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Papadaki S, Tricha N, Panagiotopoulou M, Krokida M. Innovative Bioactive Products with Medicinal Value from Microalgae and Their Overall Process Optimization through the Implementation of Life Cycle Analysis-An Overview. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:152. [PMID: 38667769 PMCID: PMC11050870 DOI: 10.3390/md22040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are being recognized as valuable sources of bioactive chemicals with important medical properties, attracting interest from multiple industries, such as food, feed, cosmetics, and medicines. This review study explores the extensive research on identifying important bioactive chemicals from microalgae, and choosing the best strains for nutraceutical manufacturing. It explores the most recent developments in recovery and formulation strategies for creating stable, high-purity, and quality end products for various industrial uses. This paper stresses the significance of using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) as a strategic tool with which to improve the entire process. By incorporating LCA into decision-making processes, researchers and industry stakeholders can assess the environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of raw materials of several approaches. This comprehensive strategy will allow for the choosing of the most effective techniques, which in turn will promote sustainable practices for developing microalgae-based products. This review offers a detailed analysis of the bioactive compounds, strain selection methods, advanced processing techniques, and the incorporation of LCA. It will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and industry experts interested in utilizing microalgae for producing bioactive products with medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Papadaki
- DIGNITY Private Company, 30-32 Leoforos Alexandrou Papagou, Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Tricha
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Margarita Panagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalini Krokida
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
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Vesnina A, Milentyeva I, Minina V, Kozlova O, Asyakina L. Evaluation of the In Vivo Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity of Quercetin Isolated from the Hairy Roots of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1706. [PMID: 37629563 PMCID: PMC10455512 DOI: 10.3390/life13081706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic properties of quercetin isolated from the extract of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb hairy roots. During the study, the hormonal composition of the nutrient medium for cultivation of H. neglectum hairy root biomass was selected: Gamborg's medium enriched with the cytokine 6-benzylaminopurine (1.5 mg/1 dm3). It was found that the extraction of hairy root biomass with a 50% water-ethanol solution (40:1 1 h at 60 ± 2 °C) yielded an extract that contained the highest amount of quercetin (an average of 2.1 times higher than in extracts obtained at other parameters). It was determined that 100 µM quercetin solution showed the greatest bioactivity on Caenorhabditis elegans: on day 61, the percentage of surviving nematodes was 2.06 times higher compared to other samples and 6 times higher compared to control, resulting in a 12.5-fold increase in SOD-3 expression compared to control (without biologically active substance (BAS) addition). Meanwhile, the 10 µM quercetin solution exhibited the best ability to inhibit the accumulation of lipid fractions; the accumulation was 1.06 times less compared to the control. The results of this study show that quercetin, which was isolated from the biomass of H. neglectum hairy roots, can be used as a component of anti-atherosclerotic dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vesnina
- Laboratory of Natural Nutraceuticals Biotesting, Research Department, Kemerovo State University, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia;
| | - Irina Milentyeva
- Laboratory of Natural Nutraceuticals Biotesting, Research Department, Kemerovo State University, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia;
| | - Varvara Minina
- Department of Genetic and Fundamental Medicine, Kemerovo State University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia;
| | - Oksana Kozlova
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Kemerovo State University, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia;
| | - Lyudmila Asyakina
- Laboratory of Phytoremediation of Technogenically Disturbed Ecosystems, Kemerovo State University, 650056 Kemerovo, Russia;
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Patel SN, Sonani RR, Chaubey MG, Gupta GD, Singh NK, Kumar V, Madamwar D. Crystal structure of Synechococcus phycocyanin: implications of light-harvesting and antioxidant properties. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:247. [PMID: 37366498 PMCID: PMC10290628 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins is a family of chromophore-containing proteins having light-harvesting and antioxidant capacity. The phycocyanin (PC) is a brilliant blue coloured phycobiliprotein, found in rod structure of phycobilisome and has been widely studied for their therapeutic and fluorescent properties. In the present study, the hexameric assembly structure of phycocyanin (Syn-PC) from Synechococcus Sp. R42DM is characterized by X-ray crystallography to understand its light-harvesting and antioxidant properties. The crystal structure of Syn-PC is solved with 2.15 Å resolution and crystallographic R-factors, Rwork/Rfree, 0.16/0.21. The hexamer of Syn-PC is formed by heterodimer of two polypeptide chains, namely, α- and β-subunits. The structure is analysed at atomic level to reveal the chromophore microenvironment and possible light energy transfer mechanism in Syn-PC. The chromophore arrangement in hexamer, deviation angle and distance between the chromophore contribute to the energy transfer efficiency of protein. The structural attributes responsible for the antioxidant potential of Syn-PC are recognized and annotated on its 3-dimensional structure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03665-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti N. Patel
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand, Gujarat 388421 India
- Present Address: Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ravi R. Sonani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Mukesh G. Chaubey
- Shri A. N. Patel P. G. Institute of Science and Research, Sardar Patel University, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - Gagan D. Gupta
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085 India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 011 India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085 India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand, Gujarat 388421 India
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Zhao X, Jiao L, Liu D, Yang T, Zhang Y, Zhou A, Wen Z, Zhang K, Xie J. A phycoerythrin isolated from Rhodomonas salina induces apoptosis via ERK/Bak and JNK/Caspase-3 pathway in A549 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123838. [PMID: 36842747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhodomonas salina, Cryptophyta, Rhodomonas genus, is a valuable source for live feed in aquaculture and for the production of phycoerythrin (PE). In this study, PE was extracted from Rhodomonas salina and characterized as having a molecular weight of approximately 24 kDa, an absorbance at 545 nm, and a purity of up to 6.61 (which meets reagent grade requirements with an OD545/OD280 ratio >4). The effects of PE on anticancer activity and its underlying mechanisms were evaluated to assess the immunomodulatory potential on the human lung cancer A549 cell line. Biochemical assays and western blot analysis were applied to confirm the immune mechanisms. The results showed that after 24 h of exposure to PE, the proliferation of A549 cells was significantly and dose-dependently decreased. PE also caused the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The further results showed that PE can remarkably enhance the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and p53. Simultaneously, the BCL-2 family was also affected and had some changes, such as the dramatically enhance of Bim and Bak and the decrease of Bcl-2 level. However, it is interesting to note that there was no apparent alteration in Bax expression during the experiment. Furthermore, the biological mechanism for the potential of PE to induce apoptosis showed that the ERK/Bak and the JNK/caspase-3 signaling pathway were activated. This study provides evidence that the anticancer activity of PE in Rhodomonas salina may have potential for preventing cancer and serving as a novel immunostimulant in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Danting Liu
