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Chen EYJ, Tung EYL. Similarities and Differences in the Longitudinal Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Mid-Adolescence to Young Adulthood: the Intersectionality of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Levels of Depressive Symptoms. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:1541-1556. [PMID: 37162740 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding similarities and differences between groups with intersecting social identities provides key information in research and practice to promote well-being. Building on the intersectionality literature indicating significant gender and racial/ethnic differences in depressive symptoms, the present study used quantile regression to systematically present the diversity in the development of depressive symptoms for individuals with intersecting gender, race/ethnicity, and levels of symptoms. METHODS Information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79: Child and Young Adult study was employed. A detailed picture of depressive symptom trajectories from low to high quantiles was illustrated by depicting 13 quantile-specific trajectories using follow-up data from ages 15 to 40 in six gender-race/ethnicity groups: both genders of Black, Hispanic, and non-Black, non-Hispanic individuals. RESULTS From low to high quantiles, Black and non-Black, non-Hispanic individuals showed mostly curved, and Hispanic individuals showed mostly flat trajectories. Across the six gender-race/ethnicity groups, the trajectories below 0.50 quantiles were similar in levels and shapes from mid-adolescence to young adulthood. The differences between the six gender-race/ethnicity groups widened, indicated by outspreading trajectories, especially at quantiles above 0.50. Furthermore, non-Black, non-Hispanic males and females showed especially fast-increasing patterns at quantiles above 0.75. Among those without or with only a high school degree, Black females and non-Black, non-Hispanic females tended to report similar levels of depressive symptoms higher than other groups at high quantiles. These unique longitudinal trajectory profiles cannot be captured by the mean trajectories. CONCLUSIONS The intersectionality of gender, race/ethnicity, and quantile of symptoms on the development of depressive symptoms was identified. Further studying the mechanism explaining this diversity can help reduce mental health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Educational Psychology, Foundations, and Leadership Studies, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, 50614, USA.
| | - Eli Yi-Liang Tung
- Department of Analytics and Operations, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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Okeafor IN, Hair NL, Chen B, Hung P. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Postpartum Depressive Symptoms Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024. [PMID: 38757651 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Existing evidence regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on postpartum mental health is mixed, with disparate studies showing increased, stable, or even reduced risk of postpartum depression (PPD) amid the pandemic. Furthermore, although it is plausible that the pandemic impacted the mental health of mothers from vulnerable and underserved communities differentially, few studies have characterized racial and ethnic differences in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PPD. Materials and Methods: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data for 2018-2019 (pre-pandemic period) and 2020 (peri-pandemic period) from 40 sites (n = 110,779, representing 5,485,137 postpartum women) were used to determine whether rates of PPD changed during the first year of the pandemic. Postpartum depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item. Average marginal effects and contrasts of predictive margins derived from a multivariable logistic regression model were used to compare the risk of PPD before and during the pandemic in the overall sample and across racial/ethnic subgroups. Results: Adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, we found that the overall risk for PPD remained stable (0.0 percentage points [pp]; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.7, 0.6 pp) in the first year of the pandemic. We detected no statistically significant changes in risk for PPD across seven of eight racial/ethnic groups considered; however, the risk of PPD among non-Hispanic Black women fell by 2.0 pp (95% CI: -3.5, -0.4 pp) relative to the pre-pandemic period. Conclusion: We identified important subgroup differences in pandemic-related changes in risk for PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibitein N Okeafor
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole L Hair
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Chen
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Peiyin Hung
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Satcher LA, Erving CL, Pitt RN. Are There Regional Differences in Mental Health among Black Americans? An Exploration of Explanatory Mechanisms. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-01969-3. [PMID: 38468118 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-01969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Using data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) (2001-2003), we examine regional differences in past-year anxiety disorder and past-year major depressive episodes among a geographically diverse sample of Black Americans (N = 3,672). We find that Black Americans residing in the South experience a mental health advantage over Black Americans living in other parts of the country, experiencing lower rates of both anxiety disorder and past-year major depression. We also examine the extent to which stress exposure, religious involvement, and neighborhood contexts help explain any regional differences. We find that stress exposure helps to explain much of the differences observed across regions, while religious involvement and neighborhood contexts help explain observed regional differences to a lesser extent. These findings highlight the importance of considering regional contexts in understanding intra-racial differences in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacee A Satcher
- Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, McGuinn Hall 420, 02467, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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Zhou L, Qiao C, Huang J, Lin J, Zhang H, Xie J, Yuan Y, Hu C. The Impact of Recent Life Events, Internalizing Symptoms, and Emotion Regulation on the Severity of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Mediation Analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:415-428. [PMID: 38469207 PMCID: PMC10926171 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s444729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated a strong association between recent stressful life events and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents. Internalizing symptoms and difficulty in emotion regulation (DER) may mediate this relationship. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between recent stressful life events and NSSI severity in adolescents and the potential moderating role of internalizing symptoms and DER. Methods A total of 224 adolescent inpatients (78.6% female) participated in the study, with an age range of 12-18 years old. Data on recent stressful life events, internalizing symptoms, DER, and NSSI behaviors were collected using a clinician-rated questionnaire. A structural equation model was used to test the hypothesized model. Results The rate of NSSI reporting among adolescents in the past 12 months was 65.18%. Recent stressful life events were found to be directly associated with NSSI severity (β = 0.128, P = 0.023). A chain-mediating effect between recent stressful life events and NSSI was also confirmed (β = 0.034, P = 0.023), with DER and internalizing symptoms playing a chain-mediating role and DER having a significantly indirect association with NSSI through internalizing symptoms. Conclusion Recent stressful life events appear to play a role in the etiology of NSSI, particularly punishment and interpersonal relationship events that warrant special attention. DER and internalizing symptoms play a chain-mediating role in the relationship between life events and NSSI. Reducing recent stressful life events, screening for internalizing symptoms, and improving emotion regulation may decrease NSSI behavior among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Zhou
- School of the Fourth Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changyuan Qiao
- School of the Fourth Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialing Huang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changchun Hu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Allgood KL, Fleischer NL, Morenoff J, Assari S, Needham BL. Do Police Encounters Increase the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease? Police Encounters and Framingham 30-Year Cardiovascular Risk Score. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:348-363. [PMID: 36719543 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite increased attention to the societal consequences of aggressive policing, the focus on rarer instances of deaths/severe injuries fails to fully capture the day-to-day experiences that racially minoritized groups face during police encounters (PEs). We explored differential vulnerability by race/ethnicity in the relationship between PEs and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. METHODS Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we regressed the Framingham 30-Year CVD risk score on a high number of lifetime PEs (6 + among men and 2 + among women). To explore differential vulnerability by race, we added an interaction between PEs and race/ethnicity. We also examined sex- and race and sex-stratified models. RESULTS We observed no association between PEs and CVD risk in the sample overall, but the interaction between PEs and race/ethnicity was statistically significant. In race stratified models, we found that higher PEs were associated with a lower CVD risk among Black respondents, whereas among White respondents there was no relationship. In the sex-stratified analysis, reporting higher PEs was associated with lower CVD risk among men, while among women there was no relationship. In sex- and race-stratified models, higher PEs was associated with lower CVD risk among Black men and higher CVD risk among White women, while there was no association among Black women and White men. CONCLUSION The association between PEs and CVD risk depends on race/ethnicity and sex. More work is needed to understand the counterintuitive finding that high PEs are associated with lower CVD risk among Black men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Allgood
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 2649A, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 2649A, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morenoff
- Institute for Social Research, Population Health Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shervin Assari
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Belinda L Needham
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 2649A, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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David J, Mousset M, Trombetti K, Sayasouk B, Neilsen C, Suorsa P, Ruben M, Ruben E, Thiessen J, Pychewicz T, Chu P, Huynh TN. Chronic mild stress leads to anxiety-like behavior and decreased p70 S6K1 activity in the hippocampus of male mice. Physiol Behav 2024; 273:114377. [PMID: 37863347 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Major affective disorders are highly prevalent, however, current treatments are limited in their effectiveness due to a lack of understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that reduced activity of p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), a downstream target of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), is linked to anxiety-like behavior in both humans and rodents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between S6K1 and anxiety-like behavior following chronic mild stress (CMS) and drug-induced inhibition of S6K1. Following CMS, anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using an open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) in adult male C57/Bl6 mice. After behavior analysis, samples of the hippocampus were harvested for quantification of S6K1, S6 ribosomal protein, glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3β), and beta tubulin via western blot. Our results demonstrate that CMS mice exhibit anxiety-like behavior in the OF and EPM and reduced activity of S6K1 in the hippocampus (HPC). We measured phosphorylation levels of GSK3β and found that GSK3β phosphorylation was also reduced following CMS compared to control mice. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of S6K1 with PF-4708671 in male mice was sufficient to produce anxiety-like behavior in the OF and EPM. These results further support the significant role of S6K1 in the pathogenesis of anxiety and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmine David
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Marike Mousset
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Kirby Trombetti
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Beverly Sayasouk
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Calvin Neilsen
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Parker Suorsa
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Melissa Ruben
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Elias Ruben
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Jacob Thiessen
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America
| | - Taylor Pychewicz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States of America
| | - Ping Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States of America
| | - Thu N Huynh
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States of America.
