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Lee SJ, Prithiviraj B, Lee HY, Kim SJ, Seo YK, Kim H, Choi SD. Geographic information system-based determination of priority monitoring areas for hazardous air pollutants in an industrial city. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:506. [PMID: 38702588 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Industrial cities are hotspots for many hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which are detrimental to human health. We devised an identification method to determine priority HAP monitoring areas using a comprehensive approach involving monitoring, modeling, and demographics. The methodology to identify the priority HAP monitoring area consists of two parts: (1) mapping the spatial distribution of selected categories relevant to the target pollutant and (2) integrating the distribution maps of various categories and subsequent scoring. The identification method was applied in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea, to identify priority HAP monitoring areas. Four categories related to HAPs were used in the method: (1) concentrations of HAPs, (2) amount of HAP emissions, (3) the contribution of industrial activities, and (4) population density in the city. This method can be used to select priority HAP monitoring areas for intensive monitoring campaigns, cohort studies, and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramanian Prithiviraj
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Kim
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyo Seo
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Jin S, Zhong L, Zhang X, Li X, Li B, Fang X. Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds: Concentration Characteristics and Health Risk Analysis on a University Campus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105829. [PMID: 37239556 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major indoor air pollutants that contain several toxic substances. However, there are few studies on health risk assessments of indoor VOCs in China. This study aimed to determine the concentration characteristics of VOCs on college campuses by collecting VOC samples from different locations on campus during different seasons combined with the exposure times of college students in each location obtained from a questionnaire survey to assess the possible health risks. The highest total VOC concentration (254 ± 101 µg/m3) was in the dormitory. The seasonal variation of TVOC concentrations was related to the variation of emission sources in addition to temperature. Health risk assessments of VOCs were evaluated using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk values, represented by hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR), respectively. The non-carcinogenic risks at all sampling sites were within the safe range (HQ < 1). Dormitories had the highest carcinogenic risk, whereas the carcinogenic risk in the other three places was low (with LCR < 1.0 × 10-6). Moreover, 1,2-dichloroethane was identified as a possible carcinogenic risk substance in the dormitory due to its high LCR (1.95 × 10-6). This study provides basic data on health risks in different locations on campus and a basis for formulating measures to improve people's living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjia Jin
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhong
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Wang Y, Song H, Li L, Ma J, Yu F. Generation characteristics and spreading risk of VOCs released from a biological fermentation pharmaceutical factory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:507-518. [PMID: 36606575 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical factories produce a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which may pose a potential health threat to the environment, workers, and nearby residents. Sampling points were set up in the tylosin biological fermentation workshop (FW) and sewage treatment station (STS) of a pharmaceutical factory in a central city in northern China to collect VOCs and study their generation characteristics and diffusion. The results indicated that with the increase in fermentation time, VOC production decreased gradually, and the decline was rapid. The main VOCs produced by the FW are oxygen-containing organics and nitrogen-containing organics including 1-heptyladehyde (8.86 × 102 mg m-3), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (6.36 × 102 mg m-3) and benzene (5.85 × 102 mg m-3). The STS mainly produces nitrogen-containing organics and oxygen-containing organics including 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (3.38 × 103 mg m-3), diethyl amine (9.60 × 102 mg m-3) and methyl ethyl ketone (2.98 × 102 mg m-3). VOCs produced by biopharmaceutical factories can diffuse for a long distance in the atmosphere. The highest concentration of chlorinated organic compounds can spread to 11.43 kilometers in the horizontal direction and 3 kilometers in the vertical direction. Acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, diethylamine, butyl acetate and methyl ethyl ketone are odorous gases detected in the FW and STS, respectively. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride and acetaldehyde are the main carcinogenic VOCs produced in the fermentation process of tylosin. The research elucidated production characteristics, diffusion and health risks of VOCs in the FW, which provided a reference for the control of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R China
