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Use of Spirituality in the Treatment of Depression: Systematic Literature Review. Psychiatr Q 2022; 93:255-269. [PMID: 35226252 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-020-09881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spirituality has been gaining recognition as a potential treatment modality. Our paper aimed to provide a systematic overview of existing research examining the use of spirituality as a treatment method for depression. All articles published between 2000 and 2018 that scientifically evaluated therapeutic interventions with elements of spirituality were included in the review. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Their analysis showed that there were elements of spirituality-based treatments that were repeatedly mentioned, including gratitude, forgiveness, self-acceptance, and compassion. Most often, spirituality was used together with psychotherapy. The review also noted the emergence of digital interventions.
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2
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Robinson MA, Kim I, Mowbray O, Disney L. African Americans, Caribbean Blacks and Depression: Which Biopsychosocial Factors Should Social Workers Focus On? Results from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). Community Ment Health J 2022; 58:366-375. [PMID: 33963456 PMCID: PMC10784325 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-021-00833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that African Americans may be more likely to experience depression, especially severe depression, than other racial or ethnic groups in the United States. Overall there is scant research comparing the relationship between ethnicity and depression among the U.S. Black population. The purpose of this study is to identify the most significant biopsychosocial factors social workers can address in the prevention and treatment of depression in African American and first generations Caribbean Black clients. Data was from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). Bivariate associations showed that respondents who reported higher self-esteem, lower hopelessness, higher sense of mastery, and lower discrimination showed lower likelihood of having Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The logistic regression model suggested that respondents who have ever had a chronic disease were more likely to report depression than those who have not ever had a chronic disease. Caribbean Blacks were more likely to report depression compared to African Americans. Additionally, respondents who reported higher discrimination scores were more likely to report depression. This study suggests that social workers should embrace the interconnectedness and holistic approach of the biopsychosocial model in their case conceptualizations, prevention strategies, and treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robinson
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia, 279 Williams St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Irang Kim
- Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Orion Mowbray
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia, 279 Williams St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lindsey Disney
- The University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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SCHULZ E, BAY RC, CLARK EM. Predictors of African American Belief in Illness as Punishment for Sin. SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING 2021. [DOI: 10.37898/spc.2021.6.3.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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4
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Stull LG, Harness J, Miller M, Taylor A. Attitudes About Mental Illness Among Seminary Students: a Qualitative Analysis. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2020; 59:2595-2610. [PMID: 32488826 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tragically, a majority of people with mental illness never seek treatment; however, people may be more likely to seek help from religious clergy than from mental health professionals. In the current study, 25 Protestant seminary students were interviewed. The majority of students considered there to be biological, spiritual, and environmental causes of mental illness and favored psychological, medication, or spiritual treatments. Some participants reported stigma of mental illness, including avoidance and "dangerous" stereotypes. Religious clergy are frontline mental health providers, and their attitudes about mental illness are critical in reducing stigma and increasing treatment seeking among people with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Stull
- Psychology Department, Anderson University, 1100 E 5th Street, Anderson, IN, 46012, USA.
| | - James Harness
- Psychology Department, Anderson University, 1100 E 5th Street, Anderson, IN, 46012, USA
| | - Megan Miller
- Psychology Department, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - April Taylor
- Psychology Department, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
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Flores-Flores O, Zevallos-Morales A, Carrión I, Pawer D, Rey L, Checkley W, Hurst JR, Siddharthan T, Parodi JF, Gallo JJ, Pollard SL. "We can't carry the weight of the whole world ": illness experiences among Peruvian older adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Int J Ment Health Syst 2020; 14:49. [PMID: 32670400 PMCID: PMC7350592 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high levels of depression and anxiety symptoms in old age, the use of mental health services in this population is low. Help-seeking behaviors are shaped by how an individual perceives and experiences their illness. The objective of this study was to characterize the illness experiences of Peruvian older adults with depression and anxiety symptoms in order to lay the foundation for tailored community-based mental health interventions. METHODS In this qualitative study, we conducted in-depth interviews with a purposively selected sample of older adults (≥ 60 years) from peri-urban areas of Lima, Peru. We included individuals with only depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ≥ 10), only anxiety symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory ≥ 16), with depressive and anxiety symptoms, and older adults who mentioned they had received mental health treatment/care. The interview guide included the following topics: perceptions and experiences about depression and anxiety; perceptions about the relationship between physical chronic diseases and mental health; experiences with mental health professionals and treatments, and coping mechanisms. Data collection was conducted between October 2018 and February 2019. RESULTS We interviewed 38 participants (23 women, 15 men) with a mean age of 67.9 years. Participants' ideas and perceptions of depression and anxiety showed considerable overlap. Participants attributed depression and anxiety mainly to familial and financial problems, loneliness, loss of independence and past traumatic experiences. Coping strategies used by older adults included 'self-reflection and adaptation' to circumstances, 'do your part', and seeking 'emotional support' mainly from non-professionals (relatives, friends, acquaintances, and religion). CONCLUSIONS Illness experiences of depression and anxiety set the pathway for tailored community-based mental health interventions for older adults. Overlapping narratives and perceptions of depression and anxiety suggest that these conditions should be addressed together. Mental health interventions should incorporate addressing areas related to depression and anxiety such as prevention of loss of independence, trauma, and loneliness. Good acceptability of receiving emotional support for non-professionals might offer an opportunity to incorporate them when delivering mental health care to older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Flores-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Centro de Investigación del Envejecimiento (CIEN), Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ivonne Carrión
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Dalia Pawer
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Lorena Rey
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - W. Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - J. R. Hurst
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - T. Siddharthan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jose F. Parodi
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Centro de Investigación del Envejecimiento (CIEN), Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph J. Gallo