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Kim J, Linos E, Dove MS, Hoch JS, Keegan TH. Impact of COVID-19, cancer survivorship and patient-provider communication on mental health in the US Difference-In-Difference. Npj Ment Health Res 2023; 2:14. [PMID: 38609572 PMCID: PMC10955924 DOI: 10.1038/s44184-023-00034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Poor mental health has been found to be more prevalent among those with cancer and is considered a public health crisis since COVID-19. This study assessed the impact of COVID-19 and cancer survivorship on mental health and investigated factors, including online patient-provider communications (OPPC; email/internet/tablet/smartphone), associated with poor mental health prior to and during the early COVID-19. Nationally representative Health Information National Trends Survey data during 2017-2020 (n = 15,871) was used. While the prevalence of poor mental health was high (40-42%), Difference-In-Difference analyses revealed that cancer survivorship and COVID-19 were not associated with poor mental health. However, individuals that used OPPC had 40% higher odds of poor mental health. Low socioeconomic status (low education/income), younger age (18-64 years), and female birth gender were also associated with poor mental health. Findings highlight the persistence of long-standing mental health inequities and identify that OPPC users might be those who need mental health support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeong Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Stanford Center for Digital Health, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Eleni Linos
- Stanford Center for Digital Health, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program for Clinical Research & Technology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melanie S Dove
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hoch
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Theresa H Keegan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Abstract
Racism drives population health inequities by shaping the unequal distribution of key social determinants of health, such as socioeconomic resources and exposure to stressors. Research on interrelationships among race, socioeconomic resources, stressors, and health has proceeded along two lines that have largely remained separate: one examining differential effects of socioeconomic resources and stressors on health across racialized groups (moderation processes), and the other examining the role of socioeconomic resources and stressors in contributing to racial inequities in health (mediation processes). We conceptually and analytically integrate these areas using race theory and a novel moderated mediation approach to path analysis to formally quantify the extent to which an array of socioeconomic resources and stressors-collectively and individually-mediate racialized health inequities among a sample of older adults from the Health and Retirement Study. Our results yield theoretical contributions by showing how the socioeconomic status-health gradient and stress processes are racialized (24% of associations examined varied by race), substantive contributions by quantifying the extent of moderated mediation of racial inequities (approximately 70%) and the relative importance of various social factors, and methodological contributions by showing how commonly used simple mediation approaches that ignore racialized moderation processes overestimate-by between 5% and 30%-the collective roles of socioeconomic status and stressors in accounting for racial inequities in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson H. Brown
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taylor W. Hargrove
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Homan
- Department of Sociology, Center for Demography and Population Health, and Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Daniel E. Adkins
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Shin H, Park C. Social network typologies moderate the association of loneliness with depressive symptomatology in middle-aged and older adults. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1141370. [PMID: 37215658 PMCID: PMC10198616 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1141370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depression remains among the most prevalent mental disorders, and it severely affects daily functioning and quality of life. There has been extensive research reporting on the impact of social relationships on depression, but much of this research has only considered isolated aspects of relationships. This study derived social network types based on the multiple components of social relationships, and then investigated their effects on depressive symptoms. Methods Using samples of 620 adults (Mage = 53.52), Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to uncover network types based on the structural (network size, contact frequency, marital status, and social engagement), functional (levels of support and conflict), and qualitative (satisfaction with relationships) aspects of social relationships. Multiple regressions were used to test if distinct network types directly impact on depressive symptoms and whether network types moderate the association of loneliness (perceived social isolation) with depressive symptoms. Results LPA identified four distinct network types (diverse, family-focused, friend-focused, and restricted) and there were significant differences in depressive symptoms among four network types. Analysis using the BCH method showed that individuals in the restricted network type had the highest depressive symptoms, followed in order by individuals in the friend-focused, family-focused, and diverse network types. Regression results further indicated that an individual's network network type membership was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and being in the diverse and family-focused network types alleviated the negative effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms. Conclusion The results suggest that both quantitative and qualitative aspects of social relationships are important in buffering against the adverse effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the utility of taking a multi-dimensional approach to uncover heterogeneity in the social networks of adults and their implications on depression.
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Aune T, Hamiel D, Wolmer L. Does emotion regulation mediate the effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms in adolescents? J Affect Disord 2023; 325:354-9. [PMID: 36608855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents' exposure to stressful life events (SLEs) is highly prevalent and increases their risk of developing depression considerably. A small number of studies have addressed the extent to which resilience factors, such as the ability to emotionally regulate, mediate the relationship between SLEs and depression. This study examined whether emotion regulation mediates and significantly attenuates the direct path between SLEs and depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample of adolescents. METHOD A sample of 235 first- and second-year high-school students completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Risk Factor Questionnaire, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Mean age was 16.9 (SD = 1.8) years, and 65 % (n = 152) of the participants were female. To assess for mediation, a regression-based path analysis approach was used. RESULTS SLEs were significantly (t = 5.13, p < 0.001) associated with depressive symptoms, explaining 59.1 % of the total variance. Controlling for the mediation variable (emotion regulation), we found a reduced but statistically significant direct effect (t = 2.87, p = 0.005) between SLEs and depressive symptoms. A statistically significant indirect effect explaining 64.6 % of the total effect demonstrated partial mediation from stressful life events to depressive symptoms via emotion regulation. LIMITATIONS Our analyses are based on correlational and cross-sectional data and thus exclude statistical examination of temporal causal relationships, and assessments of whether reported affects are stable over time. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that interventions that can modify the ability to regulate emotions may help reduce depressive symptoms in at-risk adolescents.
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Margolis RHF, Shelef DQ, Gordish-Dressman H, Masur JE, Teach SJ. Stressful life events, caregiver depressive symptoms, and child asthma symptom-free days: a longitudinal analysis. J Asthma 2023; 60:508-515. [PMID: 35383524 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2022.2062674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine relationships among stressful life events (SLE), caregiver depression, and asthma symptom free days (SFDs) in publicly insured Black children aged 4-12 years with persistent asthma. METHODS Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from a clinical trial assessing the efficacy of a six-month parental stress management intervention. Using repeated measures Poisson regression, we constructed four models of SLE (Rochester Youth Development Stressful Life Events scale-Parent Items), caregiver depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale ≥ 11), and child asthma symptom-free days (SFDs) in the prior 14 days. RESULTS There was no association between SLE and child SFDs, but there was for caregiver depression (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR]: 0.904; 95% CI 0.86-0.95). The interaction between SLE and caregiver depression was not significant. A specific SLE (recent serious family accident or illness) predicted fewer child SFDs (IRR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.98). In the interaction model between caregiver depression and recent accident/illness, caregiver depression was associated with fewer child SFDs (IRR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.99) as was the interaction between caregiver depression and recent accident/illness (IRR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.66-0.91); but the relationship between recent accident/illness and child SFDs was not (IRR: 1.00, 95% CI, 0.92-1.09), meaning accident/illness was only associated with fewer child SFDs among depressed caregivers. CONCLUSIONS In a sample of publicly insured Black children with persistent asthma, caregiver depression was negatively associated with child SFDs while overall SLE were not. A recent family accident or illness was negatively associated with child SFDs only when the caregiver was depressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H F Margolis
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Deborah Q Shelef
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Julia E Masur
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen J Teach
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Efird CR, Matthews DD, Muessig KE, Barrington CL, Metzl JM, Lightfoot AF. Rural and nonrural racial variation in mentally unhealthy days: Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system in North Carolina, 2015–2019. SSM - Mental Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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13
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Williams KDA, Adkins A, Kuo SIC, LaRose JG, Utsey SO, Guidry JPD, Dick D, Carlyle KE. Mental health disorder symptom prevalence and rates of help-seeking among University-Enrolled, emerging adults. J Am Coll Health 2023; 71:61-68. [PMID: 33735596 PMCID: PMC8448792 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1873791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Examine mental health symptom prevalence and rates of campus services utilization among Black male, White male and Black female college students. Participants. 2500 students from an ongoing, student survey at a public university; launched in 2011. Methods. Measures included data for anxiety and depressive symptoms and utilization of campus health services (counseling center, health services, etc.). Descriptive analyses determined prevalence and utilization rates. Mann Whitney U tests compared prevalence. Chi-squared tests compared utilization rates. Results. Anxiety prevalence: greater than 60% of students from each ethnic group reported symptoms; reporting rates decreased significantly for Black men (49.6%); p < 0.001. Depression prevalence: greater than 80% reported symptoms; there were significant differences in reporting between Black men and Black women (72.7% vs. 87.1%, p < 0.001). Utilization: Black men utilized counseling services less than White men (20.4% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.024). Conclusion. Black men report depressive and anxiety symptoms but underutilize campus health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofoworola D. A. Williams
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amy Adkins
