1
|
Ayri I, Genisoglu M, Sofuoglu A, Kurt-Karakus PB, Birgul A, Sofuoglu SC. The effect of military conflict zone in the Middle East on atmospheric persistent organic pollutant contamination in its north. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162966. [PMID: 36958550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate long-range atmospheric transport of selected POPs released due to the effects of military conflicts in regions to the south of Turkey's borders. Ten locations were selected to deploy passive air samplers at varying distances to the border on a southeast-west transect of the country, proximity-grouped as close, middle, and far. Sampling campaign included winter and transition months when desert dust transport events occur. Hypothesis of the study was that a decreasing trend would be observed with increasing distance to the border. Group comparisons based on statistical testing showed that PBDE-183, Σ45PCB, and dieldrin in winter; PBDE-28, PBDE-99, PBDE-154, p,p'-DDE, Σ14PBDE, and Σ25OCP in the transition period; and PBDE-28, PBDE-85, PBDE-99, PBDE-154, PBDE-190, PCB-52, Σ45PCB, p,p'-DDE, and Σ25OCP over the whole campaign had a decreasing trend on the transect. An analysis of concentration ratio to the background showed that long-range atmospheric transport impacted the study sites, especially those of close group in comparison to the local sources. Back-trajectory analyses indicated that there was transport from the conflict areas to sites in the close-proximity group, while farther sampling locations mostly received air masses from Europe, Russia, and former Soviet Union countries, followed by North Africa, rather than the military conflict areas. In consequence, decrease in concentrations with distance and its relation to molecular weight through proportions, diagnostic ratios, analysis of concentration ratio to the background, and back-trajectory analyses support the effect of transport from the military-conflict area to its north.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Ayri
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mesut Genisoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysun Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Askin Birgul
- Bursa Technical University, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Izmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iakovides M, Oikonomou K, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N. Evidence of stockpile contamination for legacy polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in the urban environment of Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean): Influence of meteorology on air level variability and gas/particle partitioning based on equilibrium and steady-state models. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129544. [PMID: 35908394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated comprehensively the atmospheric occurrence and fate of an extensive range of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; forty-two congeners), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; twenty-seven emerging and legacy agrochemicals) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; fifty parent and alkylated members, including the non USEPA-16 listed toxic ones), in both gas and particulate phase of the scarcely monitored atmosphere over Cyprus for the first time. Parent-metabolite concentration ratios suggested fresh application for dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), dicofol, hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfan and chlorothalonil, particularly during spring (April-May). Regressions of logarithms of partial pressure against ambient temperature revealed that secondary recycling from contaminated terrestrial surfaces regulates the atmospheric level variability of PCBs, DDTs, aldrin, chlordane, dicofol, heptachlor and endosulfan. Enthalpies of surface-air exchange (∆HSA) calculated from Clausius-Clapeyron equations were significantly correlated to vaporization enthalpies (∆HV) determined by chromatographic techniques, corroborating presence of potential stockpile-contaminated sites around the study area. The Harner-Bidleman equilibrium model simulating urban areas, and the Li-Jia empirical model, predicted better the partitioning behavior of PAHs (<four-ring parent and alkylated members), PCBs (<hexa-chlorobiphenyls), and OCPs, respectively. For heavier PAHs and PCBs, partitioning coefficients (KP) were inadequately predicted by the Li-Ma-Yang steady-state model, probably due to local human activities and regional transport in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minas Iakovides
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Aglantzia, Cyprus.