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Tan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Kunsheng Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Li Y, Li P, Zhang W, Zheng X, Gu Q. New Wine in Old Bottle: Caenorhabditis Elegans in Food Science. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2172429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglu Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing; Fuli Institute of Food Science; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing; Fuli Institute of Food Science; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Patel SN, Sonani RR, Roy D, Singh NK, Subudhi S, Pabbi S, Madamwar D. Exploring the structural aspects and therapeutic perspectives of cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:224. [PMID: 35975025 PMCID: PMC9375810 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) of cyanobacteria and algae possess unique light harvesting capacity which expand the photosynthetically active region (PAR) and allow them to thrive in extreme niches where higher plants cannot. PBPs of cyanobacteria/algae vary in abundance, types, amino acid composition and in structure as a function of species and the habitat that they grow in. In the present review, the key aspects of structure, stability, and spectral properties of PBPs, and their correlation with ecological niche of cyanobacteria are discussed. Besides their role in light-harvesting, PBPs possess antioxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, which can be used in therapeutics. Recent developments in therapeutic applications of PBPs are reviewed with special focus on 'route of PBPs administration' and 'therapeutic potential of PBP-derived peptide and chromophores'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti N. Patel
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand, Gujarat 388421 India
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat 388315 India
- Present Address: Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ravi R. Sonani
- Present Address: Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - Diya Roy
- Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Sardar Patel University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
- Present Address: Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Deaprtment of Science and Technology (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382011 India
| | - Sanjukta Subudhi
- The Energy and Resources Institute Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
| | - Sunil Pabbi
- Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand, Gujarat 388421 India
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Li J, Liu D, Li D, Guo Y, Du H, Cao Y. Phytochemical composition and anti-aging activity of n-butanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100685. [PMID: 34935259 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hedyotis diffusa Willd. ( H. diffusa ), a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, has been evaluated to potential display antioxidant and anti-aging effects in vitro experiments. In this work, we investigated the effects on lifespan and stress resistance of the N-butanol extract from H. diffusa (NHD) in vivo using a Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) model. The phytochemicals of NHD were identified by UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS method. NHD-treated wild-type N2 worms showed an increase in survival time under both normal and stress conditions. Meanwhile, NHD promoted the healthspan of nematodes by stimulating growth and development, reducing the deposition of age pigment, increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase dismutase (GSH-Px), and decreasing the level of ROS without impairing fertility. Moreover, the upregulating of the expression of daf-16 , gst-4 , sod-3 , hsp12.6 genes and the downregulating of the expression of daf-2 were involved in the NHD-mediated lifespan extension. Finally, the increasing of the expression of GST-4::GFP in CL2166 transgenic nematodes and the life-span-extending activity of NHD was completely abolished in daf-2 and daf-16 mutants further revealed that the potential roles for these genes in NHD-induced longevity in C. elegans . Collectively, our findings suggest that NHD may have an active effect in healthy aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, college of pharmcy, Hongshan district, 16# West road Huangjiahu, Wuhan, CHINA
| | - Di Liu
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, college of pharmcy, Hongshan district, 16# West road Huangjiahu, Wuhan, CHINA
| | - Danqing Li
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, college of pharmcy, Hongshan district, 16# West road Huangjiahu, Wuhan, CHINA
| | - Yujie Guo
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, college of pharmcy, Hongshan district, 16# West road Huangjiahu, Wuhan, CHINA
| | - Hongzhi Du
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, college of pharmcy, Hongshan district, 16# West road Huangjiahu, Wuhan, CHINA
| | - Yan Cao
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, college of pharmacy, Hongshan district, 16# West road Huangjiahu, 430065, Wuhan, CHINA
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Antiaging Potential of Peptides from Underused Marine Bioresources. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090513. [PMID: 34564175 PMCID: PMC8466736 DOI: 10.3390/md19090513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process that occurs under normal conditions and in several chronic degenerative diseases. Bioactive natural peptides have been shown to improve the effects of aging in cell and animal models and in clinical trials. However, few reports delve into the enormous diversity of peptides from marine organisms. This review provides recent information on the antiaging potential of bioactive peptides from underused marine resources, including examples that scavenge free radicals in vitro, inhibit cell apoptosis, prolong the lifespan of fruit flies and Caenorhabditis elegans, suppress aging in mice, and exert protective roles in aging humans. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved, such as upregulation of oxidase activity, inhibition of cell apoptosis and MMP-1 expression, restoring mitochondrial function, and regulating intestinal homeostasis, are also summarized. This work will help highlight the antiaging potential of peptides from underused marine organisms which could be used as antiaging foods and cosmetic ingredients in the near future.
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Lee PT, Huang J, Huang CY, Liu ZX, Yeh HY, Huang HT, Chen LL, Nan FH, Lee MC. Phycoerythrin from Colaconema sp. Has Immunostimulatory Effects on the Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Increases Resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and White Spot Syndrome Virus. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082371. [PMID: 34438826 PMCID: PMC8388644 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we found that phycoerythrin from Colaconema sp. can differentially stimulate the immune response of whiteleg shrimp in vitro and in vivo and could potentially be used as an immunomodulator in shrimp culture. Abstract We investigated whether phycoerythrin (PE), a pigment sourced from marine algae, could act as an immunomodulatory agent in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). To this end, PE was extracted and purified from a PE-rich macroalgae, Colaconema sp. Our in vitro analysis demonstrated that PE enhanced prophenoloxidase and phagocytosis activity but inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species in hemocytes. Additionally, the PE signal could be detected using an in vivo imaging system after its injection into the ventral sinus of the cephalothorax of whiteleg shrimp. The expression profiles of fourteen immune-related genes were monitored in hemocytes from whiteleg shrimp injected with 0.30 μg of PE per gram of body weight, and crustin, lysozyme, penaiedin 4, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor showed up-regulated post-stimulation. The induction of immune genes and enhancement of innate immune parameters by PE may explain the higher survival rates for shrimp that received different doses of PE prior to being challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus or white spot syndrome virus compared to controls. Combined, these results show that PE from Colaconema sp. can differentially stimulate the immune response of whiteleg shrimp in vitro and in vivo and could potentially be used as an immunomodulator in shrimp culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Chin-Yi Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Zi-Xuan Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Han-Yang Yeh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Huai-Ting Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan;
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-22462-2192 (ext. 5239) or +886-978-586-589; Fax: +886-22463-5441