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University College of Humanities & Sciences, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sally I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University College of Humanities & Sciences, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jessica G. LaRose
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shawn O. Utsey
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University College of Humanities & Sciences, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeanine P. D. Guidry
- Robertson School of Media and Culture, Virginia Commonwealth University College of Humanities & Sciences, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University College of Humanities & Sciences, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kellie E. Carlyle
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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14
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Ruiz A, Luebke J, Moore K, Vann AD, Gonzalez M, Ochoa‐Nordstrum B, Barbon R, Gondwe K, Mkandawire‐Valhmu L. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on help-seeking behaviours of Indigenous and Black women experiencing intimate partner violence in the United States. J Adv Nurs 2022:10.1111/jan.15528. [PMID: 36534117 PMCID: PMC9878234 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This article discusses possible barriers to help-seeking that Indigenous and Black women encountered when seeking help related to experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN This article is focused on understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations at highest risk for intimate partner violence in its most severe forms. DATA SOURCES Literature sources range from 2010 to 2022. The article is also informed by the experiences of scholars and advocates working with Indigenous and Black women experiencing intimate partner violence in Wisconsin. In our write-up, we draw on Indigenous feminism and Black feminist thought. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Help seeking is contextual. The context in which help seeking occurs or does not occur for Indigenous and Black women, due to the barriers we discuss is vital for nurses to understand in order to provide efficient and meaningful nursing care. CONCLUSION Our goal is to center the nursing profession in a leadership position in addressing the complex and unique needs of Indigenous and Black women who experience the highest rates of intimate partner violence and also experience the greatest barriers to care and support. IMPACT We seek to contribute theory-driven knowledge that informs the work of nurses who are often the first to encounter survivors of intimate partner violence within the clinical setting. Help-seeking is often hindered by factors such as geographic and jurisdictional, economic, and structural response barriers. This knowledge will enhance nurses' ability to lead and advocate for clinical practice and policies that minimize the barriers women experience following intimate partner violence, especially during pandemics, disasters, and other extraordinary circumstances. PUBLIC CONTRIBUTIONS This article is based on the collaboration of community advocates, nurse scientists, and public health scholars, who work closely with Indigenous and Black survivors of violence and seek to meet their needs and offer them meaningful support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ruiz
- Edson College of Nursing and Health InnovationArizona State UniversityPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | | | - Kaylen Moore
- College of Nursing, UW MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Michael Gonzalez
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public HealthUW MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Rachel Barbon
- College of Nursing, UW MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Kaboni Gondwe
- School of NursingUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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15
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Cobb S, Najand B, Gravidez T, Navarro B, Herreraramos A, Bazargan M. Number of Chronic Medical Conditions and Quality of Life of Ethnic Minority Older Adults. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 7:geriatrics7050106. [PMID: 36286209 PMCID: PMC9602015 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Blacks’ mental health paradox is defined as disproportionately better mental health among Black individuals compared to White individuals, despite their higher exposure to a wide range of adversities. However, the existing literature on this phenomenon is mainly limited to studies that have compared Black and White individuals. There has been little research on this phenomenon among ethnic groups other than Whites. Objectives: This study tested the Blacks’ mental health paradox with consideration of Latinx individuals as the control group. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected demographic data, socioeconomic status, chronic medical conditions, and mental and physical quality of life of 724 older Black and Latinx adults residing in low socioeconomic areas of south Los Angeles. Linear regressions were used for data analysis with mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as dependent variables and the number of chronic medical conditions as the independent variable. Results: Overall, a higher number of chronic medical conditions was associated with lower mental and physical quality of life. A statistically significant interaction was found between race/ethnicity and the effect of the number of chronic medical conditions on mental HRQoL, which was indicative of Blacks’ mental health paradox. Conclusion: Older Black adults with a higher number of chronic medical conditions report better mental health compared to their Latinx peers with the same number of chronic medical conditions. Thus, Blacks’ mental health paradox can be seen when Black and Latinx populations are compared. Replication of such a paradox provides additional support for the relative mental health advantage of Black people compared to other ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Cobb
- Mervyn M. Dymally School of Nursing, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Tara Gravidez
- Mervyn M. Dymally School of Nursing, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Berlin Navarro
- Mervyn M. Dymally School of Nursing, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Alondra Herreraramos
- Mervyn M. Dymally School of Nursing, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Gronewold J, Duman EE, Engel M, Engels M, Siegrist J, Erbel R, Jöckel KH, Hermann DM. Association between life events and later depression in the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study—The role of sex and optimism. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271716. [PMID: 35857802 PMCID: PMC9299341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between life event stress and depressive symptoms has not been analyzed in the general population before. Methods In the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study, we assessed the association of 1.) the presence of important life events and 2.) life event stress, with the amount of depressive symptoms in univariable linear regressions and in multivariable regressions adjusted for age and sex (model 1) and age, sex and optimism as important determinants of coping with life events (model 2). Presence of life events and life event stress were assessed with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), optimism with the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), and depressive symptoms with the 15-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results Of the total cohort of 4,814 participants, 1,120 had experienced important life events during the previous 6 months. Presence of important life events was significantly associated with higher CES-D scores (B = 2.6, 95%CI = 2.2 to 3.0, p < .001; model 2) compared to absence of life events. Associations were stronger for women than for men and for pessimists than for optimists. Among the participants with important life events, median (Q1; Q3) stress-score was 45.0 (39.0; 63.0). Stress-scores >Q3 were significantly associated with higher CES-D scores (2.2, 1.1 to 3.3, < .001) with a stronger association in pessimists than in optimists. Conclusions Experiencing life-changing events is associated with depression. Women and individuals with pessimistic personality are especially vulnerable which should be considered in prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gronewold
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (JG); (DMH)
| | - Ela-Emsal Duman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Miriam Engel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Miriam Engels
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - K-H. Jöckel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (JG); (DMH)
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17
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Andrade CRD, Avanci JQ, Oliveira RDVCD. [Adverse childhood experiences, sociodemographic characteristics, and depressive symptoms in adolescents in a municipality in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00269921. [PMID: 35830088 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xpt269921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to identify patterns in adverse childhood experiences among teenage schoolchildren in a municipality (county) in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, according to sociodemographic characteristics (sex, skin color, and socioeconomic status) and depressive symptoms. It adopted a cross-sectional design with a sample of 1,117 teenage schoolchildren 13 to 19 years of age in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State. Depression was assessed with the Childhood Depression Inventory, and adverse childhood experiences were investigated. The study used bivariate analyses and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) of adverse childhood experiences, sociodemographic variables (sex, skin color, socioeconomic status), and depressive symptoms. The results reveal the organization of eight groups: lower-income female children and adolescents and adverse childhood experiences related to the environment; boys, with higher socioeconomic status, and not having experienced adverse childhood experiences; adolescents with depressive symptoms and adverse childhood experiences against themselves or their families; white adolescents, with depressive symptoms, and that had not experienced adverse childhood experiences; black, brown, Asian-descendant, and indigenous adolescents that had adverse experiences in the family and community; adolescents that had lost their father and/or mother from death, and lack of food at home; adolescents that had experienced psychological violence; and adolescents with a history of sexual experiences involving their parents. The findings call attention to the need for close and early attention to exposure to adverse childhood experiences to care for these youngsters, intervene, and mitigate the negative effects both at present, over the course of life, and in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Regina de Andrade
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Joviana Quintes Avanci
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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18
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Filiatreau LM, Ebasone PV, Dzudie A, Ajeh R, Pence BW, Wainberg M, Nash D, Yotebieng M, Anastos K, Pefura-Yone E, Nsame D, Parcesepe AM. Prevalence of stressful life events and associations with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among people entering care for HIV in Cameroon. J Affect Disord 2022; 308:421-431. [PMID: 35452755 PMCID: PMC9520993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to stressors increases the risk of mental health disorders. People living with HIV (PLWH) are particularly affected by poor mental health which can contribute to adverse HIV treatment outcomes. METHODS We estimated the prevalence of recent stressful life events (modified Life Events Survey) among a cohort of PLWH entering HIV care at three public health care facilities in Cameroon and quantified the association of seven types of stressful life events with symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores>9), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7 scores>9), and PTSD (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 scores>30) using separate log-binomial regression models. RESULTS Of 426 PLWH enrolling in care, a majority were women (59%), in relationships (58%), and aged 21 to 39 years (58%). Recent death of a family member (39%) and severe illness of a family member (34%) were the most commonly reported stressful life events. In multivariable analyses, more stressful life event types, a negative relationship change, death or illness of a friend/family member, experience of violence, work-related difficulties, and feeling unsafe in one's neighborhood were independently associated with at least one of the mental health outcomes assessed. The greatest magnitude of association was observed between work-related difficulties and PTSD (adjusted prevalence ratio: 3.1; 95% confidence interval: 2.0-4.8). LIMITATIONS Given the design of our study, findings are subject to recall and social desirability bias. CONCLUSIONS Stressful life events were common among this population of PLWH entering care in Cameroon. Evidence-based interventions that improve coping, stress management, and mental health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M. Filiatreau