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Suzanne L. Pollard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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Wittink MN, Levandowski BA, Funderburk JS, Chelenza M, Wood JR, Pigeon WR. Team-based suicide prevention: lessons learned from early adopters of collaborative care. J Interprof Care 2019; 34:400-406. [PMID: 31852272 DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2019.1697213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Suicide prevention in clinical settings requires coordination among multiple clinicians with expertise in different disciplines. We aimed to understand the benefits and challenges of a team approach to suicide prevention in primary care, with a particular focus on Veterans. The Veterans Health Administration has both a vested interest in preventing suicide and it has rapidly and systematically adopted team-based approaches for primary care interventions, including suicide prevention. We conducted eight focus groups and eight in-depth interviews with primary care providers (PCPs), behavioral health providers and nurses located in six regions within one Veterans Administration Catchment Area in the northeast of the US. Transcripts were analyzed using simultaneous deductive and inductive content analysis. Findings revealed that different clinicians were thought to have particular expertise and roles. Nurses were recognized as being well positioned to identify subtle changes in patient behavior that could put patients at risk for suicide; behavioral health providers were recognized for their skill in suicide risk assessment; and PCPs were felt to be an integral conduit between needed services and treatment. Our findings suggest that clinician role-differentiation may be an important by-product of team-based suicide prevention efforts in VHA settings. We contextualize our findings within both a processual and relational interprofessional framework and discuss implications for the implementation of team-based suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha N Wittink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brooke A Levandowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer S Funderburk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.,VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA
| | - Melanie Chelenza
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jane R Wood
- Rochester Calkins Veterans Administration Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wilfred R Pigeon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
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Poleshuck E, Wittink M, Crean HF, Juskiewicz I, Bell E, Harrington A, Cerulli C. A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Two Patient-Centered Interventions for Women with Unmet Social Needs: Personalized Support for Progress and Enhanced Screening and Referral. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 29:242-252. [PMID: 31502906 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite recent widespread acceptance that unmet social needs are critically relevant to health, limited guidance exists about how best to address them in the context of women's health care delivery. We aimed to evaluate two interventions: enhanced screening and referral (ESR), a screening intervention with facilitated referral and follow-up calls, and personalized support for progress (PSP), a community health worker intervention tailored to women's priorities. Materials and Methods: Women >18 years were screened for presence of elevated depressive symptoms in three women's health clinics serving primarily Medicaid-eligible patients. If eligible and interested, we enrolled and randomized women to ESR or PSP. Pre- and postintervention assessments were conducted. Primary outcomes were satisfaction, depression, and quality of life (QOL). Planned analyses of subgroup differences were also explored. Results: A total of 235 participants were randomized; 54% identified as African American, 19% as White, and 15% as Latina. Participant mean age was 30 years; 77% reported annual incomes below US $20,000/year; and 30% were pregnant at enrollment. Participants in both arms found the interventions satisfactory and improved for depression (p < 0.001). There were no differences between groups for the primary outcomes. Subgroups reporting greater improvement in QOL in PSP compared with ESR included participants who at baseline reported anxiety (p = 0.05), lack of access to depression treatment (p = 0.02), pain (p = 0.04), and intimate partner violence (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Clinics serving women with unmet social needs may benefit from offering PSP or ESR. Distinguishing how best to use these interventions in practice is the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Poleshuck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Marsha Wittink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Hugh F Crean
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Iwona Juskiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Elaine Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Amy Harrington
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Catherine Cerulli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Susan B. Anthony Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Disu TR, Anne NJ, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA. Risk factors of geriatric depression among elderly Bangladeshi people: A pilot interview study. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 44:163-169. [PMID: 31382211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Globally, geriatric depression (GD) has been recognized to be one of the most prevalent problems among the elderly. However, there is an only one previous Bangladeshi study addressing the issue. Consequently, the present study investigated GD and its associated risk factors. A semi-structured face-to-face interview was conducted among 168 self-reported healthy elderly residents (59.5% female) aged 60-80 years in Patuakhali city and the neighboring village. Measures included the Geriatric Depression Scale-15, socio-demographic variables, psychosocial factors, physical health-related factors, lifestyle factors, and dietary factors. Results showed the GD prevalence rate was 36.9% (n = 62). Risk factors for GD included living in a rural area, having no history of chronic disease, having a history of previous personal and/or family depression, not engaging in daily life activities, not exercising regularly, having no hobbies, having a poor diet, and not engaging in religious practices regularly. The GD prevalence rate was generally higher compared to previous studies in other countries. This may have been due to the inclusion criterion of selecting self-reported healthy elderly individuals. It is recommended that a nationally representative study is carried out to assess the actual figure of GD in Bangladesh. The findings are helpful for depression-reducing intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Rahman Disu
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat J Anne
- Undergraduate Research Organization, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Public Health Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed A Mamun
- Undergraduate Research Organization, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Herren OM, Burris SE, Levy SA, Kirk K, Banks KS, Jones VL, Beard B, Mwendwa DT, Callender CO, Campbell AL. Influence of Spirituality on Depression-Induced Inflammation and Executive Functioning in a Community Sample of African Americans. Ethn Dis 2019; 29:267-276. [PMID: 31057312 DOI: 10.18865/ed.29.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by cerebrovascular pathology and more likely to suffer from premature cognitive decline. Depression is a risk factor for poorer cognitive functioning, and research is needed to identify factors that serve to mitigate its negative effects. Studies have demonstrated positive influences of spirituality within the AA community. Determining whether spirituality attenuates the effects of depressive symptoms on cognitive functioning and the pathophysiological mechanisms that explain these relationships in AAs is paramount. This study examines the influence of daily spiritual experiences on the relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning, and how inflammatory markers may partially explain these associations. A sample of 212 (mean age= 45.6) participants completed the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT) and Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop). Blood samples were collected to measure inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1a, TNF-a). Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate associations. Higher BDI-II scores were associated with poorer psychomotor speed and visual scanning, measured by TMT A (B=1.49, P=.01). IL-6 explained a significant amount of variance in this relationship (B=.24, CI 95% [.00, .64]). IL-6 also significantly mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychomotor speed and mental flexibility, measured by TMT B performance (B=.03, CI 95% [.003, .095]). Frequent spiritual experiences among AAs may ameliorate the negative influence of depressive symptoms on cognitive functioning.