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Chaubey MG, Chauhan AP, Chokshi PR, Amin RS, Patel SN, Madamwar D, Rastogi RP, Singh NK. Therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds from Punica granatum extracts against aging and complicity of FOXO orthologue DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:80-98. [PMID: 33510593 PMCID: PMC7838930 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Some natural fruits have significant importance in improving health which provides many nutritional supplements essential to maintain proper metabolism with the age. In this study, phytochemical screening of extract (methanolic) of Punica granatum arils, outer and inner peels was confirmed by the respective spot tests. Quantification of phytochemical constituents revealed the plentiful of total phenols in the outer peels in comparison to inner peels and juice whereas total flavonoids and vitamin C are abundant in inner peel and juice, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography, Gas chromatography along with mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of compound 9, 17-octadecadienal, (Z) in the outer/inner peels. A compound N-hexadecanoic acid was also observed in the outer peels. Extracts from every section of the fruits were comprehensively evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Contrary to fruit aril juice, the extracts of outer and inner peels exhibited significant and dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant and radical-scavenging potentials. The supplementation of P. granatum extracts (PGEs) significantly enhanced the lifespan of C. elegans. The protective effect of PGEs was also observed against oxidative stress in C. elegans. Additionally, the involvement of FOXO orthologue DAF-16 dependent longevity was obtained with PGEs (outer peel and inner peel) fed TJ356 worms. Overall, the results indicate the vital role of PGEs especially the extracts of outer peels in life-saving mechanisms of C. elegans by virtue of their antioxidant asset and life-prolonging effects via daf-16 dependent Insulin signaling pathway. See also Figure 1(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh G Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel P.G. Institute of Science and Research, Anand-388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Anita P Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel P.G. Institute of Science and Research, Anand-388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja R Chokshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel P.G. Institute of Science and Research, Anand-388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Rahi S Amin
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel P.G. Institute of Science and Research, Anand-388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Stuti N Patel
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat 388 315, India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT campus, Changa 388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh P Rastogi
- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel P.G. Institute of Science and Research, Anand-388001, Gujarat, India
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Rodrigues RDP, Silva ASE, Carlos TAV, Bastos AKP, de Santiago-Aguiar RS, Rocha MVP. Application of protic ionic liquids in the microwave-assisted extraction of phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira platensis with antioxidant activity. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Chauhan AP, Chaubey MG, Patel SN, Madamwar D, Singh NK. Extension of life span and stress tolerance modulated by DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans under the treatment of Moringa oleifera extract. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:504. [PMID: 33184591 PMCID: PMC7609685 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was focused to isolate the bioactive compounds present in the leaves of Moringa oleifera which contains a high nutritional value. Furthermore, the research was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-neurodegenerative properties of M. oleifera using the experimental model Caenorhabditis elegans. The separation of compounds from the crude extract and its identification was carried out through TLC, Column chromatography, UV absorption spectroscopy, and GC-MS. The compounds identified in most abundant fraction of column chromatography were [Phenol-2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- phosphite (3:1)] and Tetratetracontane. The result suggests that the leaves extracts and column fraction were able to significantly extend the life span of the N2 wild-type strain of C. elegans. The most potent life span extending effect was displayed by the dichloromethane extract of leaves which was 21.73 ± 0.142 days compared to the control (16.55 ± 0.02 days). It could also extend the health span through improved physiological functions such as pharyngeal pumping, body bending, and reversal frequency with increased age. The treated worms were also exhibited improved resistance to thermal stress, oxidative stress, and reduced intracellular ROS accumulation. Moreover, the leaves extract could elicit neuroprotection as it could delay the paralysis in the transgenic strain of C. elegans 'CL4176' integrated with Aβ. Interestingly, The RNAi experiment demonstrated that the extended life span under the treatment of extracts and the compound was daf-16 dependent. In transgenic C. elegans TJ356, the DAF-16 transcription factor was localized in the nucleus under the stress conditions, further supported the involvement of the daf-16 gene in longevity. Overall, the study suggests the potential of M. oleifera as a dietary supplement and alternative medicine to defend against oxidative stress and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Prabhatsinh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Anand, 388001 Gujarat India
| | - Mukesh Ghanshyam Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Anand, 388001 Gujarat India
| | - Stuti Nareshkumar Patel
- Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, 388315 Gujarat India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, 388315 Gujarat India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Anand, 388001 Gujarat India
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13
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Fu M, Zhang X, Zhang X, Yang L, Luo S, Liu H. Autophagy Plays a Role in the Prolongation of the Life Span of Caenorhabditis elegans by Astaxanthin. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 24:198-205. [PMID: 33115330 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2020.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST), a xanthophyll belonging to the family of carotenoids, is a potent antioxidant. The effect of AST on longevity and its physiological and molecular mechanism are still unclear. In this study, we proved that AST could prolong the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans. To uncover whether AST could delay aging by upregulating autophagy, we measured the expression of autophagy gene and the life span of autophagy gene bec-1 mutant nematodes, and the results showed that the expression of autophagy gene was upregulated after AST intervention and the disruption of bec-1 weakened the extension of the life span. To explore the molecular mechanism of AST-induced autophagy upregulation, we knocked out the daf-16 or hlh-30 (key genes of insulin/insulin growth factor-1 [IGF-1] signal pathway or target of rapamycin [TOR] signal pathway) by RNA interference, and the expression of autophagy gene lgg-1 decreased. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that autophagy, which is both the insulin/IGF-1 signal pathway dependent and TOR signal pathway dependent, plays a role in the prolongation of the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans by AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Science and Technology Centre, By-Health Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Suhui Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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14
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Amin S, Rastogi RP, Chaubey MG, Jain K, Divecha J, Desai C, Madamwar D. Degradation and Toxicity Analysis of a Reactive Textile Diazo Dye-Direct Red 81 by Newly Isolated Bacillus sp. DMS2. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:576680. [PMID: 33072041 PMCID: PMC7541843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.576680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient diazo dye degrading bacterial strain, Bacillus sp. DMS2 was isolated from a long-term textile dye polluted environment. The strain was assessed for its innate ability to completely degrade and detoxify Direct Red 81 (DR81) textile dye under microaerophilic conditions. The degradation ability of strain showed significant results on optimizing the nutritional and environmental parameters. Based on statistical models, maximum efficiency of decolorization achieved within 24 h for 100 mg/l of dye supplemented with glucose (0.02%), MgSO4 (0.002%) and urea (0.5%) at 30°C and pH (7.0). Moreover, a significant catabolic induction of a laccase and azoreductase suggested its vital role in degrading DR81 into three distinct metabolites (intermediates) as by-products. Further, toxicity analysis of intermediates were performed using seeds of common edible plants, aquatic plant (phytotoxicity) and the nematode model (animal toxicity), which confirmed the non-toxic nature of intermediates. Thus, the inclusive study of DMS2 showed promising efficiency in bioremediation approach for treating industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Amin
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, India
| | - Rajesh Prasad Rastogi
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, India
| | - Mukesh Ghanshyam Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Sardar Patel University, Anand, India
| | - Kunal Jain
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, India
| | - Jyoti Divecha