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, United States of America,Washington University in St. Louis, Brown School, International Center for Child Health and Development, St. Louis, MO, United States of America,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America,Corresponding author at: Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America. (L.M. Filiatreau)
| | | | - Anastase Dzudie
- Clinical Research Education Networking and Consultancy, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rogers Ajeh
- Clinical Research Education Networking and Consultancy, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Brian W. Pence
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Milton Wainberg
- Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Denis Nash
- City University of New York, Institute of Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Marcel Yotebieng
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Denis Nsame
- Bamenda Regional Hospital, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Angela M. Parcesepe
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Thomas Tobin CS, Gutiérrez Á, Norris KC, Thorpe RJ. Discrimination, Racial Identity, and Hypertension Among Black Americans Across Young, Middle, and Older Adulthood. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:1990-2005. [PMID: 35512278 PMCID: PMC9683505 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substantial evidence documents the protective role of racial identity-or the meaning and significance that individuals attribute to race-among Black Americans, yet the impact of racial identity on physical health outcomes beyond young adulthood is unclear. To clarify the extent to which racial identity remains influential for physical health across the life course, this study investigated (a) the direct associations between discrimination, racial identity, and hypertension, (b) whether racial identity buffered the negative effects of discrimination, and (c) the extent to which these patterns varied among young (21-35), middle-aged (36-49), and older (>50) Black adults. METHODS Data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N = 627) were used to examine two identity dimensions: "racial centrality" (i.e., importance of Black identity to one's sense of self) and "closeness to other Black people" (COBP). Modified Poisson models estimated relationships between racial identity, discrimination, and hypertension. Interactions determined whether racial identity moderated the discrimination-hypertension association within and across age groups. RESULTS High centrality and moderate COBP were directly linked to elevated hypertension odds among young adults, but lower odds among older adults; racial identity was not directly associated with hypertension among middle-aged adults. Results also indicated that racial identity conditioned the discrimination-hypertension relationship in distinct ways across age groups. DISCUSSION Findings underscore the significance of racial identity as sources of both psychosocial vulnerability and resilience for minority aging. Clinicians and public health professionals should consider racial identity beyond young adulthood to promote healthy aging via hypertension management among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Thomas Tobin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ángela Gutiérrez
- Address correspondence to: Ángela Gutiérrez, PhD, MPH, Department of Social Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine 128B 57 West Oxbow Trail, 1 Ohio University Drive, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA. E-mail:
| | - Keith C Norris
- Divisions of Nephrology and General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Program for Research on Men’s Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Objectives: This study assessed whether multiple stress exposures and stress accumulation explained differences in physical health among Afro-Caribbean and African American women in older adulthood. Whether specific stressors uniquely influenced the health of African American and Afro-Caribbean women was also examined. Methods: Data were drawn from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) (N=867; 50 years and older). Physical health was assessed by multiple chronic conditions, functional limitations, and self-rated health. Weighted binary logistic regression and ordered logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Compared to Afro-Caribbean women, African American women had worse physical health and greater stress exposure. Nonetheless, stress exposure did not explain ethnic differences in physical health. The association between specific measures of stress and physical health was dependent on the stressor and physical health measure. Discussion: Findings emphasize the importance of ethnic variation in health and stress exposure among older US Black women. Study implications are discussed.
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21
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Silverman ME, Sami TJ, Kangwa TS, Burgos L, Stern TA. Socioeconomic Disparity in Birth Rates During the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:1113-1119. [PMID: 35404128 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The differential impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic across race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status remains poorly understood. While recent explorations into birthrates during the pandemic have revealed significant declines, how birthrates may have differed between racial and socioeconomic subgroups during the pandemic remains to be detailed. Methods: Using electronic health records from a large hospital network in New York serving a racially and socioeconomically diverse population, we explored birthrates associated with conceptions that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown for demographic and obstetric differences. Results: Two thousand five hundred twenty-three unique patient deliveries corresponded with conceptions that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in New York. Compared to the same period the previous year, there was a 22.85% decrease in births. Explorations into differences in birthrates by socioeconomic status revealed that much of the decline could be explained by fewer births among individuals living in higher socioeconomic status as opposed to individuals living in urban economic poverty [χ2(n = 5588) = 18.35, p < 0.01]. Conclusion: On March 22, 2020, New York instituted a prohibition of all nonessential social gatherings and the closure of all nonessential businesses. Although the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on reproductive health and outcomes remains largely unknown, the decreased birthrate associated with the initial COVID-19 wave in New York was not entirely unexpected. While the mechanisms that drive health disparities are complex and multifactorial, most of the decrease occurred among those living in higher socioeconomic status. This finding has important implications for understanding health behaviors and disparities among minorities living in low socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tanya J Sami
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thandiwe S Kangwa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laudy Burgos
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Toni A Stern
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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22
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Yona T, Weisman A, Gottlieb U, Masharawi Y. High Levels of Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Among Physical Therapists and Physical Therapist Students Are Associated With Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Phys Ther 2022; 102:6492045. [PMID: 35023552 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depressive symptoms and musculoskeletal (MSK) pain are 2 of the most common health conditions. Their relationship, however, remains unclear. As depressive symptoms in physical therapists have not been well assessed, the purpose of this work was to assess self-reported depressive symptoms and MSK pain prevalence-and their possible association-in physical therapists and physical therapist students. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was used to gather data from 707 physical therapists and 116 physical therapist students from Israel. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess depressive symptoms, and the Extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of MSK pain. RESULTS Overall, 108 participants (13.1%) scored in the moderate to severe depressive symptoms category (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score >10), and 261 participants (31.7%) scored in the mild depressive symptoms category. In total, 84 physical therapists (11.9%) and 24 physical therapist students (20.7%) reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms during the last 2 weeks. Neck and back pain had the highest point prevalence (26.7%-35.3%) and lifetime prevalence (75.9%-78.5%), respectively. Mild depressive symptoms were associated with current pain (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.58) and smoking (adjusted OR = 1.79-1.84). Current pain was also associated with severe depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 2.76-3.07). Physical therapists with higher salaries were less likely to report severe depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 0.11-0.36). CONCLUSION The prevalence estimates generated from this study sample imply that 11.9% of physical therapists and 20.7% of physical therapist students in Israel experienced moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Neck and back pain had the highest point and lifetime prevalence. IMPACT The prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms in this sample places physical therapists and physical therapist students alongside physicians, nurses, and medical profession students who have been previously reported to have elevated depressive symptoms. Future studies should further explore the nature of the association between pain and depressive symptoms in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Yona
- The Israeli Physiotherapy Society, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Asaf Weisman
- Spinal Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Uri Gottlieb
- Neuromuscular and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Ariel University, Israel
| | - Youssef Masharawi
- Spinal Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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23
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Moura AAMD, Bassoli IR, Silveira BVD, Diehl A, Santos MAD, Santos RAD, Wagstaff C, Pillon SC. Is social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic a risk factor for depression? Rev Bras Enferm 2022; 75Suppl 1:e20210594. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To assess factors associated with depression among higher education students and professionals during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. 550 students and professionals participated. The data were collected by means of a digital questionnaire that included Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess depressive symptoms. Results: The factors related to depression and social isolation outcomes were significantly associated with the female gender (n= 149; 37,8%; Odds Ratio OR=2,0), white (n=127; 37,2%; OR=1,60), young people (n=130; 39,4%; OR=2,0), without religion (n=70; 40,2%; OR=1,64), with financial problems (n=80; 53,0%; OR=2,40) and family problems (n=98; 47,3%; OR=1,77); who suffered violence during the quarantine (n=28; 58,3%; OR=2,33), increased the use of illicit drugs (n=16; 59,3%; OR=2,69), used sedatives without a medical prescription (n=75; 54,0%; OR=2,94), lived in conflicting relationships (n=33; 54,1%;OR=2,14), lost their job during the pandemic (n=32; 59,3%; OR=1,99) and presented symptoms of anxiety related to COVID-19 (n=155; 45,2%; OR=3,91). Conclusion: there is a meaningful relationship between vulnerability and adopting risk behaviors during the pandemic-imposed social isolation with depressive symptoms. We suggest that health professionals be attentive to the need to adjust their psychosocial interventions when promoting strategies when promoting strategies to mitigate the effects and risks to mental health.