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Mendez YP, Ralston PA, Wickrama KKAS, Bae D, Young-Clark I, Ilich JZ. Lower life satisfaction, active coping and cardiovascular disease risk factors in older African Americans: outcomes of a longitudinal church-based intervention. J Behav Med 2018; 41:344-356. [PMID: 29357010 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-017-9909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined lower life satisfaction, active coping and cardiovascular disease risk factors (diastolic and systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and circumferences) in older African Americans over the phases of an 18-month church-based intervention, using a quasi-experimental design. Participants (n = 89) were 45 years of age and older from six churches (three treatment, three comparison) in North Florida. Lower life satisfaction had a persistent unfavorable effect on weight variables. Active coping showed a direct beneficial effect on selected weight variables. However, active coping was adversely associated with blood pressure, and did not moderate the association between lower life satisfaction and cardiovascular risk factors. The intervention had a beneficial moderating influence on the association between lower life satisfaction and weight variables and on the association between active coping and these variables. Yet, this pattern did not hold for the association between active coping and blood pressure. The relationship of lower life satisfaction and selected cardiovascular risk factors and the positive effect of active coping were established, but findings regarding blood pressure suggest further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia P Mendez
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Penny A Ralston
- Center on Better Health and Life for Underserved Populations, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1491, USA.
| | - Kandauda K A S Wickrama
- Georgia Athletic Association Endowed Professor of Human Development and Family Science Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dayoung Bae
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Iris Young-Clark
- Center on Better Health and Life for Underserved Populations, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1491, USA
| | - Jasminka Z Ilich
- Professor of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Imm KR, Williams F, Housten AJ, Colditz GA, Drake BF, Gilbert KL, Yang L. African American prostate cancer survivorship: Exploring the role of social support in quality of life after radical prostatectomy. J Psychosoc Oncol 2017; 35:409-423. [PMID: 28398149 PMCID: PMC5683844 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2017.1294641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the African American prostate cancer survivorship experience following radical prostatectomy and factors contributing to quality of life during survival. Design: African American men who were part of a larger prostate cancer cohort were invited to participate in a focus group. Eighteen open-ended questions were designed by the study team and an experienced moderator to elicit participants' survivorship experiences. Results: Twelve men consented to participate in the study. Emergent themes included views of prostate cancer in the African American community, perceptions of normalcy, emotional side effects following radical prostatectomy, and social support involvement and impact during recovery. Conclusions: Previous findings suggest that African American men may experience more distress than Caucasian men when facing typical prostate cancer side effects. Traditional masculine role norms and negative perceptions of “disease disclosure” in the African American community could be contributing to the distress reported by some in this study. Strengthening social support systems by promoting more prosocial coping and help-seeking behaviors early in the survivorship journey may help bypass the detrimental health effects associated with masculine role identification, resulting in improved quality of life throughout the lengthy survival period anticipated for these men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie R Imm
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery , Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis , MO , USA
| | - Faustine Williams
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery , Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis , MO , USA.,b Department of Health Services Management and Policy , East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , TN , USA
| | - Ashley J Housten
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery , Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis , MO , USA.,c Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Department of Health Services Research , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Graham A Colditz
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery , Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis , MO , USA.,d Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center , Saint Louis , MO , USA
| | - Bettina F Drake
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery , Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis , MO , USA.,d Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center , Saint Louis , MO , USA
| | - Keon L Gilbert
- e Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education , Saint Louis University , Saint Louis , MO , USA
| | - Lin Yang
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery , Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis , MO , USA.,f Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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Assari S, Lankarani MM. Association Between Stressful Life Events and Depression; Intersection of Race and Gender. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40615-015-0160-5 10.1007/s40615-015-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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13
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Bamonti P, Lombardi S, Duberstein PR, King DA, Van Orden KA. Spirituality attenuates the association between depression symptom severity and meaning in life. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20:494-9. [PMID: 25808754 PMCID: PMC4583835 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1021752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study examined whether spirituality moderates the association between depression symptom severity and meaning in life among treatment-seeking adults. METHOD Participants were 55 adults (≥60 years of age) newly seeking outpatient mental health treatment for mood, anxiety, or adjustment disorders. Self-report questionnaires measured depression symptom severity (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), spirituality (Spirituality Transcendence Index), and meaning in life (Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale-Meaning in Life subscale). RESULTS Results indicated a significant interaction between spirituality and depression symptom severity on meaning in life scores (β = .26, p = .02). A significant negative association between depression symptom severity and meaning in life was observed at lower but not the highest levels of spirituality. CONCLUSION In the presence of elevated depressive symptomatology, those participants who reported high levels of spirituality reported comparable levels of meaning in life to those without elevated depressive symptomatology. Assessment of older adult patients' spirituality can reveal ways that spiritual beliefs and practices can be can be incorporated into therapy to enhance meaning in life.
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Assari S, Lankarani MM. Stressful Life Events and Risk of Depression 25 Years Later: Race and Gender Differences. Front Public Health 2016; 4:49. [PMID: 27047914 PMCID: PMC4805579 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although stressful life events (SLEs) predict subsequent risk of developing a major depressive episode (MDE), limited information exists on whether or not race and gender alters the predictive role of SLE on risk of MDE over a long-term period. The current study explored race and gender differences in the long-term predictive role of SLE at baseline (1986) on subsequent risk of MDE 25 years later (2011) in a nationally representative cohort in the United States. METHODS Using a life course epidemiological approach, this longitudinal study borrowed data from the Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) Study 1986-2011. Main predictor of interest was baseline SLE over the last 3 years measured at 1986. Main outcome was risk of MDE [Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)] 25 years later (2011). Covariates included demographics, socioeconomics, depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)], chronic medical conditions, and health behaviors measured at baseline (1986). Gender and race were the focal moderators. We employed logistic regressions in the pooled sample, and specific to race and gender, to test whether or not SLE × race and SLE × gender interactions are significant. RESULTS In the pooled sample, baseline SLE (1986) predicted risk of MDE 25 years later (2011). We also found a gender by SLE interaction, suggesting a stronger predictive role of SLE for subsequent clinical depression for men compared to women. Race did not modify the predictive role of SLE on subsequent risk of MDE 25 years later. CONCLUSION How SLE predicts MDE 25 years later differs for men and women, with a stronger predictive role for men compared to women. More research is needed to better understand the complex links between gender, sex, stress, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health (CRECH), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