- Department of Statistics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
| | - Chirayu Desai
- P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, India.,P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, India
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15
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Sugawara T, Sakamoto K. Quercetin enhances motility in aged and heat-stressed Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes by modulating both HSF-1 activity, and insulin-like and p38-MAPK signalling. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238528. [PMID: 32881908 PMCID: PMC7470330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a yellow pigment that is found in many common dietary plants, and that protects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and arteriosclerosis. It has also been suggested to prolong the lifespan of, and enhance heat-stress tolerance in nematodes; thus, the present study investigated its effects on both the nematode life- and health span by assessing its capacity to promote nematode motility after aging and/or heat stress, as well as the mechanisms underlying these effects. The results of the conducted analyses showed that quercetin feeding prolonged lifespan, suppressed age-related motility retardation, improved motility recovery after heat stress, and decreased the production of both intercellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the analysed Caenorhabditis elegans strains, likely by modulating the insulin-like signalling (ILS) pathway and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In particular, the transcription factors DAF-16 and SKN-1 were found to mediate the observed quercetin-induced effects, consistent with their previously demonstrated roles as regulators of aging. Furthermore, we demonstrated, for the first time, that quercetin induced heat-stress tolerance in C. elegans by modulating HSF-1 expression and/or activity. Thus, the present study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms by which quercetin inhibit aging and enhance heat-stress tolerance via ILS and MAPK pathway in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Sugawara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Xie YF, Wang XD, Zhong WH, Zhu DH, He Z. Transcriptome Profile Changes Associated With Heat Shock Reaction in the Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae. Front Physiol 2020; 11:721. [PMID: 32754045 PMCID: PMC7365922 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae has been used for control of soil insects. However, S. carpocapse is sensitive to environmental factors, particularly temperature. We studied an S. carpocapse group that was shocked with high temperature. We also studied the transcriptome-level responses associated with temperature stress using a BGIseq sequencing platform. We de novo assembled the reads from the treatment and control groups into one transcriptome consisting of 43.9 and 42.9 million clean reads, respectively. Based on the genome database, we aligned the clean reads to the Nr, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases and analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Compared with the control, the heat-shocked group had significant differential expression of the heat shock protein (HSP) family, antioxidase [glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], monooxygenase (P450), and transcription factor genes (DAF-16 and DAF-2). These DEGs were demonstrated to be part of the Longevity pathway and insulin/insulin-like signaling pathway. The results revealed the potential mechanisms, at the transcriptional level, of S. carpocapsae under thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Xie
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China.,College of Life Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiu-Dan Wang
- College of Life Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | | | - Dao-Hong Zhu
- College of Life Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen He
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
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17
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Chaubey MG, Patel SN, Rastogi RP, Madamwar D, Singh NK. Cyanobacterial pigment protein allophycocyanin exhibits longevity and reduces Aβ-mediated paralysis in C. elegans: complicity of FOXO and NRF2 ortholog DAF-16 and SKN-1. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:332. [PMID: 32656065 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The allophycocyanin (APC) protein purified from Phormidium sp. A09DM was investigated for its in vivo antioxidant and anti-aging potential in Caenorhabditis elegans. An increased mean lifespan of APC-treated (100 μg/ml) worms (wild type) were observed from 16 ± 0.2 days (control) to 20 ± 0.1 days (treated). APC-treated worms also showed improved physiological marker of aging such as the rate of pharyngeal pumping and higher rate of survival against oxidative and thermal stress. Furthermore, APC was found to moderate the expression of human amyloid beta (Aβ1-42) as well as associated Aβ-induced paralysis in the transgenic C. elegans CL4176 upon increase in temperature. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated studies revealed the dependence of downstream regulator daf-16, independent of stress-induced resistance gene skn-1 in the APC treated C. elegans. In the present study, we tried to demonstrate the anti-aging activity, longevity and protective effects of APC against cellular stress in C. elegans, which can lead to the use of this biomolecule in drug development for age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Ghanshyam Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Sardar Patel University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Stuti Nareshkumar Patel
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat 388315 India
| | - Rajesh Prasad Rastogi
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat 388315 India
- Present Address: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi, 110003 India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat 388315 India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Sardar Patel University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
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18
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Kim BK, Kim SA, Baek SM, Lee EY, Lee ES, Chung CH, Ahn CM, Park SK. Cur2004-8, a synthetic curcumin derivative, extends lifespan and modulates age-related physiological changes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 13:198-206. [PMID: 31534071 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a compound found in Indian yellow curry, is known to possess various biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Cur2004-8 is a synthetic curcumin derivative having symmetrical bis-alkynyl pyridines that shows a strong anti-angiogenic activity. In the present study, we examined the effect of dietary supplementation with Cur2004-8 on response to environmental stresses and aging using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system. Dietary intervention with Cur2004-8 significantly increased resistance of C. elegans to oxidative stress. Its anti-oxidative-stress effect was greater than curcumin. However, response of C. elegans to heat stress or ultraviolet irradiation was not significantly affected by Cur2004-8. Next, we examined the effect of Cur2004-8 on aging. Cur2004-8 significantly extended both mean and maximum lifespan, accompanying a shift in time-course distribution of progeny production. Age-related decline in motility was also delayed by supplementation with Cur2004-8. In addition, Cur2004-8 prevented amyloid-beta-induced toxicity in Alzheimer's disease model animals which required a forkhead box (FOXO) transcription factor DAF-16. Dietary supplementation with Cur2004-8 also reversed the increase of mortality observed in worms treated with high-glucose-diet. These results suggest that Cur2004-8 has higher anti-oxidant and anti-aging activities than curcumin. It can be used for the development of novel anti-aging product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University
| | - Sung-A Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University
| | - Sun-Mi Baek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University
| | - Eun Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University
| | - Chan Mug Ahn
- Department of Basic Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University
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19