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24
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Liu J, Hung P, Alberg AJ, Hair NL, Whitaker KM, Simon J, Taylor SK. Mental health among pregnant women with COVID-19-related stressors and worries in the United States. Birth 2021; 48:470-479. [PMID: 34008216 PMCID: PMC8239832 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated whether pandemic-related stressors, worries, and social distancing have affected the mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Data came from an online survey of United States pregnant women (n = 715), conducted in May 2020. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale were used to assess depressive symptoms, thoughts of self-harm, and moderate or severe anxiety. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the associations of COVID-19 experiences with mental health outcomes. RESULTS Participants were racially diverse. The prevalence of adverse mental health outcomes was 36% for probable depression, 20% for thoughts of self-harm, and 22% for anxiety. Women who reported family members dying from COVID-19 had four times higher odds of having thoughts of self-harm than women who did not experience family death. Depression was more prevalent among women who canceled or reduced medical appointments. Women were more likely to have worse mental health outcomes if they expressed worry about getting financial or emotional/social support, about their pregnancy, or about family or friends. Strict social distancing was positively associated with depression. A higher proportion of adults working from home was inversely associated with depression and thoughts of self-harm. CONCLUSION High percentages of pregnant women had symptoms of depression or anxiety, suggesting an urgent need to screen and treat mental health conditions among pregnant women during the pandemic. Pandemic-related risks and protective factors are relevant to developing tailored interventions to address the mental health of pregnant women during pandemic circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA,Rural and Minority Health Research CenterArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | - Peiyin Hung
- Rural and Minority Health Research CenterArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA,Department of Health Services Policy and ManagementArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | - Anthony J. Alberg
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | - Nicole L. Hair
- Department of Health Services Policy and ManagementArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | - Kara M. Whitaker
- Department of Health and Human PhysiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA,Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Jessica Simon
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA,Rural and Minority Health Research CenterArnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
| | - Sherri K. Taylor
- Maternal Fetal MedicinePrisma Health‐University of South Carolina Medical GroupColumbiaSCUSA
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Abstract
Background and aims Negative urgency reflects a specific facet of impulsivity and correlates with a wide range of health-related risk behaviors, including, but not limited to, problematic substance use. Negative urgency is also shaped by family socioeconomic position (SEP), such as parental educational attainment (PEA). This study aimed to explore sex differences regarding protective effects of PEA on children's negative urgency in the US. Methods This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Baseline ABCD data included 10,535 American children in the age range of 9-10 years old. The independent variable was PEA, treated as a 5-level categorical variable. The primary outcome was negative urgency measured by the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-SS). Mixed-effects regression models were applied for data analysis. Results In sex-stratified regression models, high PEA was predictive of lower levels of negative urgency in female but not male children. In the overall sample, sex showed a statistically significant interaction with PEA on children's negative urgency, indicating a stronger protective effect of high PEA for female compared to male children. Conclusion PEA was a more salient determinant of negative urgency in female children than male ones. Our results also showed that American boys tend to have high levels of negative urgency, which is a risk factor of drug use, at all parental education levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Holm AKJ, Johnson AN, Clockston R, Oselinsky K, Lundeberg PJ, Rand K, Graham DJ. Intersectional health disparities: the relationships between sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation and depressive symptoms. Psychology & Sexuality 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2021.1982756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby K. Johnson Holm
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, Larimer County, United States
| | - Ashlie N. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, Larimer County, United States
| | - Raeven Clockston
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, Larimer County, United States
| | - Katrina Oselinsky
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, Larimer County, United States
| | - Pamela J. Lundeberg
- Department of Psychology, Aims Community College, Loveland, Co, Larimer County, United States
| | - Katelyn Rand
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, Larimer County, United States
| | - Daniel J. Graham
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, Larimer County, United States
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Goel M, Verma J. Workplace stress and coping mechanism in a cohort of Indian service industry. Asia Pacific Management Review 2021; 26:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmrv.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Peng J, Zhang J, Zhao K, Wang X, Wu Y, Fang P, Lv J. The Impact of Attachment on Depression in Married Seniors: Chain Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem and Rumination. Front Psychol 2021; 12:677015. [PMID: 34456792 PMCID: PMC8387878 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.677015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we discuss the effects of attachment on depression and the mediating roles of self-esteem and rumination in Chinese seniors. We assessed 431 using the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Ruminative Responses Scale, and the Short Form of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance significantly predicted depression in seniors. Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance positively predicted rumination but negatively predicted self-esteem. Structural equation models showed that rumination and self-esteem fully mediated the effects of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance on depression. The attachment of seniors is related to depression, and self-esteem and rumination have chain mediating effects between attachment and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Peng
- College of Teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxi Zhang
- Department of Political Theory, Xi'an Research Institute of High Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangwei Zhao
- College of Teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Fang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Lv
- The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M. Feasibility of Race by Sex Intersectionality Research on Suicidality in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Children (Basel) 2021; 8:children8060437. [PMID: 34071105 PMCID: PMC8224640 DOI: 10.3390/children8060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intersectional research on childhood suicidality requires studies with a reliable and valid measure of suicidality, as well as a large sample size that shows some variability of suicidality across sex by race intersectional groups. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the feasibility of intersectionality research on childhood suicidality in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We specifically explored the reliability and validity of the measure, sample size, and variability of suicidality across sex by race intersectional groups. Methods: We used cross-sectional data (wave 1) from the ABCD study, which sampled 9013 non-Hispanic white (NHW) or non-Hispanic black (NHB) children between the ages of 9 and 10 between years 2016 and 2018. Four intersectional groups were built based on race and sex: NHW males (n = 3554), NHW females (n = 3158), NHB males (n = 1164), and NHB females (n = 1137). Outcome measure was the count of suicidality symptoms, reflecting all positive history and symptoms of suicidal ideas, plans, and attempts. To validate our measure, we tested the correlation between our suicidality measure and depression and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) sub-scores. Cronbach alpha was calculated for reliability across each intersectional group. We also compared groups for suicidality. Results: We observed some suicidality history in observed 3.2% (n = 101) of NHW females, 4.9% (n = 175) of NHW males, 5.4% (n = 61) of NHB females, and 5.8% (n = 68) of NHB males. Our measure’s reliability was acceptable in all race by sex groups (Cronbach alpha higher than 0.70+ in all intersectional groups). Our measure was valid in all intersectional groups, documented by a positive correlation with depression and CBCL sub-scores. We could successfully model suicidality across sex by race groups, using multivariable models. Conclusion: Given the high sample size, reliability, and validity of the suicidality measure, variability of suicidality, it is feasible to investigate correlates of suicidality across race by sex intersections in the ABCD study. We also found evidence of higher suicidality in NHB than NHW children in the ABCD study. The ABCD rich data in domains of social context, self-report, schools, parenting, psychopathology, personality, and brain imaging provides a unique opportunity to study intersectional differences in neural circuits associated with youth suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-858-8333
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Race, Family Conflict and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among 9-10-Year-Old American Children. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:5399. [PMID: 34070158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Family conflict is known to operate as a major risk factor for children’s suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). However, it is unknown whether this effect is similar or different in Black and White children. Objectives: We compared Black and White children for the association between family conflict and STBs in a national sample of 9–10-year-old American children. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. This study included 9918 White or Black children between the ages of 9 and 10 living in married households. The predictor variable was family conflict. Race was the moderator. The outcome variable was STBs, treated as a count variable, reflecting positive STB items that were endorsed. Covariates included ethnicity, sex, age, immigration status, family structure, parental education, and parental employment, and household income. Poisson regression was used for data analysis. Results: Of all participants, 7751 were Whites, and 2167 were Blacks. In the pooled sample and in the absence of interaction terms, high family conflict was associated with higher STBs. A statistically significant association was found between Black race and family conflict, suggesting that the association between family conflict and STBs is stronger in Black than White children. Conclusion: The association between family conflict and STBs is stronger in Black than White children. Black children with family conflict may be at a higher risk of STBs than White children with the same family conflict level. These findings align with the literature on the more significant salience of social relations as determinants of mental health of Black than White people. Reducing family conflict should be regarded a significant element of suicide prevention for Black children in the US.