Very little information exists in the literature about what black women do when they experience symptoms of depression. The purpose of this descriptive study was to analyze the responses of 208 community-residing black single mothers, aged 18 to 45, to an open-ended question asking, "What do you do to feel better when you are feeling down in the dumps?" The theoretical bases of the Ways of Coping Checklist, were used to facilitate categorizing their responses into a coping scale and then a particular coping profile. Percentages were used to categorize the frequency of the responses into the respective coping scale and to categorize the frequency of the combined responses of each woman into a respective coping profile. Of the 333 responses that the women provided, 327 were useable. Findings indicated that a majority of responses fell into the Escape-Avoidance category (n = 206; 63%), followed by the Seeking Social Support (n = 60, 18.3%), Positive Reappraisal (n = 40; 12.2%), Planful Problem Solving (n = 12; 3.7%), Distancing (n = 3; 1%), and Self-Controlling (n = 6; 1.8%) categories. No responses fit the Confrontive Coping or Accepting Responsibility categories and none of the responses indicated that the women sought professional help. Of the 176 women who provided answers to the study question, more than half (64.2%; n = 113) gave only emotion-focused responses, 2.8% (n = 5) gave only problem-focused responses, 2.8% (n = 5) gave mixed responses, and 30.2% (n = 53) reported social support seeking. Implications for future research, cultural theory, and nursing practice are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahshida Atkins
- a University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
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A Qualitative Content Analysis of Spirituality and Religiosity amongst Greek COPD Patients. RELIGIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rel7030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Trivedi SC, Subramanyam AA, Kamath RM, Pinto C. Study of Spirituality in Elderly With Subjective Memory Complaints. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2016; 29:38-46. [PMID: 26276729 DOI: 10.1177/0891988715598235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Subjective memory complaints are very common among elderly. They can be due to depression, cognitive decline, or be a part of normal aging process. Spirituality is another important dimension in elderly, and it is believed to help them cope with various adversities. This study was done to find out whether any relation exists between these 2 variables in elderly. A total of 120 elderly individuals, presenting with subjective memory complaints, were divided into 3 groups - controls, elderly with depression, and elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Spirituality in them was studied by dividing it into the subdomains of self-transcendence, presence of meaning in life, search for meaning in life, and locus of control. Spirituality was the highest in controls, followed by MCI group, and then depression group. Spirituality had a direct negative relationship with severity of depression, while relationship of spirituality with severity of cognitive decline was more complex. Relationship of spirituality with mental health status in elderly patients seemed bidirectional, that is, cause as well as effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi C Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alka A Subramanyam
- Department of Psychiatry, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravindra M Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Charles Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Ch Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Holy Family Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Bandra, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Shao Z, Richie WD, Bailey RK. Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Major Depressive Disorder. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2015; 3:692-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s40615-015-0188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Assari S, Lankarani MM. Association Between Stressful Life Events and Depression; Intersection of Race and Gender. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2015; 3:349-56. [PMID: 27271076 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-015-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although stressful life events (SLEs) and depression are associated, we do not know if the intersection of race and gender modifies the magnitude of this link. Using a nationally representative sample of adults in the USA, we tested if the association between SLE and major depressive episode (MDE) depends on the intersection of race and gender. METHODS Data came from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 2003, a cross-sectional survey that enrolled 5899 adults including 5008 Blacks (African-Americans or Caribbean Blacks), and 891 Non-Hispanic Whites. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Stressful life events (past 30 days) was the independent variable, 12-month MDE was the dependent variable, and age, educational level, marital status, employment, and region of country were controls. RESULTS In the pooled sample, SLE was associated with MDE above and beyond all covariates, without the SLE × race interaction term being significant. Among men, the SLE × race interaction was significant, suggesting a stronger association between SLE and MDE among White men compared to Black men. Such interaction between SLE × race could not be found among women. CONCLUSIONS The association between SLE and depression may be stronger for White men than Black men; however, this link does not differ between White and Black women. More research is needed to better understand the mechanism behind race by gender variation in the stress-depression link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2700, USA.
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health (CRECH), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Maryam Moghani Lankarani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2700, USA
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health (CRECH), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hagmayer Y, Engelmann N. Causal beliefs about depression in different cultural groups-what do cognitive psychological theories of causal learning and reasoning predict? Front Psychol 2014; 5:1303. [PMID: 25505432 PMCID: PMC4243491 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive psychological research focuses on causal learning and reasoning while cognitive anthropological and social science research tend to focus on systems of beliefs. Our aim was to explore how these two types of research can inform each other. Cognitive psychological theories (causal model theory and causal Bayes nets) were used to derive predictions for systems of causal beliefs. These predictions were then applied to lay theories of depression as a specific test case. A systematic literature review on causal beliefs about depression was conducted, including original, quantitative research. Thirty-six studies investigating 13 non-Western and 32 Western cultural groups were analyzed by classifying assumed causes and preferred forms of treatment into common categories. Relations between beliefs and treatment preferences were assessed. Substantial agreement between cultural groups was found with respect to the impact of observable causes. Stress was generally rated as most important. Less agreement resulted for hidden, especially supernatural causes. Causal beliefs were clearly related to treatment preferences in Western groups, while evidence was mostly lacking for non-Western groups. Overall predictions were supported, but there were considerable methodological limitations. Pointers to future research, which may combine studies on causal beliefs with experimental paradigms on causal reasoning, are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- York Hagmayer
- Institute of Psychology, University of GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
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21