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Rosa GP, Tavares WR, Sousa PMC, Pagès AK, Seca AML, Pinto DCGA. Seaweed Secondary Metabolites with Beneficial Health Effects: An Overview of Successes in In Vivo Studies and Clinical Trials. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:E8. [PMID: 31861879 PMCID: PMC7024274 DOI: 10.3390/md18010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae are increasingly viewed as a source of secondary metabolites with great potential for the development of new drugs. In this development, in vitro studies are only the first step in a long process, while in vivo studies and clinical trials are the most revealing stages of the true potential and limitations that a given metabolite may have as a new drug. This literature review aims to give a critical overview of the secondary metabolites that reveal the most interesting results in these two steps. Phlorotannins show great pharmaceutical potential in in vivo models and, among the several examples, the anti-dyslipidemia activity of dieckol must be highlighted because it was more effective than lovastatin in an in vivo model. The IRLIIVLMPILMA tridecapeptide that exhibits an in vivo level of activity similar to the hypotensive clinical drug captopril should still be stressed, as well as griffithsin which showed such stunning results over a variety of animal models and which will probably move onto clinical trials soon. Regarding clinical trials, studies with pure algal metabolites are scarce, limited to those carried out with kahalalide F and fucoxanthin. The majority of clinical trials currently aim to ascertain the effect of algae consumption, as extracts or fractions, on obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo P. Rosa
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Wilson R. Tavares
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (W.R.T.); (P.M.C.S.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Pedro M. C. Sousa
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (W.R.T.); (P.M.C.S.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Aida K. Pagès
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (W.R.T.); (P.M.C.S.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Ana M. L. Seca
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group & University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana C. G. A. Pinto
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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20
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Alexpandi R, Prasanth MI, Ravi AV, Balamurugan K, Durgadevi R, Srinivasan R, De Mesquita JF, Pandian SK. Protective effect of neglected plant Diplocyclos palmatus on quorum sensing mediated infection of Serratia marcescens and UV-A induced photoaging in model Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 201:111637. [PMID: 31706086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are considered to be a leading source for possible human therapeutic agents. This holistic study has investigated the anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS), anti-infection, antioxidant and anti-photoaging properties of neglected plant Diplocyclos palmatus. The results showed that D. palmatus methanolic leaf extract (DPME) effectively inhibited the quorum sensing (QS) regulated virulence factor production as well as biofilm formation in Serratia marcescens. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that DPME significantly downed the expression of QS-regulated genes such as fimA, fimC, flhC, bsmB, pigP and shlA in S. marcescens, which supports the outcome of in vitro bioassays. Further, the docking study revealed that the presence of active compounds, namely tocopherols and phytol, DPME exhibited its anti-QS activity against S. marcescens. In addition, DPME treatment extended the lifespan of S. marcescens infected C. elegans by the action of dropping the internal accumulation. Further, qPCR analysis clearly revealed that DPME treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of the lifespan-related gene (daf-16) and immune-related genes (clec-60, clec-87, lys-7 and bec-1) in S. marcescens infected C.elegans. On the other hand, DPME extensively reduced the UV-A induced ROS stress, thereby, extended the lifespan in UV-A photoaged C. elegans. Further, the qPCR analysis also confirmed the up-regulation of daf-16, clec-60, clec-87 and col-19 genes which advocated the improvement of the lifespan, healthspan and collagen production in UV-A photoaged C. elegans. Further bioassays evidenced that that the lifespan extension of photoaged C. elegans was accomplished by the actions of antioxidants such as tocopherols and phytol in DPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaiah Alexpandi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India; Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India.
| | - Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Ravindran Durgadevi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Ramanathan Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350 002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350 002, PR China
| | - Joelma Freire De Mesquita
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
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21
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Chaubey MG, Patel SN, Rastogi RP, Srivastava PL, Singh AK, Madamwar D, Singh NK. Therapeutic potential of cyanobacterial pigment protein phycoerythrin: in silico and in vitro study of BACE1 interaction and in vivo Aβ reduction. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:368-378. [PMID: 31059742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are an immense source of innovative classes of pharmacologically active compounds exhibiting various biological activities ranging from antioxidants, antibiotics, anticancer, anti-inflammatory to anti-Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we primarily targeted the inhibition of Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) by a naturally occurring cyanobacterial protein phycoerythrin (C-PE). BACE1 cleaves amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) and leads to accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain, as an attribute of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibition of BACE1 was measured in terms of their association and dissociation rate constants, thermodynamics of binding using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The kinetic parameters for enzyme activity were also measured using synthetic decapeptide as a substrate. We further validated the potential of PE by in-vivo histopathological staining of Aβ aggregate mutant Caenorhabditis elegans CL4176 by Thioflavin-T. The present studies pave the way for the application of naturally occurring C-PE as a putative therapeutic drug for the AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Ghanshyam Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Sardar Patel University, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Stuti Nareshkumar Patel
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, 388315 Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Prasad Rastogi
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, 388315 Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Prabhakar Lal Srivastava
- Symbiosis School of Biological Science, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, 412115 Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Sanand, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, 388315 Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree A. N. Patel PG Institute of Science and Research, Sardar Patel University, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India.
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22
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Patel SN, Sonani RR, Jakharia K, Bhastana B, Patel HM, Chaubey MG, Singh NK, Madamwar D. Antioxidant activity and associated structural attributes of Halomicronema phycoerythrin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:359-369. [PMID: 29307804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, blue light absorbing pigment protein phycoerythrin (PE) is purified up to molecular grade purity from marine Halomicronema sp. R31DM. The purification method is based on the use of non-ionic detergent Triton-X 100 in ammonium sulphate precipitation. The purified PE is characterized for its antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. PE is noted to show substantial in vitro antioxidant activity probed by various biochemical assays. The PE moderated rise in the intracellular-ROS (reactive oxygen species) in wild type Caenorhabditis elegans upon heat and oxidative stress. Further, the antioxidant asset of PE is noted an expedient in averting the ROS associated abnormalities, i.e. impaired physiological behaviour (health span) and aging in C. elegans. The structural attributes of PE contributing to its antioxidant virtue are analysed; the presence of ample residues having antioxidant activity and chromophore-PEB in PE are identified as a source of its antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the stability of PE is assessed under three physico-chemical stresses, temperature, pH and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti N Patel
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand 388315, Gujarat, India
| | - Ravi R Sonani
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand 388315, Gujarat, India; School of Sciences, P. P. Savani University, Dhamdod, Kosamba 394125, Gujarat, India.
| | - Kinnari Jakharia
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand 388315, Gujarat, India
| | - Bela Bhastana
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand 388315, Gujarat, India
| | - Hiral M Patel
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand 388315, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukesh G Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree A. N. Patel PG Institute, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree A. N. Patel PG Institute, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol, Anand 388315, Gujarat, India.