| | - Konstantina Oikonomou
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Aglantzia, Cyprus
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Aglantzia, Cyprus
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20, Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121 Aglantzia, Cyprus; Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li HL, Yang PF, Liu LY, Gong BB, Zhang ZF, Ma WL, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev AN, Li YF. Steady-State Based Model of Airborne Particle/Gas and Settled Dust/Gas Partitioning for Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8373-8383. [PMID: 35635317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), present in the air, airborne particles, settled dust, and other indoor surfaces, can enter the human body through several pathways. Knowing the partitioning between gaseous and particulate phases is important in identifying specific pathway contributions and thereby accurately assessing human exposure. Numerous studies have developed equilibrium equations to predict airborne particle/gas (P/G) partitioning in air (KP) and dust/gas (D/G) partitioning in settled dust (KD). The assumption that P/G and D/G equilibria are instantaneous for airborne and settled dust phases, commonly adopted by current indoor fate models, is not likely valid for compounds with high octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA). Here, we develop steady-state based equations to predict KP and KD in the indoor environment. Results show that these equations perform well and are verified by worldwide monitoring data. It is suggested that instantaneous steady state could work for P/G and D/G partitioning of SVOCs in indoor environments, and the equilibrium is just a special case of the steady state when log KOA < 11.38 for P/G partitioning and log KOA < 10.38 for D/G partitioning. These newly developed equations and methods provide a tool for more accurate assessment for human exposure to SVOCs in the indoor environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bei-Bei Gong
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Anatoly N Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677007, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Albano GD, Montalbano AM, Gagliardo R, Anzalone G, Profita M. Impact of Air Pollution in Airway Diseases: Role of the Epithelial Cells (Cell Models and Biomarkers). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2799. [PMID: 35269941 PMCID: PMC8911203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research is multidisciplinary and often uses integrated approaches performing different experimental models with complementary functions. This approach is important to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms concerning the effects of environmental pollution on human health. The biological activity of the substances is investigated at least to three levels using molecular, cellular, and human tissue models. Each of these is able to give specific answers to experimental problems. A scientific approach, using biological methods (wet lab), cell cultures (cell lines or primary), isolated organs (three-dimensional cell cultures of primary epithelial cells), and animal organisms, including the human body, aimed to understand the effects of air pollution on the onset of diseases of the respiratory system. Biological methods are divided into three complementary models: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. In vitro experiments do not require the use of whole organisms (in vivo study), while ex vivo experiments use isolated organs or parts of organs. The concept of complementarity and the informatic support are useful tools to organize, analyze, and interpret experimental data, with the aim of discussing scientific notions with objectivity and rationality in biology and medicine. In this scenario, the integrated and complementary use of different experimental models is important to obtain useful and global information that allows us to identify the effect of inhaled pollutants on the incidence of respiratory diseases in the exposed population. In this review, we focused our attention on the impact of air pollution in airway diseases with a rapid and descriptive analysis on the role of epithelium and on the experimental cell models useful to study the effect of toxicants on epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Angela Marina Montalbano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li YF, Qin M, Yang PF, Hao S, Macdonald RW. Particle/gas partitioning for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in Level III multimedia fugacity models: Gaseous emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148729. [PMID: 34243005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric transport is a global-scale process that moves semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) rapidly from source regions to remote locations, where these chemicals have never been produced or used. Particle/gas (P/G) partitioning of SVOCs during atmospheric transport governs wet and dry deposition, and thereby controls the efficiency and scope of long-range atmospheric transport and fate for these sorts of compounds. Previous work has shown that the assumption of steady state between particulate and gaseous phases in the atmosphere leads to model results that more closely match observations especially for compounds that strongly favor the particulate phase. Here, the practical application of steady-state P/G partitioning in the atmosphere in multimedia fugacity models is presented in greater detail. A method is developed whereby the fugacity of a chemical in the particle-phase is set equal to that in the gaseous phase (a pseudo equilibrium) but still maintains steady state of the chemical between air and aerosols in the atmosphere. This procedure greatly simplifies the application of multimedia fugacity models. Using this approach, a condition of steady state between air and aerosols is developed and applied in a Level III six-compartment six-fugacity model, which becomes a much simpler Level III six-compartment four-fugacity model. This newly-developed model is then applied to data observed during a monitoring program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