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Ebrahimi H, Kazemi AH, Fallahi Khoshknab M, Modabber R. The effect of spiritual and religious group psychotherapy on suicidal ideation in depressed patients: a randomized clinical trial. J Caring Sci 2014; 3:131-40. [PMID: 25276756 DOI: 10.5681/jcs.2014.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is a great economical, social and public health problem. It is prevalent worldwide and has a lot of negative effects on individuals, families and society. Depression is often prelude to Suicide. An important part of the treatment of the mentally ill patients is spiritual-religious psychotherapy which should be done after physical treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of spiritual and religious group psychotherapy on suicidal ideation in depressed patients. METHODS 51 depressed patients with suicidal ideation from Razi hospital (Tabriz, Iran) participated in this clinical trial. To collect Data questionnaire was used which included demographic and Beck Suicide Scale Ideation. Experimental group participated in 10 sessions of group psychotherapy. Each section lasted 1 hour. Two weeks after the last section post test was done. Statistical software SPSS ver 13 was used for data analysis. RESULTS RESULTS of independent t-test revealed no difference between two groups in terms of suicidal ideation before intervention but after study there is a statistical difference. Also the results of ANCOVA test showed a significant relationship between spiritual group therapy and decrease in suicidal ideation, so that this intervention can make 57% of variance in suicidal ideation of experimental group. CONCLUSION Regarding positive effect of spiritual and religious group psychotherapy on decreasing suicidal ideation of depressed patients, we suggest this intervention to be held in Psychiatric Wards and also more study on depression and other psychiatric patients with greater sample size would be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdul Hassan Kazemi
- Departments of Immunology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Fallahi Khoshknab
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Nursing & Geropsychiatric Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Modabber
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Fisher FD, Reitzel LR, Nguyen N, Savoy EJ, Advani PS, Cuevas AG, Vidrine JI, Wetter DW, McNeill LH. Loneliness and self-rated health among church-attending African Americans. Am J Health Behav 2014; 38:481-91. [PMID: 24636110 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.38.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore relations between loneliness and self-rated health among African-American adults of diverse ages. METHODS Associations between loneliness and self-rated health were investigated using covariate-adjusted linear regression models. Perceived social support was examined as a moderator. The potential indirect effects of stress and/or depressive symptoms were examined using nonparametric bootstrapping procedures. RESULTS Greater loneliness was associated with poorer self-rated health (p = .008), and social support did not moderate. Stress and depressive symptoms yielded significant indirect effects in single and multiple mediator models (p values ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS Loneliness may contribute to poorer health among African Americans. Results suggest that greater stress and depressive symptoms might underlie these associations, but longitudinal studies are needed to assess causal relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia D Fisher
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorraine R Reitzel
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elaine J Savoy
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pragati S Advani
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, USA
| | - Adolfo G Cuevas
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer I Vidrine
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David W Wetter
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorna H McNeill
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Bryant K, Haynes T, Greer-Williams N, Hartwig MS. "Too blessed to be stressed": a rural faith community's views of African-American males and depression. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2014; 53:796-808. [PMID: 23288483 PMCID: PMC3639295 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-012-9672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among African-Americans, the faith community has a long history of providing support to its members. Because African-American men tend to delay and decline traditional depression treatment, the faith community may be an effective source of support. The aim of this study was to determine how a rural African-American faith community describes and perceives experiences of depression among African-American males. A convenience sample of 24 men and women participated in focus groups and interview. Four themes were identified: defining depression, etiology of depression, denial of depression, and effect of masculine roles on depression experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneshia Bryant
- Translational Research Institute KL2 Scholar College of Nursing University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 West Markham Street, Slot #529 Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 Phone: (501) 296-1896 Fax: (501) 296-1765
| | - Tiffany Haynes
- Translational Research Institute KL2 Scholar University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 West Markham Street Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 Phone: 501-257-1795
| | - Nancy Greer-Williams
- Division of Research Practice and Improvement University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4021 West 8 Street Little Rock, AR 72205 Phone: (501) 686-7364
| | - Mary S. Hartwig
- Area Health Education Center-Northeast University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 223 East Jackson Jonesboro, AR 72401 Phone: (870)972-9603 X 254 Fax: (870)931-0839
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Burnett-Zeigler I, Kim HM, Chiang C, Kavanagh J, Zivin K, Rockefeller K, Sirey JA, Kales HC. The association between race and gender, treatment attitudes, and antidepressant treatment adherence. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:169-77. [PMID: 23801324 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the associations between treatment attitudes and beliefs with race-gender differences in antidepressant adherence. METHODS Subjects (n = 186) were African-American and White subjects aged ≥60 years, diagnosed with clinically significant depression, and had a new outpatient primary care recommendation for antidepressant treatment. Antidepressant adherence was assessed using the Brief Medication Questionnaire. Attitudes and beliefs were assessed using the Patients Attitudes Toward and Ratings of Care for Depression, two items rating perceived medication importance, and a modified version of the Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help. RESULTS African-American men and women had significantly greater concerns about antidepressants and significantly less understanding about treatment than White women. African-American men had significantly more negative attitudes toward healthcare providers than African-American and White women. African-American women were more likely than White men and women to endorse a medication other than their antidepressant as most important. Whereas some race-gender differences were found in personal spirituality, no group differences were found in perceived stigma. In a logistic regression model adjusted for key baseline variables, White women were significantly more adherent to antidepressants than African-American women (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 1.06-8.81). Fewer concerns about antidepressants and indicating the antidepressant as the most important medication were both significantly associated with adherence. After including either of these two variables, the adherence difference between White women and African-American women was no longer significant (OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 0.84-7.80). CONCLUSIONS Concerns about antidepressants and the importance of antidepressant medication are associated with adherence and are potentially modifiable through improved patient-provider communication, psycho-education, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Burnett-Zeigler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Chung B, Meldrum M, Jones F, Brown A, Jones L. Perceived sources of stress and resilience in men in an African American community. Prog Community Health Partnersh 2014; 8:441-51. [PMID: 25727976 PMCID: PMC4361032 DOI: 10.1353/cpr.2014.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the perceived causes of stress and what strategies African American men use to promote resiliency. Participatory research approaches are recommended as an approach to engage minority communities. A key goal of participatory research is to shift the locus of control to community partners. OBJECTIVE To understand perceived sources of stress and tools used to promote resiliency in African American men in South Los Angeles. METHODS Our study utilized a community-partnered participatory research approach to collect and analyze open-ended responses from 295 African American men recruited at a local, cultural festival in Los Angeles using thematic analysis and the Levels of Racism framework. RESULTS Almost all men (93.2%) reported stress. Of those reporting stress, 60.8% reported finances and money and 43.2% reported racism as a specific cause. More than 60% (63.4%) reported that they perceived available sources of help to deal with stress. Of those noting a specific source of help for stress (n = 76), 42.1% identified religious faith. Almost all of participants (92.1%) mentioned specific sources of resiliency such as religion and family. CONCLUSIONS Stress owing to psychosocial factors such as finances and racism are common among African American men. But, at the same time, most men found support for resiliency to ameliorate stress in religion and family. Future work to engage African American men around alleviating stress and supporting resiliency should both take into account the perceived causes of stress and incorporate culturally appropriate sources of resiliency support.
