in setups with a high content of Ageratum. Germination index (>80%) and soil respiration rate suggested the non-toxic impact of vermicomposted Ageratum. Results indicate that Ageratum could be biotransformed into toxic-free manure through vermitechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gusain
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Surindra Suthar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
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Gusain R, Suthar S. Vermicomposting of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) by employing Eisenia fetida: Changes in nutrient contents, microbial enzyme activities and earthworm biodynamics. Bioresour Technol 2020; 311:123585. [PMID: 32492602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the vermicomposting of duckweed (DW) mixed with cow dung in 25 (T25), 50 (T50), 75 (T75), 100% (T100) ratio using Eisenia fetida under a 35 d trail. Decrease in pH, organic carbon (33.54-38.25%), C/N ratio (43.6-56.6%), but increase in total N (18.2-42.4%), Paval (137-187%), and TK (7.76-79.4%) was recorded. Macro-elements (Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu) also showed a many-fold increase in vermicomposts. T50 and T75 showed the highest mineralization rates. Activities of enzymes (proteases; dehydrogenases; β-galactosidase; acid phosphatase; and alkali phosphatases) and soil respiration rate was also higher in DW-rich waste mixtures. Seed bioassay test indicates the high agronomic application of DW-based vermicomposts. High earthworm biomass (975-1395 mg) and fecundity rate (1.53-4.07 cocoons worm-1) was recorded in all vermi-setups suggesting the suitability of DW as a substrate for E. fetida culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gusain
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Surindra Suthar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
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Yuvaraj A, Karmegam N, Tripathi S, Kannan S, Thangaraj R. Environment-friendly management of textile mill wastewater sludge using epigeic earthworms: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and metallothionein production. J Environ Manage 2020; 254:109813. [PMID: 31739094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus were used for vermistabilization of textile mill sludge in different combinations with cowdung for 60 days. A higher percentage of metal removal was observed in earthworm treated mixtures for cadmium (54.5%) followed by copper (36.0%), chromium (37.0%) and zinc (35.9%). Vermistabilized textile mill sludge + cowdung (1:1) showed a maximum percentage increase in total NPK, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes with a better earthworm survival rate. A higher amount of metallothionein protein was produced by E. eugeniae than P. excavatus. Further, 100% textile mill sludge showed a number of histological abnormalities like degeneration of cells, cellular debris, and uneven cellular compartmentation while textile mill sludge with cowdung showed normal earthworm histology. Results suggest that textile mill sludge + cowdung (1:1) combination is suitable for vermistabilization of textile mill sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta, Baruipur, Kolkata, 700 144, West Bengal, India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ananthavalli R, Ramadas V, John Paul JA, Karunai Selvi B, Karmegam N. Seaweeds as bioresources for vermicompost production using the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus (Perrier). Bioresour Technol 2019; 275:394-401. [PMID: 30602136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen days pre-decomposed seaweeds, Halimeda gracilis, Gracilaria corticata, Sargassum wightii and Sargassum swartzii spiked with cowdung (1:1) were vermicomposted using Perionyx excavatus for 60 days. The pH in the vermicompost showed insignificant reduction while electrical conductivity showed significant enhancement (P < 0.05). The reduction of organic carbon in vermicomposts ranged from -37.78 to -50.97% over worm-unworked composts. Total NPK contents showed significant increment (26.72-78.17%) in vermicompost over worm-unworked composts. The difference in percentage increase/decrease between physicochemical parameters was statistically significant (P < 0.001) and the same pattern was found between substrates. The total microbial population in vermicomposts was significantly higher than that of initial and composts of all seaweed + cowdung combinations (P < 0.001). The growth and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus in seaweed + cowdung combinations showed equivalent or higher rates when compared with cowdung signifying that Perionyx excavatus is well suited to convert seaweed and cowdung combinations into nutrient rich vermicompost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Ananthavalli
- Department of Zoology, Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur 630 211, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatasamy Ramadas
- Department of Zoology, Raja Doraisingam Government Arts College, Sivagangai 630 561, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - James Arockia John Paul
- Department of Zoology, Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur 630 211, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balan Karunai Selvi
- Department of Botany, V. V. Vanniaperumal College for Women (Autonomous), Virudhunagar 626 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Arora M, Kaur A. Azolla pinnata, Aspergillus terreus and Eisenia fetida for enhancing agronomic value of paddy straw. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1341. [PMID: 30718700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study rice straw (R, control) was mixed with Cowdung (C), Azolla (A) and cellulolytic fungus Aspergillus terreus (F) in different combinations viz. RC, RA, RF, RCF, RCA, RFA and RCFA and subjected to aerobic composting (Acom) and vermicomposting (Vcom - with Eisenia fetida). It was found that addition of azolla and cattledung to two parts straw(RCA-666: 314:20 g) caused fastest degradation (105 days), gave maximum population buildup of E. fetida (cocoons, hatchlings and worm biomass), highest decline in pH, EC, TOC and C/N ratio and maximum increase over control in N(17.72%), P(44.64%), K(43.17%), H (7.93%), S (14.85%), Ca(10.16%), Na(145.97%), Fe(68.56%), Zn(12.10%) and Cu(32.24%). Rice straw (R) took longest time for degradation i.e. 120 and 140 days and had lowest content of nutrients in Vcom as well as Acom group. RCFA was also converted into Vcom at the same time but other parameters were less than RCA except for highest content of B (19.87%), Mg(21.27%) and Mn (5.58%). Bioconversion of three parts straw (RCA-735:245:20 g) was also faster (110 days) with vermicomposting than all the mixtures of Acom group (130–140 days) but nutrient content was slightly less than RCA with 2 parts straw. The results show that azolla reduces dependence on cattledung for recycling the carbon rich rice straw and enhances its agronomic value.