| | - Meng Qin
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuai Hao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada; Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qin M, Yang PF, Hu PT, Hao S, Macdonald RW, Li YF. Particle/gas partitioning for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in level III multimedia fugacity models: Both gaseous and particulate emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148012. [PMID: 34098280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multimedia fugacity models have long been used to address the fate of toxic organic chemical emissions by providing a quantitative account of the sources, transport processes, and sinks. Recently, we have examined three level-III fugacity models (E4F (equilibrium six-compartment four-fugacity), S6F (steady-state six-compartment six-fugacity) and S4F (steady-state six-compartment four-fugacity) Models), in the context of their performance set against real-world data, and their practicality of application. Here, we discuss how the balance between gaseous and aerosol phases of emissions assumed for initial conditions affects the different model outcomes. Our results show that the S6F Model predictions closely match those of the S4F Model when chemical emissions are entirely in the gas-phase. As the particulate proportion of the emission increases, the S6F Model predictions diverge from those of the S4F Model and approach those of the E4F Model. Once the particulate portion reaches 100%, the S6F and E4F Models produce identical results: an internally inconsistent system where chemicals are not in a steady state between air and aerosols, and mass balance for both air and aerosols is not achieved. Thus, in terms of practicality, internal consistency, chemical mass balance and agreement with observations, the S4F Model is clearly the best choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qin
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuai Hao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada; Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gungormus E, Sofuoglu A, Celik H, Gedik K, Mulder MD, Lammel G, Sofuoglu SC, Okten E, Ugranli T, Birgul A, Jones KC, Kurt-Karakus PB. Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Ambient Air in Turkey: Regional Sources and Controlling Factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9434-9443. [PMID: 33475343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a result of its unique location, Turkey receives air masses from Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Africa, making it an important place in terms of long-range atmospheric transport (LRT) of contaminants. Atmospheric levels of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 45 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in two metropolitan cities, Istanbul and Izmir, on a weekly basis from May 2014 to May 2015. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives were dominant OCP species, followed by isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) at both sites. The annual mean concentration of ∑DDX (sum of o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDE) was 82 pg/m3 for Istanbul and 89 pg/m3 for Izmir, while these levels were about 46 pg/m3 for ∑HCHs (sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) at both of the sites. At both stations, tri- and tetra-PCBs and tetra- and penta-PBDEs were dominant congeners. The temperature dependence indicates that both LRT and local contaminated areas contribute to the elevated levels. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) showed a few potential source regions in northern Africa and Middle East, southern-southwestern and eastern Europe including Russia, as well as from local domestic metropolitan areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Gungormus
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysun Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Celik
- Akdeniz University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 07070, Konyaalti, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kadir Gedik
- Eskisehir Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Tepebasi, 26555, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Marie D Mulder
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept., 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eser Okten
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ugranli
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Askin Birgul
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Perihan B Kurt-Karakus
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiao LN, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Jia HL, Zhu NZ, Li WL, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Li YF. Slopes and intercepts from log-log correlations of gas/particle quotient and octanol-air partition coefficient (vapor-pressure) for semi-volatile organic compounds: II. Theoretical predictions vs. monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128860. [PMID: 33218730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The logarithm of gas/particle (G/P) partition quotient (logKP) has been found to have a linear relationship with logKOA (octanol-air partition coefficient) with slope mo and intercept bo and logPL (subcooled liquid vapor pressure) with slope mp and intercept bp. In the sister paper of the present work, analytical equations to predict the slope mo and intercept bo based on logKOA and predict the slope mp and intercept bp based on logPL are developed using steady state theory. In this work, the equations are evaluated using world-wide monitoring data (262 pairs for mo and bo values and 292 pairs for mp and bp values produced from more than 10,000 monitiring data worldwide) for selected seven groups of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polyclorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and other selected