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Pickett YR, Bazelais KN, Bruce ML. Late-life depression in older African Americans: a comprehensive review of epidemiological and clinical data. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:903-13. [PMID: 23225736 PMCID: PMC3674152 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The population of older African Americans is expected to triple by 2050, highlighting the public health importance of understanding their mental health needs. Despite evidence of the negative impact of late-life depression, less is known of how this disorder affects the lives of older African Americans. Lack of studies focusing on how depression presents in older African Americans and their subsequent treatment needs lead to a gap in epidemiologic and clinical knowledge for this population. In this review, we aim to present a concise report of prevalence, correlates, course, outcomes, symptom recognition, and treatment of depression for these individuals. METHOD We performed a literature review of English-language articles identified from PubMed and Medline published between January 1990 and June 2012. Studies included older adults and contained the key words 'geriatric depression in African Americans', 'geriatric depression in Blacks', and 'geriatric depression in minorities'. RESULTS Although in most studies, older African Americans had higher or equivalence prevalence of depression compared with Caucasian Americans, we also found lower rates of recognition of depression and treatment. Many studies reported worse outcomes associated for depression among older African Americans compared with older Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS Serious racial and ethnic disparities persist in the management of older African Americans with depression. Understanding their unmet needs and improving depression care for these individuals is necessary to reduce these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolonda R. Pickett
- Weill-Cornell Medical College, Department of Psychiatry,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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du Plessis E, Koen MP, Bester P. Exploring home visits in a faith community as a service-learning opportunity. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2013; 33:766-771. [PMID: 22795744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within South Africa the Psychiatric Nursing Science curriculum in undergraduate Baccalaureate nursing education utilizes home visits as a service-learning opportunity. In this context faith communities are currently unexplored with regards to service-learning opportunities. With limited literature available on this topic, the question was raised as to what are these students' and family members' experience of home visits within a faith community. PURPOSE To explore and describe nursing students' and family members' experiences of home visits within a faith community. DESIGN A qualitative approach was used that was phenomenological, explorative and descriptive and contextual in nature. SETTING The research was conducted within a faith community as service learning opportunity for Baccalaureate degree nursing students. This community was situated in a semi-urban area in the North-West Province, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen (n=18) final year nursing students from different cultural representations, grouped into seven groups conducted home visits at seven (n=7) families. METHODS Comprehensive reflective reporting after the visits, namely that the students participated in a World Café data collection technique and interviews were conducted with family members. RESULTS Three main themes emerged: students' initial experiences of feeling overwhelmed but later felt more competent; students' awareness of religious and cultural factors; and students' perception of their role. Two main themes from the family members emerged: experiencing caring and growth. CONCLUSIONS There is mutual benefit for nursing students and family members. Students' experiences progress during home visits from feeling overwhelmed and incompetent towards a trusting relationship. Home visits in a faith community seems to be a valuable service learning opportunity, and the emotional competence, as well as spiritual and cultural awareness of nursing students should be facilitated in preparation for such home visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmerentia du Plessis
- School of Nursing Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Bryant K, Greer-Williams N, Willis N, Hartwig M. Barriers to diagnosis and treatment of depression: voices from a rural African-American faith community. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL BLACK NURSES' ASSOCIATION : JNBNA 2013; 24:31-8. [PMID: 24218871 PMCID: PMC3983966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mental health disparities exist for rural African-Americans regarding the early detection of depression and its effective treatment. Disparities that are evident in rural communities include limited mental health resources and the stigma of depression. The faith community has a long-standing history of being the initial source of help to those who experience depression. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how rural African-American faith communities view the barriers to diagnosis and treatment of depression. A convenience sample of 24 persons (N = 24) participated in focus groups and interviews. Four internal barriers were identified: personal business, "mindset," "denial," and "put on a front." Additionally,four external barriers were identified: "spiritual beliefs," "lack of medical resources," "lack of education about depression," and "stigma." The identified barriers supported the results from previous studies, but they also highlighted other less acknowledged barriers. In conclusion, interventions are needed to overcome these barriers in order to eliminate the depression disparities experienced by this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneshia Bryant
- College of Nursing, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot #529, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Factors associated with depressive symptoms in older Taiwanese adults in a long-term care community. Int Psychogeriatr 2013; 25:1013-21. [PMID: 23506786 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610213000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was to examine culturally based factors as potential predictors of depressive symptoms in older Taiwanese adults living in eight long-term care institutions in southern Taiwan. METHOD A cross-sectional, exploratory design study was used with a purposive sample of 156 participants with a mean age of 79.80 ± 7.14 years. Measurements included filial responsibility expectation questions, two questions about degrees of acceptance of institutionalization, Perceived Stress Scale, Self-Transcendence Scale, and Geriatric Depression Scale. RESULTS An elder's willingness to be institutionalized, an elder's willingness to remain institutionalized, perceived stress, and self-transcendence were significantly associated with depressive symptoms (r = -0.35; -0.49; 0.60; and -0.67, respectively). Although no evidence for the relationship between filial responsibility and depressive symptoms was found in this study, there was evidence that filial responsibility was highly valued. Self-transcendence was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms, accounting for 45% of the variance. CONCLUSION These findings provide insight into the cultural factors associated with depressive symptoms and support the need of timely interventions for institutionalized Taiwanese elderly population.