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31
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Gozansky E, Moscona G, Okon-Singer H. Identifying Variables That Predict Depression Following the General Lockdown During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:680768. [PMID: 34079505 PMCID: PMC8165248 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to define the psychological markers for future development of depression symptoms following the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on previous studies, we focused on loneliness, intolerance of uncertainty and emotion estimation biases as potential predictors of elevated depression levels. During the general lockdown in April 2020, 551 participants reported their psychological health by means of various online questionnaires and an implicit task. Out of these participants, 129 took part in a second phase in June 2020. Subjective loneliness during the lockdown rather than objective isolation was the strongest predictor of symptoms of depression 5 weeks later. Younger age and health related worry also predicted higher non-clinical levels of depression and emotional distress. The results support the diathesis-stress model, which posits that a combination of preexisting vulnerabilities along with stressors such as negative life events are among the factors affecting the development of psychopathology. Moreover, our results correspond with those of previous studies conducted worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. Taken together, these findings call for focusing on psychological factors, especially among younger people, to identify individuals at risk for future development of depression and to promote new strategies for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Gozansky
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gal Moscona
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hadas Okon-Singer
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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32
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Lo CC, Gerling HM, Ash-Houchen W, Cheng TC. Violent Victimization, Stressful Events, and Depression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults in the U.S. Community Ment Health J 2021; 57:502-11. [PMID: 32613428 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed a sample of young adults in the United States to determine (1) whether/how depression is affected by violent victimization during childhood and/or by recent stressful events, as well as (2) whether any observed links between depression and violent victimization and/or stressful events would be uniform across racial/ethnic groups. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort, we measured respondent depression in 5 interview waves dating 2004-2015. Our final sample for analysis numbered 22,549 person-waves. Our study showed that violent victimization in childhood, and recent stressful events, as well, alike exacerbated depression. Moreover, as we analyzed, in turn, the data for each ethnic subsample, we observed differential patterns in depression's associations with victimization. Childhood violent victimization-and also recently encountered stress-has a significant role in the development of depression in adulthood; this role appears to be moderated by race/ethnicity.
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33
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Pamplin JR, Kezios KL, Hayes-Larson E, Keyes KM, Susser ES, Factor-Litvak P, Link BG, Bates LM. Explaining the Black-white depression paradox: Interrogating the Environmental Affordances Model. Soc Sci Med 2021; 277:113869. [PMID: 33892418 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Environmental Affordances (EA) model posits that Black Americans' engagement with unhealthy behaviors (i.e. smoking, alcohol use, eating calorie-dense foods) to cope with stressor exposure may simultaneously account for their observed greater risk of chronic physical illness, and their observed equal or lesser prevalence of depression, relative to white Americans - the so-called "Black-white depression paradox." However, the specific mechanisms through which such effects might arise have been theorized and analyzed inconsistently across studies, raising concerns regarding the appropriateness of existing empirical tests of the model as well as the validity of the conclusions. We specify the two mechanisms most consistent with the EA model - 'Mediation-only' and 'Mediation and Modification' - and derive a priori predictions based on each. We systematically test these pathways using a subset of 559 participants of the Child Health and Development Study who were included in an adult follow-up study between 2010 and 2012 and self-identified as Black or white. Results failed to support either of the two mechanisms derived from the EA model, challenging the validity and utility of the model for explaining racial differences in depression; efforts to develop alternative hypotheses to explain the paradox are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pamplin
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Katrina L Kezios
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleanor Hayes-Larson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ezra S Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce G Link
- Department of Sociology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; School of Public Policy, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Lisa M Bates
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Charles NE, Strong SJ, Burns LC, Bullerjahn MR, Serafine KM. Increased mood disorder symptoms, perceived stress, and alcohol use among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 2021; 296:113706. [PMID: 33482422 PMCID: PMC7781902 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruption during the spring of 2020. Many college students were told to leave campus at spring break and to complete the semester remotely. This study evaluates effects of this disruption on student well-being. Measures of psychological symptoms, perceived stress, and alcohol use during the pandemic were completed by 148 students in spring 2020 and 352 students in fall 2020 at a university in the southeastern U.S. Results from both cohorts were compared to 240 students who completed the same measures in the fall 2019 semester. Participants in spring 2020 reported more mood disorder symptoms, perceived stress, and alcohol use than did pre-pandemic participants and worry about COVID-19 was negatively associated with well-being. By fall 2020 symptoms had largely returned to pre-pandemic levels. In general, White students reported a greater effect of the pandemic on well-being than did African American students. Young adults appear to be less vulnerable to the most serious medical complications associated with COVID-19, but nonetheless experience psychological effects from the pandemic. Universities and practitioners who work with college students can help young adults manage their symptoms and avoid behaviors like risky alcohol use when confronted with stressors such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora E. Charles
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA,Corresponding author
| | - Stephanie J. Strong
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA
| | - Lauren C. Burns
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA
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Tobin CST. Distinguishing distress from disorder: Black-white patterns in the determinants of and links between depressive symptoms and major depression. J Affect Disord 2021; 279:510-517. [PMID: 33130551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black Americans experience higher levels of psychological distress but similar or lower rates of psychiatric disorders than Whites. This study aimed to clarify discordant distress-disorder patterns by distinguishing the sociodemographic and psychosocial risks (e.g. socioeconomic status, stress exposure) associated with distress and disorder among Blacks and Whites and by evaluating the distress-disorder linkage within and across racial groups. METHODS Secondary analysis of the Nashville Stress and Health Study (n=1,246), a cross-sectional community epidemiologic survey of Blacks and Whites in Nashville, Tennessee, was used to assess distress (CES-D depressive symptoms scale) and major depressive disorder (MDD; based on the CIDI). Race-stratified models assessed correlates of each outcome and the distress-disorder association among racial groups; interactions considered potential moderating effects of SES and stress exposure on this association within each group. RESULTS Distress and disorder were differentially shaped by risk factors and varied by race. Increases in distress were associated with greater disorder risk among both racial groups. However, a significant interaction between distress and stress exposure indicated that odds of "chronic" MDD (lifetime and past-year prevalence) depends on level of stress exposure for Blacks only. CONCLUSIONS This study informs the "race paradox in mental health" by demonstrating that distress and disorder have etiologies that vary within and across racial groups, and the distress-disorder association depends on stress exposure among Black Americans. This has implications for public health practice, as pinpointing the protective mechanisms underlying Blacks' low disorder rates despite elevated risk exposure may inform more effective avenues of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Thomas Tobin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles.
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36
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Dow WH, Godøy A, Lowenstein C, Reich M. Can Labor Market Policies Reduce Deaths of Despair? J Health Econ 2020; 74:102372. [PMID: 33038779 PMCID: PMC8403492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Do minimum wages and the earned income tax credit (EITC) mitigate rising "deaths of despair?" We leverage state variation in these policies over time to estimate event study and difference-in-differences models of deaths due to drug overdose, suicide, and alcohol-related causes. Our causal models find no significant effects on drug or alcohol-related mortality, but do find significant reductions in non-drug suicides. A 10 percent minimum wage increase reduces non-drug suicides among low-educated adults by 2.7 percent, and the comparable EITC figure is 3.0 percent. Placebo tests and event-study models support our causal research design. Increasing both policies by 10 percent would likely prevent a combined total of more than 700 suicides each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Dow
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States; National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusettes, United States
| | - Anna Godøy
- Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment at the University of California, Berkeley, United States; Statistics Norway, Norway.
| | - Christopher Lowenstein
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Michael Reich
- Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment at the University of California, Berkeley, United States
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Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children's Executive Function. Sexes 2020; 1:19-31. [PMID: 33163684 DOI: 10.3390/sexes1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate sex differences in the boosting effects of household income on children's executive function in the US. This is a cross-sectional study using data from Wave 1 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Wave 1 ABCD included 8608 American children between ages 9 and 10 years old. The independent variable was household income. The primary outcome was executive function measured by the stop-signal task. Overall, high household income was associated with higher levels of executive function in the children. Sex showed a statistically significant interaction with household income on children's executive function, indicating a stronger effect of high household income for female compared to male children. Household income is a more salient determinant of executive function for female compared to male American children. Low-income female children remain at the highest risk regarding poor executive function.
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La IS, Scharf B, Zhu S, Mooney-Doyle K, Friedmann E, Wiegand DL. Family Bereavement Adaptation After Death of a Loved One in an Intensive Care Unit: Impact of Race/Ethnicity. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2020; 22:512-22. [PMID: 33065573 DOI: 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Limited longitudinal studies have hindered the understanding of family adaptation after loss of a loved one in an intensive care unit (ICU). Based on the Double ABCX Model, this study examined changes in adaptation to bereavement for family members in the first year after the ICU death, with special attention to the effects of race/ethnicity. A repeated-measures design was used to conduct the investigation using 3 time points (1-3, 6, and 12 months) after the ICU death. Data were analyzed using linear mixed modeling. Family members (n = 30) consisted of 60% non-Hispanic Whites and 40% African Americans (AAs). During the first 1 to 3 months, moderate to severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and stress were found (60%, 40%, 30%, and 26.7%, respectively). Initially, non-Hispanic Whites had higher depression scores than African Americans. The change in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms over 1 year differed by race/ethnicity. Many family members tended to be at risk of psychological sequelae in the early months after a patient's death in an ICU. Racial/ethnic differences in bereavement process need further exploration to understand the broader context within family members grieve and effectively offer support over the course of the first year.