| | - Huiling Song
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
- Department of Medical, Xi'an Gem Flower Changqing Hospitals, Xi'an, 710000, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R China
| | - Jiawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R China
| | - Fangfang Yu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
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Saidin H, Razak AA, Mohamad MF, Ul-Saufie AZ, Zaki SA, Othman N. Hazard Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in Bank Offices. BUILDINGS 2023; 13:798. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings13030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
IAQ is a crucial factor affecting the health, comfort, and productivity of workers, particularly those working in enclosed spaces like bank offices. This study aimed to evaluate the IAQ of a bank office’s operational area and vault by analyzing concentrations of CO2, TVOC, PM10, and PM2.5, as well as temperature, relative humidity, and air movement. Two different ventilation systems were compared to assess their impact on IAQ. The acquired data were statistically analyzed using mean comparison t-tests and hazard ratio analysis. The results revealed that indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and CO2 significantly contribute to the total hazard ratio, indicating the need to reduce their levels below reference values. The study also found that the ventilation system significantly affects indoor air quality, and concentrations of TVOC, CO2, PM10, and PM2.5 in the air are considerable. Significantly, the study found that bank offices with split unit air-conditioners had the highest mean CO2 levels, indicating poor ventilation. Overall, the study reveals that the building, activities, and ventilation in bank offices have a profound influence on IAQ parameters, primarily PM2.5 and CO2. Further research is required to formulate strategies for enhancing IAQ in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidi Saidin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia, Presint 1, Putrajaya 62000, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Azli Abd Razak
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faizal Mohamad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zia Ul-Saufie
- School of Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing, Information and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheikh Ahmad Zaki
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor’azizi Othman
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cova CM, Rincón E, Espinosa E, Serrano L, Zuliani A. Paving the Way for a Green Transition in the Design of Sensors and Biosensors for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:51. [PMID: 35200311 PMCID: PMC8869180 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) provides key information for various purposes ranging from the toxicological analysis of indoor/outdoor environments to the diagnosis of diseases or to the investigation of biological processes. In the last decade, different sensors and biosensors providing reliable, rapid, and economic responses in the detection of VOCs have been successfully conceived and applied in numerous practical cases; however, the global necessity of a sustainable development, has driven the design of devices for the detection of VOCs to greener methods. In this review, the most recent and innovative VOC sensors and biosensors with sustainable features are presented. The sensors are grouped into three of the main industrial sectors of daily life, including environmental analysis, highly important for toxicity issues, food packaging tools, especially aimed at avoiding the spoilage of meat and fish, and the diagnosis of diseases, crucial for the early detection of relevant pathological conditions such as cancer and diabetes. The research outcomes presented in the review underly the necessity of preparing sensors with higher efficiency, lower detection limits, improved selectivity, and enhanced sustainable characteristics to fully address the sustainable manufacturing of VOC sensors and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Maria Cova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence and CSGI, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy;
| | - Esther Rincón
- BioPren Group, Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (E.R.); (E.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Eduardo Espinosa
- BioPren Group, Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (E.R.); (E.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Luis Serrano
- BioPren Group, Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (E.R.); (E.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Alessio Zuliani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence and CSGI, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy;