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Holm AL, Severinsson E. Surviving depressive ill-health: a qualitative systematic review of older persons' narratives. Nurs Health Sci 2013; 16:131-40. [PMID: 23692267 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to report a comprehensive literature synthesis of older persons' narratives about what they need in order to survive when suffering from depression. Their survival strategies seem to be a state rarely outlined in the literature. A systematic search of EBSCOhost/Academic Search Premier, ProQuest and PubMed was conducted for the period January 2000 to April 2012. Data were analyzed by means of thematic analysis. Thirteen studies were selected and three themes emerged from synthesis: the need for courage, strength, and self-reliance; the meaning of responsibility; and wearing a mask of normalcy to hide the shame. The first comprised two subthemes: the value of faith and distraction and activity; the second had no subtheme; and the third had one subtheme: reaching out of loneliness towards aloneness and connectivity. Further research should be focused on how community projects can improve health services such as enhancing the safety of health care and disseminating health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lise Holm
- Centre for Women's, Family and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Vestfold University College, Tønsberg, Norway; Department of Nursing Education, Stord/Haugesund University College, Stord, Norway
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Wittink MN, Morales KH, Cary M, Gallo JJ, Bartels SJ. Towards personalizing treatment for depression : developing treatment values markers. PATIENT-PATIENT CENTERED OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2013; 6:35-43. [PMID: 23420133 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-013-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While 'personalized medicine' commonly refers to genetic markers or profiles associated with pharmacological treatment response, tailoring treatments to patient preferences and values is equally important. OBJECTIVE To describe and demonstrate a method to develop 'values markers,' or profiles based on the relative importance of attributes of depression treatment. STUDY DESIGN Discrete choice analysis was used to assess individuals' relative preferences for features of depression treatment. Preference profiles were developed using latent profile analysis. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Eighty-six adults participating in an internet-based discrete choice questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Participants were presented with two depression scenarios representing mild and severe depression. For each scenario, they were asked to compare 18 choice sets based on the type of medication side effect (nausea, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction) and severity (mild, moderate, and severe); and for counseling frequency (once per week or every other week) and provider setting (the office of a mental health professional, primary care doctor, or spiritual counselor). RESULTS Three profiles were identified: profile 1 was associated with a preference for counseling and an avoidance of medication side effects; profile 2 with an avoidance of strong medication side effects and for receiving counseling in medical settings; and profile 3 with a preference for medication over counseling. When presented with a severe depression scenario, there was a higher prevalence for profile 1 and patients were more likely to prefer mental health over primary care and spiritual settings. CONCLUSIONS Values markers may provide a foundation for personalized medicine, and reflect current initiatives emphasizing patient-centered care. Next steps should assess whether values markers are predictive of treatment initiation and adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha N Wittink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Depression treatment preferences of older white and Mexican origin men. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35:59-65. [PMID: 23141027 PMCID: PMC4041603 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among older white and Mexican origin male primary care patients, we examined preferences for features of depression care programs that would encourage depressed older men to enter and remain in treatment. METHOD Sixty-three (45 white, 18 Mexican origin) older men were recruited in six primary care clinics. All had clinical depression in the past year and/or were receiving depression treatment. Participants completed a conjoint analysis preference survey regarding depression treatments, providers and treatment enhancements. RESULTS The data suggest that white men preferred medication over counseling [odds ratio (OR): 1.64 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-2.41], while Mexican origin men preferred counseling (OR: medication over counseling: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12-0.66). Both white and Mexican origin men preferred treatment that included family involvement (vs. none) (white: OR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.12-2.30; Mexican origin: OR: 3.31 95% CI 1.44-7.62) and treatment for insomnia (vs. treatment for alcohol use) (white: OR: 1.72, 95% CI 1.01-2.91; Mexican origin: OR: 3.93 95% CI 1.35-11.42). White men also preferred treatment by telephone (OR: 1.80, 95% CI 1.12-2.87). CONCLUSIONS Findings could inform development of patient-centered depression treatment programs for older men and suggest strategies, such as attention to sleep problems, which providers may employ to tailor treatment to preferences of older men.
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Abstract
Background and Purpose: Development of a valid, reliable instrument to measure spiritual self-care practices of patients with heart failure. Methods: African American patients (N = 142) with heart failure participated in the study. Spiritual advisors from several religious groups reviewed the Spiritual Self-Care Practices Scale (SSCPS) for content validity. Construct validity was determined using a principal components factor analysis. Reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. Results: Religious advisors provided suggestions to improve content validity. Four factors consistent with spiritual practices (personal spiritual practices, spiritual practices, physical spiritual practices, and interpersonal spiritual practices) emerged from the factor analysis. The alpha coefficient was moderate at 0.64. Conclusions: Results indicated the SSCPS was reliable and valid for measuring spiritual self-care practices among African Americans with heart failure. Additional testing is needed to confirm results in other patient groups with chronic illnesses.
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Hamilton JB, Sandelowski M, Moore AD, Agarwal M, Koenig HG. "You need a song to bring you through": the use of religious songs to manage stressful life events. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2012; 53:26-38. [PMID: 22589023 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gns064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore in a sample of older African Americans how religious songs were used to cope with stressful life events and to explore the religious beliefs associated with these songs. DESIGN AND METHODS Sixty-five African American older adults residing in the Southeastern US participated in a qualitative descriptive study involving criterion sampling, open-ended semi-structured interviews, qualitative content analysis, and descriptive statistics. RESULTS Religion expressed through song was a coping strategy for participants experiencing stressful life events who described feelings of being comforted, strengthened, able to endure, uplifted, and able to find peace by turning to the types of religious songs described here. Five types of songs were used including those evoking Thanksgiving and Praise, Instructive, Memory of Forefathers, Communication with God, and Life after Death. IMPLICATIONS Religious songs are an important form of religious expression important to the mental health of older African Americans. The incorporation of religious songs into spiritual care interventions might enhance the cultural relevance of mental health interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B Hamilton
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7460, USA.