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Gao Y, Wang H, Liu X, Xiong Y, Wei M. Associations between stressful life events, non-suicidal self-injury, and depressive symptoms among Chinese rural-to-urban children: A three-wave longitudinal study. Stress Health 2020; 36:522-532. [PMID: 32369249 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Migrant children experience more stressful life events than their urban counterparts. Despite the growing evidence that stressful life events are associated with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), few studies have investigated this relationship using longitudinal designs. Besides, potential mediating factors have been rarely examined. This study tested the temporal relationship between stressful life events and NSSI among Chinese rural-to-urban migrant children, with depressive symptoms as the potential mediator, as well as the potential sex differences in these associations. In the present study, 279 Chinese rural-to-urban migrant children (57.3% females; Mage = 11.95, SD = 1.22) reported their stressful life events, depressive symptoms and NSSI a total of three times at 6-month intervals. Depressive symptoms only longitudinally mediated the relationship between stressful life events and NSSI among females. These findings provide evidence that supports the longitudinal effect of stressful life events on NSSI and the mediating role of depressive symptoms among migrant children. Moreover, there are sex differences in these longitudinal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemiao Gao
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuke Xiong
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Jones AL, Cochran SD, Rafferty J, Taylor RJ, Mays VM. Lifetime and Twelve-Month Prevalence, Persistence, and Unmet Treatment Needs of Mood, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders in African American and U.S. versus Foreign-Born Caribbean Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17197007. [PMID: 32992680 PMCID: PMC7579446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing diversity within the Black population in the U.S., but limited understanding of ethnic and nativity differences in the mental health treatment needs of Black women. This study examined differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, their persistence, and unmet treatment needs among Black women in the U.S. Data were from the National Survey of American Life, a nationally representative survey that assessed lifetime and twelve-month mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, and mental health service use among those meeting disorder criteria. One in three African American women met criteria for a lifetime disorder, compared to one in three Caribbean women born within the U.S. and one in five Caribbean women born outside the U.S. About half of African American women with a lifetime disorder had a persistent psychiatric disorder, compared to two in five Caribbean women born within the U.S. and two in three Caribbean women born outside the U.S. African Americans had more persisting dysthymia and panic disorder and less persisting social phobia compared to foreign-born Caribbean women. Of the three groups, Caribbean women born within the U.S. were most likely to seek mental health treatment during their lifetime. These results demonstrate, despite a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Black women, that there is a great likelihood their disorders will be marked by persistence and underscores the need for culturally specific treatment approaches. As Black immigrants in the United States are increasing in number, adequate mental health services are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L. Jones
- Informatics, Decision-Enhancement and Analytic Sciences Center (IDEAS), Veteran Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Susan D. Cochran
- Departments of Epidemiology and Statistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- UCLA Center for Bridging Research Innovation, Training and Education for Minority Health Disparities Solutions (BRITE), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Jane Rafferty
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA; (J.R.); (R.J.T.)
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA; (J.R.); (R.J.T.)
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vickie M. Mays
- UCLA Center for Bridging Research Innovation, Training and Education for Minority Health Disparities Solutions (BRITE), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Departments of Psychology and Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Hargrove TW, Halpern CT, Gaydosh L, Hussey JM, Whitsel EA, Dole N, Hummer RA, Harris KM. Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Across Early- and Mid-Life Among the Add Health Cohort. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:619-629. [PMID: 31997286 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While disparities in depressive symptoms by race/ethnicity and gender have been documented, left unclear is how such status characteristics intersect to influence mental health, particularly across early life and among a diverse set of population subgroups. This study investigates how intra- and inter-individual trends in depressive symptoms unfold across a 30-year span (ages 12-42) and are structured by the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American young adults (N = 18,566). Analyses use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative study of adolescents who have been followed through their fourth decade of life. We draw on Waves I-IV and a representative subsample of the brand new Wave V data. Growth curve models indicated depressive symptoms decreased across adolescence and young adulthood before increasing in the early 30s. Racial/ethnic minorities reported more depressive symptoms than Whites. Women reported more depressive symptoms than men and experienced especially steep increases in their late 30s. Racial/ethnic-gender disparities remained stable with age, except for Hispanic-White disparities among women and Asian American-White disparities among men, which narrowed with age. Overall, findings demonstrate dynamic inequalities across a longer period of the life span than was previously known, as well as heterogeneity in trajectories of poor mental health within and between racial/ethnic-gender groups. Results also suggest that Black and Asian American women experience the highest mental health risks and that interventions for reducing disparities in depressive symptoms should focus on adults in their late 20s/early 30s, particularly women of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Hargrove
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Carolyn T Halpern
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Gaydosh
- Center for Medicine, Health, and Society, Public Policy Studies, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jon M Hussey
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancy Dole
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert A Hummer
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
Background Considerable research has documented the effects of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on reward-seeking behaviors; however, less is known about the multiplicative effects of race and family SES on brain response to reward anticipation. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that family SES would show weaker effects on brain development of children in non-White families than in White families. Objective To test race by SES variation in Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) response to reward anticipation (NAcc-RA) among American children. Methods For this cross-sectional analysis, data came from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study which included 6,419, 9-10 year old children. The independent variable was parental education. The moderator was race. The primary outcome was the right NAcc-RA. Age, sex, ethnicity, household income, and family structure were the covariates. We used mixed effects regression models that adjusted for the nested nature of the ABCD data. Results While high parental education was associated with a higher amount of right NAcc-RA, this effect was stronger for White than non-White children. This finding was evident in the observed interactions between race and parental education on the right NAcc-RA. Discussion For American children, NAcc-RA is not shaped by race or family SES, but by their intersection. As a result of the interaction between race and SES (diminished return of SES for non-Whites), middle-class racial minority children may remain susceptible to high-risk behaviors. Disparities in high-risk behaviors in children should not be reduced to economic disparities. Structural inequalities may reduce the return of SES resources for non-White families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,Department of Urban Public Health, Charles Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
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Flouri E, Francesconi M, Midouhas E, Lewis G. Prenatal and childhood adverse life events, inflammation and depressive symptoms across adolescence. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:577-82. [PMID: 31539695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study has investigated the role of inflammation in explaining the association between early exposures to adverse life events and depressive symptoms in adolescence. METHOD Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we tested if inflammatory markers [serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)] at age 9 years mediate the association between adverse life events, measured separately for the prenatal (since the beginning of pregnancy) and the childhood (ages 0-9 years) periods, and the development of depressive symptoms at ages 10-17 years. Data (n = 4,263) were analyzed using mediation analysis in a latent growth curve modeling framework. RESULTS Depressive symptoms at the beginning of adolescence (age 10) were associated with the number of prenatal events, the number of events around birth and the increase in events over time in childhood (ages 0-9), even after adjustment for confounders. IL-6 partially mediated the association between increasing exposure to events over time in childhood and depressive symptoms at the beginning of adolescence. IL-6 did not mediate any other association between events and symptoms. There was no evidence for mediation by CRP, which was generally unrelated to exposure to events. LIMITATIONS The small size of the mediation effect and the robust direct effects of events prenatally and around birth suggest there are multiple routes from early stressors to adolescent depression. CONCLUSIONS In the general adolescent population, increasing exposure to psychosocial stressors over time during childhood is associated with the early onset of depressive symptoms, partly via increasing levels of plasma IL-6.