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Zhou Y, Xu Q, Zhou X, Song S, Zhu B. Stress resistance and lifespan extension of Caenorhabditis elegans enhanced by peptides from mussel (Mytilus edulis) protein hydrolyzate. Food Funct 2018; 9:3313-3320. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mussel (Mytilus edulis) peptides increased stress resistance and reduced endogenous ROS level and lipofuscin accumulation of C. elegans. Mussel peptides could contribute to healthspan extension of C. elegans through regulating the mRNA expression of daf-2 and daf-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
| | - Qinggang Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- China
| | - Xinghua Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- China
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24
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Peptides from sesame cake reduce oxidative stress and amyloid-β-induced toxicity by upregulation of SKN-1 in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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25
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Kim JS, Kim SH, Park SK. Selenocysteine modulates resistance to environmental stress and confers anti-aging effects in C. elegans. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2017; 72:491-498. [PMID: 28954009 PMCID: PMC5579318 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2017(08)07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The free radical theory of aging suggests that cellular oxidative damage caused by free radicals is a leading cause of aging. In the present study, we examined the effects of a well-known anti-oxidant amino acid derivative, selenocysteine, in response to environmental stress and aging using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system. METHOD: The response to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 or ultraviolet irradiation was compared between the untreated control and selenocysteine-treated groups. The effect of selenocysteine on lifespan and fertility was then determined. To examine the effect of selenocysteine on muscle aging, we monitored the change in motility with aging in both the untreated control and selenocysteine-treated groups. RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with selenocysteine significantly increased resistance to oxidative stress. Survival after ultraviolet irradiation was also increased by supplementation with selenocysteine. Treatment with selenocysteine confers a longevity phenotype without an accompanying reduction in fertility, which is frequently observed in lifespan-extending interventions as a trade-off in C. elegans. In addition, the age-related decline in motility was significantly delayed by supplementation of selenocysteine. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that dietary supplementation of selenocysteine can modulate response to stressors and lead to lifespan extension, thus supporting the free radical theory of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sung Kim
- Soonchunhyang University, College of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Kim
- Soonchunhyang University, College of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Soonchunhyang University, College of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- *Corresponding author: E-mail:
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26
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Sonani RR, Rastogi RP, Singh NK, Thadani J, Patel PJ, Kumar J, Tiwari AK, Devkar RV, Madamwar D. Phycoerythrin averts intracellular ROS generation and physiological functional decline in eukaryotes under oxidative stress. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:849-862. [PMID: 27335008 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro antioxidant virtue and life-prolonging effect of phycoerythrin (PE; a pigment protein isolated from Phormidium sp. A09DM) have been revealed in our previous reports (Sonani et al. in Age 36:9717, 2014a; Sonani et al. in Process Biochem 49:1757-1766, 2014b). It has been hypothesized that the PE expands life span of Caenorhabditis elegans (bears large resemblance with human aging pathways) due to its antioxidant virtue. This hypothesis is tested in present study by checking the effect of PE on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and associated physiological deformities using mouse and human skin fibroblasts, C. elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster Oregon R + and by divulging PE's structural attributes responsible for its antioxidant asset. PE treatment displayed noteworthy decrease of 67, 48, and 77 % in ROS level in mouse fibroblast (3T3-L1), human fibroblast, and C. elegans N2, respectively, arisen under chemical-induced oxidative stress. PE treatment delayed the development of paraquat-induced Alzheimer phenotype by 14.5 % in C. elegans CL4176. Furthermore, PE improved the locomotion of D. melanogaster Oregon R + under oxidative stress with simultaneous up-regulation in super-oxide dismutase and catalase activities. The existence of 52 Glu + Asp + His + Thr residues (having metal ion sequestration capacity), 5 phycoerythrobilin chromophores (potential electron exchangers) in PE's primary structure, and significant hydrophobic patches on the surface of its α- and β-subunits are supposed to collectively contribute in the antioxidant virtues of PE. Altogether, results support the hypothesis that it is the PE's antioxidant asset, which is responsible for its life-prolonging effect and thus could be exploited in the therapeutics of ROS-associated abnormalities including aging and neurodegeneration in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi R Sonani
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, 388 315, India
- Commission of Atomic and Alternative Energy, Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Rajesh P Rastogi
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, 388 315, India
| | - Niraj K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri A. N. Patel PG Institute, Anand, Gujarat, 388001, India
| | - Jaymesh Thadani
- Division of Phytotherapeutics and Metabolic Endocrinology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Puja J Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Shri A. N. Patel PG Institute, Anand, Gujarat, 388001, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
- DBT-PU-IPLS Programme, Department of Botany/Biotechnology, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, 800005, India.
| | - Anand K Tiwari
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India.
| | - Ranjitsinh V Devkar
- Division of Phytotherapeutics and Metabolic Endocrinology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
| | - Datta Madamwar
- Post-Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, 388 315, India.
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R-Phycoerythrin Induces SGC-7901 Apoptosis by Arresting Cell Cycle at S Phase. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14090166. [PMID: 27626431 PMCID: PMC5039537 DOI: 10.3390/md14090166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE), one of the chemical constituents of red algae, could produce singlet oxygen upon excitation with the appropriate radiation and possibly be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Documents reported that R-PE could inhibit cell proliferation in HepG2 and A549 cells, which was significative for cancer therapy. This is due to the fact that R-PE could kill cancer cells directly as well as by PDT. However, little is known about the cytotoxicity of R-PE to the SGC-7901 cell. In this study, it has been found that R-PE could inhibit SGC-7901 proliferation and induce cell apoptosis, which was achieved by arresting the SGC-7901 cell at S phase. CyclinA, CDK2 and CDC25A are proteins associated with the S phase, and it was found that R-PE could increase the expression of cyclin A protein and decrease the expression of CDK2 and CDC25A proteins. Thus, it was concluded that R-PE reduced the CDK2 protein activated through decreasing the CDC25A factor, which reduced the formation of Cyclin-CDK complex. The reduction of Cyclin-CDK complex made the SGC-7901 cells arrest at the S phase. Therefore, R-PE induced apoptosis by arresting the SGC-7901 cell at S phase was successful, which was achieved by the expression of the CDC25A protein, which reduced the CDK2 protein actived and the formation of Cyclin-CDK complex.
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Peptides from sesame cake extend healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans via upregulation of skn-1 and inhibition of intracellular ROS levels. Exp Gerontol 2016; 82:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Detienne G, Van de Walle P, De Haes W, Schoofs L, Temmerman L. SKN-1-independent transcriptional activation of glutathione S-transferase 4 (GST-4) by EGF signaling. WORM 2016; 5:e1230585. [PMID: 28090393 DOI: 10.1080/21624054.2016.1230585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In C. elegans research, transcriptional activation of glutathione S-transferase 4 (gst-4) is often used as a read-out for SKN-1 activity. While many heed an assumed non-exclusivity of the GFP reporter signal driven by the gst-4 promoter to SKN-1, this is also often ignored. We here show that gst-4 can also be transcriptionally activated by EOR-1, a transcription factor mediating effects of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathway. Along with enhancing exogenous oxidative stress tolerance, EOR-1 inde-pendently of SKN-1 increases gst-4 transcription in response to augmented EGF signaling. Our findings caution researchers within the C. elegans community to always rely on sufficient experimental controls when assaying SKN-1 transcriptional activity with a gst-4p::gfp reporter, such as SKN-1 loss-of-function mutants and/or additional target genes next to gst-4.