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Liu C, Huang X, Li J. Outdoor benzene highly impacts indoor concentrations globally. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137640. [PMID: 32146409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a carcinogen. Exposure to benzene severely threatens people's health. While its indoor sources such as paint and solvent have been tightly regulated as a result of its inclusion into indoor air standards globally, its outdoor emission from traffic and industry is less addressed. Since human's exposure to benzene mainly occurs indoors, how outdoor benzene affects indoor concentrations is a critical issue, but not well discussed yet. This study summarized 118 pairs of outdoor-indoor measurement of benzene concentrations mainly published in the past five years. We found that the outdoor benzene concentrations measured in developing countries exceed 5 μg/m3, an annual concentration limit recommended by Europe Union, more often than developed ones. It implies a worse benzene pollution situation in the developing places, probably due to strong emission from traffic and industry. The outdoor/indoor concentration ratio is 0.69 and 0.84 for the developing and developed places, respectively. It indicates a significant, if not dominant, role of outdoor benzene in formulating indoor concentrations over indoor sources. Controlling outdoor benzene emission is therefore highlighted. Actions should be taken to regulate benzene emission sources such as traffic and industry. This is particularly urgent to protect occupants in buildings close to roads and factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xinjie Huang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201108, China
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de Los A Gutiérrez M, Palmieri MA, Giuliani DS, Colman Lerner JE, Maglione G, Andrinolo D, Tasat DR. Monitoring human genotoxicity risk associated to urban and industrial Buenos Aires air pollution exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13995-14006. [PMID: 32034600 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The quality of life in large megacities is directly affected by its air quality. In urban environments, suspended particles from anthropogenic origin is one of the main air contaminants identified as highly genotoxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. Atmospheric monitoring is therefore imperative, and bioassays to detect the effects of genotoxic agents give usually excellent results. Analysis of micronucleus (MN) in exfoliated oral mucosa cells is a sensitive non-invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in human populations. The first aim of this study was to analyze and characterize levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two areas from Buenos Aires: La Plata city, an urban (U) area and Ensenada, an industrial (I) area. Secondly, we evaluated the possible health risk of its inhabitants through a simple genotoxic assay on exfoliated oral mucosa cells. Whole blood cell count and nuclear abnormalities frequencies were evaluated in the exfoliated oral mucosa cells from urban and industrial inhabitants. Smoking habit represented a significant factor increasing MN percentage while, age did not increase the production of any of the nuclear aberrations assayed (micronuclei, binucleated, karyorrhexis) when the inhabitants from the urban and the industrial areas were compared. In addition, changes in MN and binucleated cell percentages in males and females were found to be area-dependent. We suggest that regardless PM concentration, PM-specific characteristics (size, shape, chemical elements, etc.) and VOCs levels could be responsible for the different harmful genotoxic effects seen in the two areas. Although this is a preliminary study, our results allowed to recognize that individuals living in both the urban and the industrial areas could be considered susceptible groups and should periodically undergo biological monitoring and appropriate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los A Gutiérrez
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica A Palmieri
- Biodiversity and Experimental Biology Department, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes No. 2160, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela S Giuliani
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Colman Lerner
- Center for Research and Development in Applied Sciences (CINDECA), Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, CIC-PBA, National University of La Plata, 47 y 115 No. 257, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Maglione
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Andrinolo
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Deborah R Tasat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Science and Technology, National University of San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhang Y, Wei C, Yan B. Emission characteristics and associated health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds from a typical coking wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133417. [PMID: 31374506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coking wastewater is a typical industrial wastewater and contains a number of toxic and harmful organic pollutants which threaten human health. However, emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from coking wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is rarely studied. Here, the emission characteristics of VOCs were investigated in a full-scale coking WWTP composed of an anaerobic-oxic-oxic (A-O1-O2) treatment system. Furthermore, the potential health risks were assessed in this study. VOC emission rates were estimated at each unit of the coking WWTP and the influencing factors of emissions were discussed. Seventeen VOCs were identified in the air phase by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with Tenax adsorption-thermal desorption method; benzene, toluene, and xylenes were predominant, and the concentration