halogenated flame retardants. The slopes and intercepts predicted by the steady state equations reproduce the trends observed in monitoring regression results for the seven SVOC groups, with 44.4% of the variation of monitoring mo values accounted for by logKOA and 48.2% of the variation of monitoring mp values accounted for by logPL. Theoretically, the values of mo can be any value between 0 and 1 dependent on the values of KOA, and are not constrained to 1 as in equilibrium theory. Likewise, the values of mp can be any value between 0 and -1 dependent on the values of PL, and not constrained to -1 predicted by the equilibrium theory. The influence of sampling artifacts on the G/P partitioning of SVOCs has most likely been overemphasized by the equilibrium theory. Thus, the equilibrium approach should be abandoned in favor of the steady state approach for calculating the G/P partition quotients for SVOCs with high KOA values (>1011.38) or low PL values (<10-4.92).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Marine Sciences, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Marine Sciences, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li YF, Qin M, Yang PF, Liu LY, Zhou LJ, Liu JN, Shi LL, Qiao LN, Hu PT, Tian CG, Nikolaev A, Macdonald R. Treatment of particle/gas partitioning using level III fugacity models in a six-compartment system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129580. [PMID: 33460904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, two level III fugacity models are developed and applied using an environmental system containing six compartments, including air, aerosols, soil, water, suspended particulate matters (SPMs), and sediments, as a "unit world". The first model, assumes equilibrium between air and aerosols and between water and SPMs. These assumptions lead to a four-fugacity model. The second model removes these two assumptions leading to a six-fugacity model. The two models, compared using four PBDE congeners, BDE-28, -99, -153, and -209, with a steady flux of gaseous congeners entering the air, lead to the following conclusions. 1. When the octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) is less than 1011.4, the two models produce similar results; when KOA > 1011.4, and especially when KOA > 1012.5, the model results diverge significantly. 2. Chemicals are in an imposed equilibrium in the four-fugacity model, but in a steady state and not necessary an equilibrium in the six-fugacity model, between air and aerosols. 3. The results from the six-fugacity model indicate an internally consistent system with chemicals in steady state in all six compartments, whereas the four-fugacity model presents an internally inconsistent system where chemicals are in equilibrium but not a steady state between air and aerosols. 4. Chemicals are mass balanced in air and aerosols predicted by the six-fugacity model but not by the four-fugacity model. If the mass balance in air and aerosols is achieved in the four-fugacity model, the condition of equilibrium between air and aerosols will be no longer valid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
| | - Meng Qin
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lin-Jun Zhou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ji-Ning Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Li-Li Shi
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Department of Marine Sciences, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chong-Guo Tian
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Robie Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu PT, Su PH, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Qiao LN, Tian CG, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Cao ZG, Li YF. New equation to predict size-resolved gas-particle partitioning quotients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123245. [PMID: 32947688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas/particle (G/P) partition quotients of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for bulk air have been widely discussed in experimental and theoretical contexts, but research on size-resolved G/P partition quotients (KPi) are scarce and limited in scope. To investigate G/P partition behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for size-segregated particles in the atmosphere, 396 individual size-segregated particulate samples (36 batches × 11 size-ranges), and 108 pairs of concurrent gaseous and bulk particulate samples were collected in Harbin, China. A steady-state equation based on bulk particles is derived to determine G/P partition quotients of PBDEs for size-segregated particles, which depends on the organic matter contents of size-segregated particles (fOMi). This equation can well predict KPi with knowledge of bulk partition quotient (KPS), ambient temperature, and fOMi, the results of which match well with monitoring data in Harbin and other published data collected in Shanghai and Guangzhou of China and Thessaloniki of Greece, and remedies a defect of over-estimate KPi for high-brominated PBDEs by the previous equation. In particular, the new equation contributes to obtaining the PBDEs concentrations in all atmospheric phase from partial phase, then provides a credible path to evaluate healthy exposure dose from the airborne PBDEs, by co-utilization with exposure models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Peng-Hao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Chong-Guo Tian