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30
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Kumar J, Barhydt T, Awasthi A, Lithgow GJ, Killilea DW, Kapahi P. Zinc Levels Modulate Lifespan through Multiple Longevity Pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153513. [PMID: 27078872 PMCID: PMC4831763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace metal that has integral roles in numerous biological processes, including enzymatic function, protein structure, and cell signaling pathways. Both excess and deficiency of zinc can lead to detrimental effects on development and metabolism, resulting in abnormalities and disease. We altered the zinc balance within Caenorhabditis elegans to examine how changes in zinc burden affect longevity and healthspan in an invertebrate animal model. We found that increasing zinc levels in vivo with excess dietary zinc supplementation decreased the mean and maximum lifespan, whereas reducing zinc levels in vivo with a zinc-selective chelator increased the mean and maximum lifespan in C. elegans. We determined that the lifespan shortening effects of excess zinc required expression of DAF-16, HSF-1 and SKN-1 proteins, whereas the lifespan lengthening effects of the reduced zinc may be partially dependent upon this set of proteins. Furthermore, reducing zinc levels led to greater nuclear localization of DAF-16 and enhanced dauer formation compared to controls, suggesting that the lifespan effects of zinc are mediated in part by the insulin/IGF-1 pathway. Additionally, zinc status correlated with several markers of healthspan in worms, including proteostasis, locomotion and thermotolerance, with reduced zinc levels always associated with improvements in function. Taken together, these data support a role for zinc in regulating both development and lifespan in C. elegans, and that suggest that regulation of zinc homeostasis in the worm may be an example of antagonistic pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
- DBT-PU-IPLS Programme, Department of Botany/Biotechnology, Patna University, Patna- 800005, Bihar, India
- * E-mail: (PK); (DWK); (JK)
| | - Tracy Barhydt
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Anjali Awasthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gordon J. Lithgow
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - David W. Killilea
- Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital of Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PK); (DWK); (JK)
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PK); (DWK); (JK)
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31
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Sonani RR, Rastogi RP, Patel R, Madamwar D. Recent advances in production, purification and applications of phycobiliproteins. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:100-9. [PMID: 26981199 PMCID: PMC4768114 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An obligatory sunlight requirement for photosynthesis has exposed cyanobacteria to different quantity and quality of light. Cyanobacteria can exhibit efficient photosynthesis over broad region (450 to 650 nm) of solar spectrum with the help of brilliantly coloured pigment proteins called phycobiliproteins (PBPs). Besides light-harvesting, PBPs are found to involve in several life sustaining phenomena including photoprotection in cyanobacteria. The unique spectral features (like strong absorbance and fluorescence), proteineous nature and, some imperative properties like hepato-protective, anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging activity of PBPs enable their use in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. PBPs have been also noted to show beneficial effect in therapeutics of some disease like Alzheimer and cancer. Such large range of applications increases the demand of PBPs in commodity market. Therefore, the large-scale and coast effective production of PBPs is the real need of time. To fulfil this need, many researchers have been working to find the potential producer of PBPs for the production and purification of PBPs. Results of these efforts have caused the inventions of some novel techniques like mixotrophic and heterotrophic strategies for production and aqueous two phase separation for purification purpose. Overall, the present review summarises the recent findings and identifies gaps in the field of production, purification and applications of this biological and economically important proteins.
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32
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Prasanth MI, Santoshram GS, Bhaskar JP, Balamurugan K. Ultraviolet-A triggers photoaging in model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in a DAF-16 dependent pathway. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:27. [PMID: 26873884 PMCID: PMC5005890 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiations (UV) are the primary causative agent for skin aging (photoaging) and cancer, especially UV-A. The mode of action and the molecular mechanism behind the damages caused by UV-A is not well studied, in vivo. The current study was employed to investigate the impact of UV-A exposure using the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Analysis of lifespan, healthspan, and other cognitive behaviors were done which was supported by the molecular mechanism. UV-A exposure on collagen damages the synthesis and functioning which has been monitored kinetically using engineered strain, col-19:: GFP. The study results suggested that UV-A accelerated the aging process in an insulin-like signaling pathway dependent manner. Mutant (daf-2)-based analysis concrete the observations of the current study. The UV-A exposure affected the usual behavior of the worms like pharyngeal movements and brood size. Quantitative PCR profile of the candidate genes during UV-A exposure suggested that continuous exposure has damaged the neural network of the worms, but the mitochondrial signaling and dietary restriction pathway remain unaffected. Western blot analysis of HSF-1 evidenced the alteration in protein homeostasis in UV-A exposed worms. Outcome of the current study supports our view that C. elegans can be used as a model to study photoaging, and the mode of action of UV-A-mediated damages can be elucidated which will pave the way for drug developments against photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, -630 004, India
| | | | - James Prabhanand Bhaskar
- ITC - Life Sciences and Technology Centre, ITC Limited, No. 3, 1st Main, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560058, India
| | - Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, -630 004, India.
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Paliwal C, Ghosh T, Bhayani K, Maurya R, Mishra S. Antioxidant, Anti-Nephrolithe Activities and in Vitro Digestibility Studies of Three Different Cyanobacterial Pigment Extracts. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5384-401. [PMID: 26308007 PMCID: PMC4557027 DOI: 10.3390/md13085384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliprotein-containing water and carotenoid-containing methanolic extracts of three different cyanobacteria, Pseudanabaena sp., Spirulina sp. and Lyngbya sp., were studied for their DPPH scavenging, iso-bolographic studies, and anti-nephrolithe activities. The best EC50 values for DPPH scavenging were in Lyngbya water (LW, 18.78 ± 1.57 mg·mg−1 DPPH) and Lyngbya methanol (LM, 59.56 ± 37.38 mg·mg−1 DPPH) extracts. Iso-bolographic analysis revealed most of the combinations of extracts were antagonistic to each other, although LM—Spirulina methanol (SM) 1:1 had the highest synergistic rate of 86.65%. In vitro digestion studies showed that DPPH scavenging activity was considerably decreased in all extracts except for Pseudanabaena methanol (PM) and LM after the simulated digestion. All of the extracts were effective in reducing the calcium oxalate crystal size by nearly 60%–65% compared to negative control, while PM and Spirulina water (SW) extracts could inhibit both nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate by nearly 60%–80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Paliwal
- Salt and Marine Chemicals, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
| | - Tonmoy Ghosh
- Salt and Marine Chemicals, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
| | - Khushbu Bhayani
- Salt and Marine Chemicals, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
| | - Rahulkumar Maurya
- Salt and Marine Chemicals, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Salt and Marine Chemicals, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
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34
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Rastogi RP, Sonani RR, Madamwar D. Physico-chemical factors affecting the in vitro stability of phycobiliproteins from Phormidium rubidum A09DM. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 190:219-26. [PMID: 25958145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The functionality and stability of phycobiliproteins (PBPs) phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC) and allophycocyanin (APC) were investigated under various temperatures, pHs and oxidative stressors. All PBPs were thermostable up to 4-40°C; however, their concentration decreased rapidly at 60-80°C. The maximum stability of all PBPs was in the pH range 6.0-7.0. Decrease in PBPs content was found under high acidic (pH 2-4) and alkaline conditions (pH 8-12). The oxidizing agent (0.1-0.6%) showed the least effect on the stability of PBPs; however, 0.8-1.0% H2O2 caused significant loss of PBPs. Contrary to PE, PC and APC was more susceptible to an oxidizing agent. The chromophore associated with α- and β-subunit of PBPs and thus, their functionality (fluorescence) was severely affected under high temperature (60-80°C), and oxidizing agent, as well as low (2-4) and high (8-12) pH. Contrary to PC and APC, functionality of PE was surprisingly maintained even at pHs 6-12 and under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Prasad Rastogi
- BRD School of Biosciences, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ravi Raghav Sonani
- BRD School of Biosciences, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India.