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Silverman ME, Medeiros C, Burgos L. Early pregnancy mood before and during COVID-19 community restrictions among women of low socioeconomic status in New York City: a preliminary study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2020; 23:779-782. [PMID: 32844329 PMCID: PMC7447087 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-020-01061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mental health consequences of COVID-19-related social restrictions on pregnant women living in low socioeconomic status. Prenatal women appearing at the Mount Sinai Hospital Ambulatory Practice were screened for mood symptomatology from February 2, 2020, through June 12, 2020. An improvement in prenatal mood was observed following social restrictions compared to before the pandemic. The impact of COVID-19 remains largely unknown and may be useful towards understanding the needs of pregnant women living in poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Silverman
- grid.416167.3Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Cathryn Medeiros
- grid.416167.3Department of Social Work Services, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Laudy Burgos
- grid.416167.3Department of Social Work Services, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY USA
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45
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Mostert CM. Violence's Effects On Health. Health Aff (Millwood) 2019; 38:2115. [PMID: 31794311 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE The concept of minorities' diminished returns refers to the smaller protective effects of educational attainment for racial and ethnic minority groups compared with those for majority groups. OBJECTIVE To explore racial and ethnic differences in the associations between parental educational attainment and youth outcomes among US adolescents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional study was performed of 10 619 youth aged 12 to 17 years who were participants at wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, a nationally representative survey, in 2013. Data analysis was performed from August to October 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The dependent variables were youth tobacco dependence, aggression, school performance, psychological distress, and chronic medical conditions. The independent variable was parental educational attainment. Age and sex of the adolescents and marital status of the parents were the covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderating variables. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS Among the participants, 5412 (51.0%) were aged 12 to 15 years, and 5207 (49.0%) were aged 16 to 17 years; 5480 (51.7%) were male. For non-Hispanic white youth, as parental educational attainment increased, there were stepwise reductions in the prevalence of tobacco dependence (13.2% vs 6.9% vs 2.7%), aggression (37.9% vs 34.8% vs 26.1%), low grade point average (84.2% vs 75.6% vs 53.3%), and chronic medical conditions (51.7% vs 50.8% vs 43.9%), but there was not such a trend for psychological distress (43.7% vs 48.6% vs 41.0%). Interactions were significant between Hispanic ethnicity and parental education on tobacco dependence (OR, 3.37 [95% CI, 2.00-5.69] for high school graduation; OR, 5.40 [95% CI, 2.52-11.56] for college graduation; P < .001 for both), aggression (OR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.09-1.81]; P = .008 for high school graduation; OR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.14-2.21]; P = .006 for college graduation), and psychological distress (OR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.05-2.13]; P = .03). Black race showed an interaction with college graduation on poor school performance (OR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.26-3.17]; P = .003) and chronic medical conditions (OR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.14-2.14]; P = .005). All these findings suggest that the protective associations between high parental educational attainment and youth development might be systemically smaller for Hispanic and black youth than for non-Hispanic youth. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although high parental educational attainment is associated with better outcomes for youth, this association is systemically less significant for Hispanic and black than non-Hispanic white youth. The result is an increased health risk in youth from middle class black and Hispanic families. Given the systemic pattern for outcomes across domains, the diminishing returns of parental educational attainment may be due to upstream social processes that hinder ethnic minority families from translating their capital and human resources into health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- College of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cleopatra H. Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- College of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
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47
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Zawadzki MJ, Sliwinski MJ, Smyth JM. Perseverative Cognitions and Stress Exposure: Comparing Relationships With Psychological Health Across a Diverse Adult Sample. Ann Behav Med 2019; 52:1060-1072. [PMID: 29617706 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both exposure to stress and perseverative cognitions (PCs)-repetitive cognitive representations of real or imagined stressors-are linked with poor psychological health. Yet, stress exposure and PCs are correlated, thus potentially obscuring any unique effects. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to concurrently test associations between stress exposure and PCs and psychological health to examine the independent relationship of each with psychological health. Moreover, we examined whether these relationships are similar across sex, age, and race. Methods An adult community sample (n = 302) completed a measure of stress exposure, three PCs scales, and questionnaires assessing self-reported psychological health, including emotional well-being, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to personal problems, subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and poor sleep quality. Results Structural equation modeling was used to test a model in which both stress exposure and PCs predict psychological health. PCs consistently predicted all the psychological health outcomes, but stress was largely unrelated to the outcomes despite bivariate correlations suggesting a relationship. A follow-up model identified indirect effects of stress exposure on psychological health via PCs. Results were fairly consistent regardless of one's sex, age, or race. Conclusions PCs robustly predicted all of the psychological health outcomes, intimating PCs as a common pathway to poor psychological health. Results have implications for stress interventions, including the need to address PCs after experiencing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.,Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
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48
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Assari S, Schatten HT, Arias SA, Miller IW, Camargo CA, Boudreaux ED. Higher Educational Attainment is Associated with Lower Risk of a Future Suicide Attempt Among Non-Hispanic Whites but not Non-Hispanic Blacks. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 6:1001-1010. [PMID: 31278625 PMCID: PMC6739140 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a sample of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED), the current study was conducted with two aims: (1) to investigate the protective effects of educational attainment (i.e., completing college) on subsequent risk of suicide attempt/death among patients presenting to the ED and (2) to compare this effect between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White ED patients. METHODS The current study analyzed data from the Emergency Department Safety Assessment and Follow-Up Evaluation (ED-SAFE) study, a quasi-experimental, eight-center study of universal suicide screening and follow-up of ED patients presenting for suicidal ideation and behavior. Our sample included 937 non-Hispanic White and 211 non-Hispanic Blacks. The dependent variable was suicide attempt/death during the 52-week follow-up. The independent variable was completing college. Age, gender, lesbian/gay/bisexual status, psychiatric history, and previous suicide attempts at baseline were covariates. Race/ethnicity was the focal effect modifier. Logistic regression models were used to test the protective effects of educational attainment on suicide risk in the overall sample and by race/ethnicity. RESULTS In the overall sample, educational attainment was not associated with suicide risk over the follow-up period. A significant interaction was found between race/ethnicity and educational attainment on suicide risk, suggesting a larger protective effect for non-Hispanic Whites compared with non-Hispanic Blacks. In race/ethnicity-specific models, completing college was associated with decreased future suicide risk for non-Hispanic Whites but not Blacks. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Return theory, educational attainment better protected non-Hispanic White than non-Hispanic Blacks against future suicide attempt/death. While Whites who have not completed college may be at an increased risk of suicide, risk of suicide seems to be independent of educational attainment for non-Hispanic Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th St, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA.
| | - Heather T Schatten
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sarah A Arias
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ivan W Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edwin D Boudreaux
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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49
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Neitzke-Spruill L. Race as a component of set and setting: How experiences of race can influence psychedelic experiences. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims
Set and setting function both as a concept that guides research and practice with psychedelic drugs and as a meme aimed at reducing harm among psychedelic users. Referring to non-pharmacological factors that shape drug experiences, the concept of set and setting was popularized in the West during the mid-20th century. However, little theoretical development has occurred regarding what falls under the umbrella of set and setting since its conception.
Methods
By bridging set and setting theory with research from the fields of social psychology and sociology of medicine, this review calls attention to how race can contribute the set and setting for a psychedelic experience.
Results
I argue that psychosocial factors influencing racial differences in mental health also constitute meaningful differences in set. Furthermore, I suggest that the character of race relations in the United States provides a distinct cultural setting for racialized psychedelic users, both in therapeutic and naturalistic contexts. In turn, racial identification may contribute to the variation in framing and interpretation of psychedelic experiences.
Conclusion
These considerations have important implications beyond understanding non-pharmacological influences on psychedelic experiences, including developing protocols for clinical applications of psychedelics, educating future practitioners, and meeting the needs of diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Neitzke-Spruill
- 1 Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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50
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Assari S, Javanbakht A, Saqib M, Helmi H, Bazargan M, Smith JA. Neuroticism polygenic risk score predicts 20-year burden of depressive symptoms for Whites but not Blacks. J Med Res Innov 2019; 4:e000183. [PMID: 32133428 PMCID: PMC7055662 DOI: 10.32892/jmri.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black-White differences are reported in social, psychological, behavioral, medical, and biological correlates of depression. This study was conducted to compare Black and White older adults for the association between neuroticism polygenic risk score (N-PRS) and chronicity of depressive symptoms over 20 years. METHODS Data came from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 1990 - 2012, a nationally representative sample of Americans above age 50. Current analysis followed 9,249 individuals (7,924 Whites and 1,325 Blacks) for up to 22 years. Depressive symptoms were measured every two years between 1992 and 2012 using the 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D-8). The independent variable was N-PRS. The dependent variable was average depressive symptoms between 1992 and 2012. Linear regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS In the pooled sample, higher N-PRS was associated with higher average depressive symptoms over the 20-year follow up period [b=0.01, 95%CI=0.00 to 0.04], net of all covariates. We also found an interaction between race and N-PRS [b=-0.02, 95%CI=-0.03 to 0.00], suggesting a stronger effect of N-PRS on 20-year average depressive symptoms for Whites than Blacks. Based on our race-specific linear regression models, higher N-PRS was associated with higher depressive symptoms from 1992 to 2012 for Whites [b=0.01, 95%CI=0.01 to 0.02] but not Blacks [b=0.00, 95%CI=-0.02 to 0.02]. CONCLUSION Black and White older adults may differ in the salience of the existing N-PRS for depressive symptoms, which better reflects the burden of depression for Whites than Blacks. This may be because the existing PRSs are derived from mostly or exclusively White samples, limiting their applicability in other race groups. Racial variation in psychosocial, clinical, and biological correlates of depression needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arash Javanbakht
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohammed Saqib
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hamid Helmi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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