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Zhi-Guo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qiao LN, Hu PT, Macdonald R, Kannan K, Nikolaev A, Li YF. Modeling gas/particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138962. [PMID: 32353721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas/particle (G/P) partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), is an important atmospheric process due to its significance in governing atmospheric fate, wet/dry deposition, and long-range atmospheric transport. In this article, eight models published to predict the G/P partitioning of PBDEs are reviewed. These eight models are used to calculate the G/P partitioning quotient and particulate phase fraction of selected PBDE congeners. A comparison of the predicted results from the eight models with monitoring data published by several research groups worldwide leads to the following conclusions: 1) when the values of the logarithm of the octanol-air partition coefficient (logKOA) fall below 11.4 (the first threshold value, logKOA1), all 8 models perform well in predicting the G/P partitioning of PBDEs in the atmosphere, and 2) when logKOA is >11.4, and especially above 12.5 (the second threshold value, logKOA2), the Li-Ma-Yang model, a steady-state model developed based on wet and dry deposition of the particles (Li et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2015; 15:1669-1681), shows the best performance with highest conformity to the measurements for selected PBDEs (94.4 ± 1.6% data points within ±1 log unit). Overall, the Li-Ma-Yang model appears to capture the most important factors that affect the partitioning of PBDEs between gaseous and particular phases in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Klinčić D, Dvoršćak M, Jagić K, Mendaš G, Herceg Romanić S. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in humans and environmental compartments: a comprehensive review of the last five years of research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5744-5758. [PMID: 31933075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), present in the environment, animals, and humans. Their levels, distribution, and human exposure have been studied extensively, and over the last decade, various legal measures have been taken to prohibit or minimize their production and use due to the increasing amount of evidence of their harmful effects on human and animal health.Our aim here was to make a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the levels and distribution of PBDEs in the aquatic environment, air, and soil, in indoor dust, and in humans. To fulfill this, we searched through Web of Science for literature data reported in the last five years (2015-2019) on levels of at least six key PBDE congeners in abovementioned matrices. According to our summarized data, significant PBDE mass concentrations/fractions are still being detected in various sample types across the world, which implies that PBDE contamination is an ongoing problem. Secondary sources of PBDEs like contaminated soils and landfills, especially those with electronic and electrical waste (e-waste), represent a particular risk to the future and therefore require a special attention of scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darija Klinčić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Dvoršćak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Karla Jagić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Herceg Romanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo T, Lin T, Li Y, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Guo Z. Occurrence, gas-particle partitioning, and sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere over the Yangtze River Estuary, East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133538. [PMID: 31362222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the occurrence, gas-particle partitioning, and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere over the Yangtze River Estuary, gas and particle samples were collected at the remote Huaniao Island, East China Sea, during a whole year from 2013 to 2014. Nine PBDEs, with total atmospheric concentration of Σ9BDEs of 20.3 ± 26.5 pg/m3, were found in both the gas and particle phases in most samples. BDE-209 dominated both the gas and particle phases, which is consistent with the PBDE usage record in China. Seasonal variation of particle-phase Σ9BDEs was observed, with the highest concentration in winter and the lowest in summer; however, a reversed seasonal trend was observed in the gas phase. Correlation analysis between log Kp and log KOA suggested that the gas-particle (G/P) partitioning was in a non-equilibrium state, particularly for BDE-209 throughout the year. The KOA-based adsorption model prediction performed relatively well for the particle-phase fraction of Br<10-BDEs, but largely overestimated BDE-209. A steady-state model could be superior to predict G/P partitioning of BDE-209 based on annual values, though with the exception of summer samples. A relatively higher gas-phase distribution for BDE-209 than high-brominated BDEs was observed, especially in summer, when it reached 73%, implying a sustained input of gas-phase BDE-209. The potential source contribution function showed that the possible source regions for BDE-209 included Shandong and Jiangsu Provinces (the main BDE-209 production regions in China), the Yangtze River Delta region, and the southeastern coastal areas (which hosts intensive electronic waste recycling activities).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zilan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu Z, Han W, Yang X, Li Y, Wang Y. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in soil, water/sediment, and air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23219-23241. [PMID: 31270770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used in different types of electronic equipment, furniture, plastics, and textiles. PBDEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that may impact human health and ecosystems. Here we highlight recent findings on the occurrence, contamination status, and transport of PBDEs in soil, water/sediment, and air. Four aspects are discussed in detail: (1) sources of PBDEs to the environment; (2) occurrence and transport of PBDEs in soil; (3) PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems (water/sediment) and their water-sediment partitioning; and (4) the occurrence of PBDEs in the atmosphere and their gas-particle partitioning. Future prospects for the investigation on PBDEs occurrence are also discussed based on current scientific and practical needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|