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Parker LS, Satkoske VB. Ethical dimensions of disparities in depression research and treatment in the pharmacogenomic era. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2012; 40:886-903. [PMID: 23289692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Disparities in access to, and utilization of, treatment for depression among African-American and Caucasian elderly adults have been well-documented. Less fully explored are the multidimensional factors responsible for these disparities. The intersection of cultural constructs, socioeconomic factors, multiple levels of racism, and stigma attending both mental health issues and older age may help to explain disparities in the treatment of the depressed elderly. Personalized medicine with its promise of developing interventions tailored to an individual's health needs and genetically related response to treatment might seem a promising antidote to the documented underutilization of standard depression treatments by African Americans. However, this paper examines the multidimensional factors associated with disparities in effective treatment of depression among African-American and Caucasian elderly adults and argues the scientific and ethical importance of pursuing various paths to address multiple levels and sources of stigma and mistrust if pharmacogenomics is to help, rather than exacerbate, disparities in depression treatment. Seven recommendations are offered to increase the likelihood that developments in pharmacogenomics will reduce disparities in depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Parker
- Center for Bioethics and Health Law, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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Chen J, Vargas-Bustamante A. Estimating the effects of immigration status on mental health care utilizations in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health 2011; 13:671-80. [PMID: 21286813 PMCID: PMC3132313 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-011-9445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Immigration status is a likely deterrent of mental health care utilization in the United States. Using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and National Health Interview survey from 2002 to 2006, multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate the effects of immigration status on mental health care utilization among patients with depression or anxiety disorders. Multivariate regressions showed that immigrants were significantly less likely to take any prescription drugs, but not significantly less likely to have any physician visits compared to US-born citizens. Results also showed that improving immigrants’ health care access and health insurance coverage could potentially reduce disparities between US-born citizens and immigrants by 14–29% and 9–28% respectively. Policy makers should focus on expanding the availability of regular sources of health care and immigrant health coverage to reduce disparities on mental health care utilization. Targeted interventions should also focus on addressing immigrants’ language barriers, and providing culturally appropriate services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Political Science, Economics, and Philosophy, College of Staten Island/City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd, Room 2 N-229, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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Joo JH, Wittink M, Dahlberg B. Shared conceptualizations and divergent experiences of counseling among African American and white older adults. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2011; 21:1065-1074. [PMID: 21464469 PMCID: PMC6588405 DOI: 10.1177/1049732311404247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Research findings suggest that older adults prefer counseling for depression treatment; however, few older adults use counseling services. In this article we present the results of our analysis of semistructured interviews with 102 older adults to explore conceptualizations of counseling and impediments to use among African American and White older adults. We found that older adults believe counseling is beneficial; however, use was hindered in multiple ways. Older adults were skeptical about establishing a caring relationship with a professional. African American older adults did not mention social relationships to facilitate depression care, whereas White older adults described using personal relationships to navigate counseling services. African American older men were least familiar with counseling. Our findings suggest that African American and White older adults share a strong cultural model of counseling as beneficial; however, significant impediments exist and affect older adults differentially based on ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hui Joo
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Wittink MN, Givens JL, Knott KA, Coyne JC, Barg FK. Negotiating depression treatment with older adults: primary care providers' perspectives. J Ment Health 2011; 20:429-37. [PMID: 21780938 DOI: 10.3109/09638237.2011.556164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care occupies a strategic position in the evaluation and treatment of depression in late life, yet many older patients do not initiate or adhere to treatments available in primary care. AIM To explore how primary care providers describe the process of discussing depression care with older adults. METHOD Semi-structured interviews conducted with 15 providers involved with intervention studies of depression management for older adults. We used the constant comparative method to identify themes related to negotiating the treatment of depression with older adults. RESULTS Providers felt that older patients often attribute depression to non-medical causes. They talked about the challenges and described the need to 'convince' them of the medical model of depression. CONCLUSION How primary care physicians surmise patients' views of depression may influence the discussion of depression in practice. As medication is most often provided for depression treatment, some may feel compelled to convince their patients of biomedical explanations while others may avoid treating depression altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha N Wittink
- Department of Family Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Shellman J, Granara C, Rosengarten G. Barriers to depression care for black older adults. Practice and policy implication. J Gerontol Nurs 2011; 37:13-7. [PMID: 21634317 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20110503-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Late-life depression is a public health problem in the United States. Untreated, depression contributes to poorer health outcomes and increased mortality among older adults. Specifically, Black older adults are at higher risk for misdiagnosis, undertreatment, and more severe depressive symptomatology than other groups. Barriers to identification and treatment of depression in Black older adults include lack of access to quality mental health care, the stigma of mental illness, mistrust of mental health providers, and poor provider-client communication. Recommendations for gerontological nursing practice, education, and research to improve the care of depressed Black older adults are discussed. Implications for policy development are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Shellman
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Nursing, Lowell Masschusetts 01854-5126, USA.
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Abstract
In this qualitative study, African Americans described 3 orientations about spiritual practices and diabetes self-management: Spiritual practice as effort toward self-management; spiritual practice and self-management as effort toward healing; and spiritual practice as effort toward healing. Spiritual practices may influence diabetes self-management in African Americans and be a resource in care.
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Joo JH, Morales KH, de Vries HF, Gallo JJ. Disparity in use of psychotherapy offered in primary care between older african-american and white adults: results from a practice-based depression intervention trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58:154-60. [PMID: 20122047 PMCID: PMC6203297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess ethnic differences in use of psychotherapy (having met at least once with a psychotherapist) for late-life depression in primary care. Participants were identified through a two-stage, age-stratified (60-74, > or =75) depression screening of randomly sampled patients from 20 practices in New York City, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh in a practice-randomized trial. Practices were randomly assigned to usual care or to an intervention with a depression care manager who worked with primary care physicians to provide algorithm-based care. Depression status based on clinical interview and any use of psychotherapy within the 2-year follow-up interval were the primary dependent variables under study. The focus was on 582 persons with complete data. Participants were sorted into major depression (n=385, 112 African American and 273 white) and clinically significant minor depression (n=197, 51 African American and 146 white) based on clinical diagnostic assessment. Persons who self-identified as African American were less likely than whites to use interpersonal therapy (IPT) if they had minor depression, even after adjusting for potentially influential variables including age, cognitive functioning, and whether the dose of antidepressant was adequate (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.06-0.80). Ethnicity was not significantly associated with IPT use in persons with major depression (AOR=0.71, 95% CI=0.37-1.37). Older African Americans with minor depression were less likely than whites to use psychotherapy. Targeted strategies are needed to mitigate the disparity in use of psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hui Joo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Perkins HS, Cortez JD, Hazuda HP. Cultural beliefs about a patient's right time to die: an exploratory study. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24:1240-7. [PMID: 19798539 PMCID: PMC2771244 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-009-1115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalist physicians must often counsel patients or their families about the right time to die, but feel ill-prepared to do so. Patient beliefs may help guide the discussions. OBJECTIVE Because little prior research addresses such beliefs, we investigated them in this exploratory, hypothesis-generating study. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Anticipating culture as a key influence, we interviewed 26 Mexican Americans (MAs), 18 Euro-Americans (EAs), and 14 African Americans (AAs) and content-analyzed their responses. MAIN RESULTS Nearly all subjects regardless of ethnic group or gender said God determines (at least partially) a patient's right time to die, and serious disease signals it. Yet subjects differed by ethnic group over other signals for that time. Patient suffering and dependence on "artificial" life support signaled it for the MAs; patient acceptance of death signaled it for the EAs; and patient suffering and family presence at or before the death signaled it for the AAs. Subjects also differed by gender over other beliefs. In all ethnic groups more men than women said the time of death is unpredictable; but more women than men said the time of death is preset, and family suffering signals it. Furthermore, most MA women--but few others--explicitly declared that family have an important say in determining a patient's right time to die. No confounding occurred by religion. CONCLUSIONS Americans may share some beliefs about the right time to die but differ by ethnic group or gender over other beliefs about that time. Quality end-of-life care requires accommodating such differences whenever reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Perkins
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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