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35
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Sonani RR, Sharma M, Gupta GD, Kumar V, Madamwar D. Phormidium phycoerythrin forms hexamers in crystals: a crystallographic study. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:998-1004. [PMID: 26249689 PMCID: PMC4528931 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallographic analysis of a marine cyanobacterium (Phormidium sp. A09DM) phycoerythrin (PE) that shows distinct sequence features compared with known PE structures from cyanobacteria and red algae is reported. Phormidium PE was crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method with ammonium sulfate as a precipitant. Diffraction data were collected on the protein crystallography beamline at the Indus-2 synchrotron. The crystals diffracted to about 2.1 Å resolution at 100 K. The crystals, with an apparent hexagonal morphology, belonged to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 108.3, b = 108.4 Å, c = 116.6 Å, α = 78.94, β = 82.50, γ = 60.34°. The molecular-replacement solution confirmed the presence of 12 αβ monomers in the P1 cell. The Phormidium PE elutes as an (αβ)3 trimer of αβ monomers from a molecular-sieve column and exists as [(αβ)3]2 hexamers in the crystal lattice. Unlike red algal PE proteins, the hexamers of Phormidium PE do not form higher-order structures in the crystals. The existence of only one characteristic visual absorption band at 564 nm suggests the presence of phycoerythrobilin chromophores, and the absence of any other types of bilins, in the Phormidium PE assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Raghav Sonani
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Post Box No. 39, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, India
| | - Mahima Sharma
- Protein Crystallography Section, Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Gagan Deep Gupta
- Protein Crystallography Section, Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Protein Crystallography Section, Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Post Box No. 39, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, India
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Crystal Structure of Allophycocyanin from Marine Cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. A09DM. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124580. [PMID: 25923120 PMCID: PMC4414346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated phycobilisome (PBS) sub-assemblies have been widely subjected to X-ray crystallography analysis to obtain greater insights into the structure-function relationship of this light harvesting complex. Allophycocyanin (APC) is the phycobiliprotein always found in the PBS core complex. Phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophores, covalently bound to conserved Cys residues of α- and β- subunits of APC, are responsible for solar energy absorption from phycocyanin and for transfer to photosynthetic apparatus. In the known APC structures, heterodimers of α- and β- subunits (known as αβ monomers) assemble as trimer or hexamer. We here for the first time report the crystal structure of APC isolated from a marine cyanobacterium (Phormidium sp. A09DM). The crystal structure has been refined against all the observed data to the resolution of 2.51 Å to Rwork (Rfree) of 0.158 (0.229) with good stereochemistry of the atomic model. The Phormidium protein exists as a trimer of αβ monomers in solution and in crystal lattice. The overall tertiary structures of α- and β- subunits, and trimeric quaternary fold of the Phormidium protein resemble the other known APC structures. Also, configuration and conformation of the two covalently bound PCB chromophores in the marine APC are same as those observed in fresh water cyanobacteria and marine red algae. More hydrophobic residues, however, constitute the environment of the chromophore bound to α-subunit of the Phormidium protein, owing mainly to amino acid substitutions in the marine protein.
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Singh NK, Sonani RR, Rastogi RP, Madamwar D. The phycobilisomes: an early requisite for efficient photosynthesis in cyanobacteria. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:268-89. [PMID: 26417362 PMCID: PMC4553884 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria trap light energy by arrays of pigment molecules termed “phycobilisomes (PBSs)”, organized proximal to "reaction centers" at which chlorophyll perform the energy transduction steps with highest quantum efficiency. PBSs, composed of sequential assembly of various chromophorylated phycobiliproteins (PBPs), as well as nonchromophoric, basic and hydrophobic polypeptides called linkers. Atomic resolution structure of PBP is a heterodimer of two structurally related polypeptides but distinct specialised polypeptides- a and ß, made up of seven alpha-helices each which played a crucial step in evolution of PBPs. PBPs carry out various light dependent responses such as complementary chromatic adaptation. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the recent progress in this field and to highlight the new and the questions that remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Singh
- Shri A. N. Patel PG Institute (M. B. Patel Science College Campus), Anand, Sardargunj, Anand - 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Ravi Raghav Sonani
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Prasad Rastogi
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Post Box No. 39, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Rastogi RP, Sonani RR, Patel AB, Madamwar D. Occurrence of a functionally stable photoharvesting single peptide allophycocyanin α-subunit (16.4 kDa) in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. R76DM. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14508b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the occurrence of a functionally stable single peptide APC α-subunit in cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. R76DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P. Rastogi
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120
- India
| | - Ravi R. Sonani
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120
- India
| | - Avani B. Patel
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120
- India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120
- India
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Sonani RR, Rastogi RP, Joshi M, Madamwar D. A stable and functional single peptide phycoerythrin (15.45 kDa) from Lyngbya sp. A09DM. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 74:29-35. [PMID: 25485942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A functional and stable truncated-phycoerythrin (T-PE) was found as a result of spontaneous in vitro truncation. Truncation was noticed to occur during storage of purified native-phycoerythrin (N-PE) isolated from Lyngbya sp. A09DM. SDS and native-PAGE analysis revealed the truncation of N-PE, containing α (19.0 kDa)--and β (21.5 kDa)--subunits to the only single peptide of ∼15.45 kDa (T-PE). The peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and MS/MS analysis indicated that T-PE is the part of α-subunit of N-PE. UV-visible absorption peak of N-PE was found to split into two peaks (540 and 565 nm) after truncation, suggesting the alterations in its folded state. The emission spectra of both N-PE and T-PE show the emission band centered at 581 nm (upon excitation at 559 nm) suggested the maintenance of fluorescence even after significant truncation. Urea-induced denaturation and Gibbs-free energy (ΔGD°) calculations suggested that the folding and structural stability of T-PE was almost similar to that of N-PE. Presented bunch of evidences revealed the truncation in N-PE without perturbing its folding, structural stability and functionality (fluorescence), and thereby suggested its applicability in fluorescence based biomedical techniques where smaller fluorescence molecules are more preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Raghav Sonani
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rajesh Prasad Rastogi
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India.
| | - Meghna Joshi
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Post Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India.
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