of total VOCs decreased gradually from the raw water tank (857.86 ± 131.30 μg m-3) to the effluent tank (28.56 ± 3.96 μg m-3). The total VOC emission rate from all units was 1773.42 g d-1, corresponding to an annual emission of 0.65 tons year-1. Since the treatment capacity of this coking WWTP was about 1500 m3 d-1, it was estimated that 1.18 g of VOCs are emitted during the treatment of 1 m3 wastewater. Influencing factors of VOC emission mainly include the background concentration of VOCs in wastewater, operational parameters of the treatment processes, and physicochemical properties of VOCs. The carcinogenic risk of VOCs for workers in this coking WWTP ranged from 3.0 × 10-5 to 7.8 × 10-4, which exceeded an acceptable level (1.0 × 10-6). The non-carcinogenic risk hazard ratio of benzene exceeded 1, indicating that benzene has an obvious non-carcinogenic risk. Understanding VOCs emission characteristics and emission rates can help to identify the adverse effects of coking WWTPs on human health and provide relevant information for policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Lin CH, Lai CH, Peng YP, Wu PC, Chuang KY, Yen TY, Xiang YK. Comparative health risk of inhaled exposure to organic solvents, toxic metals, and hexavalent chromium from the use of spray paints in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:33906-33916. [PMID: 29974442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the exposure of spray painters to organic solvents, toxic metals, and hexavalent chromium over 21 working days in 2017. The results found these concentrations of 12 VOCs to be below the short-term exposure limit (STEL) established by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The mass concentration of total particulate matter (PM) exposure to workers was 20.01 ± 10.78 mg/m3, which exceeds OSHA's permissible exposure level of 15 mg/m3. The mean concentration of the total metals for all particle sizes was 109.1 ± 12.0 μg/m3, and those for lead (496,017.0 ng/m3) and iron (252,123.8 ng/m3) were the highest of metal elements. Significantly, the mean concentrations of Pb and As exceeded OSHA's permissible exposure limits (PELs) of 0.05 and 0.01 mg/m3, respectively. The total hexavalent chromium concentration was 1163.01 ng/m3, and the individual particle sizes (PM1-2.5, PM1, and PM0.25) were strongly and positively correlated with the Cr(VI) concentrations for PM2.5. The study determined that approximately 56.14% of the hexavalent chromium inhaled during the spray-painting process was deposited in the upper respiratory system of the head airway region, followed by the alveolar and tracheobronchial regions, with fractions of 11.93 and 0.05%, respectively. Although the mean ratio of hexavalent chromium to total chromium was only 3.6% for all particle sizes, the cancer risk of the total particles in Cr(VI) (1.6 × 10-3) exceeded the acceptable risk value (10-6). The cancer risks of As and Cr(VI) associated with quasi-ultrafine particles, PM0.5-1, PM1-2.5, and PM> 2.5, also exceeded 10-6. Comparison of the carcinogenicity risk of VOCs and metals suggests that the adverse health effect of inhaled particles on spray-painting workers is more serious than that from VOC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ping Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tung Hai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Institute of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Yen
- Institute of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Kai Xiang
- Institute of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Sakizadeh M. Spatiotemporal variations and characterization of the chronic cancer risk associated with benzene exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109387. [PMID: 31302332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A spatiotemporal analysis of benzene was performed in east of the USA and in a representative station in Baltimore County, in order to assess its trend over a 25-year time span between 1993 and 2018. A novel time series analysis technique known as TBATS (an ensemble of Trigonometric seasonal models, Box-Cox transformation, ARMA error plus Trend and Seasonal components) was applied for the first time on an air contaminant. The results demonstrated an annual seasonality and a continuously declining trend in this respect. The success of Reformulated Gasoline Program (RFG), initiated in 1995, was obviously detected in time series data since the daily benzene concentrations reduced to one-sixth of its original level in 1995. In this regard, the respective values of mean absolute scaled error (MASE) were 0.35 and 0.45 for training and test series. Given the observed concentrations of benzene, the hot spot areas in east of the US were identified by spatial analysis, as well. A chronic cancer risk was followed along the study area, by both a deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) techniques. It was indicated that children are at higher risk than that of adults. The range of estimated risk values for PRA was higher and varied between 6.45 × 10-6 and 1.68 × 10-4 for adults and between 8.13 × 10-6 and 8.29 × 10-4 for children. According to the findings of PRA, and referring to the threshold level of 1 × 10-4, only 1.2% of the adults and 28.77% of the children were categorized in an immediate risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Sakizadeh
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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