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Wang Y, Han W, Wang X, Chen H, Zhu F, Wang X, Lei C. Speciation of heavy metals and bacteria in cow dung after vermicomposting by the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Bioresour Technol 2017; 245:411-418. [PMID: 28898838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work was conducted to evaluate the total concentration and speciation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Cr) in vermicompost product (EFCD) by Eisenia fetida (EF) with cow dung (FCD). Meanwhile, the bacterial community and diversity of the three were compared by high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that heavy metal concentrations were declined significantly in EFCD. Sequential extraction indicated that the exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb decreased markedly and the residual fractions increased in EFCD. Though the exchangeable fraction of Cr increased, the total concentration reduced greatly. Furthermore, the speciation of Cd, Pb and Cr bioaccumulated in EF were different. Besides, the bacterial diversity was highest in EFCD, and twelve genera with species having heavy metal resistance/tolerance were found from the genus of different abundance of the three. Vermicomposting effectively reduced the total concentration and toxicity for heavy metals, and the bacterial composition and diversity were changed greatly during vermicomposting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Han
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaoliang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Bhat SA, Singh J, Vig AP. Amelioration and degradation of pressmud and bagasse wastes using vermitechnology. Bioresour Technol 2017; 243:1097-1104. [PMID: 28764116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the amelioration of pressmud (PM) and bagasse (BG) wastes by the vermiremediation process. The wastes were spiked with cattle dung (CD) in different concentrations to find out the best proportion supporting maximum earthworm growth and nutrients availability. The highest growth rate was observed in PMBG50 (282.2mg/d/worm) feed mixture. Response surface design of earthworm growth parameters enumerated best concentration of wastes in CD with maximum value of 21.81% for earthworm number, 30.86% for earthworm weight, 27.09% for cocoons, 29.71% for hatchlings and 34.0% for hatchlings weight. Vermicomposting enhanced nutrient parameters like pH (6-8%), total kjeldahl nitrogen (19-48%), total phosphorus (9-67%), total calcium (13-111%), while decrease in total organic carbon (14-32%), electrical conductivity (21-30%), C:N ratio (36-51%), total potassium (9-19%) and total sodium (3-21%). Heavy metals in the final products were found to be under safe limits. SEM micrographs were more fragmented which indicated maturity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sartaj Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | | | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Gaur RZ, Khan AA, Suthar S. Effect of thermal pre-treatment on co-digestion of duckweed (Lemna gibba) and waste activated sludge on biogas production. Chemosphere 2017; 174:754-763. [PMID: 28237526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The duckweeds (DW) are considered as a major problem in tropical aquatic system as they grow very fast and produce enormous rich-biomass, which can be harvested for renewable energy operations. But complex lignocellulosic compounds limit their utility in process like anaerobic digestion. This batch study aimed to analyse characteristics (proximate, ultimate and physico-chemical) and possible utility of DW for anaerobic co-digestion with waste activated sludge (WAS) under mesophilic conditions for 35 d. Two sets of experiment were tested: substrate with and without thermal pre-treatment. Five combinations of DW: WAS (70:20, 60:20, 50:20, 40:20 and 30:20%) were established and biomethanation along with changes in pH, volatile solids (VS), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) of digestate were recorded. The total CH4 yield (mL CH4 g-1 VS) ranged between 60 and 468 for pre-treated, and 9 and 76 for non-pre-treated. The maximum CH4 yield was 468 mL CH4g-1 VS in DW: WAS (50:20). Thermally treated setups, showed about 13-, 24.1-, 21.1-, 1.4-, and 2.3-fold higher CH4 than non-treated setups. The treated mixtures showed high reduction of SCOD (>41-96) and VS (>59-98%) in co-digesters. The high degree of Gompertz curve fitting (R2 > 0.99) has suggested pre-treatment of substrate for optimal outputs of co-digester. Based on results obtained, it is suggested that DW (50-60% in digester) can be used as renewable energy resource for biomethanation process after thermal pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia Zahid Gaur
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Surindra Suthar
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun 248001, India.
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